Deviant Behavior

This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide.

For a more lengthy abstract see the paper, i.e., Chapter.

Wherever groups of people gather, norms for appropriate behavior emerge, and some people chose to violate those norms. What is an exercise of free speech to one person, to another is disruptive, harassing, racist, or worse. For groups that communicate online, a range of technical and social mechanisms are available to help create a climate conducive to meeting the group's stated mission. How do designers of online systems decide what kind of conduct is acceptable? How are these expectations communicated to members? How can designers help prevent and manage deviant behavior? What are the implications of corporate control of content for ideals of free expression? This panel brings together experts from media theory, computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), and online entertainment to explore current issues in this complex research area.

An extensive amount of criminological research has focused on the relationship between the inability of adolescents to achieve financial success or middle-class status through legitimate channels and their subsequent involvement in delinquency. This genre of research is commonly recognized as structural-strain theory. As the efficacy of this theory has periodically been questioned, this study addresses some of the methodological and theoretical issues associated with structural-strain theory. Using a sample of 8,338 adolescents from a southern state, we use a structural equations model to test a hypothesized sequence ultimately leading to delinquent behavior. We believe that this method is more appropriate than more traditional methods (e.g., multiple regression) for investigating some of the linkages specified in previous strain models. Our results support structural-strain theory, though the hypothesized model has more predictive power among European American than African American youth. Explanations are given for these differential findings, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.

Using Swedish entrepreneurs' own explanations, this article searches for the possible regularities in the accounts offered by white collar offenders and for the underlying factors that produce these regularities, tracing in particular the impact of these offenders' attitudes toward regulation and taxation as well as their perceptions of the functioning of the market in which they operate. The results show that justifications are more common among offenders who have a clearly negative view on both factors. Excuses, on the other hand, are more frequently used by those who hold a positive attitude toward taxation and regulation. The results also show that offenders who offer excuses tend to share the same negative perception of the market as the ''justifiers.'' This unanticipated finding suggests that the ''excusers'' commit their offenses because they believe that the unlawful behaviors of the relevant others disturb the functioning of the market mechanism and thereby push them toward criminality.

This study sought to establish the extent of cyberbullying among students in Ghana, its consequences on the victims, and the characteristics of the victims. The study found that nearly all participants had experienced one form of cyberbullying before. Victims of cyberbullying were not very different from non-victims in psychological wellbeing. The effect of cyberbullying on psychological wellbeing was small, and no clear profile characterizing victims emerged. The present findings should be an eye-opener for Ghanaian parents, educators and health professionals and set the stage for further studies to understand the Ghanaian situation.

This research was based on the phenomenon of free sex behavior by students in their boarding houses, hence the existence of the term 'rules-free' and 'strict-rules' boarding houses. This phenomenon was interesting to study using the concept of behavior so that it can be understood sociologically how the two concepts of the boarding house are related. Grounded theory was used in this research in the hope that the construction of social control in the boarding house arises from the expressions and beliefs, experiences, feelings, and goals of the owner and the occupants. The results showed that students' deviant behavior in the form of free sex was caused by four factors, namely the absence of enforcement of the rules in the boarding house by the owner, students' weak self-control, the arrangement of boarding houses was hidden from society, and negative labelling formed by a stigma. This research concluded that self-control in a boarding house is not formed by awareness to uphold social norms, but is more prompted by one's desire to avoid being embarrassed.

As the number of producers, politicians, and celebrities accused of workplace sexual misconduct increases, we understand there is a fine line between flirting at work and behaviors that cause significant conflict. Building on concepts introduced in The Behavior of Law (1976), Donald Black's new theory of conflict, Moral Time (2011), claims generality, explaining when, how, and why some social interactions lead to conflict. This research offers empirical validation of "relational time," one of the three primary dimensions introduced in Moral Time. Using a factorial survey in which social contexts depicted in vignettes are systematically varied, students' perceptions of offensiveness to sexualized interactions between coworkers were obtained from a sample of students at a large southeastern university (n = 1936). Aggregate results show strong support for the relational dimension of Black's theory.

