Discrimination (Law)

L'evaluation de la politique de la ville fait ressortir des apories : en designant son public cible, cette politique le construit comme public exclu et participe a son exclusion. Quels seraient les pistes pour sortir de ces assignations ? Ce texte propose une analyse des pratiques et differentes notions utiles pour tracer d'autres pistes.

Esta pesquisa almeja analisar a interrelação entre (não) discriminação e a caracterização do dano moral coletivo como instrumento de proteção de grupos vulneráveis. O objetivo geral do estudo ora proposto é explorar e examinar a interrelação entre a proteção de grupos vulneráveis e a configuração de dano moral coletivo a partir da jurisprudência do STJ, a fim de determinar de que maneira o Direito Civil Contemporâneo pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de proteção dos direitos humanos. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa são levantar e catalogar decisões relevantes do STJ, identificadas a partir da técnica de pesquisa jurisprudencial, em que tenha se discute a configuração de dano moral coletivo em decorrência de discriminação ou do impacto à proteção de grupos vulneráveis, bem como demonstrar de que maneira o Direito Civil, em sua fase contemporânea, pode adotar uma posição vanguardista e atuar como verdadeiro instrumento antidiscriminatório de essência contramajoritária.

The increased political saliency of migration and the growing complexity of the legal
framework regulating it are changing structurally the field of legal intermediation, as
well as its relation to politics. The aim of this article is to explore these transformations
by answering the following questions: What is the role of legal intermediaries
in this new scenario? How is the relationship between intermediation and politics
being transformed? In answering, we focus on two types of intermediaries, public
and private, and on two levels of analysis, national and subnational. The paper is
based on a vast body of data covering a long time frame, collected using a variety of
techniques (among others, in-depth interviews with key informants and intermediaries;
analysis of legal and political actions aimed at countering discrimination or
exclusionary innovations). Based on these ample empirical sources, we show how
legal intermediation exhibits complex, nuanced and ambiguous dynamics of politicisation,
concealed behind apparent depoliticisation.

Esta comunicación deriva de la constatación de que la “edad” a menudo opera como una causa de discriminación que cuenta con un régimen jurídico de protección devaluado respecto a las causas tradicionales, en la medida en que se le atribuye un régimen de justificación especialmente permisivo. Así sucede de manera señalada en el Derecho de la Unión Europea, no solo porque se amplían formalmente las posibilidades de justificación del tratamiento peyorativo (arts. 3.4 y 6 de la Directiva 2000/78/CE), sino también porque la propia jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia tiende a interpretar las excepciones a la paridad de trato de manera más flexible que en otros casos. Del mismo modo, el TEDH ha rechazado que se pueda aplicar a la edad el régimen de justificación cualificado que admite en otros supuestos de vulnerabilidad grupal. Los motivos para estas diferencias entre la edad y el resto de las causas no se terminan de hacer explícitos, a pesar de que es evidente que la edad contribuye significativamente a generar vulnerabilidad, exclusión y pobreza, particularmente en el contexto laboral. Se parte de la hipótesis de que estas contradicciones están provocadas por un déficit teórico relativo al concepto de discriminación que dificulta la delimitación de las conductas prohibidas. Puesto que no se comprende bien qué es la discriminación, tampoco se termina de identificar qué es lo que no es. Podemos intuir que existen casos en los que la edad no opera realmente como causa de discriminación, pero no se ofrecen parámetros teóricos que nos ayuden a identificarlos en los casos más problemáticos. Ante la ausencia de alternativas, la argumentación se termina deslizando al modelo abstracto del principio de igualdad formal, lo que permite, por ejemplo, la admisión de justificaciones basadas en estereotipos que no parecen apropiadas. Para abordar este problema, en primer lugar, se ha revisado la doctrina y la jurisprudencia más importantes en relación con la discriminación por razón de edad, para profundizar en la problemática anteriormente descrita, identificando los puntos más polémicos o los casos más dudosos. Posteriormente, se articula un concepto global y analítico de “discriminación grupal” –aplicable a todas las causas de discriminación– que se someterá a prueba proyectándolo sobre el contexto específico de la discriminación por edad, para identificar en qué medida permite abordar los supuestos problemáticos, tomando como referencia los casos recogidos en la jurisprudencia. De este modo, pueden identificarse unas pautas que sirvan de guía a los operadores jurídicos para reconstruir la discriminación en el proceso judicial o para defenderse de las alegaciones de discriminación que sean apropiadas para las peculiaridades de esta causa, que constituirían la aportación personal de este trabajo.

Syftet med denna uppsats ar att undersoka och mata forekomsten av diskriminering av personer med utlandsk bakgrund pa Malmos arbetsmarknad, specifikt restaurangbranschen. Uppsatsen belyser aven diskrimineringen som de arbetssokande i sadana situationer utsatts for. Undersokningen genomfors med hjalp av metoden Correspondence testing dar tva fiktiva personer, en med svenskt namn och den andra med utlandskt soker samma antal tjanster i restauranger runt om i Malmo. Deras CV som skickas ar nastan identiska i samband med meriter och skickas med nagra timmars mellanrum. Foljande fragestallningar besvaras i undersokningen: Vager arbetsgivarna pa den svenska arbetsmarknaden in ursprung i samband med rekrytering urvalsprocessen vid nyanstallningar i restaurangbranschen? I sadana fall ar detta etnisk diskriminering? Resultatet som experimentet kommer fram till pavisar att etnisk baserad diskriminering har forekommit eftersom personen med det svenska namnet far betydligt mer respons samt inte...

