Diseases

High temperature represents one of the most serious abiotic stress factors limiting plant photosynthesis, biomass production and crop productivity. Photosynthetic apparatus is an important heat sensor in plants, sensing a wide range of air temperatures, from moderate to extreme. In this chapter we offer current knowledge on both photochemical and metabolic changes occurring within the photosynthetic apparatus in conditions of heat stress associated with signaling and stress response. The heat stress directly affects the heat sensitive sites, mainly Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II and Rubisco activase. It leads to subsequent indirect effects, such as changes of the redox status of individual components on thylakoid membrane in chloroplast and increase in production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Hence, the redox signaling plays the crucial role in enhancement of alternative electron pathways such as cyclic electron flow as well as triggering the signal transduction pathways resulting to heat stress response. The redox signaling in chloroplast is closely associated with ROS signaling, which interferes with regulation also out of chloroplast. The stress response involves mainly production of specific proteins (mostly heat shock proteins or antioxidants) or protective compounds (osmoprotectants) leading to increase of thermostability of sensitive sites or protection against ROS. Different signal molecules contribute in photosynthesis-related heat-stress signaling pathways, such as reactive oxygen species with hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, calcium, abscisic acid, etc. The specific roles of cytokinins and isoprene in heat stress response are also reviewed.

Field crops are frequently exposed to drought and high temperature in the field. As the stress tolerance is the major target of many research and breeding programmes, the efficient and reliable tools and methods useful in screening of the heat and drought stress effects are required. The techniques based on measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence induction belong recently to fundamentals of plant stress research; however, in most cases the very basic tools are used and its potential is not utilised sufficiently. This proposed chapter tries to summarise the knowledge, starting from basic theory through parameters and useful experimental protocols and results up to special kinds of application of chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. In addition to generally used pulseamplitude-modulated (PAM) method with saturation pulse analysis, the fast fluorescence kinetics, the fluorescence imaging, as well as simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence with other parameters and their potential application in drought and heat-stress research are discussed. Brestic M, Zivcak M. (2013) PSII fluorescence techniques for measurement of drought and high temperature stress signal in plants: protocols and applications. In: Rout GR, Das AB (eds.) Molecular stress physiology of plants. Springer Dordrecht pp. 87-131.

Eat healthy and live healthy is one of the essential requirements for long life. Unfortunately, todays world has been adapted to a system of consumption of foods which has several adverse effects on health. Lifestyle changes has compelled us so much that one has so little time to really think what we are eating is right! Globalisation and urbanisation have greatly affected ones eating habits and forced many people to consume fancy and high calorie fast foods, popularly known as Junk foods. Research into the possible health hazards on consumption of such high calorie foods has given an insight to avoid them, but unfortunately measures taken are not as effective as they need to be. Diseases like coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus have seen a profound rise in developing countries and such unhealthy junk food consumption is one of the notable factors to its contribution. This global problem of consuming junk food on a large scale and its impact on health needs emphasis and health education which can greatly contribute to its limited consumption and switching over to healthy eating habits for the better living. knowledge highlighting about the eating habits, nutritional aspects, quality of unhealthy foods, their health impact and preventive measures should be given to create awareness and render health education for a change towards good eating practices. Junk food and its impact on health have been reviewed from various resources and have been systematically presented, so as to emphasize its ill effects and measures to be adapted towards healthy living.

Hygiene practice, knowledge and behavior are the driving force of health. Health is considered as the physical mental economic and social condition and satisfaction of a man and hygiene is the constitution to attain it. There are various types of diseases which directly or indirectly depend on hygiene practice. The people of the rural areas suffer from health and hygiene related diseases. This study attempts to assess the relationship among hygiene practice, behavior, attitude and knowledge about health. This study conducted a questionnaire survey on 78 respondents living in Happania mauza. It was observed socioeconomic and environmental aspects were significantly associated with health. Simple statistical techniques were used for data analysis. It was found that most of the people were engaged in business and worked as day labour and their monthly income was from 5000-10000 taka. In the study area about 55 percent used ring slab and 52 percent of the respondents used soap for washing hand after using toilet and 61 percent people used shoe in while using latrine. About 21 percent of the respondents suffered from diarrhoea, 35 percent from dysentery and 44 percent suffered from skin diseases. This study used cross tabulation and multiple regressions to analysis the relationships among hygiene practice, behavior, attitude and knowledge about health. It was observed that there existed a strong relationship among hygiene practice and health. This study observes that the methods of hygiene practice were not maintained properly. Due to the poor level of knowledge of the respondents regarding sanitation, hygiene practices and health, the people of the study area often suffered from various types of infectious diseases.

