Dissolution of Monasteries

W  pracy omówiono proces kasaty klasztoru reformatów w Szamotułach. Klasztor ten został założony pod koniec XVII w. przez ówczesnego właściciela miasta Jana Korzbok Łąckiego. Fundator osadził zakonników w pozostałościach po dawnym zamku i wybudował im kościół pod wezwaniem św. Krzyża. Konwent działał do śmierci ostatniego gwardiana, który zmarł w lutym 1832 r. Zgon gwardiana zapoczątkował proces faktycznej kasaty klasztoru. Po kilku latach (1839 r.) poklasztorne zabudowania przejęła szamotulska parafia katolicka.

The paper discusses the process of the secularisation of the Reformed Franciscan monastery in Szamotuły. The monastery was founded at the end of the 17th century by the then owner of the town Jan Korzbok Łącki. The founder settled the monks in the remains of the former castle and built for them a church dedicated to St. Cross. The convent operated until the death of the last guardian, who died in February 1832. After a few years (1839), the former monastic buildings were taken over by the Catholic parish in Szamotuły.

The preserved archival sources, old chronicles, and documents of the Cistercian monastery in Szczyrzyc reveal, apart from many aspects of religious and economic activity, also the issues of disputes. The invasions on the monastery property, destruction of property (arson of farm buildings or collections) were not only carried out by dissatisfied and demanding neighbours, whose property bordered on the Szczyrzyc Cistercians’ property, but also by orders of various observances. As evidenced by surviving documents, any way of defending their own properties or their borders was acceptable to the disputing clerics, which many a  time was a violation of the ethical, fraternal attitude. The right to property granted by the founder was sacred and inviolable there. This cannot be said in the context of the moral attitude of the monks themselves, who defended their property in a ruthless manner, often using force (Br. Baltazar of St. Agnes, a Discalced Carmelite), lies or concealment of facts (Abbot Mikołaj Romiszowski), as well as a morbid overzealous guardianship of the property rights of their monastery (Mateusz Regiomontanus, a provost of the Krakow clergy), not to mention notorious violations of judicial decisions in almost every pending case. This was true of all the convents in question. Dislike between convents of different observances on the material level also translated into difficult relations between their subjects, who inflicted harm on each other. These were not edifying examples of a sometimes-difficult neighbourhood in past centuries, where cunning and often physical violence in asserting one’s right to property was the order of the day.

Zachowane źródła archiwalne, stare kroniki i dokumenty klasztoru cystersów w Szczyrzycu, ujawniają oprócz wielu aspektów działalności religijno-gospodarczej również kwestie spo-rów. Najazdy na dobra klasztorne, niszczenie mienia (podpalenia zabudowań folwarcznych czy zbiorów) były dokonywane nie tylko za sprawą niezadowolonych i roszczeniowych sąsiadów, których dobra graniczyły z dobrami cystersów szczyrzyckich, ale też za sprawą zakonów różnych obserwancji. Jak poświadczają zachowane dokumenty, każdy sposób na obronę własnych dóbr czy ich granic był dla konwentów toczących spory do przyjęcia, co wielokrotnie było naruszeniem etycznej, braterskiej postawy. Prawo własności z nadania fundatora było tutaj święte i nietykalne. Nie można już tego powiedzieć w kontekście postawy moralnej samych zakonników broniących swych dóbr w sposób bezwzględny, często przy użyciu siły (br. Baltazar od św. Agnieszki, karmelita bosy) czy posługując się kłamstwem, bądź zatajeniem faktów (opat Mikołaj Romiszowski), a także chorobliwą nadgorliwością strzegąc prawa własności swego klasztoru (prepozyt duchaków krakowskich Mateusz Regiomontanus), nie wspominając notorycznego łamania wydawanych postanowień sędziowskich niemal w każdym toczącym się procesie. Dotyczy to wszystkich omawianych konwentów. Niechęć między konwentami zakonnymi na płaszczyźnie materialnej różnych obserwancji przekładała się również na trudne relacje między ich poddanymi, którzy wyrządzali sobie wzajemnie krzywdy. Nie były to budujące przykłady wzajemnego, nieraz trudnego sąsiedztwa w ciągu minionych wieków, gdzie przebiegłość, a często również fizyczna przemoc w dochodzeniu swojego prawa własności była na porządku dziennym.