Las transiciones latinoamericanas a la democracia en la década de 1980, posicionó de forma destacada el debate respecto a los derechos humanos en las democracias post dictadura. Este trabajo se propone indagar el modo que la temática de los derechos humanos se articuló con la consolidación de una ciudadanía que emergió luego de las dictaduras militares. Es por ello que se propone analizar el modo en que los derechos humanos se articularon con el concepto de ciudadanía en los casos de Argentina y Uruguay. Esto tendrá lugar, en ambos países, en los años inmediatos a la vuelta de la democracia en cada uno de estos países. La universalización de la temática de los derechos en la ciudadanía, para el caso argentino, y la excepcionalidad uruguaya, para el caso de Uruguay, serán el eje a partir del cual la articulación mencionada se produce en cada uno de los casos. Para esto se utilizaron tres puntos se análisis en ambos casos: las características que tuvo la transición democrática, el modo en que se abordaron las violaciones a los derechos humanos y la presencia de organismos de derechos humanos. Palabras clave Derechos humanos, ciudadanía, Argentina, Uruguay Human rights and citizenship in the post-transition in Argentina and Uruguay Abstract Latin American transitions to democracy in the 1980s prominently positioned the debate on human rights in post-dictatorship democracies. This work aims to investigate how the theme of human rights intersected with the consolidation of citizenship that emerged after military dictatorships. Therefore, it seeks to analyze how human rights were articulated with the concept of citizenship in the cases of Argentina and Uruguay. This will take place, in both countries, in the years immediately following the return of democracy in each of these countries. The universalization of human rights themes within citizenship, in the case of Argentina, and the Uruguayan exceptionality, in the case of Uruguay, will be the axis around which this mentioned articulation takes place in each case. For this purpose, three points of analysis were used in both cases: the characteristics of the democratic transition, the approach to addressing human rights violations, and the presence of human rights organizations.

The Belgian Constitution contains a specific provision on access to administrative documents. Article 32 reads as follows: 'Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to obtain a copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate laws or rules referred to in Article 134'. This provision is directly applicable and its implementation can be reviewed by the Constitutional Court. The exceptions to this constitutional right have to be set forth by the lawmakers (federal or regional) and have to be justified as well as proportionate. Moreover, the Belgian Constitution enshrines a « right to the protection of a healthy environment' (Article 23). According to the Constitutional Court, it is however not possible to deduce from Article 23 a right to access to information regarding nuclear issues that is likely to reach beyond the constitutional guarantees stemming from Article 32 (Constitutional Court n° 150/2004, 15 September 2001, asbl Ardennes liégoises and Others v. Council of Ministers, B. 10.2). Last, access to information can be related to Article 22 that enshrines a right to privacy and family life in accordance with Article 8 ECHR. Given that Belgium is a federal State, the three regions are endowed with extensive competences regarding environmental protection 1 . That being said, the Federal State is still endowed with specific environmental competences (nuclear safety, product standards, marine environment) and a swathe of competences touching upon environmental issues (transport, food safety, general taxation, etc.). Accordingly, the Directive on Access to Environmental Information and the related provisions of the Aarhus Convention have been transposed by the three Regions and the Federal lawmaker, each according to their own sphere of competences. The four key acts are the following 2 .

In Israel, the Orthodox minority enforces its conception of the good on Israeli-Jews, many of whom do not share their set of beliefs. This is the result of lack of separation between state and religion and the monopoly enjoyed by the Orthodoxy to decide personal matters. Since its establishment in 1948, Israel has been struggling to reconcile the tension between its being a democracy and retaining the Jewish character of the state. These values are not easily reconcilable. As a result of the inbuilt tensions, basic civic and human rights are undermined.
First, the paper explains the composition of the Israeli-Jewish population and the main bones of contention. Section II explains why Israel adopted the Ottoman millet system to govern its institutions. The millet system serves well the interests of the religious minority. Section III discusses discrimination against secular and non-Orthodox Jews. Section IV relates to discrimination against women in a number of spheres. It is argued that Judaism and liberal democracy are irreconcilable. A pertinent distinction is made between the symbolic aspects of religion and the modus operandi aspects of religion. As far as the latter are concerned, it is argued (Section V) that separation between State and religion should be achieved; otherwise coercive State interventions in intimate private matters are unavoidable. Such interventions trigger frustration and resentment.

Sex discrimination is crucial in an anthropological examination. Researchers investigated the usefulness of different skeletal elements in sex determination in various populations using a range of variables and a variety of techniques. Each population needs its own specific and updated standards due to the differences in skeletal morphology. The present study aims to examine the importance of the mandible in sex discrimin ation of a north Indian population. A total of 190 adult mandibles (M:F:145:45) from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were collected. Five variables were measured and discriminant function analysis was performed using SPSS 16.00. The sex classification accuracies ranged from 48.9% to 67.4% for single variables. The highest sexing accuracy (71.6%) was achieved in stepwise analysis with the selection of 3 variables. In conclusion the variables selected for the present study were not suitable...

Este trabalho almeja analisar criticamente a decisão proferida pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça no Agravo em Recurso Especial n° 2.130.619/SP, concentrando-se em duas questões: a (não) taxatividade do rol de dados sensíveis estabelecido pela Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) e a (des)necessidade de comprovação de dano em casos de vazamento de dados. Justifica-se o trabalho na medida em que o advento da LGPD e o reconhecimento do direito à proteção de dados como direito fundamental dão origem à necessidade de revisitar conceitos e interpretações ante a configuração social informacional para assegurar a plena eficácia dos direitos humanos e fundamentais na era da informação. A análise revela a inadequação da abordagem adotada pelo tribunal em ambas as questões. Quanto à taxatividade normativa, argumenta-se que a proteção de dados sensíveis deve ser contextualizada, considerando os riscos e danos envolvidos no processamento dos dados em cenários específicos, ao invés de basear a avaliação de sensibilidade na natureza dos dados. Já em relação à presunção de dano, defende-se que o vazamento de dados, por si só, constitui o dano aferido, dispensando-se a necessidade de comprovar danos decorrentes para que se determine a responsabilização. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de uma abordagem ampla e contextualizada, bem como uma reflexão crítica por parte do STJ e outros tribunais brasileiros, a fim de fortalecer a cultura jurídica nacional de proteção de dados pessoais e evitar sua obsolescência diante dos desafios impostos pela sociedade informacional.

