Drilling and Well Engineering

is a Subsurface & Integrity Operations Dept. Head at AMAL Petroleum Company (AMAPETCO) with more than 13 years of experience in oil & gas industry. Mahmoud worked in Well Engineering, Intervention, Integrity & Work-over at several companies, including Badr El-Din Pet. Co. (BAPETCO), Qarun Pet. Co. (QPC) and Wadi El-Sahel Petroleum Co.

Since the advanced technology used in oilwell drilling is difficult and costly, the drilling must be completed in the most appropriate conditions, in the shortest time, with cost-effective and the targeted depths and purposes. This requirement has further increased the importance of drilling optimization. There are many literature studies on this subject. In this study, the data of oil and gas wells drilled in onshore Turkey were evaluated by investigating the studies on drilling optimization. It is aimed to create a new source for the literature by statistical analysis. For this purpose, the reports of 470 oil and gas wells drilled in 1963 - 2021 in onshore Turkey have been analyzed. The well locations, their average well depths, drilling operation results, drilling times and costs, log and perforation operation costs, Drill Stem Test (DST) operation costs, acidizing operation costs, workover operation costs, cement costs, drill-bit types according to commonly used International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) codes for drilled formations, total costs and costs per meter for the oilwells have been evaluated.
Keywords: Oilwell drilling, Drilling cost, Oilwell cost, Drilling optimization, Onshore Turkey

As the petroleum industry experiences constant transformation and new technologies are introduced, there have been needs for designs to control annular pressure while drilling. Underbalanced drilling (UBD) and Managed pressure drilling (MPD) have been identified as some of the practises used to achieve this. UBD is practised mainly to maximize reservoir performance, while MPD techniques are often used to enhance drilling safety and minimize non-productive time (NPT). This research tends to briefly discuss on how MPD works, some of the practised methods, variations and techniques used in MPD and also while highlighting some of the key advantages of this drilling technique (MPD), this research looks at some demerits and other limitations and cost associated with running an MPD system. In conclusion, managed pressure drilling offers more ease of drilling in a safer environmental condition than any of the conventional over balanced (OBD) or underbalanced drilling (UBD).

Su, Su Sondajı, Su Sondajı Nasıl Yapılır? Su Sondajı Yapımında Dikkat Edilmesi Gerekenler, Su Sondajında Çıkarılan Suların İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri, Suyun ve Su Kaynaklarının İslam Dinindeki Yeri ve Önemi, Su Sondajı ve Sondajın Tarihçesi ve Gelişimi, Su Sondajına Başlamadan Önce Yapılması Gereken Resmi İşlemler, Su Sondajı Neden Yapılır Veya Yaptırılır? Kaliteli Su Sondajı İçin Gerekli Şartlar Nelerdir? Su Sondajı-Yeraltı Suları-Kuyu Yeri Seçimi ve Kuyu Tasarımı İlişkisi Nasıl Olmalıdır? Su Sondajı Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Kuyusu Açma Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Sondajının Yapım Aşamaları, Sondaj Açarken Suyun Çıktığını Nasıl Anlarız? Sondaj Suyunun Debisinin Ölçümü, Sondaj Çalışmaları Sırasında Karşılaşılan Sorunlar ve Çözümleri, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Sıkışması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Kopması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Çözülmesi, Sondajda Boru Kopmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kurtarma İşlemlerinin Yapılmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Çalışmalarındaki Doğal Güçlükler Ve Kurtarma Çalışmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Meydana Gelebilecek Kazalar Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kurtarma Aletleri, Sondaj Bittikten Sonra Teslim/Teslim Alma ve Metrajın Tespiti, Su Sondajının Maliyeti Ne Kadardır? Nasıl Hesaplanır? Sondaj Kuyusundaki Suyun Azalmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Bakımı ve Geliştirme, Sondaj Kuyularının İşletmeye Hazır Hale Getirilmesi, Su Sondajı Raporu Örneği, Konya, Jeoloji, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi, Türkay Ercan Şengöz. (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

Salt formations are encountered in many oil-producing regions of the world. These salt zones can be in a variety of forms; salt domes, massive beds and sheets or lenses. The chemistry of salts can very significantly even in a single bed, from pure sodium chloride to very complex blends of mixed chloride

La potencia generada por los motores primarios debe transmitirse a los equipos para proporcionarle movimiento. Esta potencia se transmite directamente del motor primario al equipo. La fuente más común de potencia es el motor de combustión interna. Estos motores normalmente se alimentan de diésel y pueden proveer un Torque mayor que los alimentados por gasolina. El número de motores requeridos depende del tamaño y capacidad del equipo de perforación. Los equipos modernos pueden tener ocho o más motores. La potencia generada por estos motores es transferida a los diferentes sistemas del equipo a través de una transmisión mecánica o eléctrica. SISTEMAS DE POTENCIA AC A DC O SCR (SILICIUM CONTROLLER RECTIFIER). En un sistema eléctrico AC a DC el motor diesel alimenta un generador AC también llamado alternador. Desde el generador AC la corriente eléctrica es enviada al SCR