Emile Durkheim recognized many years ago that all groups—even a “society of saints”—produce deviants. Group members must then come to terms with how to respond to and control those who violate the group's moral order. The Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting offers an interesting context to explore this process. AA members, by their own admission, are far from being “saints,” some admitting to adultery, theft, and assault during their active alcoholism. In this article, the author describes the moral order of AA that functions to prevent and create deviant behavior, focusing on AA members’ use of criticism as both a method of social control and a violation of AA's normative system. This seeming contradiction is explained by showing that criticism is a social control strategy available primarily to high-status members, used primarily against lower-status members.

TÁRSADALOMKÉPÉRŐL deviáns viselkedés szociológiája, aligha túlzás ezt állítani, Emile Durkheim köpönyegéből bújt elő, s lényegében mind a mai napig magán viseli fogantatásának nyomait. Az e témakörben végzett kutatásokban kezdettől fogva kitapintható annak a társadalomképnek a jelenléte, amely elsősorban a nagy francia gondolkodó nevéhez fűződik. Ennek a társadalomképnek két sajátossága érdemel mindenekelőtt figyelmet. Az egyik a társadalmi változás hatásának értelmezése; a másik egyén és társadalom viszonya.

Statistical data from the City of Durres in Albania show an increase in domestic crimes, and that the family is becoming a "dangerous place" for crime. That’s why we have undertaken this study to find the social roots of crime. The study will be done under the perspective of theoretical paradigms.
Child abuse is a major problem in Albania. It is clear that many cases go unnoticed or unreported, because everything that happens within the, family is difficult to emerge. The biggest problem is not just violence against children at the moment, but deviant behavior that is shaped to them since childhood. Concerns about child abuse, is expanded further beyond physical effects. Evidence shows that people who were abused during childhood have more chances for abusing their children later in life, or to become violent (Gelles & Straus, Family Violence, 1979). Many subsequent studies also have documented domestic violence as a circular intergenerational violence (Gelles, Family Violence, 1985), (quoted in the book: (Meier & Clinard, 2011).
The purpose of this essay is the analysis of deviant behaviors of crime and violence within the family. The aim is to highlight if there is a connection between the cases when a person is abused in his childhood and later he becomes abuser himself. The methodology followed is the quantitative method. We have interviewed 600 persons in city of Durres. Through this essay we have achieved valuable recommendations regarding deviant behavior and measures to be taken to prevent deviant behavior in origin. If we make more efforts to stop violence against children, then we will have chances after several years to decrease deviant behavior and to reduce the extent of violence within the family and children.

The high levels of deviant behaviour within the hospitality sector have been an ongoing concern for many mangers and academics, with a clear recognition of the reputational, human and organizational costs of such behaviour. The traditional approach adopted by organizations and Human Resource Managers to counter deviant behaviour in the hospitality industry has focused around unsuccessful education programmes, while other authors offer alternate assessments of the industry's response to deviant behaviour. This conceptual article proposes that both the management and the study of deviant behaviour within the hospitality industry need to be contextualized within a temporal and spatial analysis of an employee's workaday lived experience. Through adopting Durkheim's discussions around time and space it is possible to identify four distinct temporal and spatial categories (the sacred, the mundane, the liminal and the profane); each of these categories can be seen to influence the behaviour of employees in different ways, even though they are part of the same time-space continuum. Thus, this article argues, from a theoretical framework, that to understand and manage deviant behaviour within the hospitality industry it is important to recognize that each category of time and space needs to be understood both in isolation and as part of a time-space continuum that surrounds the hospitality experience.