Esta pesquisa almeja teorizar e avaliar a influência da lógica liberal-colonial sobre o Direito da Antidiscriminação, propondo uma abordagem descolonial para sua análise. Busca-se identificar as consequências dessa influência sobre o mandamento antidiscriminatório, em especial a essencialização das identidades e a priorização do individual em detrimento do coletivo. Utilizando uma abordagem teórico-conceitual, este estudo destaca a necessidade de uma crítica descolonial contínua e aprofundada que refine a aplicação de normas antidiscriminatórias e a proteção de grupos vulnerabilizados para a proteção efetiva dos direitos humanos. Os resultados destacam a importância de uma reflexão sobre as bases colonizadas e colonizantes do Direito da Antidiscriminação para a promoção de uma transformação efetiva e inclusiva. Este trabalho representa um passo inicial para futuras pesquisas politicamente engajadas na descolonização do Direito da Antidiscriminação, como forma de fortalecer a cultura de direitos humanos a partir de uma perspectiva globalmente justa e equitativa.

‘The offer of an apology has become so commonplace in world politics that some have called it ‘the age of apology’’ (Andrew Rigby, Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence). Yes, because an apology is first and foremost a political choice and, when exercised on behalf of a government, it is taken for granted that the mere gesture of apology is followed by a public pardon. In essence, an act of force before actual repentance.

A lo largo de los últimos años, en numerosos puntos de la geografía mundial la insatisfacción ciudadana con el sistema de justicia parece haberse convertido en una constante, más acentuada aún si cabe en el caso de instituciones alejadas de la cotidianidad de la ciudadanía como son los tribunales penales. Dado el importante papel que ha mostrado la confianza en la configuración de expectativas ciudadanas que permiten estimular la cooperación y el cumplimiento voluntario de la Ley, su restitución se ha instalado como un tema prioritario en la agenda política de los gobiernos de la mayoría de los países. A pesar de ello, en el ámbito europeo aún es muy escaso el conocimiento que se tiene acerca de las bases y el comportamiento de la confianza en los tribunales penales.

speaks-at-religious-freedomconference.html#.WGHqRhSE6uc The opinions expressed in this comment remain my own 1 Publication pending at the time of publication of this comment 2 The Attorney General for Northern Ireland has subsequently referred this case to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on a devolution issue. 3 This case comment does not express any personal view of the author on the issue of samesex marriage or same-sex relations, it looks rather at how the balance may be struck fairly between competing interests within society, in particular in the light of the specific constitutional settlement between a state and its citizens vis-à-vis religion.

The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. vi This is the first of four working papers which were prepared in the run up to the publication of the ILO Global Report on Non-Discrimination, Equality at work: the continuing challenge, published in May 2011. Non-discrimination is an essential element of decent work and social justice. The International Labour Organization has contributed to these goals through its numerous instruments and discussions, with remarkable impact at the global level. Achievements of the several past decades need to be guarded vigilantly in the midst of the series of social, economic and security crises in the first decade of the 21 st century as nondiscrimination is truly a continuing challenge.

Per quale ragione agire per un motivo abietto o per un fine discriminatorio dovrebbe meritare una pena più severa rispetto a quella comunque applicabile al reato commesso? Il volume si occupa di una questione di particolare attualità (sottesa fra l’altro al recente dibattito pubblico e accademico sul cd. «ddl Zan») e di rilievo comparatistico. Concentrandosi sui cd. «crimini d’odio» (bias crimes, hate crimes) e sulle strategie di contrasto alla violenza discriminatoria, lo studio esamina le teorie intese a sostenere la necessità di tutele rafforzate a favore dei gruppi minoritari o vulnerabili. Si discute la tesi – non nuova, ma recentemente riscoperta e di crescente successo anche in Italia, sulla scorta di una concezione della pena quale «azione positiva» –, che intende promuovere regimi differenziati per tipi di autore (non più un tabù) e tipi di vittima, a partire dall’idea di assegnare all’eguaglianza sostanziale una funzione criminalizzante idonea a ricalibrare in chiave compensativa l’esercizio del potere punitivo. Si argomenta che quella tesi – specie in alcune sue positivizzazioni – rischia di tradire anche il proprio spirito solidaristico, poiché dimentica il valore personalistico dell’eguaglianza sostanziale, veicolando visioni illiberali, vetero-moraleggianti e neopositivistiche sul senso e gli scopi della pena. Lo studio valuta l’opzione, costituzionalmente difendibile, di ricorrere al diritto penale quale mezzo sussidiario di tutela dell’eguale autodeterminazione (pari dignità), proponendo una riconfigurazione conforme ai principi di offensività e colpevolezza della circostanza aggravante attualmente disciplinata dall’art. 604-ter del codice penale

Este trabajo intenta contribuir a la construcción de un Derecho antidiscriminatorio crítico y feminista mediante el análisis de dos elementos que están moldeando nuevos horizontes en la actualidad jurídica: por un lado, la necesidad de combatir los estereotipos en la lucha contra la discriminación; y, por otro lado, la adopción de un enfoque interseccional que permita observar el cruce del género con otros ejes discriminatorios como la raza, la orientación sexual, la clase, la religión,… etc. Con base en tales elementos, se analiza la proyección antidiscriminatoria en el ámbito jurídico español, pero con mayor profundidad, en la realidad jurídica de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV). Para ello se utiliza una metodología socio-jurídica que incluye entrevistas realizadas a distintos agentes clave en la producción y aplicación del Derecho en el mencionado territorio autonómico. Al amparo de dicho análisis metodológico se señalan las principales tendencias en el tratamiento jurídico de la discriminación y se ofrecen recomendaciones para el poder judicial y para las instituciones que trabajan por la igualdad de género en el ámbito de la CAPV.