The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century was the origin of traditional English national identity, but heroes in some current popular British novels about the Protestant Reformation reflect a more recent change in the nation’s identity. These novels are supposedly about the past, but they help us to understand today’s Britain. A traditional British hero was a male, usually a gentleman, who sacrificed his private interest for the public good. The duke of Wellington and Admiral Horatio Nelson come to mind as typical examples in real life. Oliver Cromwell was praised as an English hero by the 19th-century Scottish social critic and historian Thomas Carlyle. Oliver Cromwell overthrew King Charles I and governed Britain without a king in the Civil Wars of the 17th century. Carlyle said that public men who did not fit the heroic mold were hardly worth writing long books about – and men who did not recognize and uphold true heroism provoked Thomas Carlyle’s laughter. Writing about J G Lockhart’s seven-volume life of Sir Walter Scott, Carlyle suggested that some authors should be paid for the number of books they do not write. Baroness Orczy’s 1905 The Scarlet Pimpernel provided a late but very popular example of the traditional hero in British fiction. By the end of the 20th century and in the 21st century, by contrast, proponents of British national identity allowed that a proper hero might do self-interested actions even when those actions tended to harm the public interest. Greedy and selfish antiheroes – and greedy and selfish authors – therefore emerged in literature.  Self-interested women appeared heroic too. The recent novels which we discuss in this essay all exemplified this shift in national identity.

This paper consider the presence of the Wren book of hours published by the Hardouyn Brothers in 1528 in Holbein's portrait of Thomas Cromwell painted in 1532. 
By looking at the wider political context of contemporary european politics as well as Henry VIII's desire to have his marriage to Katharine of Aragon, his wife of 20 years plus, and to marry Anne Boleyn, it is proposed that this book of hours was probably intended as gifts by Cardinal Wolsey, in 1528 as a way of demonstrating his neutrality to the two women closest to the king, and as a token of gratitude for Cromwell's loyalty. 

As required by the Basle authorities Holbein had returned there in 1529 and 1532 marks his return to a very changed Tudor court where Cromwell's power was rising.

Laden with Holbein's complex symbolism the Frick portrait has to be read in the historical context of when it was painted to appreciate how Holbein has captured Cromwell's loyalty to his old master, yet hints at Cromwell's nascent ambition for religious reform.

The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.

W dziejach Ko cio a prawos awnego na Lubelszczy nie (pod tym poj ciem b dziemy w tym artykule rozumie teren województwa lubelskiego w czasach mi dzywojennych) smutnymi wydarzeniami zapisa o si lato roku 1938. W okresie od po owy maja do po owy lipca tego roku w adze pa stwowe dokona y rozbiórki prawie 128 cerkwi. Wi kszo z nich zosta a wzniesiona jako wi tynie unickie przed rokiem 1875, kiedy to zosta a skasowana ostatnia diecezja unicka w Imperium Rosyjskim-diecezja che mska. Jej wiernych, a tak e ca administracyjn struktur wraz z cerkwiami i innymi obiektami dziedzictwa materialnego, w czono do rosyjskiego Ko cio a prawos awnego. Pewna cz zburzonych wi ty pochodzi a z lat 1875-1915, by a zatem pochodzenia prawos awnego, chocia wiele z nich ulokowano na miejscu lub w s siedztwie poprzednich obiektów pounickich. Najmniejsz ilo ciowo grup stanowi o oko o dwadzie cia prowizorycznych kaplic i domów modlitwy, które zbudowali wyznawcy prawos awia ju po I wojnie wiatowej. Opisywane wydarzenia utkwi y niezwykle mocno w zbiorowej pami ci wyznawców prawos awia Lubelszczyzny. Warto zaznaczy , e wskutek "repatriacji" na sowieck Ukrain oraz akcji "Wis a" ich liczba stanowi zaledwie kilka procent stanu z okresu mi dzywojennego. Mimo to ycie religijne nielicznej wspólnoty prawos awnej na omawianym terenie odznacza si du dynamik , zarówno w odniesieniu do sfery duszpasterskiej, jak i wymiarze ekonomicznym. Wa nym momentem, który nada owej dynamice nowe impulsy, by o utworzenie w marcu 1989 roku prawos awnej diecezji lubelsko-che mskiej, nawi zuj cej do tradycji dawnego biskupstwa che mskiego, istniej cego ju w pierwszej po owie XIII wieku (do czasów unii brzeskiej), nast pnie reaktywowanego w latach 1905-1915, a tak e w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej. W roku 2008 min o siedemdziesi t lat od omawianej akcji rozbiórkowej. rodowiska prawos awne zadba y o nadanie uroczysto ciom rocznicowym

The Habsburg vision to build a strong and centralized Empire in the second half of the 18th century initiated numerous orders concerning public health and the welfare of subjects. Attributed to these endeavors, unified pharmacopoeia and pharmaceutical pricing were introduced to establish standards in the making and selling of medicines. In this article we inspect these tariff books having the following questions in focus. What kinds of pharmacopoeia were in use in 1786? Which one of them did the apothecaries in Hungary possess? In what way were the pricing books composed and which currencies and system of measurements did they contain? We attempt to compare the many editions of pharmacopoeia with respect to the price of drugs and medicines, thereby gaining insight into eventual differences and similarities in the pricing of remedies countrywide. Pharmacy visitations conducted and documented by the county physicist on an annual basis form our primary sources.