I processi di globalizzazione hanno finito col causare forme di convivenza reciprocamente escludentisi che generano una percezione sempre più forte della vulnerabilità collettiva.
La società postmoderna avverte il rischio sociale in relazione alla visibilità della minaccia, spesso presunta, cui è collegato: il “senza permesso di soggiorno”, il “senza fissa dimora” e il “senza lavoro” o, più in generale, il deviante, canalizza in un concreto tangibile tutte quelle forme di insicurezza relazionale derivanti dalla distorsione delle regole comunicative e dalla conseguente sospensione della fiducia intersoggettiva.
Questo volume descrive, in prima istanza, l’evoluzione dei concetti, delle categorie e degli idealtipi che hanno costituito e costituiscono la sociologia occidentale della “diversità deviante” – dall’uomo delinquente di Lombroso agli “scarti dell’umanità in esubero” di Bauman – con un utilizzo circostanziato delle fonti testuali calate, volta per volta, nel peculiare spaccato storico-culturale da cui traggono origine.
È, in secondo luogo, un atlante delle diversità, che delimitando i contorni dell’attuale cultura, “liquida” e “atlantica”, analizza le ragioni che fanno della devianza il prodotto di un processo di attribuzione di significato viziato a priori, e l’esito di un’interazione sbilanciata in cui il perdente, per la sua minorità economico-sociale e la sua estraneità culturale, è destinato come tale, fin dall’inizio, dalle stesse regole del gioco.

The purpose of the proposed study is to discover and understand how noncustodial Austrian fathers describe and experience the effects of either parental alienation or parental alienation syndrome (PAS).  The investigation will include a minimum of 150 Austrian men who have experienced alienative behavior from their former partners concerning their children.  The present day status of the surveyed fathers will be evaluated in this ethnography.

The aim of this paper is to propose a corrective of moral panic theory by introducing a concept of polarizing moral panics. We believe that the significant social and technological changes that have occurred since the 1970s have made the classical concept of moral panic less useful to describe and analyze most of the contemporary cases because it fails to include a variety of voices and a more divisive nature of modern moral panics. Polarizing moral panics are recurrent eruptions in an ongoing process of transformation of normative systems that manifest themselves in the intensive, media-amplified polarization of society over an issue, a condition or a group of persons. This leads to a clash between two moral communities and their respective and competitive visions of social order: one more conservative, the other more liberal. This can be fueled by employing politics of fear by politicians and other interest groups for political benefits. The first part of the article discusses the theory and the application of polarizing moral panics. The second part focuses on the refugee crisis in Poland in 2015–2016 as an illustration of the concept and its use to gain votes in a parliamentary election

This article highlights the importance of copyright industries for the developed economies and argues that criminal copyright infringement is a widespread offense, producing major economic losses for stakeholders, negatively impacting creativity, and raising significant cybersecurity and rule of law concerns. The article explains why there is a need for criminal protection of copyright protection and outlines the U.S. framework. In a comprehensive approach, based on a large corpus of data, consisting of cases brought to federal courts, in violation of Section 506 of Title 17 of the U.S. Code, and press releases and reports by law enforcement and industry groups, Section 3 describes the forms and extent of the phenomenon. Section 4 discusses essential aspects involved in the prosecution of these cases. Based on the number of cases brought to courts versus the criminal copyright infringing reports and estimates, the article concludes that this criminal phenomenon is significantly under-prosecuted and proposes a number of measures that could improve the criminal protection of copyrighted works.

The article describes approaches to diagnosing the propensity to the violent extremism. As diagnostic categories, it is suggested to use dispositions
reflecting a nonspecific tendency for extremist behavior and, depending on the situation, leading to the formation of certain hostile attitudes towards specific objects. The allocated dispositions were 11 scales of the questionnaire, including Likerttype
statements. The description of the method and the possibilities of its application are given, the construction of scales is disclosed, the results of a pilot study of their reliability and discrimination are presented.
В статье описаны подходы к диагностике склонности к насильственному экстремизму. В качестве диагностических категорий предложено использовать диспозиции, отражающие неспецифическую склонность к экстремистскому поведению и, в зависимости от ситуации, ведущих к формированию частных враждебных установок на конкретные объекты. Выделенные диспозиции составили 11 шкал опросника, включающих утверждения лайкертовского типа. Даны описания самой методики и возможностей ее применения, раскрыта конструкция шкал, приведены результаты пилотажного исследования их надежности и дискриминативности.