A retrospective study was undertaken at Sodo zuria district of Wolaita zone during November, 2015 to April, 2016 with the aim of to describe the important diseases and disorders observed in cattle and to assess and estimate the financial loss due to the treatment of such cases. For this purpose a 4 years data, from January, 2011 to December, 2015, were collected from patient register of sodo zuria district veterinary clinic case recording book. During the study, a total of 6105 cattle were examined and 21 various types of diseases and disorders were identified. The commonly found diseases were gastrointestinal worm infestation (26.2%), trypanosomosis (26.2%), infectious systemic problems (17.3%), mixed infections (12.2%), mastitis (9.2%), ectoparasite infestation (6.5%), pneumonia (2.7%) and Lumpy skin disease (1.1%). Rest of the diseases and disorders had lower percentage
than 1%. The occurrence of diseases and disorders were higher in female and young than male and adult animals, respectively.
Internal parasite infestation found to be the most prevalent cattle diseases among all groups of cattle, which was followed by
trypanosomosis and infectious systemic problem. For the treatment and management of 6105 patient cattle, different types of antibiotics, antihelminthics, antiprotozoal, acaricides, disinfectants and multivitamins were used. The total estimated financial loss was found to be 147,844.00 Ethiopian birr (ETB) and high amount of money was lost because of antiprotozoal purchase (52,032.54ETB). Thus, these diseases and disorders were found that they cause a considerable financial loss due to treatment of the affected animals. This study suggests that implementing control programs targeting these diseases and disorders and conducting further retrospective epidemiologic analysis for a long period of years to identify risk factors of diseases and exact economic impact will help to reduce the occurrence and the direct and indirect economic loss due to this diseases and disorders in this area.

ABSTRACT
The pathogens transmitted by ticks to human beings are a motive of public health concern around the world, such is the case of Lyme disease in the northern hemisphere, Encephalitis virus in Europe, the recurrent fevers and the Rocky Mountains spotted fever, better known in Colombia as “Tobia Fever”. People of all economic and social conditions are prone to develop a zoonotic agent transmitted by these vectors, which could be infected by several pathogens through co-infection mechanisms. The epidemiology and prevalence of these diseases are affected by ecological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. All these factors, affect in a different manner the enzootic cycle between pathogens, ticks and wild hosts. Current molecular diagnostic tools have allowed to progress in pathogen identification, previously unknown or undetermined. The government intervention capacity of each country, and the multidisciplinary professional cooperation, especially from physicians and veterinarians, is fundamental in order to strategically implement control and prevention plans that can deal with this problematic. The present article aims to make a thorough review of the factors which are favoring the transmission of zoonotic agents by ticks, contextualizing the most important aspects that determine their prevalence, and the most relevant control and prevention measures.

The white-spotted rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus feeds mainly on seaweeds and seagrass during most part of the year in the Omani waters. The presence of benthic invertebrates like polychaetes, small shrimps and bivalves in large sized fish appears to be accidental inclusions. Majority of mature fish occurred with empty stomach or with little food during spawning season. The monthly hepato-somatic index ranged from 1.1 to 1.73 in males and 1.06 to 1.8 in females and the values were generally higher prior to spawning months. The length-weight relationships of males and females differed significantly (p < 0.05) and can be expressed as log W = -4.0395 + 2.6736 log L for males and log W = -4.3544 + 2.8048 log L for females.

We reviewed prominent emerging infectious diseases of cetaceans, examined their potential to impact populations, re-assessed zoonotic risk and evaluated the role of environmental stressors. Cetacean morbilliviruses and papillomaviruses as well as Brucella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are thought to interfere with population abundance by inducing high mortalities, lowering reproductive success or by synergistically increasing the virulence of other diseases. Severe cases of lobomycosis and lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) may contribute to the death of some dolphins. The zoonotic hazard of marine mammal brucellosis and toxoplasmosis may have been underestimated, attributable to frequent misdiagnoses and underreporting, particularly in developing countries and remote areas where carcass handling without protective gear and human consumption of fresh cetacean products are commonplace. Environmental factors seem to play a role in the emergence and pathogenicity of morbillivirus epidemics, lobomycosis/LLD, toxoplasmosis, poxvirus-associated tattoo skin disease and, in harbour porpoises, infectious diseases of multifactorial aetiology. Inshore and estuarine cetaceans incur higher risks than pelagic cetaceans due to habitats often severely altered by anthropogenic factors such as chemical and biological contamination, direct and indirect fisheries interactions, traumatic injuries from vessel collisions and climate change.

Four varieties of the red pepper fruits (Capsicum species) were evaluated for chemical composition, antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents using standard analytical technique, ferric-ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay and Folin-Colcalteau method respectively. The proximate composition values (%) were: moisture (82.54 -85.19), crude protein (2.64 -3.51), ash (1.21 -3.03), fat (1.52 -2.87), crude fibre (2.37 -4.71) and CHO (4.62 -6.71). Minerals were of reasonable levels with Na, K, Ca, and P significantly high in Capsicum frutescens 'Bird pepper'. Na/K and Ca/P values were found to be less than1 except in Capsicum frutescens (cayenne pepper). Antioxidant activity ranged from 46.66 (bird pepper) -172.00 (cayenne pepper) mg GAE/100 g ww) while total phenolic content ranged from 55.73 (bird pepper) -138.00 (bell pepper) µmole GAE/g WW. The results indicate that Capsicum frutescens bird pepper (Ata wewe), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne pepper) (Ata Sombo), Capsicum annum (Bell pepper) (tatase), and Capsicum annum sweet pepper (Atarodo) used as major condiments in preparation of traditional diets in Nigeria can be utilized as sources of protein supplement, valuable minerals and dietary antioxidants. They can serve as scavengers of free radicals reported to be associated with occurrence of chronic and degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl., Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) is an important spice crop grown in Sri Lanka and some other countries in Southeast Asia. Although cinnamon is a hardy plant, it is subjected to attack by a variety of insects and microbes. The major insect and mite pests reported in Sri Lanka and other Southeast Asian countries include, a jumping plant louse Trioza cinnamoni (Homoptera: Triozidae), a plant feeding mite Eriophyes boisi (Acarina: Eriophyiidae), Synanthedon spp (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). The minor insect pests reported are the lepidopteran caterpillars Chilasa clytia, Graphium sarpedon, Orthaga vitialis, Dasychira mendosa, the fruit borer Alcides morio, and the leaf miner Acrocercops spp. The important diseases of cinnamon reported are leaf spot/blight caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and grey leaf spot/blight caused by Pestalotia cinnamomi. Phytopthora cinnamomi causing stripe canker and the pink disease caused by Corticium salmonicolor affecting stems of cinnamon and Phellinus lamaensis causing brown root rot have also aroused some attention by the researchers. The Identification and management strategies adopted for the above pests and diseases are reviewed.