The article focuses on the role of the Catholic Church in organizing education and care for the young generation in the conditions of laissez-faire policy of the partitioner. The clergy's activity in the field of education, care and upbringing implemented the assumptions of the social teaching of the Church. Its foundations were formulated in the encyclicals of Leo XIII. In the Kingdom of Poland, they did not initiate a deepened theological and axiological debate, but for some of the clergy became a determinant of practical activities. Assistance and upbringing activities in the Kingdom of Poland and the Borderlands of the Russian Partition for children and youth included for example: ochronkas, orphanages, occupational classrooms, artisanal enterprises and educational facilities, as well as resocialisation institutions. This activity was particularly noticeable in secret habitless congregations, founded by Capuchin Father Honorat Koźminski. Diocesan clergy played an important r...

Zur oranien-nassauischen Besitzergreifung und Herrschaft über Dortmund s. THOMAS SCHILP, Vom Bürger der Reichsstadt zum Untertanen des Fürsten. Dortmund unter oranien-nas sauischer Herrschaft 1802-1806, in: ULRIKE GÄRTNER-jUDITH KoPPETSCH (Hg.), Kloster sturm und Fürstenrevolution. Staat und Kirche zwischen Rhein und Weser 1794'1803. Begleitbuch zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Dortmund (= Veröffentlichungen der Staatlichen Archive des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Reihe D: Ausstellungskataloge staatlicher Archive 31) (Dortmund 2003) S. 154-163.-THOMAS SCHILP, Vom Bürger der Reichsstadt zum oranien-nassauischen Untertanen: Dort mund 1802-1806, in: BORGERSCHAITLlCHE INITIATIVE (Hg.), ,,Wachse hoch, Üranien". Auf dem Weg zum ersten König der Niederlande: Wilhelm Friedrich Prinz von Oranien Nassau als regierender deutscher Fürst 1802-18o6: Fulda+ Co rvey +Dortmund+ Wein garten (= Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas 24) (Münster u. a. 2013) s. 111-130. ' Ausführlicher hierzu s. TH. SCHILP, Bürger (wie Anm. 1) S. 154 (Zit.). ~ Ebd. (Zit.). 4 Ebd. S. 156. MARKUS HELLEMA NS, Die Chronik des Pfarrers Johann Heinrich Friedrich Beurhaus. Dortmund 1802/i803 und der Verlust der Reichsunmittelbarkeit, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte Dortmunds und der Grafschaft Mark 95 (2004) S. 57-82, hier: S. 64.-Während Beurhaus das Ende der Reichsunmittelbarkeit Dortmunds bedauert und "den Eingriff des reformierten Fürsten in die kirchlichen Verhältnisse" kritisiert, bewertet ein anderer Zeitgenosse, der Dortmunder Publizist und Angehöriger der oranien-nassauischen Regierung zu Dortmund, Arnold Mallinckrodt, den neuen Status Dortmunds positiv. Ausführlich hierzu s. TH. SCHILP, Bürger (wie Anm. 1) S. 156-1 58.

Artykuł przedstawia losy cystersów jędrzejowskich po kasacie opactwa w 1819 r. W pierwszym etapie badań przygotowano kartotekę biograficzną zakonników, która posłużyła do przeprowadzenia analizy w zakresie ich pochodzenia społecznego i terytorialnego oraz liczebności i struktury wieku. Podstawowy materiał źródłowy stanowiły akta ogólne i personalne duchowieństwa, schematyzmy diecezjalne i zakonne oraz akta parafialne i księgi metrykalne. Po supresji opactwa niektórzy z zakonników pozostali dożywotnio w zabudowaniach klasztoru, inni przeszli do pracy na placówkach parafialnych. Niejednokrotnie były to ośrodki powiązane z klasztorem jędrzejowskim.

Every architectural project involving building heritage, for either its conservation or its adaptive reuse, requires an intensive phase of research and analysis in order to learn about the building on which one will intervene. A project done without this knowledge will surely lead to a series of bad decisions that could cause irreparable damage to the building. This article presents as case study the St Anne Charterhouse, a Carthusian Monastery in the city of Coventry, England, and aims to show the cognition process conducted between the months of January and February 2013. It will demonstrate how the historical research, architectural survey and stratigraphic analysis were conducted on the building, showing step by step the knowledge acquired and how each piece of information has contributed to the reconstruction of the Priory during the Middle Ages and to arriving to a proposal for its adaptive reuse, opening The Charterhouse to the residents of Coventry. Knowing where every building was located within the monastery complex was important because only one building still stands after the rest was demolished with the dissolution of the monasteries in 1540 and to ensure that no possible use would conflict with the history of the monument. The building has gone through a long process of cognition that revealed some data that changed some of the initial design ideas. The results showed, for example, that instead of a building with four rooms as we previously thought, there were actually two buildings with no physical connection between them and that an important medieval painting had not been painted over but vanished with the replacement of the original wall. This research has been critical to the assessment of the possibilities for the reuse of The Charterhouse and will be exposed inside the building so the community can learn about its history.