In a criminal case pending before the Criminal Court of East Flanders, Ghent Division, Belgium, concerning illegal hunting practices, a bird protection organization (Vogelbescherming Vlaanderen) is acting as a civil party on the basis of the case law of the Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation, 11 June 2013: PP and PSLV v. Gewestelijk Stedenbouwkundig Inspecteur and M vzw 2 ) and is claiming 1.900 euro for material and moral damages. That Court, that has a quiet good record in the criminal enforcement of biodiversity law, has established case law according which it is impossible to award the bird protection organization a sum per bird killed as they belong to no-one. In the absence of statutory law, the moral damage of an environmental NGO can according that Court only be compensated symbolically by awarding 1 euro compensation. The Bird Protection Organization, argued that in doing so, it was discriminated in comparison with other legal and natural persons that are entitled to receive full compensation of their moral damages. The Court referred that constitutional issue to the Constitutional Court for a preliminary ruling.

Introduction: the Belgian Federal System and Environmental Crime Belgium is a Federal State composed of regions and communities. For environmental policy the federal state and the regions (Flemish Region, Walloon Region and the Brussels Capital Region) are at stake. In the Belgian federal system, the division of competencies works basically with exclusive competences, dividing the policy fields between the Federal State, on the one hand, and the federated entities, on the other hand. Article 6, §1, I, (land use planning), II (pollution control) and III (nature conservation) of the Special Act of 8 August 1980 on the reform of institutions (amended at various occasions) divide the environmental policy field between the Federal State and the regions. Most of the environmental competences have been attributed to the regions, but the federal level is competent for product policy, protection against ionizing radiation and the marine environment. Criminal procedure law and general criminal law is also a federal competence, with some reservations: the federated entities have the competence in their policy fields to (i) erect conducts into an offence and (ii) choose the penalties that apply out of the set of penalties provided for by the general criminal law codified in Book I of the Criminal Code. They are also formally involved, through a Cooperation Agreement, in defining the (federal) prosecution policy in their domain of competence 4. The transposition of the Directive 2008/99/EC in Belgium has off course strongly been determined by the division of competences between the Federal State and the three regions. At

Thanks to Dean John White and former Dean Richard Morgan for supporting this project and to William S. Boyd and James E. Rogers who provided financial support. I also thank my colleagues at Boyd School of Law, especially Jeff Stempel and Elaine Shoben who commented on an earlier draft of this Article and Risa Lieberwitz of the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations for her comments on a draft of this Article presented at the Annual Meeting of Law & Society in Berlin. I also thank many of my colleagues at the Second Annual Labor & Employment Law Scholarship Colloquium, held at the law schools of the University of Denver and the University of Colorado, who commented on my presentation, especially Nancy Levit, Minna Kotkin, Julie Goldsheid and Noah Zatz. I also presented a version of this paper at Cleveland Marshall College of Law as a Visiting Scholar, 2008 Littler Mendelson Employment and Labor Law Speaker Series and on a panel at the Southeastern Association of Law Schools 2008 Annual Meeting. Andrew Breavington and Bret Meich provided excellent research assistance, and Diana Gleason of the Weiner-Rogers Law Library at the UNLV Boyd School of Law offered excellent library support. HeinOnline-79 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1151 2008 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO LAW REVIEW gendered nature of these behaviors when the behaviors are not overtly sexual or gendered. It provides a theoretical framework for the conclusion that gender is embedded in the workplace, and that harassing behavior at work is often rooted in perceptions of gender difference and inferiority of the feminine and efforts to reinforce the masculinity of the group and of the job. 6. See, e.g., Garcia v. Elf Atochem N. Am., 28 F.3d 446, 451-52 (5th Cir. 1994) (concluding that sexual harassment by a male supervisor of a male subordinate does not state a cause of action under Title VII); Doe v. City of Belleville, 119 F. 3d 563, 574 (7th Cir. 1997) (holding that a cause of action exists under Title VII for same-sex sexual harassment), vacated and remanded, 523 U.S. 1001 (1998) (vacating and remanding in light of the Supreme Court decision in Oncale). 7. 523 U.S. 75, 79-82 (1998). 8. See generally Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989) (concluding that the employer's discrimination against the plaintiff for her failure to conform to feminine stereotypes is discrimination "because of sex"). 9. Gender does not always conform to biological sex. See infra note 128. 10. See cases discussed infra Part II.C.2. 2008] 12. While female-on-male harassment and female-on-female harassment occur, this Article does not focus on those fact patterns.