У першій частині навчального посібника наведені дані про техніку та
технологію випробування водозабірних свердловин для оцінки їх с тану перед
проведенням ремонтних робіт. Розглянуто методи механічного, гідравлічного
очищення фільтрів; імпульсного, реагентного, віброреагентного та імпульсно-
реагентного відновлення дебіту свердловин.
В другій частини посібника наведені дані про обладнання та інструмент
експлуатаційних свердловин на нафту і газ які використовуються при
поточному і капітальному ремонтах. Викладені технологія проведення
ремонтних робіт і робіт по підвищенню нафтовіддачі пластів.
Третя частина присвячена особливостям ремонту геотехнологічних
свердловин та обладнанню яке при цьому використовується.
В четвертій частині наведені приклади рішення задач по розрахунку
основних технологічних параметрів ремонтних робіт.
Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів вищих навчальних
закладів напряму підготовки “Гірництво” спеціальності “Буріння”, може
представляти інтерес для спеціалістів геологорозвідувальних і
нафтовидобувних організацій.

The development of new technologies in the past 10 years, like the MWD systems for
real-time surveying, steerable systems for an effective control of trajectory, PDC bits for
efficient drilling of long sections, mud and hydraulic systems for improved control of
hole cleaning and borehole stability, etc. have transformed directional drilling into a
common practice.
There are a few serious problems which may arise during the course of drilling a
directional well. The probability of certain drilling problems arising (e.g. differential
sticking) is increased by virtue of the well being deviated. The causes and implications of
differential sticking are discussed here, as well as solutions and possible preventive
measures. This is very relevant to the DD, particularly in areas which are prone to
differential sticking.
Dog legs and key seats are discussed here in detail. As mentioned elsewhere in this
manual, it is the DD’s responsibility to ascertain the client’s limit on dog leg severity at
the beginning of the project. The consequences of high dog leg severity at a shallow
depth often do not become apparent until much deeper in the well.
Problems caused by borehole instability due to poor hydraulics and mud conditioning are
outlined. Increases in Drag, particularly when drilling with a PDM, directly concern the
DD. In high-angle wells, it often becomes very difficult to "slide".

Who drills wells? How do they do it? What tools do they use? Why drilling is considered such a complicated and often dangerous process? We will learn all about this. But let us start with some history. According to archeologists, about 25 thousand years ago, ancient people already learned to drill holes in stone parts of their weapons and tools to attach handles to them. For this purpose, they used flint drills. Ancient Egyptians used drilling when they build pyramids 6 thousand years ago.

The production of formation sand is a major problem encountered during the production of oil and gas from incompetent formations. Sand control techniques have the ability to exclude different sizes of particles depending on the type being employed. However, choosing the best sand control for horizontal wells poses a great challenge to the oil and gas industries. This project, aimed at selecting the best sand control for horizontal wells by analyzing the performance of existing sand control techniques in horizontal wells, investigating the cause of sand control failure in high sand producers and preparing guidelines for sand control selection for future horizontal wells by designing a decision-making tree and preparing recommendations for sand control selection for future horizontal wells. One hundred and forty-five (145) horizontal wells distributed around 21 oil fields with different sand control techniques (slotted liner, reslink, wire wrapped screens, baker excluder screens, OHGP, ESS and pre-packed screens) were analyzed based on productivity, effectiveness, durability, robustness, reliability and cost. The particle size distribution (PSD) plot was obtained from sieve analysis data of two (2) reservoirs through which high sand producer wells were drilled to know the cause of their sand control failure. On completion of the performance analysis it was concluded that RESLINK was the best sand control for future horizontal wells and from the PSD plot, it was deduced that oil and gas companies do not always follow appropriate sizing and sand control method selection.

A drilling rig is an integrated system that drills wells, such as oil or water wells, in the earth's subsurface. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and such are called augers. Drilling rigs can sample subsurface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and also can be used to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.

Small to medium-sized drilling rigs are mobile, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling, blast-hole, water wells and environmental investigations. Larger rigs are capable of drilling through thousands of metres of the Earth's crust, using large "mud pumps" to circulate drilling mud (slurry) through the drill bit and up the casing annulus, for cooling and removing the "cuttings" while a well is drilled. Hoists in the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of the oil or natural gas; and in remote locations there can be permanent living accommodation and catering for crews (which may be more than a hundred). Marine rigs may operate thousands of miles distant from the supply base with infrequent crew rotation or cycle.