The figure of Capuchin Maurycy Ludwik Kubrak (1937-1987) was remembered as a charismatic priest who influenced the faithful with his humbleness, simplicity and the spirit of piety and poverty. While working in Biađa Podlaska and Lublin as a religion teacher, he was called a catechist with a magnet. In his service as a hospital chaplain in Lublin and in pastoral work for the nuns in Nowe Miasto, he was faithful to his duties and sacrificial availability which spared no effort. As a parish priest in Rywađd Królewski, he spread the Marian cult and developed pastoral work in the sanctuary. His patience and love for the cross was revealed during his terminal illness, which he experienced with exceptional submission to God's will. He died in the opinion of holiness.

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. It possesses several biological and pharmacological activities. According to the Thai National List of Essential Medicines, T. laurifolia leaves are used for the treatment of fever. This work sought to optimize microwave-assisted drying of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. leaf granules to shorten the granule drying process by the 32 full factorial design. Power was varied from 300, 450 and 600 W for 5, 10 and 15 min, to minimize moisture content and maximize rosmarinic acid content. Results showed that the optimal microwave-assisted drying condition within the design space and control space was the power of 450 W for 13 min. This condition gave the moisture content of 4.77 ± 0.24 % and rosmarinic acid content of 0.0566 ± 0.0075 %. The HPLC method was validated; it showed good linearity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. Furthermore, the system suitability was achieved. The T. laurifolia leaf...

EUGENIO POLITO
A colossal head with a laurel crown from Aquinum Marble fragments of a head with a laurel crown were recently found during the excavation of ancient Aquinum. They have been preliminarily studied prior to restoration. By analysing the dimensions of the
fragments it has been possible to gauge the size of the colossal statue. The appearance of what remains of the face, with its flat and uniform surfaces, and the hairstyle with its short locks cropped close to the skull, identify the statue as a male portrait from the Julio–Claudian era.

BENEDETTA CAGLIOTI
The Cathedral of San Giorgio Martire in Ferrara: Notes and observations on its Fourteenth–century phase
The construction of the Cathedral of San Giorgio Martire in Ferrara began in the 12th century. It was a symbol of the new position the city held in relation to the papacy, as opposed to the latter’s traditional links with Ravenna. Mixing written evidence with a project of surveying and drawing, focussing on the actual physical evidence, the medieval phase of the Cathedral appears to have a harmonious composition within an
overall precise scheme with a regular design and a balanced arrangement of the facades.

GIUSEPPE CASSIO
A new attribution to Cola dell’Amatrice:
The Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Collegiate Church of Fara in Sabina
A fresco with a Lamentation over the Dead Christ, recently uncovered in the Collegiate Church of Sant’Antonino in Fara in Sabina (Rieti), is one of the earliest known paintings in that religious building. It’s an example of the close link between the town and the nearby Abbey of Santa Maria di Farfa. Between the second half of the fifteenth century and a large part of the sixteenth, the imposing Benedictine “stronghold” had been subjected to frenetic renovation, called for by the commendatory abbots. This included work by Giovanni Battista Orsini (1482–1503). From 1486 to 1514 the Sabine monastery was home to a community of Teutonic monks from the Sacro Speco in Subiaco. There, Nicola di Filotesio, known as Cola dell’Amatrice, had painted the frescoes in the Old Chapter. Documents mention the painter at work in Farfa’s Abbey
in 1508.

ENRICO NOÈ
A Saint John the Baptist by Giulio del Moro
In the parish church of Donada, in the province of Rovigo, there is a little–known marble statue of Saint John theBaptist, signed by the painter and sculptor Giulio del Moro (Verona, around 1555 – Venice, 1616). From an analysis of the piece, the paper moves on to research its possible provenance, perhaps the Church of Santa Giustina
in Venice, and above all its chronology, in the context of the artist’s extensive production. The hypothetical conclusion is that it dates to around 1590. This was the most youthful, and perhaps happiest, period of the maestro.