Present study represents unknown utilizations of traditional medicinal plants used by the yanadi tribes of Seshachalam hill region in Andhra Pradesh. Yanadi tribes of this area brought to light unrevealed therapeutic uses of 70 medicinal plants their parts like roots, tubers, stem barks, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. They have been using these medicinal plants in the form of paste, powder, juice, decoction, infusion and also in crude form, with other additives like ghee, sesame oil and goat milk to relieve from different ailments. Present study discloses ethnic practices (Yanadi) of 70 plant species belonging to 44 families to relieve different ailments like Skin

Plant photosynthesis and photosystem II (PSII) are susceptible to high temperature. However, photosynthetic electron transport process under heat stress remains unclear. To reveal this issue, chlorophyll a fluorescence and modulated 820 nm reflection were simultaneously detected in sweet sorghum. At 43uC, J step in the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient was significantly elevated, suggesting that electron transport beyond primary quinone of PSII (Q A ) (primary quinone electron acceptor of PSII) was inhibited. PSI (Photosystem I) photochemical capacity was not influenced even under severe heat stress at 48uC. Thus, PSI oxidation was prolonged and PSI re-reduction did not reach normal level. The inhibition of electron transport between PSII and PSI can reduce the possibility of PSI photoinhibition under heat stress. PSII function recovered entirely one day after heat stress at 43uC, implying that sweet sorghum has certain self-remediation capacity. When the temperature reached 48uC, the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry and the electron transport from PSII donor side were remarkably decreased, which greatly limited the electron flow to PSI, and PSI re-reduction suspended. The efficiency of an electron transferred from the intersystem electron carrier (plastoquinol, PQH 2 ) to the end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side increased significantly at 48uC, and the reason was the greater inhibition of electron transport before PQH 2 . Thus, the fragment from Q A to PQH 2 is the most heat sensitive in the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI in sweet sorghum.

Coastal area of India is more prone to the devastating impact of climate change. The present study was conducted in Sunderban coastal ecosystem of West Bengal which is famous for mangrove forest and aquatic resources but this area is now under the adverse impact of climate change. Total six villages were studied from the two blocks of South 24 Pargana district of West Bengal for the present research study. It was observed that nearly 38 per cent of the respondents had heard about climate change. Most of respondents perceived climate change due to rapid industrialization by human being. People were more aware about the phenomena like increase in temperature, reduction in agricultural and livestock production, increase diseases, increase sea level etc. than the phenomena like frequent cyclone, occurance of cold wave, heavy fog and precipitation. The mean score on the awareness about perceived consequences due to climate change was very high on item -'reduction in agricultural production' followed by 'there will be a large scale migration or exodus of people and animals from Sunderban'. Increase in diseases due to climate change was the major perceived risk by the respondents in agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery and human health sector. Major risks related to forestry and biodiversity included decrease in forest area and reduction in certain plant, animal and bird species. Increase in poverty was the major perceived risk under socioeconomic and cultural life by the respondents.

Black gobies, Gobius niger L., 1758, were sampled monthly between March 2003 and February 2004 in Izmir Bay involving 1149 specimens. Length distribution varied between 5.1 and 15.2 cm total length. Age determined from direct reading on otoliths was comprised from zero to five years. There were significant differences in mean lengths at age group for the two sexes, which did not allow the use of combined data. The parameters of the fitted Von Bertalanffy growth equation (with seasonal component, birth date on the 1 st of January) were L ∞ = 16.69 cm, k= 0.301 yr -1 , t 0 = -2.205 for males, and L ∞ = 14.84 cm, k= 0.321 yr -1 , t 0 = -1.459 for females. Macroscopic examination of the gonads, and analysis of the monthly values of the gonadosomatic index, indicated that reproduction starts in March and lasts during October, with a maximum in March, followed by August and October. Individuals become sexually mature around 7.80 cm TL (a size that can be reached in less than 1 year) for females. In this population, the sex ratio (male:female) was 3.6:1. Stomach contents were mainly Mollusca (%IRI= 47.53), Crustacea (%IRI= 42.94), Polychaeta (%IRI= 8.26), Foreminifera (%IRI= 1.14) and Teleostei (%IRI= 0.13).