This paper discusses the case study and comparison with productivity of component using traditional drilling machine to Multi spindle drilling machine. The growth of factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, comb etc. There are frequent needs of tightening and loosening screws, drilling, tapping, boring and grinding operational machines. Huge and complicated designed parts cannot be machined in ordinary machines. In a single machine all the above specified operations can be carried out after drilling operation by removing of drill head and using the required tools like grinding, tapping can etc. By this we can achieve our industrial requirements and production targets. Here we are going to deve and tapping operations in single setup of work piece. In case of mass production where produce the job at a faster rate. This is not possible if we carry out the production by using general purpose machines. The best way to improve the production rate (produ machine. Usefulness and performance of the existing radial drilling machine will be increased by designing and manufacturing of multi spindle drilling head attachment. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited This paper discusses the case study and comparison with productivity of component using traditional drilling machine to Multi spindle drilling machine. The growth of factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, comb etc. There are frequent needs of tightening and loosening screws, drilling, tapping, boring and grinding operational machines. Huge and complicated designed parts cannot be machined in ordinary machines. In a single machine all ove specified operations can be carried out after drilling operation by removing of drill head and using the required tools like grinding, tapping can etc. By this we can achieve our industrial requirements and production targets. Here we are going to develop a single multi spindle drilling machine which can useful for drilling multiholes and tapping operations in single setup of work piece.

Давиденко А.Н., Дудля Н.А., Хоменко В.Л., Пащенко А.А.
Рассмотрены процессы, которые происходят при разрушении горных пород планетарными долотами в условиях действия гидростатического давления. Предложена методика определения энергоемкости разрушения горной породы путем отрыв элемента в сторону свободной поверхности. Разработана методика расчета технологических параметров разрушения горных пород с учетом действия гидростатического давления.
Создана классификация планетарного породоразрушающего инструмента. Проанализирована и предложена принципиально нова конструкция рабочего органа планетарного долота безударного действия. Разработана методика проектирования многоступенчатых планетарных долот.
Предназначена для специалистов, которые занимаются буровыми работами, а также полезна студентам геологоразведочных ВУЗов и факультетов.

The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the abnormal incidents on the drill pipe. The reason for this research is to apply the learned theories into the reality by building an automated rig and detect the problems. Also, to participate in Drillbotics competition 2016. Drillbotics 2016 is an international competition arranged by Drilling Systems Automation Technical Section (DSATS) that is a part of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), to encourage students to build a small and fully automated rig to drill safety and efficiency a rock sample as vertically and fast as possible.
Using literature backgrounds of circumstances combined with theories makes it easier to get an estimated overview of the failures that might occur while applying different drilling parameters. Moreover, which parameters used in term of drilling to drill more safety without failures.
The analysis that performed based on the design such twisting, buckling, vibration and leakage, and overpressure testing. Optimising the rotational speed and weight on bit applied; reduces problems such twisting, buckling and vibrational movements. The choice of the rotational speed and the weight on bit is based on the type of drill pipe materials which is the weakest component of the drill string, with respect to the maximum yield and ultimate torque of the drill pipe material.
The next step is to build the design and see if it is working properly with the chosen values. Tests like leakage, overpressure, and over-torque performed after calibrating the load cells to evaluate the reaction of the real-time controller, to be able to stop the rotation in case of:
- Low circulation pressure, leakage
- High circulation pressure, overpressure
- Over-torque, sticking
Later buckling tests by applying weight on the 2.20 mm thick and 1 m long pipe, to determine the maximum weight that buckles the pipe. In the end, vibrations are observed after rotating at 180 rpm. The rig design is working fine and safe in term of torque, buckling and circulation system, but there are quite high vibrations that made it difficult to read the signal from the accelerometers.

En el presente artículo se plantea una metodología para la evaluación de la perforación de pozos. Este procedimiento, tiene la ventaja de ser un proceso automatizado lo que vendría a reducir al mínimo el error humano y sería flexible para cualquier cambio o adaptación.

Salt formations are encountered in many oil-producing regions of the world. These salt zones can be in a variety of forms; salt domes, massive beds and sheets or lenses. The chemistry of salts can very significantly even in a single bed, from pure sodium chloride to very complex blends of mixed chloride

This paper aims to review some of the widely used conventional and other contemporary Inflow & Productivity models that exist for Horizontal wells, and comment on their limitations by drawing on the experiences of other author's critiques on these IPR models.

This paper discusses the case study and comparison with productivity of component using traditional drilling machine to Multi spindle drilling machine. The growth of factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, comb etc. There are frequent needs of tightening and loosening screws, drilling, tapping, boring and grinding operational machines. Huge and complicated designed parts cannot be machined in ordinary machines. In a single machine all the above specified operations can be carried out after drilling operation by removing of drill head and using the required tools like grinding, tapping can etc. By this we can achieve our industrial requirements and production targets. Here we are going to deve and tapping operations in single setup of work piece. In case of mass production where produce the job at a faster rate. This is ...