Baier, Dirk Abweichendes Verhalten im Jugendalter. Ein empirischer Vergleich verschiedener Erklärungsansätze ZSE : Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation 25 (2005) 4, S. 381-398 urn:nbn:de:0111-opus-56780 in Kooperation mit / in cooperation with: http://www.juventa.de

Cette étude a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 303 adolescents, 170 filles et 133 garçons âgés, en moyenne, de 17 ans 2 mois. Les sujets ont été recrutés dans quatre lycées situés dans la région parisienne. Cette étude s’est donnée comme principal objectif d’examiner les liens entre les relations entretenues avec les parents et la présence de comportements déviants et développer un modèle qui puisse rendre compte de ces liens au moyen d’une analyse par équations structurales. Les indices d’ajustement des modèles de mesure a conduit à entreprendre des analyses séparées pour les garçons et pour les filles. Le modèle structural s’ajuste adéquatement aux données pour les deux sexes et confirme un parcours qui associe l’attachement parental et les variables de supervision et de conflits, elles-mêmes associées aux comportements déviants et à la consommation d’alcool et de drogues. Pour les deux sexes, les faiblesses de l’attachement parental entraînent des conflits alors que la qualité de l’attachement garantit la présence de supervision ; la présence de conflits avec la mère contribue à l’engagement dans des comportements déviants alors que la supervision parentale entraîne une réduction de ces comportements. Globalement, le sexe discrimine les variables examinées. Attachement et pratiques parentales sont plus clairement associés dans le cas des filles. Ces différences sont discutées à la lumière des pratiques de socialisation particulières aux filles.

The present study examines the influence of attachment and parental practices on adolescent deviant behaviors. The sample comprised of 170 girls and 133 boys (mean age : 17,2 years) from four high schools in the area of Paris. The interrelationships of attachment and parental practices with deviant behaviors using a structural equation model were explored. The lack of fit of the measurement model favored the use of a multiple group structural equation modeling based on gender. The structural model linking attachment and parental practices to deviant behaviors and alcohol-drug use fit the data well for boys and girls. For both sexes, a lack of attachment predicts conflicts whereas a quality of attachement seems to ensure the presence of parental monitoring. The presence of conflicts with the mother contributes to deviant behaviors whereas parental monitoring reduces them. Overall, gender descriminates most variables. Results suggest a stronger relation between attachement and parental practices for girls. Gender differences are discussed in light of the socialisation patterns for girls

ABSTRACT
The Jacobean era's infamous witchcraft trials are recalled after reservoir repairs close to Pendle Hill reveal a buried cottage with bricked‐up cat. Interpretations of the building as the site of Malkin Tower, recorded in court records as the venue of a witches coven are critically evaluated in the light of archaeological and historical evidence.

KEYWORDS
WITCH, PENDLE WITCH TRIALS, PENDLE HILL, MALKIN TOWER, FOLK BELIEF, MAGIC, LANCASTER ASSIZES, WISE WOMEN, CUNNING FOLK, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, SEVENTEENTHCENTURY, ALIZON DEVICE, SALEM WITCHES, THOMAS POTTS, LOWER BLACK MOSS, ELIZABETH SOUTHERNS, DEMDIKE, ELIZABETH DEVICE, JAMES DEVICE, ANNE WHITTLE, CHATTOX, ANNE REDFERNE, JANE BULCOCK, JOHN BULCOCK, ALICE NUTTER, KATHERINE HEWITT, ALICE GRAY, JENNET PRESTON, GUNPOWDER PLOT, CAT