Health properties and uses of soybean, as well as the different chemical and botanical characteristics of this legume, are shown in this review. Soybean represents an excellent source of high quality protein; it has a low content in saturated fat, it contains a great amount of dietary fiber and its isoflavone content makes it singular among other legumes. Characterization and positive health effects of soybeans have been recently studied. Most of the studies have been focused on soybean protein as a possible source of prevention against cardiovascular disease. This positive effect may be due to a decrease in serum cholesterol concentrations. In addition, there are many studies on isoflavones, non-nutritive substances, associated with prevention and treatment of different chronic diseases. Moreover, some studies have shown the health properties of soy dietary fiber. The efficacy and safety of soy isoflavones for preventing or treating cancer of the breast, endometrium, and prostate are not established. In contrast, many soy products should be beneficial to cardiovascular and overall health because of their high content of polyunsaturated fats, fibers, vitamins, and minerals and low content of saturated fat. Therefore, it would be interesting to consider the replacement of animal based foods for soybean foods in order to obtain some nutritional benefits.

High temperature represents one of the most serious abiotic stress factors limiting plant photosynthesis, biomass production and crop productivity. Photosynthetic apparatus is an important heat sensor in plants, sensing a wide range of air temperatures, from moderate to extreme. In this chapter we offer current knowledge on both photochemical and metabolic changes occurring within the photosynthetic apparatus in conditions of heat stress associated with signaling and stress response. The heat stress directly affects the heat sensitive sites, mainly Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II and Rubisco activase. It leads to subsequent indirect effects, such as changes of the redox status of individual components on thylakoid membrane in chloroplast and increase in production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Hence, the redox signaling plays the crucial role in enhancement of alternative electron pathways such as cyclic electron flow as well as triggering the signal transduction pathways resulting to heat stress response. The redox signaling in chloroplast is closely associated with ROS signaling, which interferes with regulation also out of chloroplast. The stress response involves mainly production of specific proteins (mostly heat shock proteins or antioxidants) or protective compounds (osmoprotectants) leading to increase of thermostability of sensitive sites or protection against ROS. Different signal molecules contribute in photosynthesis-related heat-stress signaling pathways, such as reactive oxygen species with hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, calcium, abscisic acid, etc. The specific roles of cytokinins and isoprene in heat stress response are also reviewed. species 1 Introduction Plants perform optimally only in a certain temperature range, from quite narrow to a wide range of temperatures, depending on their species thermo-sensitivity. Increasing temperatures can affect different vital functions of cells and whole plants, such as enzyme activity, membrane integrity, cell division, photosynthetic reactions, growth, productivity, etc. As plants represent the sessile organisms, which can not escape efficiently from heat stress, their metabolism and physiology can adapt to counterbalance this disadvantage (Mittler et al. 2012). Ivanov AG, Kitcheva MI, Christov AM, Popova LP (1992) Effects of abscisic acid treatment on the thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus in barley chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 98:1228-1232 Jan N, Hussain M, Andrabi KI (2009) Cold resistance in plants: a mystery unresolved. Electr J Biotechnol 12:1-15 Jiang Y, Huang B (2001) Effects of calcium on antioxidant activities and water relations associated with heat tolerance in two cool-season grasses. J Exp Bot 52: 341-349 Karpinski S, Reynolds H, Karpinska B, Wingsle G, Creissen G, Mullineaux P (1999) Systemic Signalling and Acclimation in Response to Excess Excitation Energy in Arabidopsis, Science 284:654-657 Kleinhenz MD, Palta JP (2002) Root zone calcium modulates the response of potato plants to heat stress. Physiol Plantarum 115:111-118 Konigshofer H, Tromballa HW, Loppert HG (2008) Early events in signalling hightemperature stress in tobacco BY2 cells involve alterations in membrane fluidity and enhanced hydrogen peroxide production. Plant Cell Environ 31:1771-1780 Kotak S, Larkindale J, Lee U, von Koskull-Döring P, Vierling E, Scharf KD (2007) Complexity of the heat stress response in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10: 310-316 Kreslavski VD, Los DA, Allakhverdiev SI, Kuznetsov VV (2012) Signaling role of reactive oxygen species in plants under stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 59:141-154 Kumar S, Kaushal N, Nayyar H, Gaur P (2012) Abscisic acid induces heat tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by facilitated accumulation of osmoprotectants. Acta Physiol Plant, 34:1651-1658 Larkindale J, Huang B (2004) Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in Agrostis stolonifera: Involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene. J Plant Physiol, 161: 405-413 Larkindale J, Knight MR (2002) Protection against heat stress-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis involves calcium, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid. Plant Physiol 128:682-695 Larkindale J, Mishkind M, Vierling E (2005) Plant responses to high temperature. Plant Abiotic Stress, pp.100-144. Laxalt AM, Beligni MV, Lamattina L (1997) Nitric oxide preserves the level of chlorophyll in potato leaves infected by Phytophthora infestans. Europ J Plant Pathol 103:643-651 Leshem Y (2001) Nitric oxide in plants. London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Leshem YY, Haramaty E, Iluz D, Malik Z, Sofer Y, Roitman L, Leshem Y (1997) Effect of stress nitric oxide (NO): interaction between chlorophyll fluorescence, galactolipid fluidity and lipoxygenase activity. Plant Physiol Biochem 35:573-579 Leshem YY, Haramaty E (1996) The characterisation and contrasting effects of the nitric oxide free radical in vegetative stress and senescence of Pisum sativum Linn. foliage. J Plant Physiol 148:258-263 Li ZG, Yang SZ, Long WB, Yang GX, Shen ZZ (2013) Hydrogen sulfide may be a novel downstream signal molecule in nitric oxide-induced heat tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Cell Environ (in press) Liu ZJ, Guo YK, Bai JG (2010) Exogenous hydrogen peroxide changes antioxidant enzyme activity and protects ultrastructure in leaves of two cucumber ecotypes under osmotic stress. J MY (2012) Nitric oxideactivated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase regulates the abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence in maize. J Exp Bot 63: 4835-4847

The clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors, either when called metabolic syndrome (MetS) or not, substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and causes mortality. One of the possible mechanisms for this clustering's adverse effect is an increase in arterial stiffness (AS), and in high central aortic blood pressure (CABP), which are significant and independent CVD risk factors. Arterial hypertension was connected to AS long ago; however, other MetS components (obesity, dyslipidaemia, dysglycaemia) or MetS associated abnormalities not included in MetS diagnostic criteria (renal dysfunction, hyperuricaemia, hypercoaglutability, menopause, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obstructive sleep apnea) have been implicated too. We discuss the evidence connecting these cardio-metabolic risk factors, which negatively affect AS and finally increase CVD risk. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of possible lifestyle and pharmacological interventions on all these cardio-metabolic risk factors, in an effort to reduce CVD risk and identify features that should be taken into consideration when treating MetS patients with or without arterial hypertension.

Today, Ginger is used as a spice all around the world. In the past, Ginger was consumed for the treatment of various diseases, including osteo-arthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, asthma, and so on. It seems that Ginger can reduce inflammation in those diseases. We searched the following keywords in PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus database until 2015: inflammation and Ginger, Ginger and diseases. Clinical trials, animal studies, and human studies were included in the results of this search. Ginger extract with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as 6 Gingerols, 6-Shogoals, Zhingerol, etc can reduce
inflammatory mediators such as inflammatory cytokines and hemokines due to their effects on NF-κB activation, cyclooxygenase 2 reduction and serotonin receptors inhibition. It increases reducing antioxidant enzymes so it can be useful in inflammatory diseases improvement and
their complications prevention. In conclusion, Ginger can help in the treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases such as Fatty Liver, Asthma, Cancer and Arthritis through anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and antioxidative mechanisms.

Free radicals are well documented for playing a dual role in our body as both deleterious and beneficial species. In low/moderate concentrations free radicals are involved in normal physiological functions but excess production of free radicals or decrease in antioxidant level leads to oxidative stress. It is a harmful process that can be mediates damage to cell structures, including lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA which leads to number of diseases. A variety of synthetic medicine employed in the treatment of different diseases also capable to generate free radicals in body which may causes another disease. The plant sources are rich of antioxidants, phyto-constituents are capable to terminate free radical reactions and prevent our body from oxidative damage. Vegetables and fruits are also important sources of antioxidant substances. Different phytoconstituents and herbal product which are safer then synthetic medicine and beneficial in the treatment of diseases caused by free radicals, it also protect the body by prevent the free radicals to cause tissue injury. Phytoconstituents are conferring less side effect and compatible to body physiology. Therefore it is demand of modern era to use such phytoconstituents or phytomedicines.

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of Fenergy flow_ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called Fdeath._ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.

Stomach contents of 148 hollowsnout grenadier, Caelorinchus caelorhincus (RISSO, 1810), were examined. Crustaceans were found to be most important prey group in the diet. Polychaetes constituted the second most important prey group. Chaetognathans were only occasionally eaten.

Globally, India ranks second in terms of area planted under rice (Oryza sativa) and its production as well. Potential to yield is dented due to a lack of inbuilt resistance to different biotic stresses as discernible in ~1000 rice cultivars across the country. Farmers usually rely on applying pesticides that result in several environmental adversities apart from rejection of export consignments due to the presence of chemical residue in grains. Yield losses due to pests of rice in tropical Asia range 25-43%. There is a need to explore alternative integrated input-based management options for judicious use of chemicals with optimal combinations of non-chemical interventions to improve productivity and profitability of rice culture. Field trials were conducted in split-split plot design at Chinsurah, West Bengal during three consecutive rainy (kharif) seasons (2013-15) in transplanted rice. The exploratory objectives were to assess different interventions for alleviating crop biotic stresses and obtaining precise estimate of grain yield as well as economic advantages, and to devise a cost-effective recommendation on need-based integrated pest management (IPM) in transplanted rice. Green manuring with 45-day old Sesbania crop showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in infestation of leaf folder, stem borer, sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut, brown spot and bacterial leaf blight of rice compared to control. Both the herbicide (pretilachlor)-treated and green (Sesbania)-manured plots displayed a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of weeds. The diseases (sheath rot, sheath blight, brown spot) of rice were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by all the treatments targeted for better crop management as evidenced from the sub-sub plots. Rice diseases were best managed by seed treatment with carbendazim 50% WP @ 1.0 g a.i./kg seed, and the effect was more pronounced when the crop was green manured. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher grain yield of rice was recorded with Sesbania manuring, which was as good (P < 0.05) as pre-emergence application of pretilachlor. The herbicide application provided the highest (2.03) incremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR) among the main plot treatments. Seed treatment with carbendazim followed by (fb) seed bed application of Pseudomonas fluorescens in combination with green manuring prior to rice transplanting in main field fb sequential sprays of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR (20 DAT), chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (40 DAT) and validamycin 3% L (50 DAT) on the standing crop provided the highest (5656 kg/ha) grain yield with a lower (2.02) IBCR. Contrastingly, only seed treatment with carbendazim recorded the highest (73.85) IBCR. Lower pest incidence and higher grain yields did not fetch greater economic return as apparent from the current investigation. Considering quantifiable and economic impact of inputs, their need-based usage would be a cost-effective proposition to take care of dominant pests in transplanted rice. No comprehensive investigation made such a target-based IPM of most influential crop pests of rice for realizing higher productivity and profitability.