Drilling fluid is any fluid which is circulated through a well in order to remove cuttings from a
wellbore. They are used broadly in the oil and gas industry, on exploration rigs, and are critical to ensuring a
safe and productive oil or gas well. During drilling, a large volume of fluids are circulated through the well and
into open, partially enclosed or completely enclosed systems at elevated temperatures. When these drilling
fluids are agitated during circulating process there is significant potential for chemical exposure to workers and
subsequent health effects. This study seeks to identify major areas of drilling fluid exposure and health hazard
associated with the use of drilling fluid. The study also presents some challenges in setting drilling fluid
exposure standard which has always not been given the same attention or concern as effects and risk
management of drilling fluid. Some exposure indicators are also presented

El Paleocanal de Chicontepec se ubica dentro de la cuenca Tampico-Misantla y está situado en la margen oriental de la República Mexicana en la Llanura Costera del Golfo. Tiene una superficie aproximada de 3,800 km² y es considerado la reserva petrolera más importante de México. Estas reservas han sido evaluadas por varias empresas, todas ellas coincidiendo en la gran cantidad de hidrocarburos que se localizan en esta zona, sin embargo, los yacimientos terciarios del Paleocanal de Chicontepec están compuestas de arenas líticas de grano fino que presentan una permeabilidad menor de 1 milidarcy, lo que representa un reto tecnológico para su explotación económicamente rentable. Para afrontar este reto, se ha desarrollado una intensa caracterización geológica y de yacimientos, que ha conducido a implementar nuevas estrategias para el desarrollo de los yacimientos como son: el uso de pozos horizontales de desplazamiento largo y la terminación con múltiples fracturas a lo largo del yacimiento.
En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de límite técnico de los pozos horizontales perforados en el sector 8 de la cuenca de Chicontepec, compuesto por los campos Furbero y Presidente Alemán. Los pozos analizados fueron perforados en tres y cuatro etapas con diámetros de terminación de 5 1/2” y 4 ½”, y su ángulo de inclinación varía de 85° a 93°. Los pozos se terminaron usando tecnología convencional con tubería de revestimiento o Liner cementado y disparados en los intervalos de interés, y tecnología no-convencional utilizando un sistema denominado “zone select” que consisten en camisas deslizables y empacadores hinchables. Al final se hace un comparativo de actividades etapa por etapa y se discuten los pormenores de la curva de aprendizaje que se tuvo que superar para la optimización de la perforación y terminación de los pozos.

Oilwell drilling, which is a very expensive operation, requires advanced technical knowledge and technology. Choosing the most suitable drill bits for the formation conditions to be drilled, which is the most important factor in the drilling cost and the rapid completion of the well, is one of the research subjects in which a large number and detailed studies have been carried out in the last 20 years. The orientations on the subject are towards increasing the "penetration rate of drill bit" on which the drilling economy depends substantially. In addition to the mechanical properties of the rocks and the formation properties including geological conditions, the characteristics of the drill such as drill bit types, features, and operating parameters also affect the drilling process of a well. This study aims to examine the types, penetration rates, and costs per meter of drill bits used according to formation types in oil and gas wells in the hydrocarbon production basins of Turkey. Besides, in the study, a new global chart is presented to be used for the selection of tricone rock bits suitable for the formation to be drilled, according to the IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors) codes. Thus, in future oilwell drilling operations, a new attempt has been made to select the appropriate tricone rock bits and to penetrate in optimum conditions.
Keywords: tricone rock bit, roller cone bit, rate of penetration (ROP), cost analysis, oilwell drilling

This research work studied the suitability of Ca(OH)2 synthesized from eggshell as a drilling fluid additive. Ca(OH)2 was synthesized from calcined eggshells (CES) and uncalcined eggshells (UCES) and characterized using FTIR and EDX. Samples of one laboratory barrel of water-based mud were prepared using bentonite clay from Afuze, Edo State, Nigeria, and the synthesized Ca(OH)2 produced from CES and UCES and commercial Ca(OH)2 were added to different mud samples prepared, and its effect on the mud properties were tested for. The results obtained from the experiment conducted showed that the synthesized Ca(OH)2 gave comparable pH values as the commercial Ca(OH)2. Hence it served primarily as a pH enhancer. However, the addition of Ca(OH)2 from both sources increased the filtrate volume and mud cake thickness far beyond API standard which might create wellbore problems due to the high filtrate loss and mud cake thickness that were observed.

"FOR CITATIONS:
Salem, H.S., 1994. The electric and hydraulic anisotropic behavior of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 12(1): 49-66. (A Scholarly Paper Published in an International Journal ).

Abstract:
Anisotropy means variation in physical properties in different directions in a medium, such as variation in hydraulic, electric
and heat flow, and seismic wave propagation. This study attempts to numerically determine the electric and hydraulic anisotropies
produced by contrasts in electric and hydraulic conductivities when electric and hydraulic currents flow along and perpendicular
to the bedding planes. This study was carried out for reservoirs in fourteen Hibernia and Terra Nova wells in the Jeanne d'Arc
Basin (JDB), offshore Newfoundland, Canada. Resistivity data obtained from log measurements and permeability data obtained
numerically, were employed to determine the electric and hydraulic anisotropies for the Hibernia and Terra Nova oil fields.
Determination of electric anisotropy coefficients (between 1.0 and 1.7) and hydraulic anisotropy coefficients (between 1.0 and
6.2) indicates that permeability shows more contrast in the horizontal and vertical directions than resistivity. Tortuosity,
electrolyte salinity, water-hydrocarbon saturation, orientation of minerals, laminations and layering, lithology contrast and shale
content, stress history (structural elements), diagenesis, cross-bedding, and temperature and pressure are principal factors
responsible for electric and hydraulic anisotropies.
"