The first reports emerged in October 2017 in the New York Times 1 and the New Yorker 2 that dozens of women had accused movie producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual violence. Since then, hundreds of women and men have come forward to accuse famous men in entertainment, politics, and other industries. 3 #MeToo emerged as an online movement of millions of women and men who declared that they had suffered sex-based harassment. 4 The victims who declare "#MeToo" demonstrate bravery at a critical moment, and their stories must be heard and believed. The #MeToo movement will vindicate victims' rights, however, only if law and society prevent and remedy sex-based harassment. To produce lasting change, society must William S. Boyd Professor ofLaw, Universityof Nevada, Law Vegas Boyd School of Law, J.D. University of Pennsylvania. Thank you to the members of UNLEASH Equality for their support in this joint project, and especially to Nicole Porter, who shepherded this and other articles with grace. Thank you also to Deans Daniel Hamilton, Jeanne Price, and Ruben Garcia at UNLV Boyd School of Law for supporting my scholarship, and to David McClure, Acting Director of the Weiner-Rogers Law Library, for his research. Special thanks to Nancy Cantalupo who generously discussed Title IX and the problems boys face and to Jeff Stempel for reading and discussing this essay with me. Finally, thank you to Stanford Law Review Online members, and especially to Andra Lim and Jane Kessner for their tireless work on this symposium, and Faaris Akremi for his excellent editing of this article.

Background: Sexual dimorphism is based changes in the skeleton that help estimate attributes pertaining to sex determination from skeletal remains. Skeleton is an excellent material in living and non-living population for genetic, anthropological, odontologic and forensic investigations. Accuracy of sex determination using the pelvis at 95% followed by the skull at 90%. Skull can be used for sex determination when the pelvis is broken. Mandible is part of the skull. Mandible is the hardest and the biggest bone in skull. Purpose: This study was to know the difference of the gonial angle between male and female. Method: This study is a descriptive observational research. 15 samples of each male and female mandible for the measurement of gonial angle using double caliper with goniometer. All data were statistically analyzed by t-test. Result: gonial angle size of women is 128.930 and gonial angle size of male is120.870. Conclusion: there is a significant diferrence between male and fem...

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying different attitudes towards people
on certain grounds. Discrimination as a form of subordination or negative attitude towards
individuals or groups based on characteristics that are not acceptable has been studied. Different forms of discrimination have been identified. The category of tolerance as a complex,
multifaceted phenomenon is analysed.
The most common areas of discrimination in Ukraine and the level of tolerance of society
by the criterion of the population's attitude to the need to restrict the rights of certain social
groups are identified. Tolerance is considered as an important condition for preventing discrimination.
It has been established that the fight against intolerance or discrimination requires effective cooperation between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government.
The Ombudsman is the central body in the field of ensuring human rights and fundamental
freedoms provided by the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine and international conventions on human rights, to which Ukraine is a party.
The importance of introducing the institution of an ombudsman for equal rights and opportunities was emphasized. It is noted that the Commissioner of the President of Ukraine for
the Rights of the Child already operates in Ukraine, which ensures the exercise by the President of Ukraine of constitutional powers to respect the constitutional rights of the child
and fulfil Ukraine’s international obligations in this area. There is an education ombudsman
who protects rights in the field of education.
It was noted that the institution of a gender ombudsman, an ombudsman for labour
rights, a municipal ombudsman, an ombudsman for solving specific problems, such as
internal displacement, medicine, social protection, should be established, etc.
It was emphasized that effective cooperation between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government and the public in Ukraine will be able to reduce discrimination and increase tolerance, in particular, these changes should be implemented taking into
account international practices

This paper explores the phenomenon of "covert discrimination," a subtle and covert form of workplace discrimination targeting immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin America (LATAM), and Africa. By examining the psychological underpinnings, such as cognitive dissonance and social identity theory, and exposing the loopholes in the US justice system, the paper highlights the challenges victims face in seeking justice. The paper also proposes effective tools and interventions to protect affected immigrants and promote a fair and inclusive workplace.

RESUMO: O acesso à justiça sempre envolveu obstáculos e barreiras e, historicamente, sabe-se que as pessoas LGBTQIAPN+ sempre lutaram contra a discriminação, a exclusão, os estereótipos e o preconceito. Pergunta-se: por que os estudos científicos não se concentram mais nos impactos dos direitos humanos no acesso à justiça para a população LGBTQIAPN+? A pesquisa baseou-se nos direitos humanos internacionais aplicados ao acesso à justiça para pessoas LGBTQIAPN+, especialmente padrões internacionais de direitos humanos que encontramos em
instrumentos internacionais (hard law e soft law) e na jurisprudência de tribunais internacionais de direitos humanos. Mesmo sem um tratado internacional, existem instrumentos de hard law e soft law que abordam especificamente a discriminação estrutural sofrida pelas pessoas LGBTQIAPN+ no acesso à justiça. Por exemplo, a Convenção Interamericana contra Todas as Formas de Discriminação e Intolerância garante igualdade de acesso à justiça para as vítimas de discriminação e intolerância (artigo 10.º). Além disso, os Princípios de Yogyakarta (soft law) são levados em consideração pelos órgãos internacionais de direitos humanos como uma fonte de direito internacional de direitos, tratando especificamente do acesso à justiça para pessoas LGBTQIAPN+ nos Princípios 8 e 28. Também foram encontradas resoluções da ONU que tratam do acesso à justiça para pessoas LGBTQIAPN+, sempre num contexto de discriminação estrutural, e a Opinião Consultiva 24/17 da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Também foram encontrados vários casos da jurisprudência da Corte Europeia e da Corte  Interamericana de Direitos Humanos que confirmam que existem e estão sendo violadas garantias judiciais no acesso à justiça para pessoas LGBTQIAPN+. Os casos encontrados foram classificados em: a) discriminação contra casais LGBTQIAPN+; b) proibição de homossexuais nas Forças Armadas; c) proibição de “paradas LGBTQIAPN+”; d) violência simbólica contra a população LGBTQIAPN+; e e) cirurgia genital de adequação (“mudança de sexo”). Todos os casos estudados revelam que a discriminação ainda é o maior obstáculo ao acesso à justiça para as pessoas LGBTQIAPN+. Em alguns casos, inclusive, até o juiz foi considerado parcial devido à discriminação sofrida pelas vítimas LGBTQIAPN+ durante o processo judicial.

