Dimensional Metrology

The primary aim of the present study was to systematically compare perceived emotions in music using two different theoretical frameworks: the discrete emotion model, and the dimensional model of affect. A secondary aim was to introduce a new, improved set of stimuli for the study of music-mediated emotions. A large pilot study established a set of 110 film music excerpts, half were moderately and highly representative examples of five discrete emotions (anger, fear, sadness, happiness and tenderness), and the other half moderate and high examples of the six extremes of three bipolar dimensions (valence, energy arousal and tension arousal). These excerpts were rated in a listening experiment by 116 non-musicians. All target emotions of highly representative examples in both conceptual sets were discriminated by self-ratings. Linear mapping techniques between the discrete and dimensional models revealed a high correspondence along two central dimensions that can be labelled as valence and arousal, and the three dimensions could be reduced to two without significantly reducing the goodness of fit. The major difference between the discrete and categorical models concerned the poorer resolution of the discrete model in characterizing emotionally ambiguous examples. The study offers systematically structured and rich stimulus material for exploring emotional processing.

Recent advances in versatile automated gauging have enabled accurate geometric tolerance assessment on the shop floor. This paper is concerned with the uncertainty evaluation associated with comparative coordinate measurement using the design of experiments (DOE) approach. It employs the Renishaw Equator which is a software-driven comparative gauge based on the traditional comparison of production parts to a reference master part. The fixturing requirement of each production part to the master part is approximately ±1 mm for a comparison process with an uncertainty of ±2 μm. Therefore, a number of experimental designs are applied with the main focus on the influence of part misalignment from rotation between master and measure coordinate frames on the comparator measurement uncertainty. Other factors considered include measurement mode mainly in scanning and touch-trigger probing (TTP) and alignment procedure used to establish the coordinate reference frame (CRF) with respect to the number of contact points used for each geometric feature measured. The measurement uncertainty analysis of the comparator technique used by the Equator gauge commences with a simple measurement task using a gauge block to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) uncertainty of length comparative coordinate measurement influenced by an offset by tilt in one direction (two-dimensional angular misalignment). Then, a specific manufactured measurement object is employed so that the comparator measurement uncertainty can be assessed for numerous measurement tasks within a satisfactory range of the working volume of the versatile gauge. Furthermore, in the second case study, different types of part misalignment including both 2D and 3D angular misalignments are applied. The time required for managing the re-mastering process is also examined. A task specific uncertainty evaluation is completed using DOE. Also, investigating the effects of process variations that might be experienced by such a device in workshop environments. It is shown that the comparator measurement uncertainties obtained by all the experiments agree with system features under specified conditions. It is also demonstrated that when the specified conditions are exceeded, the comparator measurement uncertainty is associated with the measurement task, the measurement strategy used, the feature size, and the magnitude and direction of offset angles in relation to the reference axes of the machine. In particular, departures from the specified part fixturing requirement of Equator have a more significant effect on the uncertainty of length measurement in comparator mode and a less significant effect on the diameter measurement uncertainty for the specific Equator and test conditions.

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are complex measuring systems that are widely used in manufacturing industry for form, size, position, and orientation assessment. In essence, these systems collect a set of individual data points that in practice is often a relatively small sample of an object. Their software then processes these points in order to produce a geometric result or to establish a local coordinate system from datum features. The subject of CMM evaluation is a broad and multifaceted one. This paper is concerned with the uncertainty in the coordinates of each point within the measuring volume of the CMM. Therefore, a novel method for measurement uncertainty evaluation using limited-size data sets is conceived and developed. The proposed method is based on a Bayesian regularized artificial neural network (BRANN) model consisting of three inputs and one output. The inputs are: the nominal coordinates; the ambient temperature; and the temperature of the workpiece. The output is the measured (actual) coordinates. An algorithm is developed and implemented before training the BRANN in order to map each nominal coordinate associated with the other inputs to the target coordinate. For validation the model is trained using a relatively small sample size of ten data sets to predict the variability of a larger sample size of ninety data sets. The calculated uncertainty is improved by more than 80% using the predicted variability compared to the uncertainty from the limited sample data set. Keywords: uncertainty of measurement, Bayesian regularized artificial neural network (BRANN), coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

The requirements on GPR technology for the application of humanitarian landmine detection are severe; 99.6% probability of detection and low false alarm rate. Trying to meet these challenging requirements, an impulse radar system has been designed specifically for the application of landmine detection. The radar system contains a dielectric filled TEM horn transmitting antenna and a small loop receiver antenna below the transmitting antenna. With this radar system three-dimensional measurements have been carried out over a test site containing surface-laid and shallowly buried landmines. The test site contains antitank and antipersonnel mines of metal and plastic. In order to show the performance of the new radar system we have to produce images of the subsurface. The imaging algorithms must then be tuned to the specific acquisition parameters. More specific, the refraction of the waves at the surface and the acquisition geometry of the transmitting and receiving antenna influence the arrivaltime of backscattered energy related to subsurface objects. Since imaging algorithms are based on coherent stacking over this energy we must take into account these factors. We produce clear images of landmines and other subsurface objects using adapted imaging algorithms on the data obtained with the new radar system.

An essential part of assessing whether a measurement or gauging system meets its intended purpose is to estimate the measurement uncertainties. This paper employs the design of experiments (DOE) approach to implement a practical analysis of measurement uncertainty of Renishaw Equator automated flexible gauge. The factors of interest are measurement strategy, part location, and environmental effects. The experimental results show the ability of the versatile gauge to effectively meet its measurement capability in both discrete-point probing and scanning measuring modes within its whole measuring volume and, in particular, at high scanning speeds and under workshop conditions.