Drilling for water, oil, or even gas using water-based drilling fluids faces major challenges. These are mainly related to drilling fluid leakage into the surrounding formation, water loss into fractures, and the reduction of fluid density or/and viscosity through the drilling circulation process. Nanoadditives with high surface to volume ratio of carbon nanoparticles (CNP), ~50nm, and ZnO nanowires provide significant control of drilling fluid rheological properties. CNP additives were found to maintain the homogeneity of the drilling fluid components for a longer time and delay fluid sagging effect. Drilling fluid densities were enhanced by a factor of 4-10% after addition of CNP or ZnO nanowires to the untreated drilling fluid by 1-3 wt. %. Progressively, when 1, 2 and 3g of CNP was added to the drilling fluid, the resultant filtrate water volume was reduced by 7, 4.8 and 4mL respectively. The maximum water loss reduction measured was about 50% of the total fluid loss. Additionally, about a 24% increase in the drilling fluid viscosity was achieved when 2g of ZnO nanowires were added.

Drilling performance of 77 high-temperature production and reinjection wells in the Hengill Area in Iceland was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the perceived high risk of drilling in a proven field is less than commonly thought. No difference was found in the time required to drill holes of 13 3 ⁄8 or 9 5 ⁄8 production casing but the wider wells delivered 30–40% more steam. The average power output per drilled well amounts to 5.9 MW e but 7.5 per productive well. To predict steam mass flow on the basis of the Injectivity Index one must consider reservoir conditions and enthalpy of the expected inflow into wells.

It is of great importance that the drilling program required for the newly drilled wells is estimated by using the drilling data of the previously drilled wells in a field or basin to complete the drilling under economic and optimum conditions within the estimated time. In this study, in the Southeastern Anatolia and Thrace basins of Turkey, where both oil and gas exploration and production are performed, a new approach has been presented for the estimation of drilling time before drilling, using the rate of penetrations (ROPs), weights on bit (WOB), rotation speeds, and actual (net) drilling times of the previously drilled wells as well as based on the formation thicknesses predicted by the geological and geophysical data provided from any field. For the formations in both basins, equations for the actual drilling time estimation and drillability factors have been determined depending on them. The results of the new approach show that the actual drilling times can be estimated with high accuracy according to the formation thickness to be drilled before drilling. Moreover, ROPs can be forecasted based on the estimated actual drilling times.
Keywords: oilwell drilling, drilling time, rate of penetration, drillability factor, drillability of rocks

The performance of oil-well cement is altered if contaminated by spacers. Very few studies in the literature are found on this topic, in particular for newly developed microemulsion spacers. Therefore, it is worth investigating the properties of cement contaminated with spacers. In this study, material characterization techniques including chemical shrinkage, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electrical microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption (NAD) were used to study the hydration and microstructure of contaminated cement. Results showed that the studied microemulsion spacer was less compatible with the cement slurry than the conventional one. The microemulsion spacer has complex effects on cement hydration: it slightly enhances hydration for the low dosage but can retard hydration at the early ages and accelerate hydration in the later ages with the increase of dosage. The conventional spacer caused early acceleration of cement hydration but had no effect at later ages. The presence of spacers in the cement slurry decreases the compressive strength and creates a more complex microstructure than is found for the neat cement. All these effects with the studied microemulsion spacer are worse than with the conventional spacer. Therefore, the presence of a microemulsion spacer in a cement slurry may cause long-term durability issues compromising the downhole zonal isolation.

Fossil hydrocarbons are indispensables commodities that motorize the global economy, and oil and gas are two of those conventional fuels that have been extracted and processed for over a century. During last decade, operators face challenges discovering and developing reservoirs commonly found up to several kilometers underground, for which advanced technologies are developed through different research programs. In order to optimize the current processes to drill and construct oil/gas wells, a large number of mechanical technologies discovered centuries ago by diverse sectors are implemented by well engineers. In petroleum industry, the ancient tube forming manufacturing process founds an application once well engineers intend to produce from reservoirs that cannot be reached unless previous and shallower troublesome formations are isolated. Solid expandable tubular is, for instance, one of those technologies developed to mitigate drilling problems and optimize the well delivery process. It consists of in-situ expansion of a steel-based tube that is attained by pushing/pulling a solid mandrel, which permanently enlarge its diameters. This non-linear expansion process is strongly affected by the material properties of the tubular, its geometry, and the pipe/mandrel contact surface. The anticipated force required to deform long sections of the pipe in an uncontrollable expansion environment, might jeopardize mechanical properties of the pipe and the well structural integrity. Scientific-based solutions, that depend on sound theoretical formulation and are validated through experiments, will help to understand possible tubular failure mechanisms during its operational life. This work is aimed to study the effect of different loading/boundary conditions on mechanical/physical properties of the pipe after expansion. First, full-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the geometrical and behavioral changes. Second, simulation of deformation process was done using finite element method and validated against experimental results to assess the effects on the post-expansion tubular properties. Finally, the authors bring a comparison study where in a semi-analytical model is used to predict the force required for expansion.