MARIA TERESA CANTARO
Some news about Lavinia Fontana: From her debut to about 1590
An analysis of some autographed works by Lavinia Fontana (Bologna 1552 – Rome 1614) is presented.
They have changed hands on the antiques market over the last three decades and are now kept in private collections. They include some unpublished works, attributable to the time of the painter’s earliest period. They start with her debut between 1570 and 1575, up to around 1590 when the artist’s activity was now recognised and well known. Brief clarifications are proposed regarding a couple of paintings already linked
to Lavinia Fontana and some new attributions. Finally, some observations are put forward concerning a document transcribed in its entirety for the first time and which casts doubt on the hypothesis of the artist’s stay in Rome during the years of the pontificate of Sixtus V.

CARMELA CAPALDI
From Divus Augustus to Bonaparte:
Notes on the restoration of the colossal seated statues from the Augusteum in Herculaneum
During the first excavations of Herculaneum in what was then known as the Basilica, two colossal marble statues were found representing seated male figures, wrapped only in paludamenta. The building was later correctly identified as the Augusteum, a place for the worship of deceased and deified emperors. The statues, lacking their heads and arms, were subjected to additive restoration, first by Joseph Canart, then Filippo Tagliolini, which made it harder to identify them. Placed in the Bourbon Royal Museum collection, they are mentioned in the first inventory of the museum in 1819, as statues portraying Augustus and Claudius. Scholars have, for the most part, accepted this definition. It has been argued that the plaster head of Augustus was modelled on the portrait of the prince in the Gemma Augustea now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

LUCILLA DE LACHENAL – ANNA MARIA CARRUBA
Behind the scenes at the Torlonia Marbles exhibition.
New contributions to the exhibition in Milan: analysis, explanation, bibliography and restorations
The new outlay for the Torlonia Marbles exhibition in Milan, in the large and prestigious rooms of the Gallerie d’Italia, provided the opportunity to enrich the exhibition of sculptures already presented in Rome with some new pieces. The paper lists them, giving updated datasheets in terms of bibliography and explanations, recognising two busts as modern. Moreover, a marble copy of Leda and the Swan and the sarcophagus decorated with a Consular procession are accompanied by valuable observations and remarks by those who restored it.

MAURIZIO RICCI
The entrance portal to the Orange Garden: A few annotations
Savello Park, in Rome’s Ripa district, is better known as the Giardino degli Aranci. It was transformed into gardens by Raffaele de Vico in 1932. Its current, Sixteenth–century portal, originally came from Villa Balestra. It was taken apart in 1910 and laid to rest in the municipal deposits. Antonio Munõz had it rebuilt on the Aventine in 1936, partially modifying its construction. The paper, based on an analysis of the remains of Villa Balestra and an important unpublished plan, clarifies once and for all the original site of the gateway.

ALESSIO CIANNARELLA
The Church of San Lorenzo in Miranda: New documents on the restoration of the Domenichino altarpiece and a hypothetical attribution to Giovan Battista Beinaschi
The paper deepens and broadens information about the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda and the rich decorative apparatus inside. Documents held in the church archives have shed light on when and how Raffaele Vanni (1670) unfortunately attempted to restore a painting by Domenichino. His Madonna and Child with Saints Philip and James had been painted between 1626 and 1627. The paper also looks at Vanni’s realisation of an altarpiece of a similar subject to repair the damage after his work on Domenichino’s, it dates to the same year as the restoration. Working from an Eighteenth–century manuscript kept in the Casanatense Library in Rome, and some stylistic comparisons, it is thought that Giovan Battista Beinaschi painted the Crucifix adored by Saint Francis.

FRANCESCA MATTEI
Clay elements in the construction of the vaults of Palazzo Naselli Crispi in Ferrara.
History and geography on Sixteenth–century Este building sites
Palazzo Naselli (1529–1537) was restored between 2018 and 2020. During the work, clay elements came to light, immersed in the cement conglomerate of the vaults of some rooms. The paper traces the building techniques used for the construction of these ceilings, and highlights the relationship between the earliest material evidence, architectural treatises and the architectural projects of the time. Este.

LUCA LEONCINI
Giovanni Maria Mariani at the Palazzo del Quirinale: Documentation of the decoration entrusted to Gian Lorenzo Bernini for the apartments of Alexander VII
This paper presents a complete transcript of the account of the work carried out by Giovanni Maria Mariani on the main floor of the Palazzo del Quirinale, between March and August 1656. He was a perspective painter and decorator, under the supervision of Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Mariani’s assignment was a few months prior to that of the group of artists chosen by Pietro da Cortona to decorate the Gran Galleria, later
known as that of Alexander VII. Mariani was involved there too. Until now Giovanni Maria’s duties had been considered «work of an artisan nature», limited to gilding the gallery’s ceiling. Careful examination of documents in Rome’s State Archive has shown instead that the gilding was not done by him, whereas the sweeping painted glossy stucco decorations were. The detailed specifications of what the painter from Ascoli
Piceno was responsible for are to be found in a document which has never previously been analysed, in its entirety, leaving important data untouched upon.