ABSTRACT: Access to justice has always been about obstacles and barriers and, historically, we all know LGBTQIAPN+ persons always fought against discrimination, exclusion, stereotypes and prejudice. So, why don’t scientific studies focus more on the impacts of human rights on access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ population? We conducted research about international human rights applied to the access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ persons, especially human rights standards found in international instruments (hard law and soft law) and in the case-law of international human rights courts. We find that, even without an international treaty, there are hard law and soft law instruments that specifically address the structural discrimination suffered by LGBTQIAPN+ persons in access to justice. For example, the Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance (hard law) guarantees equal access to justice for victims of discrimination and intolerance (art. 10). Also, the Yogyakarta Principles (soft law) are taken into consideration by international human rights bodies as a source of international rights law, especially dealing with access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ people in Principles 8 and 28. We also find many UN Resolutions and the Advisory Opinion n. 24/17 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, dealing with access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ persons always in a context of structural discrimination. We also find several cases from the case-law of the European Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights that confirm that judicial guarantees exist and are being violated in access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ persons. We classify the cases we found into five categories: a) discrimination against LGBTQIAPN+ couples; b) prohibition of homosexuals in the Armed Forces; c) prohibition of “LGBTQIAPN+ parades”; d) symbolic violence against the LGBTQIAPN+ population; and e) gender-affirming surgery (“sex change”). All cases reveal that discrimination is still the biggest obstacle to access to justice for LGBTQIAPN+ persons. In some cases, actually, even the judge was considered partial due to the discrimination suffered by the LGBTQIAPN+ victims during the judicial proceedings.

heden. De vernictigingen bij de Raad van State zijn dan ook slechts ccn kwestic van tijd. Tweede voorbecld: m de genoemde VBA's is een verbod opgenomcn tot uitvoer van afval uit de provmcie, behoudens ontheffing. Dat dit laatste in strijd is mct EGrecht, hceft Jans ecn tijd geleden ook al opgemerkt. Conclusie: decentralisatic is een onmisbaar elemcnt in het Nedcrlandsc bestuur. Het is echter geen wondcrmiddel. Het lecnt zieh goed voor rechtsgebiedcn die cn omvangrijk zijn, cn al voor een belangrijk dccl zijn uitgekristalliseerd, waardoor er een duidelijkc basis voor de verdere uitwerkmg is, en waar regionale differentiatic vanuit die basis een noodzaak is. Op rechtsgebieden die de facto op relatief weinig pcrsonen van toepassing zijn, die relatief nicuw zijn en/of zijn aangcstuurd vanuit EG-regelgeving, waar ecn hoge mate van specifieke deskundigheid is vereist en die regionaal nauwelijks tot differentiatie nopen, moet niet worden gedecentraliseerd. Dat leidt tot een onnodige ve...

This is a study of the European Court of Human Rights' doctrinal response to complaints for protection under the European Convention on Human Rights submitted by or on behalf of companies. Companies indisputably enjoy ECHR protection in principle yet the protection of persons closely tied with for-profit and corporate business enterprise is sometimes doctrinally problematic. The thesis has two main objectives. First, it analyses the Court's reasoning in three groups of cases in which corporate human rights litigation has presented particular problems of treaty interpretation: 1) The extent to which shareholders are 'victims' (Article 34) when they complain of measures that formally have befallen their companies. 2) Whether companies are protected by provisions that were conceived in relation to the needs of natural persons outside the business context (select areas under Articles 8(1), 10(1) and 41 are considered). 3) Which standard of review to be applied by the Court when companies allege that public regulation of their activity violates Articles 8 and 10. The case law is streamlined in a minimalist fashion, which obscures the Court's rationale. The thesis construes the structural framework within which the Court operates, and seeks to explain how the relevant case law is largely coherent when considered on these grounds. Second, the Court's response is used for highlighting crucial aspects of the Convention system that are aptly revealed but which extend beyond the company context. Three aspects, which are suitable for further analyses, are essentially brought to the fore: 1) The Convention as a European liberal project, a characteristic that makes it stand out from the bulk of international human rights law. 2) The complex nature of the Convention's object and purpose, and, consequently, the Court's teleology. 3) The collective and economic aspects of the Convention's civil and political rights.

The author firstly poses the questions whether South African law supports the position that common-law development can and should be sparked by extra-constitutional reasons and, if so, what the relationship is and should be between extra-constitutional and constitutional grounds for the common law’s development. This question is answered by conducting a historiographic investigation into the grounds for common-law development in South African law starting at the common law itself, followed by the legal positions under the 1993 and 1996 Constitutions respectively. Against this backdrop, the approach to common-law development followed in Heroldt is analysed. It is argued that the ground for development relied on in this case could have taken constitutional form and, at the very least, the actual development that was brought about could have (and should have) had brighter constitutional lustre in a way that perceptively responds to the concerns raised by Gordon in his theory on critical legal histories against evolutionary functionalism. The author aims to indicate that the method and outcome of this case were not “necessary” (in the deterministic sense of the word), even though the outcome may be desirable.

Савченко В. О. Згода потенційного батька на проведення штучного переривання вагітності. Актуальні проблеми приватного та публічного права : матеріали VІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції присвяченої 95-річчю від дня народження члена-кореспондента НАПрН України, академіка Міжнародної кадрової академії, Заслуженого діяча науки України, доктора юридичних наук, професора Процевського О. І., присвячено до 220-ї річниці з дня заснування університету, м. Ломжа – м. Харків, 29 березня 2024 р. Ломжа : MANS w Łomży; Харків : Харківський національний педагогічний університет імені Г.С. Сковороди, Україна, 2024. С. 367–369.