This paper introduces a novel approach to classify the risk in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) technique. This in vivo technique involves the application of a small average constant current of less than 1 mA at a single frequency of 50 kHz through the human body, and measurement of the body's bioelectrical resistance ( ), phase angle ( ), body capacitance ( ) and capacitive reactance ( c ) via four surface electrodes. BIA measurements have been conducted on 184 (97 males and 87 females) serological confirmed dengue patients during their hospitalization in University Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital, Malaysia.

Now a day in India here is automation in every field even in agriculture also. Appropriate ambient conditions are necessary for optimum plant growth, improved crop yields, and efficient use of water and other resources. Automating the data acquisition process of the soil conditions and various climatic parameters that govern plant growth allows information to be collected at high frequency with less labor requirement with the help of robot with high quality camera for leaf diseases detection using line follower image algorithm. Different types of sensors are used such as LM 35, humidity, soil fidelity and Light sensors for controlling and monitoring plant house. The Robot camera detects an image is in the form of JPEG, sends to ARM controller by using Zigbee Transmission theory in an long distance away from plants for plant health detection automatically and controlling action is done such as to control the motor drive by the SPDT relays also.

The aim of our work was to evaluate the sensitivity of testing procedure and different parameters derived from the basic parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence as well as from fluorescence kinetics analysis for their application in screening of wheat genotypes. In several testing cycles during vegetation period we examined a set of 31 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and local landraces of different provenances cultivated in the field trials of the RICP Piestany, Slovak Republic. In all tests we used procedure of heating of detached leaf segments closed in glass tubes for 1 hour immersed in the thermostated water bath (40°C) in the dark. Before and after the heat treatment, the chlorophyll a fluorescence in a fast phase was used. To compare the leaf samples we used the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry FV/FM and, relative variable fluorescence at 0.3 ms (WK). The results showed considerable differences in heat sensitivity among wheat genotypes, and offered a potential to identify more tolerant or susceptible genotypes. The termostability increased and genotypic
differences decreased across the vegetation period. Parameter derived from the fluorescence kinetics (WK) was generally more sensitive and hence more useful than the basic chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (FV/FM).

Plant photosynthesis and photosystem II (PSII) are susceptible to high temperature. However, photosynthetic electron transport process under heat stress remains unclear. To reveal this issue, chlorophyll a fluorescence and modulated 820 nm reflection were simultaneously detected in sweet sorghum. At 43uC, J step in the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient was significantly elevated, suggesting that electron transport beyond primary quinone of PSII (Q A ) (primary quinone electron acceptor of PSII) was inhibited. PSI (Photosystem I) photochemical capacity was not influenced even under severe heat stress at 48uC. Thus, PSI oxidation was prolonged and PSI re-reduction did not reach normal level. The inhibition of electron transport between PSII and PSI can reduce the possibility of PSI photoinhibition under heat stress. PSII function recovered entirely one day after heat stress at 43uC, implying that sweet sorghum has certain self-remediation capacity. When the temperature reached 48uC, the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry and the electron transport from PSII donor side were remarkably decreased, which greatly limited the electron flow to PSI, and PSI re-reduction suspended. The efficiency of an electron transferred from the intersystem electron carrier (plastoquinol, PQH 2 ) to the end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side increased significantly at 48uC, and the reason was the greater inhibition of electron transport before PQH 2 . Thus, the fragment from Q A to PQH 2 is the most heat sensitive in the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI in sweet sorghum.

Pakistan Government is spending millions of rupees on combating deficiency of Iodine through supplementation of Iodine in table salt. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that blood group "O" individuals are most vulnerable to this deficiency. Pakistan has blood groups population as "B" 36%, "O" 33%, "A" 21%, and "AB" 9%. The study was carried out through selection of 127 subjects having blood groups "O' 32, "A" 30, "B" 28, "AB" 37. The iodine test was carried out through TSH serum concentration test response through Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay and assessing nutritional status through anthropometric studies in Haider Family Hospital, and tehsil headquarter hospital, Arifwala. The nutritional status of blood group "O" was compared with other blood group individuals. Data was subjected to statistical analyses. Results confirmed the hypothesis that Blood Group "O" subjects were possessing lesser iodine levels i.e., 4.462 which was more than 4.0, the normal TSH value, which means that the subjects having more than normal value were deficient in iodine. While, mean values of BMI for subjects of Blood groups O, A, B, AB and, were found to be 24. 33, 24.02, 25.83, and 22.4 respectively. Subjects having Blood Group "O" were found to be less obese than of "B" Blood Group and more obese as compared to subjects having Blood Group "A". It was concluded that major deficiency of Iodine is prevailing in population having blood group "O" and should be taken care for Iodine Intake. In other blood groups individuals a problem of over load may have deleterious effects on health. Studies also emphasize that diet relevant to blood groups should be promoted.