Radegund, sainted queen of the Frankish Kingdom and foundress of the convent of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers, is the most well-documented woman of the Merovingian era. The most comprehensive accounts of her life are the two very distinctive vitae Radegundis, one composed by the Italian poet, Fortunatus, and the other composed by one of her nuns at Sainte-Croix, Baudonivia. These sixth century accounts later became the basis for numerous textual and artistic representations of Radegund produced throughout the middle ages, into the early modern period, and up through the twenty-first century. With the expansion of Radegund’s cult, these new iterations stretched as far as Sicily, England, and Algeria. As part of a larger project that traces the development of Radegund’s cult from her death in 587 C.E. to the Modern Era, I have had the opportunity of comparing a myriad of ways that Radegund was reinterpreted in various social, religious, and political contexts.

However, Henry Bradshaw’s Middle English Lyfe of Saynt Radegunde, printed between 1508 and 1527,  offers the most unusual interpretation. Like any pre-modern text that purports to be a “translation,” we can expect a certain degree of embellishment – but Bradshaw’s insistence that Radegund was both a perpetual virgin and the abbess of Sainte-Croix runs contrary to every text written about her up to that point. This is so surprising because there is every indication that Bradshaw otherwise followed the early medieval Latin Lives, which discuss the details of Radegund’s marriage and her great humility in declining the position of abbess at her own foundation.

In consideration of the context in which Bradshaw was writing, I believe his changes were deliberate and imbued with both political and gendered meaning. At about the time the Lyfe of Saynt Radegunde was written, St. Radegund's Priory in Cambridge was being dissolved by bishop Alcock of Ely, a pre-Reformation divine. By 1497, Alcock had expelled the nuns and converted the priory into what we now know as Jesus College Cambridge. If the nuns at St. Radegund's Priory really had degenerated into "a community of spiritual harlots" as John Bale, Bishop of Ossory and harsh critic of the monastic system, alleged, could Bradshaw have reimagined Radegund as a virginal abbess to make some kind of moral assertion about the priory and (female) monasticism in general?

In the turbulent environment of the early sixteenth century, critiques of the church, the suppression of monastic institutions, interconfessional violence, and skepticism towards the cult of the saints created a new set of concerns, interests, and needs that shaped the ways Radegund was used, venerated, and written about. I consider how Bradshaw’s Lyfe of Saynt Radegunde can be seen as perpetuating the phase of Radegund's internationalization, the role this text and its author played in the opposition to the suppression of St. Radegund's Priory at Cambridge in 1497, and what the gendered implications are for Bradshaw's construction of Radegund as a virgin and a model for laywomen.

Introduction Graves are amongst the earliest sources of our understanding of human culture. They are the product of rites of passage; the rituals through which humans mark the critical events of their lives. Such rites changed with changes of culture. Since Arnold van Gennep first made them a subject for academic study these shifts in traditions have been intensively studied especially in recent decades as drama, literature, spectacle, and religion. It was not simply the personal aspect of what was called ‘the art of dying well’ that was important in burial rituals. Funerals also had a public function. They were drama, a drama that embodied the whole social structure. The funeral procession had to include relatives and friends, servants and the ubiquitous poor so that all could acknowledge the place of

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There are many Eastern Orthodox church buildings throughout the Lublin Province. Over the years, these architectural objects have undergone multiple transformations, both in terms of changing religious denominations and rituals and also adaptation to new functions, such as warehousing.This article classifies and presents the transformations carried out in selected Eastern Orthodox churches in the Lublin province. By using comparative analysis of the buildings’ primary condition and their current state, it was possible to identify the risks and opportunities arising from the process of adapting these buildings and their rich historical background. Additionally, the article includes a subjective assessment of the adaptation works and their influence on the physical form of the Eastern Orthodox churches examined. To present the adaptation methods currently applied to religious buildings located in Poland, this article focuses on examples of already-transformed properties that used to h...

movement' (p. ). But she also notes that 'the reception of dialogue results within national churches and local congregations remains a challenge' (p. ). From the days of Luther, his followers have sought to be faithful witnesses to the Gospel, which Luther said, 'commands us to look, not at our own good deeds or perfection but at God Himself as He promises, and at Christ Himself, the Mediator' (pp. -; Luther's works, xxxvi.). This superb dictionary itself bears witness to the impetus that drove Luther himself and his followers to articulate and express their Christian faith.