SUMMARY

This book looks toward a general theory of deviant behavior-- i.e., a system of propositions that are applicable to all the manifold varieties of deviance. Such a theory should account not only for the occurrence of deviance but also for the particular forms that it takes. We have also studies about particular kinds of deviance--e.g., crime, organized crime, white-collar crime, corruption, money laundering, traffic of people, prostitution, suicide, euthanasia, narcomania and so forth, but only a very modest literature that deals systematically with issues that cut across the whole field.
We have made no effort in this book to compile an inventory of the leading theories about this kind of deviance and that. One must, of course, build upon the literature that we have, and much of this book consists of summaries of theories and research about particular kinds of deviance. However, my intention is to offer these as examples of more generalized ways of thinking about deviance, and to emphasize their possible implications for more comprehensive theories of deviance and control.
Again, since we must build upon what we have, this book deals more than I should have wished with those kinds of deviance - crime and delinquency leading the field, that are popularly regarded as serious social problems; these are the kinds that the literature is mainly concerned with. However, it is important that the reader understand that deviance is just as much concerned with the violation of the normative rules or under.
A major contribution to the field of crime/deviance, this book puts forth an integrated theory of deviance - control balance. In developing control balance, we critically review other general theories such as anomie, social control, differential association/social learning, labelling, and routine activities and offers reasons why those theories are insufficient. Using real examples to illustrate our arguments, we contend that deviance results from the convergence of four variables, each of which represents an interactive nexus of several inputs, including most prominently a control imbalance. The variables are predisposition, motivation, opportunity, and constraint.
Part I deals with the nature and definition of deviance. It introduces the concepts necessary to understand the processes as well as the theories of deviance that follow: the core idea of biological and psychological explanations; bio-social models and sociological perspectives -  anomie and conflict perspective, control, differential association, labeling, and social learning.
Part II introduces to the individual and group processes that shape deviant behavior and deviant careers. Analysis concern the process of becoming deviant and nature of deviant events and social control.
Part III contains chapters addressing “Criminal Justice-Related Issues.” There were a myriad of issues that could have been addressed in this part.We chose to seek contributions on issues that relate theory to practice. It explores the close link between processes of deviance and its control, and it provides a conceptual background to the discussions of different kinds of deviations, dangerous to society as white-collar and corporate criminality, money laundering, corruption, traffic of people and sexual exploitation.
Part IV “Special Topics in Crime and Deviance”, is a compilation of issues that continue to be or have become ‘hot topics’ in this field. They range from suicide and euthanasia, to drug addiction, sects , cults and violence.There are exciting theoretical and research developments in these areas. A number of select perspectives on individual deviance are also introduced.
These are some of the topics we discuss in this book. In sociology as in other disciplines, specialization increases as more and more knowledge accumulates through the combined efforts of more and more scholars and scientists. The sociologist of a generation or two ago could acquire a thoroughgoing knowledge of just about everything that was then known about social problems, for as compared with today, relatively few sociologists were investigating these problems. With increasing space of research, however, it has become a difficult task to continue with the work being done on even a few of these problems and almost impossible to keep deep analysis going forward on all of them.
The key messages for researchers, policy makers and practitioners are that the availability of good statistics on crime and deviance must be the starting point of evidence based policy making in the field.
Access to existing data needs to be improved for researchers and citizens alike and made available on platforms which facilitate appropriate substantive and comparative analysis. Data integration should be substantially improved so as to allow improved evaluation of measures aimed at meeting EU and national goals of protecting freedom, justice and security. New indicators will have to be developed and crime policies will need to be assessed against such criteria as public confidence in justice rather than primarily relative to crime control.
Finally, more research will be needed in order to foster the creation of the policy and research nexus and provide decision makers with scientific evidence as well as valuable tools for social policy and analysis in the field of deviant behavior. As far as the field of social deviance is extensive and ever growing, this book could not pretend to capture the all methods, theories and issues that comprise the key concerns of the discipline. Faced with the vast array of potential topic areas that could be included, we decided to use our own lens to focus on areas that we thought to be of continuing importance and those in which important developments have emerged. Although we  recognize that much has been excluded from this content, we supposed what has been incorporated should be of great interest to scholars working in the field and to those experts who are becoming acquainted with it.

This study builds and tests the models that two types of workplace
friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with the supervisor) may have a negative influence on employees’ job insecurity and turnover intention. Further, this study assumes that the positive association between workplace friendship with a supervisor and job performance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic than for those with a high work ethic. This study also assumes that the negative relationship between friendship with a supervisor and organizational deviance is stronger for employees who have a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. To test these hypotheses, 313 data samples have been collected from service sector employees. According to the results, two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with a supervisor) are negatively related to job insecurity and turnover intention. The results also show that friendship with a supervisor was positively associated with job performance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Furthermore, the results show that friendship with a supervisor was negatively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Surprisingly, the friendship with a supervisor is positively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a high work ethic.