We documented the prevalence of diseases, syndromes and partial mortality in colonies of the Montastraea annularis species complex on 3 reefs, and tested the assumption that a higher prevalence of these parameters occurs when reefs are closer to point-sources of pollution. One reef was isolated from the impact of local factors with the exception of fishing, 1 potentially influenced by local industrial pollutants, and 1 influenced by local urban pollution. Two reefs were surveyed in 1996 and again in 2001 and 1 in 1998 and again in 2001. In 2001, colonies on all reefs had a high prevalence of the yellow-band syndrome and a relatively high degree of recent partial mortality, while the prevalence of black-band and white-plague diseases was low although a new sign, that we named the thin dark line, had relatively high prevalence in all reefs. As no direct relationship was found between disease prevalence and local environmental quality, our results open the possibility that regional and/or global factors may already be playing an important role in the prevalence of coral disease in the Caribbean, and contradict the theory that coral disease prevalence is primarily related to local environmental degradation. Reasons that may partially explain these findings are the high level of potential pathogen connectivity within the Caribbean as a result of its circulation patterns coupled to the large land-derived pollutants and pathogens input into this Mediterranean sea, together with the surface water warming effects which stress corals and enhance pathogen activity.

We reviewed prominent emerging infectious diseases of cetaceans, examined their potential to impact populations, re-assessed zoonotic risk and evaluated the role of environmental stressors. Cetacean morbilliviruses and papillomaviruses as well as Brucella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are thought to interfere with population abundance by inducing high mortalities, lowering reproductive success or by synergistically increasing the virulence of other diseases. Severe cases of lobomycosis and lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) may contribute to the death of some dolphins. The zoonotic hazard of marine mammal brucellosis and toxoplasmosis may have been underestimated, attributable to frequent misdiagnoses and underreporting, particularly in developing countries and remote areas where carcass handling without protective gear and human consumption of fresh cetacean products are commonplace. Environmental factors seem to play a role in the emergence and pathogenicity of morbillivirus epidemics, lobomycosis/LLD, toxoplasmosis, poxvirus-associated tattoo skin disease and, in harbour porpoises, infectious diseases of multifactorial aetiology. Inshore and estuarine cetaceans incur higher risks than pelagic cetaceans due to habitats often severely altered by anthropogenic factors such as chemical and biological contamination, direct and indirect fisheries interactions, traumatic injuries from vessel collisions and climate change.

Seven cotton strains, i.e. CIM-78, CIM-80, CIM-81, CIM-84, CIM-95, CIM-96 and Cyto-55 were tested for their resistance against bollworm complex under sprayed and unsprayed conditions at Multan. Cyto-55 and CIM-95 were susceptible, while CIM-78, CIM–80, CIM-81 and CIM-84 were less susceptible to
American, Helicoverpa amigera and Spotted, Earias spp. bollworms. CIM-78 and CIM–80 were susceptible to pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. CIM-78, CIM-80, CIM-81 and CIM-84 produced better yield under both sprayed and
unsprayed conditions. Cyto-55, CIM-95 and CIM-96 were tolerant against pink bollworm under both conditions, but produced lower yield.

Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte, responsible for infections of the scalp and sometimes of the glabrous skin or nails. Tinea capitis, the most common dermatophytosis in children, is an infection of the scalp and hair shafts. It can be transmitted by poor hygiene and overcrowding, and can occur through contaminated hats, brushes, pillowcases, and other inanimate objects. Tinea corporis typically appears as single or multiple, annular, scaly lesions with central clearing, a slightly elevated, reddened edge, and sharp margination (abrupt transition from abnormal to normal skin) on the trunk, extremities, or face. Tinea unguium, a dermatophyte infection of the nail, is a subset of onychomycosis, which also may be caused by yeast and non-dermatophyte molds. Risk factors for this infection include aging, diabetes and poorly fitting shoes. It is characterized by thickened, brittle and discolored nail. Dermatophyte infections can be readily diagnosed based on the history, physical examination, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy. Diagnosis occasionally requires Wood's lamp examination and fungal culture or histologic examination. Topical therapy is used for most dermatophyte infections. Topical Terbinafine, among all different alternatives,for about a month has all the attribute of being the treatment of decision for tinea corporis, cruris and pedis. I. INTRODUCTION Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte, responsible for infections of the scalp and sometimes of the glabrous skin or nails. Unlike dermatophytosis caused by otherdermatophytes, the clinical features of infection due to T. tonsurans are not very apparent initially. Tinea corporis due to T.tonsurans appears as small, erythematous, scaly plaques, oftenmeasuring only 1-2 cm in diameter, have no central clearing,and are similar in appearance to eczema. Tinea capitis due to T.tonsurans can be subdivided into three types: the seborrheic subtype, which is primarily characterized by the presence ofdandruff and crusts; the kerion celsi subtype; and the black dot subtype(1-4). A. Tinea Capitis Trichophyton tonsurans, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, is the most normal reason for tinea capitis in North America.Other causes: Microsporum canis (more often than not from pets),Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes,Trichophyton violaceum. Tinea capitis is prevalent in youngsters 3 to 10 years old; family individuals in danger; can happen in postmenopausal youngster caretakers. T. tonsurans is transmitted from human to human.M. canis is transmitted from pets (hounds, felines). The differential diagnosis for tinea capitis includes alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, folliculitis, impetigo, lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania.[5] Standard treatment recently comprised of griseofulvin, 20 mg/kg every day (limit of 1 g) in micronized structure (accessible in suspension), or 10 to 15 mg/kg every day (limit of 750 mg) in ultramicronized structure. Since it is oftentimes the main specialist secured by protection plans, griseofulvin stays a well known, generally utilized treatment. The term of treatment for the most part is 6 to about two months. As of late, numerous suppliers have discovered that higher dosages of micronized griseofulvin (up to 25 mg/kg every day) and longer spans of treatment are here and there required for cure.[6] M. canis sickness frequently is more hard to treat than T. tonsurans, what's more, higher portion and longer span of treatment regularly are required to accomplish total resolution.[7,8] Administration of griseofulvin with a greasy supper (e.g., milk, frozen yogurt, nutty spread) improves medicate assimilation; research center tests to screen for antagonistic impacts are not required except if treatment surpasses two months. A forthcoming preliminary utilizing micronized griseofulvin (20 mg/kg/day) and topical treatment with twice-week after week selenium sulfide cleanser for about a month and a half demonstrated mycologic, clinical, and complete fix paces of 89%, 66%, and 49%, respectively.[9] Common side impacts of griseofulvin incorporate sickness, migraine, and photosensitivity responses.