More than a House for Books, curated by David Rundle and Cristina Neagu, considered the place of the Western manuscripts within the wider context of the Library’s eclectic riches. It delineated how what we now know as its ‘Special Collections’ came to be owned by Christ Church and considered what that tells us about the purpose and scope of a library. Unexpected items in the collections include: scientific and musical instruments, coins, drawings, a tapestry, a "porridge bowl", mandrakes and, allegedly, "Cardinal Wolsey's hat". There are also a number of unusual manuscripts and books. To read more about this, please see Mandrakes in the Library, by David Rundle (https://bonaelitterae.wordpress.com/2017/11/06/mandrakes-in-the-library/)

The exhibition coincided with the publication of R. Hanna and D. Rundle, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Western Manuscripts, to c. 1600, in Christ Church, Oxford, the first in a planned series of manuscript catalogues offering detailed codicological, textual and historical descriptions. For details, see https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/library-and-archives/descriptive-catalogue-western-manuscripts-c-1600-christ-church-oxford. The lavishly illustrated volume is published by the Oxford Bibliographical Society in its Special Series of Manuscript Catalogues.

* Artykuł ukaże się także w wersji anglojęzycznej Christianization and construction of ecclesiastical structures in the Western Pomerania to the turn of the XIIth and XIIIth centuries w monografii zbiorowej zatytułowanej Development of Christianity, przygotowanej we współpracy z Uniwersytetem w Żylinie. Jego podstawę stanowi monografia P. Piętkowskiego, Biskupstwo pomorskie jako początek biskupstwa kamieńskiego, Wrocław 2015, gdzie poszczególne kwestie zarysowane w niniejszym przyczynku zostały potraktowane znacznie obszerniej.

Klasztory bernardyńskie budowano przede wszystkim na przedmieściach lub w pobliżu głównych traktów komunikacyjnych i handlowych. Kompleksy usytuowane poza murami posiadały ogrody użytkowe, a do dóbr klasztornych należały także łąki, pola, lasy, stawy oraz całe wsie. W takich przypadkach reguła zakonna była łamana drastycznie, gdyż zakony żebracze nie posiadały wartościowej własności. Formy ogrodów nie przetrwały do czasów współczesnych, zachowały się jedynie wirydarze. Niniejszy referat porusza problematykę użytkowych ogrodów klasztornych, a także bernardyńskich gospodarstw rolnych i ich znaczenia dla postaci krajobrazów lokalnych.

Bernardine monasteries were built mostly in the suburbs or near the main communication and trade tracts. The building complexes, which were situated outside the city walls, had utilitarian gardens and monasteries, property included meadows, fields, forests, ponds and even the whole villages. In these cases monasticism rules were broken severly, because the medicant orders had no valued property. The forms of gardens did not survive until present days, only viridaries were preserved. This paper raises the issue of utilitarian monastery gardens as well as the Bernardine farms and its meaning for the shape of the local landscape.

has compiled an exhaustive and invaluable study of Katherine Parr's complete works and correspondence. Mueller's work has separate sections for Parr's three published volumes: Psalms or Prayers (1544) 34 (a translation of bishop John Fisher's Psalmi seu precationes) 35 , Prayers or Meditations (1545) 36 , and, The Lamentation of a Sinner (1547). 37 Mueller has also identified the handwriting appearing in a small handwritten girdle book of devotional materials compiled between c. 1544 and 1548 as being that of Katherine Parr. This is an important finding because the unpublished volume had heretofore been believed to be the work of Lady Jane Grey Dudley. 38 Mueller's work on Psalms or prayers shows that Katherine, as a nurturing stepmother, passed on her evangelical inclinations to Elizabeth and Edward. For her

Spatial diversity and total area of thermal-humid regions have been assessed and, in addition, climatic water balance values have been calculated, employing specific time-frames up until the year 2020. The latter calculations have been performed taking into account temperature averages for the period 1971-2000, and constant precipitation. In order to designate thermal-humid regions the Daunbenmiere method has been used (version modified by Cherszkowicz) in which thermal conditions are determined on the basis of effective temperature sums ≥10.0ºC, while pluvial conditions are determined based on the hydrothermal coefficient (K=10P/t) for the period from June until August where P signifies sums of precipitation and t daily sums of air temperature values. The climatic water balance was calculated as the difference between precipitation sums and sums of potential evaporation calculated using the Thornthwaite method. A systematic increase of the area of temperate warm and warm regions ha...

The works were carried out by a private company "Zakład Usługowy Konserwacji Obiektów Zabytkowych Jan Wiśniewski" from Pruszcz Gdański. They lasted from December 2011 to January 2012 and included the removal of secondary layers of plasters as well as protection of revealed mural decorations. Noteworthy discoveries included fragments of murals depicting figures as well as niches with pointed arches in the western wall. 7 These works were carried out by a team of specialists from the company "Zakład Usługowy Konserwacji Obiektów Zabytkowych Jan Wiśniewski" from Pruszcz Gdański.