Keywords: Workplace friendship, job insecurity, turnover intention, job performance, organizational deviance, work ethic, social exchange
theory, organizational social capital

Using the example of the state capital Düsseldorf, this article examines how social disadvantage, general social and economic anxieties, displacement pressure and crime are seen from the local residents’ perspective. While the economic anxieties are evenly distributed throughout the entire urban area, the residents of the socially disadvantaged station area are additionally subject to displacement pressure resulting from the consequences of the structural upgrading and increase in real estate value. Local authorities and residents of the rest of the urban area perceive the station environment as being particularly prone to crime, react with orderly actions and thus promote further social and commercial revaluation processes. The typical mix-up of uncertainties and conflicts in many German railway station areas offers instrumentalization potential for political actors who address these fears, culturalize local competitive conditions and thus promote a social division of urban society.

This chapter is a review of the scholarly work on racist and deviant anti-racist behavior on social media platforms. Racists and anti-racists leverage the affordances of social media for deviant behavior. These affordances are anonymity and connectivity. Deviant behavior is explored along two dimensions. One dimension is the use of communication or rhetoric for deviant purposes. Racists use social media to visit symbolic violence, in the form of hate speech, on racial minorities. Meanwhile, anti-racists use social media rhetorically to develop counterdiscourses that explain social phenomena in non-racist ways. Racists use social media for political purposes to build extremist, far-right groups. Research suggests several ways that social media can be leveraged, but this chapter will focus on the propaganda component. Anti-racists, on the other hand, use social media to support social movements that agitate for racial justice. This chapter ends by identifying avenues for further research. Scholars need to expand their analyses outward from the platforms of Twitter and Facebook. Scholars must also expand their analyses outward from Black Twitter and the Black Lives Matter movement and explore the anti-racist activities of other racial minorities.

Cyberbullying is a growing problem among adolescents and adults alike. To date, research concerning cyberbullying has focused on Europe and the Anglophone countries. This study contributes to understanding of cyberbullying by adding the case of adolescents in Japan. Participants were 899 high school students who completed a selfreport questionnaire on technology use habits, cyberbullying and cybervictimization experiences. Logistic regression analyses were used to measure the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization and several independent variables, including gender, age and technology use. Results showed that 22% of the participants had experienced cybervictimization, while 7.8% admitted to cyberbullying others. Most cyberbullying cases involved classmates and the victims knew the identities of their tormentors. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that cybervictimization is the biggest significant predictor of cyberbullying and vice versa. Having more online friends was significantly associated with cyberbullying and cybervictimization.

In correctional settings, some offenders engage in a specific type of sex offense, namely public autoerotism, an aggressive form of masturbatory behavior designed to harass, antagonize, or unsettle employees. This article examines interview data with male inmates who admitted to intentionally exposing themselves to female correctional employees. Using a subcultural sociological framework, specifically Sykes and Matza's (1957) ''techniques of neutralization,'' we explain why some inmates persist in public autoerotism, despite the presence of institutional rules that prohibit this type of behavior. We discuss the implications of this research for the contemporary development and theoretical significance of neutralization theory. Also, suggestions are provided as to how correctional administrators can reduce or eliminate this form of deviant behavior.

This paper examines the history of research on medieval deviant burials discovered in the area of Poland. The problem of unusual funerary practices (e.g. decapitations, prone burials or covering the corpses with stones) was acknowledged by Polish archaeologists already in the early decades of the 20th century, but for a long time it remained on the fringes of mainstream academic debates. Considerable changes occurred in the 1970s when deviant burials started to be treated as a separate group and interpreted as representing "anti-vampire practices". Over the next few years the tendency to perceive the dead buried in deviant graves as "vampires" dominated the academic discourse, with very few attempts at offering alternative explanations. Recently, the sensationalist interpretations of deviant burials have also permeated into (inter)national media, leading the general public to misinformation about Poland's past and the mentalities of its medieval societies. The main objective of this paper is to critically explore the inspirations and contexts in which the "vampiric" interpretations first came to light. An attempt will also be made to propose alternative ways of understanding deviant burial phenomena in Polish medieval archaeology.