Table of contents Chapter 1| Introduction Chapter 2| Limits to the scope of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): an analysis of the international ethical framework for prenatal screening and an interview study with Dutch professionals Chapter 3| Implementing non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in the Netherlands: An interview study exploring opinions about and experiences with societal pressure, reimbursement, and an expanding scope Chapter 4| What do parents of children with Down syndrome think about non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)? Chapter 5| Rethinking counselling in prenatal screening: An ethical analysis of informed consent in the context of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) Chapter 6| The ethics of routine: A critical analysis of the concept of 'routinization' in prenatal screening Chapter 7| Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): societal pressure or freedom of choice? A vignette study of Dutch citizens' attitudes Chapter 8| Should pregnant women be charged for non-invasive prenatal screening? Implications for reproductive autonomy and equal access Chapter 9| General discussion

Table of contents Chapter 1| Introduction Chapter 2| Limits to the scope of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): an analysis of the international ethical framework for prenatal screening and an interview study with Dutch professionals Chapter 3| Implementing non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in the Netherlands: An interview study exploring opinions about and experiences with societal pressure, reimbursement, and an expanding scope Chapter 4| What do parents of children with Down syndrome think about non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)? Chapter 5| Rethinking counselling in prenatal screening: An ethical analysis of informed consent in the context of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) Chapter 6| The ethics of routine: A critical analysis of the concept of 'routinization' in prenatal screening Chapter 7| Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): societal pressure or freedom of choice? A vignette study of Dutch citizens' attitudes Chapter 8| Should pregnant women be charged for non-invasive prenatal screening? Implications for reproductive autonomy and equal access Chapter 9| General discussion

In OP v. Commune d'Ans, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) held that exclusive neutrality policies in public administrations do not constitute indirect religious discrimination provided that the policies are appropriate, necessary and proportionate in light of the context and interests at stake. This is the first headscarf case concerning a public administration. Consequently, the state neutrality principle was of importance in this judgment. Additionally, OP v. Commune d'Ans reawakened the urgent question of intersectional discrimination as the CJEU was asked whether exclusive neutrality policies constitute indirect gender discrimination, seeing as they disproportionately affect women. In Parris, the CJEU rejected the possibility of acknowledging intersectional discrimination. Though headscarf cases raise the intersectionality question, the CJEU has not revisited it. This case note discusses how while the CJEU managed to accommodate different iterations of the state neutrality principle by introducing a margin of discretion for diverse neutrality policies in OP v. Commune d'Ans, it fell short in safeguarding the general framework for equal treatment by disregarding how the conceptualization of state neutrality also impacts gender equality. A different reading of Directive 2000/78 that foregrounds this instrument's connection to the EU's gender equality directives would have enabled such an intersectional approach.

Cet avis doit être diffusé dans sa totalité, sans ajout ni modification Risques des produits et pratiques de tatouage et de détatouage 15 décembre 2020 Le Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP) a été saisi par la Direction générale de la santé (DGS) en date du 9 juillet 2018 sur les risques des produits et des pratiques de tatouage et de détatouage (cf. Annexe 1).

Si la question des territoires urbains francais dits en difficulte a ete etudiee par les chercheurs en sciences sociales, economistes, sociologues et politologues, elle a suscite encore peu de recherches en sciences de gestion. Cet article veut repondre a cette absence en l’abordant sous un angle gestionnaire. Pour ce faire, nous nous interesserons aux facteurs favorisant ou freinant l’inclusion professionnelle des personnes issues de ces territoires dans deux domaines precis, le recrutement et l’integration dans l’entreprise, a partir d’une recherche que nous avons menee et des travaux de recherche anterieurs existants. Apres avoir souligne leurs apports et leurs limites, nous proposerons des pistes pour ameliorer les connaissances concernant l’inclusion professionnelle des salaries issus de ces zones urbaines.

The series introduces new authors, unorthodox themes, critical interpretations of the classics and salient works by older and more established thinkers. A new generation of academics is becoming engaged with immanent critique, interdisciplinary work, actual political problems, and more broadly the link between theory and practice. Each in this series will, after his or her fashion, explore the ways in which political theory can enrich our understanding of the arts and social sciences. Criminal justice, psychology, sociology, theater and a host of other disciplines come into play for a critical political theory. The series also opens new avenues by engaging alternative traditions, animal rights, Islamic politics, mass movements, sovereignty, and the institutional problems of power. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice thus fills an important niche. Innovatively blending tradition and experimentation, this intellectual enterprise with a political intent hopes to help reinvigorate what is fast becoming a petrified field of study and to perhaps provide a bit of inspiration for future scholars and activists.

NeilFoster FreedomofReligionandDiscriminationTwoimportantUKcases Shortly before Christmas two important decisions were handed down by UKcourtsdealingwiththequestionoffreedomofreligion.Onewasright,though unfortunate; the other was wrong, and will hopefully be overturned on appeal. Bothraiseimportantissuesabouthowasecularsocietyaccommodatesfreedom ofreligionwhileupholdingpoliciesagainstdiscriminationonvariousgrounds. Freedom of religion in education-JFS The case that was rightly decided was R (on the application of E) v GoverningBodyofJFSandtheAdmissionsAppealPanelofJFS[2009]UKSC15(16 Dec 2009) (the JFS case). A decision of the new UK Supreme Court (which has nowreplacedtheHouseofLordsasthefinaldomesticappealcourtintheUK), theimportanceofthedecisioncanbejudgedbythefacta9-memberpanelwas convened(manyappealsaredeterminedbya5-memberpanel;thisisthefirst9member panel that has been convened in the new Court, and even when the membersoftheCourtweresittingastheHouseofLords,ithasbeensometime since9LawLordssatinacase.