The goal of this paper is analysis of the history of the creation of the first carbide bits. In which conducted patent research on databases of leading in the research and development for the countries of the world, as well as on patent-associated literature. The result of this paper considers the history of tungsten carbide drill bits, and identified the first carbide rock-cutting as a tool for core drilling. We consider names of the inventors of the first patented bits in the world and the Soviet Union.

Drilling for water, oil, or even gas using water-based drilling fluids faces major challenges. These are mainly related to drilling fluid leakage into the surrounding formation, water loss into fractures, and the reduction of fluid density or/and viscosity through the drilling circulation process. Nanoadditives with high surface to volume ratio of carbon nanoparticles (CNP), ~50nm, and ZnO nanowires provide significant control of drilling fluid rheological properties. CNP additives were found to maintain the homogeneity of the drilling fluid components for a longer time and delay fluid sagging effect. Drilling fluid densities were enhanced by a factor of 4-10% after addition of CNP or ZnO nanowires to the untreated drilling fluid by 1-3 wt. %. Progressively, when 1, 2 and 3g of CNP was added to the drilling fluid, the resultant filtrate water volume was reduced by 7, 4.8 and 4mL respectively. The maximum water loss reduction measured was about 50% of the total fluid loss. Additional...

Au début du 19e siècle, il n'y avait aucun géologue indigène dans l'actuel Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, et ce n'est qu’accessoirement que ces régions étaient traitées dans certains travaux des géologues belges, français ou allemands. En 1828 parurent les deux premières publications uniquement consacrées à la géologie du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, l'une due à un Allemand, Johannes (Johann) Steininger de Trèves, l'autre un Belge, Auguste Engelspach-Larivière de Bruxelles. II s'agissait des deux ouvrages récompensés lors du concours de l'année 1828 de l'Académie royale de Bruxelles. Du point de vue géologique, l'ouvrage de Steininger а marqué une étape importante dans l'histoire de la géologie luxembourgeoise, alors que la valeur scientifique de celui d'Engelspach-Larivière а été contestée dès sa parution, d'où une âpre polémique entre l'auteur belge et un détracteur luxembourgeois. Peu fiable pour le géologue, le travail d'Engelspach-Larivière garde un intérêt роur l'historien en raison des nombreuses données sur les richesses minérales du pays et lеur exploitation.

Des connaissances géologiques nouvelles furent acquises à la suite des forages exécutés au Luxembourg entre 1837 et 1846 en vue de la découverte de gisements de sel gemme. Ces travaux qui eurent lieu à Cessange, Echternach et Mondorf furent exécutés par le maître-foreur saxon Carl Gotthelf Kind et donnèrent lieu à plusieurs publications ou communications. Dans les années suivantes, la géologie luxembourgeoise continuait de profiter, comme de coutume, des travaux des géologues étrangers. Се n'est qu'à partir du début de la seconde moitié du 19е siècle qu'elle commença timidement à voler de ses propres ailes et que furent publiés les premiers modestes travaux géologiques rédigés par des Luxembourgeois de souche.

There is a simple but powerful tool in the Lean Six Sigma world. The tool allows us to look at end-to-end picture of the process in our organization. It is basically a simple process mapping that becomes the foundation of any Lean Six Sigma project. The tool is drawn as a diagram called SIPOC. It is acronym for Supplier-Input–Process–Output–Customer. A SIPOC diagram quickly and easily captures the current or “as is” state of the organization and processes in question.

A spatially localized seismic sequence originated few tens of kilometres offshore the Mediterranean coast of Spain, close to the Ebro river delta, starting on 2013 September 5, and lasting at least until 2013 October. The sequence culminated in a maximal moment magnitude Mw 4.3 earthquake, on 2013 October 1. The most relevant seismogenic feature in the area is the Fosa de Amposta fault system, which includes different strands mapped at different distances to the coast, with a general NE–SW orientation, roughly parallel to the coastline. However, no significant known historical seismicity has involved this fault system in the past. The epicentral region is also located near the offshore platform of the Castor project, where gas is conducted through a pipeline from mainland and where it was recently injected in a depleted oil reservoir, at about 2 km depth. We analyse the temporal evolution of the seismic sequence and use full waveform techniques to derive absolute and relative locations, estimate depths and focal mechanisms for the largest events in the sequence (with magnitude mbLg larger than 3), and compare them to a previous event (2012 April 8, mbLg 3.3) taking place in the same region prior to the gas injection. Moment tensor inversion results show that the overall seismicity in this sequence is characterized by oblique mechanisms with a normal fault component, with a 30? low-dip angle plane oriented NNE–SSW and a subvertical plane oriented NW–SE. The combined analysis of hypocentral location and focal mechanisms could indicate that the seismic sequence corresponds to rupture processes along shallow low-dip surfaces, which could have been triggered by the gas injection in the reservoir, and excludes the activation of the Amposta fault, as its known orientation is inconsistent with focal mechanism results. An alternative scenario includes the iterated triggering of a system of steep faults oriented NW–SE, which were identified by prior marine seismics investigations.