This book looks toward a general theory of deviant behavior-- i.e., a
system of propositions that are applicable to all the manifold varieties of
deviance. Such a theory should account not only for the occurrence of
deviance but also for the particular forms that it takes. We have also
studies about particular kinds of deviance--e.g., crime, organized crime,
white-collar crime, corruption, money laundering, traffic of people,
prostitution, suicide, euthanasia, narcomania and so forth, but only a very
modest literature that deals systematically with issues that cut across the
whole field.
We have made no effort in this book to compile an inventory of the
leading theories about this kind of deviance and that. One must, of
course, build upon the literature that we have, and much of this book
consists of summaries of theories and research about particular kinds of
deviance. However, my intention is to offer these as examples of more
generalized ways of thinking about deviance, and to emphasize their
possible implications for more comprehensive theories of deviance and
control.
Again, since we must build upon what we have, this book deals
more than I should have wished with those kinds of deviance - crime and
delinquency leading the field, that are popularly regarded as serious social
problems; these are the kinds that the literature is mainly concerned with.
However, it is important that the reader understand that deviance is just
as much concerned with the violation of the normative rules or under.
A major contribution to the field of crime/deviance, this book puts
forth an integrated theory of deviance - control balance. In developing
control balance, we critically review other general theories such as
anomie, social control, differential association/social learning, labelling,
and routine activities and offers reasons why those theories are
insufficient. Using real examples to illustrate our arguments, we contend
that deviance results from the convergence of four variables, each ofwhich represents an interactive nexus of several inputs, including most
prominently a control imbalance. The variables are predisposition,
motivation, opportunity, and constraint.
Part I deals with the nature and definition of deviance. It introduces
the concepts necessary to understand the processes as well as the
theories of deviance that follow: the core idea of biological and
psychological explanations; bio-social models and sociological perspectives
- anomie and conflict perspective, control, differential association,
labeling, and social learning.
Part II introduces to the individual and group processes that shape
deviant behavior and deviant careers. Analysis concern the process of
becoming deviant and nature of deviant events and social control.
Part III contains chapters addressing “Criminal Justice-Related
Issues.” There were a myriad of issues that could have been addressed in
this part.We chose to seek contributions on issues that relate theory to
practice. It explores the close link between processes of deviance and its
control, and it provides a conceptual background to the discussions of
different kinds of deviations, dangerous to society as white-collar and
corporate criminality, money laundering, corruption, traffic of people and
sexual exploitation.
Part IV “Special Topics in Crime and Deviance”, is a compilation of
issues that continue to be or have become ‘hot topics’ in this field. They
range from suicide and euthanasia, to drug addiction, sects , cults and
violence.There are exciting theoretical and research developments in
these areas. A number of select perspectives on individual deviance are
also introduced.
These are some of the topics we discuss in this book. In sociology as
in other disciplines, specialization increases as more and more knowledge
accumulates through the combined efforts of more and more scholars and
scientists. The sociologist of a generation or two ago could acquire a
thoroughgoing knowledge of just about everything that was then known
about social problems, for as compared with today, relatively few sociologists were investigating these problems. With increasing space of
research, however, it has become a difficult task to continue with the work
being done on even a few of these problems and almost impossible to
keep deep analysis going forward on all of them.
The key messages for researchers, policy makers and practitioners
are that the availability of good statistics on crime and deviance must be
the starting point of evidence based policy making in the field.
Access to existing data needs to be improved for researchers and
citizens alike and made available on platforms which facilitate appropriate
substantive and comparative analysis. Data integration should be
substantially improved so as to allow improved evaluation of measures
aimed at meeting EU and national goals of protecting freedom, justice and
security. New indicators will have to be developed and crime policies will
need to be assessed against such criteria as public confidence in justice
rather than primarily relative to crime control.
Finally, more research will be needed in order to foster the creation
of the policy and research nexus and provide decision makers with
scientific evidence as well as valuable tools for social policy and analysis in
the field of deviant behavior. As far as the field of social deviance is
extensive and ever growing, this book could not pretend to capture the all
methods, theories and issues that comprise the key concerns of the
discipline. Faced with the vast array of potential topic areas that could be
included, we decided to use our own lens to focus on areas that we
thought to be of continuing importance and those in which important
developments have emerged. Although we recognize that much has been
excluded from this content, we supposed what has been incorporated
should be of great interest to scholars working in the field and to those
experts who are becoming acquainted with it.