Although the Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges has now made same-sex marriage lawful throughout the United States, a large and fervent minority of American society continues to view such unions with antipathy. As a result, cases are now arising in which employees are alleging adverse treatment due to the fact of having entered into a same-sex marriage. While some courts will view discrimination in reaction to same-sex marriage as an unprotected variant of sexual orientation discrimination, this article contends that such conduct properly should be treated as unlawful sex discrimination based on two different, but complementary, theories. First, discrimination in response to same-sex marriage involves sex-based stereotyping grounded in the fact that marrying someone of the same sex constitutes gender-nonconforming behavior. Second, such conduct involves actionable “relational” discrimination akin to a situation in which an employer takes adverse action against a white ...

This blog post is based on the author's presentation at the conference, ‘Contemporary Children and Families: Opportunities and Challenges in Law, Policy and Practice’, which took place at the Centre for Child and Family Law Policy at Edinburgh Napier University on 6–7 September 2023.

Міллер А.О. Проблеми виплат допомоги при народженні дитини, під час догляду за дитиною до досягнення нею трирічного віку. Надано детальний розрахунок сум допомоги, які мають виплачуватися державними органами, і які декларуються державними органами як виплачені, але насправді їх не виплачують. Розглянемо які суми допомоги дійсно отримують особи, котрі доглядають за дитиною до досягнення нею трирічного віку, отримуючи допомогу при народженні дитини. Вказується, що ці фіктивні виплати, котрі декларують державні органи, як виплачена допомога при народженні дитини особам, котрі доглядають за дитиною до досягнення дитиною трирічного віку, вважаються офіційно їх доходами. Визначено, що виплата допомоги особі котра доглядає за дитиною до досягнення дитиною трирічного віку та відповідно до закону отримує допомогу при народженні дитини згідно з абзацом 7 п. 1 ч. 1 ст. 4 Закону [17] не відповідає дійсності. Доведено, що надана державою гарантована допомога не відповідає Законодавству та є меншою від мінімального прожиткового мінімуму, що створює умови для геноциду населення. Проведено дослідження, та доведено, що права людини порушені вже на законодавчому рівні. Відбувається порушення Законів України, Міжнародних документів та Конституції України. Це свідчить про колізію законодавства, що як результат приводить до порушення прав людини, та як подальший результат-низького рівня життя громадян України. Вказується, що у зв'язку з неналежним веденням оперативно-слідчих дій, ознаками корупції та невідповідністю займаних посад серед державних посадових особі, відбувається формальне ставлення до Законів України. Злочини укриваються, винні до відповідальності не притягуються. Встановлено, що особи, котрі доглядають за малолітніми дітьми до досягнення ними трирічного віку-позбавляються належного гарантованого державою соціального захисту. Присутня колізія законодавства. Таким чином відбувається соціальне знищення цих громадян України некомпетентними державними посадовими особами. Ключові слова: порушення прав дитини, геноцид населення в Україні; порушення Конституції України; допомога по догляду за дитиною до досягнення нею трирічного віку; допомога при народженні дитини.

Міллер А.О. Cоціальне знищення найбільш уразливих категорій громадян в Україні. Дослідження було направлене встановити, як саме державою захищаються права малолітніх дітей та осіб, котрі доглядають за дитиною до досягнення дитиною трирічного віку. Детально буде розглянуто такий вид гарантованої державної допомоги, як допомога при народженні дитини. У зв'язку із тим, що допомога по догляду задитиноюдодосягненнянеютрирічного віку згідно із прийнятим у 2014 році Законом України «Про запобігання фінансової катастрофи та створення передумов для економічного зростання в Україні»була виключена, замість неї залишилася допомога при народженні дитини. Цей Закон погодили і підписали 253 особи та 29 комітетів Верховної Ради України. Закон був визнаний конституційним згідно із прийнятим Рішення Конституційного Суду України, котре погодили 15 суддів. У зв'язку із чим було порушено Конституцію України тачастину 1 статті 442 ККУ щодо геноциду, тобто діянню, умисно вчиненому з метою повного або часткового знищення будь-якої національної, етнічної, расової чи релігійної групи шляхом створення для групи життєвих умов, розрахованих на повне чи часткове її фізичне знищення, скорочення дітонародження чи запобігання йому в такій групі. В пояснювальній записці до цього Закону міністр фінансів України зазначив, що встановлення єдиного розміру допомоги при народженні дитини та скасування допомоги по догляду за дитиною до 3 років дозволить зекономити близько 3,5 млрд. гривень, які будуть спрямовані на соціальний захист найбільш уразливих категорій громадян. Але після прийняття цього закону виплати допомоги вже не регулюються мінімальним прожитковим мінімумом, котрий щороку збільшується. Ігнорується інфляція і щорічне збільшення цін на продовольчі товари та комунальні послуги. Виплати стають фіксованими. Порушується частина 3 статті 46 Конституції України, де зазначено, що види соціальних виплат та допомоги, що є основним джерелом існування, мають забезпечувати рівень життя, не нижчий від прожиткового мінімуму, встановленого законом. Прийняття цього закону створює умови для соціального знищення нації в цілому, геноциду населення. Тому в цьому дослідженні буде детально проаналізовано, хто саме підписав цей Закон, та які наслідки для суспільства він вже приніс. Ключові слова: порушення прав дитини, геноцид населення в Україні; порушення Конституції України; допомога по догляду задитиноюдодосягненнянеютрирічного віку; запобігання фінансової катастрофи; допомога при народженні дитини.