Magdalena Mortęska, ksieni klasztoru benedyktynek w Chełmnie, wielka reformatorka żeńskiego życia zakonnego, wywarła wpływ na rozwój szkolnictwa w Polsce w okresie nowożytnym . Wizja i droga odnowy życia zakonnego realizowane przez ksieni Magdalenę oparte były nie tylko na powrocie do ścisłej obserwancji benedyktyńskiej, ale także na obowiązku kształcenia mniszek. Zaangażowanie M. Mortęskiej w rozwój szkolnictwa zostało omówione w dwóch perspektywach. Na początku zwrócono uwagę na szkoły dla dziewcząt zakładane przy klasztorach, natomiast w dalszej części wskazano na zaangażowanie się ksieni w powstawanie szkół poza klasztorami benedyktynek

Zespół klasztorny w Lubartowie jest interesującym obiektem, który pomimo kasat klasztornych, jakie objęły Polskę i Europę w XVIII i XIX wieku, utrzymał swoją pierwotną funkcję i w znacznym stopniu układ kompozycyjny. Jego budowa przypadła na i połowę XVIII wieku i od tego czasu uległ wielu przekształceniom dostosowującym założenie do potrzeb mieszkańców miasta. należy podkreślić kasatę klasztoru w 1866 roku i po 112 latach powrót do niego zakonników, którzy nadal w nim mieszkają i wciąż prowadzą działalność kulturową. w arty-kule przedstawiono charakter tych przekształceń oraz współczesne zasoby klasztornych ogrodów na tle zmieniającego się układu przestrzennego miasta. Po ii wojnie światowej Lubartów wszedł bowiem na nową drogę rozwoju urbanistycznego, podążając za rozwojem przemysłu. istotne jest, aby współczesne przekształcenia nie spowodowały zagrożeń dla historycznych zasobów, tym bar-dziej że zespół lubartowskich ogrodów klasztornych stanowi ważny i unikatowy w swej formie ele...

Many of these are interim reports which make available the results of specialist investigations in advance of full publication. They are not usually subject to external refereeing, and their conclusions may sometimes have to be modified in the light of information not available at the time of the investigation. Where no final project report is available, readers are advised to consult the author before citing these reports in any publication. Opinions expressed in Research Department reports are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of English Heritage.

Every architectural project involving building heritage, for either its conservation or its adaptive reuse, requires an intensive phase of research and analysis in order to learn about the building on which one will intervene. A project done without this knowledge will surely lead to a series of bad decisions that could cause irreparable damage to the building. This article presents as case study the St Anne Charterhouse, a Carthusian Monastery in the city of Coventry, England, and aims to show the cognition process conducted between the months of January and February 2013. It will demonstrate how the historical research, architectural survey and stratigraphic analysis were conducted on the building, showing step by step the knowledge acquired and how each piece of information has contributed to the reconstruction of the Priory during the Middle Ages and to arriving to a proposal for its adaptive reuse, opening The Charterhouse to the residents of Coventry. Knowing where every building was located within the monastery complex was important because only one building still stands after the rest was demolished with the dissolution of the monasteries in 1540 and to ensure that no possible use would conflict with the history of the monument. The building has gone through a long process of cognition that revealed some data that changed some of the initial design ideas. The results showed, for example, that instead of a building with four rooms as we previously thought, there were actually two buildings with no physical connection between them and that an important medieval painting had not been painted over but vanished with the replacement of the original wall. This research has been critical to the assessment of the possibilities for the reuse of The Charterhouse and will be exposed inside the building so the community can learn about its history.

Issues touching on religious confraternities are attracting greater attention in Polish historical studies. Yet. they seem to be more of a lateral interest as something that complements the activities of various institutions or units of church administration (parishes, dioceses, convents, monastic provinces, etc.), or those of their lay administrations. As a result, religious confraternities are rarely a topic for independent studies in Polish history. 1 A case in point is the role of religious confraternities in Sandomierz. Their activities have usually been discussed only in the margins of studies devoted to other fields of interest touching on this town. Because of this scarcity of scholarly work on the confraternities of Sandomierz, this article is based, for the most part, on primary source materials, confraternity registers, city records, consistory deeds, financial documents from convents, church chronicles, and confraternity prayer books. To support these primary materials further, early printed books have also been used, especially when they were relevant either to individual confraternities or to confraternal topics in general. Closer attention to confraternal issues in pre-partition Poland (pre-1772) not only provides us with a more detailed and fuller picture of confraternal life in Sandomierz, but also illustrates, on the basis of the activities