hubungan di antara penghayatan nilai-nilai Islam, peranan media dan pengaruh rakan di kalangan pelajar universiti terhadap tingkah laku devian. Borang soal selidik ini adalah sebahagian daripada kajian bagi memenuhi syarat pengijazahan saya bagi kursus Sarjana Pengurusan Awam. Maklumat yang diberikan adalah sulit dan hanya digunakan untuk tujuan ilmiah sahaja. Sekian terima kasih

Научно-издательский центр «Социосфера» Российско-Армянский (Славянский) государственный университет Шадринский государственный педагогический институт Пензенская государственная технологическая академия Информационный центр «МЦФЭР Ресурсы образования» УДК 316.346+159.922.7/.8+37 ББК 72 Д 38 Д 38 Детство, отрочество и юность в контексте научного знания: материалы международной научно-практической конференции 25-26 апреля 2011 года. -Пенза -Шадринск -Ереван: Научно-издательский центр «Социосфера», 2011. -176 с.

This article seeks to extend existing research that addresses how deviant individuals use Internet technology to communicate accounts that neutralize hostile labels associated with their behaviors. Data were collected from a message board dedicated to zoophilia; the sample was comprised of 4,983 individual posts drawn from 87 discussion threads. Findings suggest that the posters routinely justify their actions through the production of neutralizing accounts. In particular, three new types of accounts were documented: appeals to enlightenment, claims of cultural diffusion, and neutralization by comparison.

Drawing on multidisciplinary literature, this paper provides an integrative review of the concept of deviance, examining its relationship with and application to hospitality management. It synthesises conceptualisations of deviance in the social sciences and applications of the concept in organisational and consumer behaviour research. The paper distinguishes between four sources of deviance in hospitality management: staff, suppliers, customers and external actors, exploring different forms of deviance stemming from each. The subsequent discussion explores multiple antecedents and drivers of deviance, considering how these have been conceptualised in various disciplines at different levels of analysis: organisational; interpersonal, social and cultural; and personality and individual. The critical synthesis identifies diverse themes in the connections between deviance and hospitality management, and their implications for research and practice.

This study examines the prevalence, types, and reasons of academic dishonesty among a sample of 106 college students. A mixed methodology was used in order to obtain the required data. An experimental observation was done to know the prevalence of cheating behavior in experimental settings. A standardized self-report instrument was used to study the prevalence of types of academic dishonesty behaviors that the students are engaged in and focus group discussions were carried out to explore the reasons for academic dishonesty behavior from the student perspective. Results: The prevalence of cheating behavior of students in the experiment is 61.6 % and 75% from faculty and student perspective respectively. The self-reporting survey showed 93.4% of students engaging in academic dishonesty. Findings suggest that taking help from external sources, plagiarism, lying, and cheating in the examination were admitted as the most prominent behaviors with 76.4%, 72.6%, 50.9%, and 55.7% involvement respectively. Parental expectations, conformity, taking up courses due to external influence like parental choice or societal pressure, high competition in getting grades, reservations in education are found as the most vital reasons for students involving in academic dishonesty.

In this article, we explore stigma management among dominatrices, a relatively understudied profession within the literature on sex work. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews with current and former dominatrices and published memoirs and blogs written by women who have worked in the industry. We argue that the professional dominatrix occupies a unique position within the sex industry, responding to stigma directed toward her both as a sex worker and practitioner of sadomasochism. Our research has implications for understanding the management of intersecting stigmas and the relationship between stigma management and social ideologies of gender, sexuality, and sex work.