Today’s structures have to meet increasingly rigorous requirements during operation. The economic and human costs of failure during service impose a great responsibility on organizations and individuals who develop new products as well as those who select/integrate products in a final engineering design. A crucial aspect for successful product development and/or inclusion is the careful selection of the best material(s), derived from an informed awareness of the capabilities and opportunities afforded by all candidate materials, together with a design that takes full benefit of those competencies. Thick-wall tubular is an example where all these issues are playing a major role in deciding their industrial applications. Given for their desirable features of high strength and geometrical shape, they are widely used in aerospace, marine, military, automotive, oil and gas, and many other fields. This paper focuses on developing analytical solution to investigate the structural response of thick-wall tubulars undergo plastic deformation due to expanding them using a rigid mandrel of conical shape. Volume incompressible condition together with the Levy–Mises flow rule were used to develop the equations which relate the expansion ratio of the tubular to the length and thickness variations. Besides, Tresca’s yield criterion was used to include the plastic behavior of the tubular material. Further to this, a numerical model of the tubular expansion process was also developed using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Experiments of tubular expansion have been conducted using a full-scale test-rig in the Engineering Research Laboratory at Sultan Qaboos University to validate the analytical and numerical solutions. The developed analytical and numerical models are capable of predicting the stress field in the expansion zone, the force required for expansion, as well as the length and thickness variations induced in the tubular due to the expansion process. Comparison between analytical, experimental, and simulation results showed that a good agreement has been attained for various parameters.

У першій частині наведено дані про техніку та технологію основних видів буріння свердловин. Описано фізико-механічні властивості гірських порід, буровий інструмент, розглянуто конструкції свердловин, бурове обладнання, промивання свердловин, ударно-канатне буріння, викривлення свердловин. Детально розглянуто прилади і технологію кернового і шламового опробування. У другій частині подано способи, техніка і технологія проходки гірничо-розвідувальних виробок, дано рекомендації з вибору форм і розмірів гірничих виробок, проведення буропідривних робіт, а також описано освітлення гірничих виробок і водовідлив з них. У третій частині викладено основні вимоги нормативних актів про охорону праці, навколишнього середовища, правила безпечного користування устаткуванням, машинами та механізмами. У четвертій частині подано приклади розв’язання практичних задач. Призначений для студентів вищих навчальних закладів напряму підготовки "Геологія" і може становити інтерес для спеціалістів геологорозвідувальних організацій.

Early diagnosis of incidents that could delay or endanger a drilling operation for oil or gas is essential to limit field development costs. Warnings about downhole incidents should come early enough to allow intervention before it develops to a threat, but this is difficult, since false alarms must be avoided. This paper employs model-based diagnosis using analytical redundancy relations to obtain residuals which are affected differently by the different incidents.  Residuals are found to be non-Gaussian - they follow a multivariate $t$-distribution - hence, a dedicated generalized likelihood ratio test is applied for change detection. Data from a 1400 meter horizontal flow loop test facility is used to assess the diagnosis method.
Diagnosis properties of the method are investigated assuming either with available downhole pressure sensors through wired drill pipe or with only topside measurements available. In the latter case, isolation capability is shown to be reduced to group-wise isolation, but the method would still detect all serious events with the prescribed false alarm probability.

In 2006, the U.S. Department of Energy initiated the Seismic Boreholes Project (SBP) to emplace boreholes at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) site in order to obtain direct shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements and other physical property measurements in Columbia River basalt and interbedded sediments of the Ellensburg Formation. The goal was to reduce the uncertainty in the response spectra and seismic design basis, and potentially recover design margin for the WTP.

Water accessibility is a limiting factor for the development of a region. In Africa that can be challenged with a better knowledge of groundwater resources. Knowledge transference on groundwater findings to local associations, communities and administration is the aim of that project. Recently a new technology has been developed in Europe and the USA known as "Surface-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" (SNMR). Few recent experience in central Africa and one at South Africa are known, encouraging us to apply it on distant places of Africa.  The SNMR technology works with the Earth’s magnetic field, so some particularities happen with side to side from the equator due to differences on the Earth’s magnetic gradient. The peculiar geographical position of Africa is important to study the potentials of the SNMR technology in three extreme cases, one on the northern hemisphere (Tunisia), two on the southern hemisphere (Namibia and Tanzania). Comparative study will be done to see the limitations and advantages of that technique in Africa, the ability to optimize costs on water surveying, how SNMR technology can decrease the risk of dry wells drilling and help the decision makers about groundwater resources & policy. For that, local groundawater exploration industry (in Namibia), agriculture (Tanzania) and local groundwater-based agriculture associations and groundwater scientists (in Tunisia) are interested to test in place the SNMR technology to see the possibilities of its implementation. Also Governamental departments related to water resources in Namibia and the agriculture industry in Tunisia are interested to learn about such a novel SNMR technique for groundwater surveying. Once the experiences have been done, a final report will be writen: a practical guideline explaining the possibilities and limitations of SNMR technique in Africa.