From healthy and diseased penaeid shrimp from Asia and the Americas, 25 luminous and 2 non-luminous bacterial strains were isolated, and 14 were phenotypically identified as Vibrio harveyi; 9 isolates produced significant mortalities (45 to 80%) in Artemia franciscana nauplii at inoculation densities of 10 5 to 10 6 CFU ml -1 compared to the controls (unchallenged nauplii). The maximum number of bacteria ingested (bioencapsulated) by the Artemia nauplii varied from less than 10 to 10 3 CFU nauplius -1 and no significant relationship was observed between the density of bacteria inoculated, the amount of bacteria ingested, and naupliar mortality. Significant correlations were obtained between naupliar mortality and production of proteases, phospholipases or siderophores, but not between mortality and lipase production, gelatinase production, hydrophobicity or hemolytic activity. The results suggest that virulence of the strains tested was more related to the production of particular exoenzymes than to the measured colonization factors.

This paper describes the water compartments in healthy subjects and dengue patients on the day of defervescence of fever using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 223 healthy subjects (65 males and 158 females) and 210 dengue patients (119 males and 91 females) in Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM), were studied. The ages for healthy subjects vary between 14 and 60 years old with mean age of 26.05 years while the ages for the dengue patients vary between 12 and 83 years old with mean age of 30.14 years. The parameters of water compartments investigated were total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW). There were significant difference between healthy subjects and dengue patients for both male (p<0.05) and female (p<0.001) beginning on fever day 0 till fever day 4. The mean TBW and ECW values of dengue patients obtained were found to be higher than the normal healthy subjects while the mean ICW was lower. The mean TBW and ICW for male were higher than female while the mean ECW for male was lower than female for healthy subjects and dengue patients. © 2005 IEEE.

ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1615372

Black gobies, Gobius niger L., 1758, were sampled monthly between March 2003 and February 2004 in Izmir Bay involving 1149 specimens. Length distribution varied between 5.1 and 15.2 cm total length. Age determined from direct reading on otoliths was comprised from zero to five years. There were significant differences in mean lengths at age group for the two sexes, which did not allow the use of combined data. The parameters of the fitted Von Bertalanffy growth equation (with seasonal component, birth date on the 1 st of January) were L ∞ = 16.69 cm, k= 0.301 yr -1 , t 0 = -2.205 for males, and L ∞ = 14.84 cm, k= 0.321 yr -1 , t 0 = -1.459 for females. Macroscopic examination of the gonads, and analysis of the monthly values of the gonadosomatic index, indicated that reproduction starts in March and lasts during October, with a maximum in March, followed by August and October. Individuals become sexually mature around 7.80 cm TL (a size that can be reached in less than 1 year) for females. In this population, the sex ratio (male:female) was 3.6:1. Stomach contents were mainly Mollusca (%IRI= 47.53), Crustacea (%IRI= 42.94), Polychaeta (%IRI= 8.26), Foreminifera (%IRI= 1.14) and Teleostei (%IRI= 0.13).

Nothing is permanent but change. The trends in various fields of human knowledge and experience evolve with time. From Times of mass starvation and hunger related deaths India as a nation advanced to food self-suf iciency with the help of green revolution. However the new green revolution brought its own side effects along with food security. Excessive use of fertilizers pesticides and underground water contaminated the food chain besides depleting scarce water resources. The necessity of optimising the usage of resources and balancing it with nature and its limitations required that agricultural shall take learning’s from other advanced fields of science and technology. With its ever-evolving concepts, the internet of things of ers a very suitable and sustainable solution to the ills of agriculture. Starting from soil health management, choosing quality inputs, managing the scarce resources, decreasing the input cost of agriculture and increasing the income of the farmer by way of identifying remunerative marketspace and consumers, the internet of things appearsto be the finest partner to the agriculture. The IT revolution brought into force many advanced aspects of production and consumption management systems. However if these Systems are integrated and applied to various fields of agriculture and allied activities, the combination becomes enriching and empowering to both. Besides taking care of future food security needs, the application of IoT to agriculture explores the human face of information technology, benefiting the common man especially the farmer and the common consumer. From impoverishment to empowerment, from exploitation to enrichment, from resistance to sustenance, the compatible combination of internet of things and agriculture is endearing enduring and ensconcing, by bringing transparency, technological innovation and transformation. This combination could be by far the best example of tradition and modernity.