A successful well completion depends on good zonal isolation for the contaminated water aquifers, in order to avoid disease among citizens caused by pollution of fresh water.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the properties of cement under study as: Initial and Final setting time, cement fineness, and the general expansion of lime, and it’s compliance with the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute (API).

There are three types of cements used in this study (Class H and Class G) was imported from outside, and the Ordinary Portland Cement (Sakhr Alsudan).

This study showed – till now – that the initial and final setting time decreases when the bentonite ratio on cement slurry increases. And the general expansion of lime is constant in all types of cement under study.

A computer program was designed for cementing calculation to calculate a quantity of: Cement bags, water needed, displacement fluid and maximum pumping pressure

Today's structures have to meet increasingly rigorous requirements during operation. The economic and human costs of failure during service impose a great responsibility on organizations and individuals who develop new products as well as those who select/integrate products in a final engineering design. A crucial aspect for successful product development and/or inclusion is the careful selection of the best material(s), derived from an informed awareness of the capabilities and opportunities afforded by all candidate materials, together with a design that takes full benefit of those competencies. Thick-wall tubular is an example where all these issues are playing a major role in deciding their industrial applications. Given for their desirable features of high strength and geometrical shape, they are widely used in aerospace, marine, military, automotive, oil and gas, and many other fields. This paper focuses on developing analytical solution to investigate the structural response of thick-wall tubulars undergo plastic deformation due to expanding them using a rigid mandrel of conical shape. Volume incompressible condition together with the Levy-Mises flow rule were used to develop the equations which relate the expansion ratio of the tubular to the length and thickness variations. Besides, Tresca's yield criterion was used to include the plastic behavior of the tubular material. Further to this, a numerical model of the tubular expansion process was also developed using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Experiments of tubular expansion have been conducted using a full-scale test-rig in the Engineering Research Laboratory at Sultan Qaboos University to validate the analytical and numerical solutions. The developed analytical and numerical models are capable of predicting the stress field in the expansion zone, the force required for expansion, as well as the length and thickness variations induced in the tubular due to the expansion process. Comparison between analytical, experimental, and simulation results showed that a good agreement has been attained for various parameters.

Розглянуто негативний вплив шламових амбарів, що створюються в процесі експлуатації нафтових та газо-вих свердловин, на ґрунти, поверхневі та підземні води. Досліджені методи ліквідації та подальшої рекультива-ції даних об'єктів. На основі результатів проведених експериментів запропоновано застосування коагулянтів і флокулянтів при розділенні нафтових шламів у центрифугах, визначені їх оптимальні дози. Ключові слова: буровий шлам, рекультивація шламових амбарів, коагулянти, флокулянти, центрифугуван-ня. The negative impact of sludge barns on soil, surface and groundwater generated during the exploitation of oil and gas wells has been considered. Methods of elimination and subsequent reclamation of data objects have been researched. Based on the results of the experiments the use of coagulants and flocculants in the separation of oil sludge in centrifuges has been suggested, their optimal doses have been identified.

A spatially localized seismic sequence originated few tens of kilometres offshore the Mediterranean coast of Spain, close to the Ebro river delta, starting on 2013 September 5, and lasting at least until 2013 October. The sequence culminated in a maximal moment magnitude Mw 4.3 earthquake, on 2013 October 1. The most relevant seismogenic feature in the area is the Fosa de Amposta fault system, which includes different strands mapped at different distances to the coast, with a general NE–SW orientation, roughly parallel to the coastline. However, no significant known historical seismicity has involved this fault system in the past. The epicentral region is also located near the offshore platform of the Castor project, where gas is conducted through a pipeline from mainland and where it was recently injected in a depleted oil reservoir, at about 2 km depth. We analyse the temporal evolution of the seismic sequence and use full waveform techniques to derive absolute and relative locati...

Drilling for water, oil, or even gas using water-based drilling fluids faces major challenges. These are mainly related to drilling fluid leakage into the surrounding formation, water loss into fractures, and the reduction of fluid density or/and viscosity through the drilling circulation process. Nanoadditives with high surface to volume ratio of carbon nanoparticles (CNP), ~50nm, and ZnO nanowires provide significant control of drilling fluid rheological properties. CNP additives were found to maintain the homogeneity of the drilling fluid components for a longer time and delay fluid sagging effect. Drilling fluid densities were enhanced by a factor of 4-10% after addition of CNP or ZnO nanowires to the untreated drilling fluid by 1-3 wt. %. Progressively, when 1, 2 and 3g of CNP was added to the drilling fluid, the resultant filtrate water volume was reduced by 7, 4.8 and 4mL respectively. The maximum water loss reduction measured was about 50% of the total fluid loss. Additionally, about a 24% increase in the drilling fluid viscosity was achieved when 2g of ZnO nanowires were added.