Development

Stiftungen (arabisch waqfi gelten als wichtiges Elernent religiöser und sozialer Ordnung in islamisch geprägten Gesellschaften.r Stiftungsähnliche Formen von frommen Caben gehörten, soweit bekannt, von Anfung an zur Praxis der muslirnischen Gemeinden. Aber auch in aktuellen Diskussionen sind Stiftungen ein wichtiges Thema, wenn es darum geht, islamische Authentizität zu entdecken und vermeintlich wiederzubeleben. Selbst wenn sich die heutigen Stiftungen in Norm und Form beträchtlich von den ,,klassischen" Ausprägungen unterscheiden, so spielen sie eine unübersehbare Rolle in der Wirtschaft und in verschiedenen karitativen und philanthropischen Zusammenhängen, sowohl im Nahen und Mittleren Osten wie auch der muslimischen Diaspora in den Amerikas, Westeuropa und anderswo.2 Islamische Stiftungen werden oft definiert als die endgültige und immerwährende Immobilisierung privaten Eigentums, woraus dauerhaft und gemäß den Bestimmungen Hier wic im Folgenden wird für dic islamische Stiftung allgcmein der arabische Begriff wuqL Pluwqdf'verwendet, wie er vor allem im östlichen Mittelmeerraum üblich ist. Er steht stellvertretend tür in anderen Regionen gebräuchliche Bezeichnungen wie luhsftuhs, vaktJ, habous etc., auf welche in einzelnen Beiträgen des Bandes Bezug genommen wird. So etwa Murat Qizakqu, Waqf in History and Its Implications for Modern Islamic Economies, in: Islamic Economic Studies 6, 1998, 43-73; Ibrahrm ut-Bu1yümi Günim (Hrsg.), Nizäm al-waqf wa-l-multama' al-madani fi l-watan al-'arabi. Beirut 2004; Franz Kogelmunn, Die rechtlichen Grundlagen und die gesellschaftliche Verankerung des islamischen und anderen Stiftungswesens, in: Sigrid Faath (Hrsg.), Islamische Stiftungen und wohltätige Einrichtungen mit entwicklungspolitischen Zielsetzungen in arabischen Staaten. Hamburg 2003, l5-26; Jan-Peter Hartung,Die fromme Stiftung (wuql).

All children who enter foster care have experienced disruptions in their relationships with caregivers, and many have experienced maltreatment. Studying the effects of these adverse early experiences can inform developmental theory. In particular, insight can be provided regarding sensitive periods in the development of attachment and selfregulatory capabilities. The quality of surrogate caregivers varies as a function of both the intervention services provided and foster parent characteristics. Studying the effects of foster parent quality can suggest which aspects of child functioning are more or less canalized at various developmental periods. This paper considers salient developmental issues of infancy, preschool years, middle childhood, and adolescence and examines ways in which these issues may present special difficulties for foster children. Across development, foster care is associated with difficulties regulating behaviors, emotions, and physiology. Thus, conditions associated with foster care placement (e.g., disruptions in care, maltreatment) appear to affect very basic and fundamental regulatory processes. Interventions have been designed that target developmentally specific manifestations of regulatory difficulties. Although the literature regarding evidence-based interventions for foster parents is quite limited, preliminary findings provide some evidence that nurturing, responsive care can serve to partially remediate early deficits. These findings suggest that stable and nonfrightening care is essential for normal development. Nonetheless, even in the case of quite adverse early experience that results in problematic child outcomes, there is some evidence that the development of many systems remains relatively plastic.

Religious texts are important for believers and this is true of the Christian faith where the Bible is taken as an inspired and holy word of God. The challenge for biblical scholars, theologians, environmentalists, ecologists and biblical readers would be the use of morally challenging biblical examples in the proclamation of the kingdom. Texts that sound environmentally unfriendly, for example, Genesis 1:28 (where God instructed His created beings to subdue and have dominion on the earth), Mark 5:1-20 (where the healing makes the herd of pigs be driven into the sea) and Jesus cursing a fig tree. These are typical examples of morally difficult texts on the relation between the kingdom of God and the environment. The following questions have been raised: What is the morality of Jesus’ actions in cursing the tree? Do biophobic biblical texts have an impact on Christians’ interactions with their environment? Is sustainable development possible in a context of biophobic tendencies? How best can such texts be interpreted in a context where there is an environmental crisis characterized by deforestation, contaminated waters, polluted air and rampant poaching? Are the texts sensitive and friendly to the environment? How would African Christians morally regard and interpret such actions on the environment? Traditional culture sanctions peoples’ behaviour and interaction with their environment. As a result, fruit trees are highly regarded amongst Africans. Any behaviour that destroys nature is not encouraged. It is, therefore, the task of this paper to discuss the miracle of the cursing of the fig tree in Matt 21:18-22 in the light of sustainable development and environmental theology. Further, how would a Zimbabwean Christian sustainably read Matt 21:18-22 for development?

This article offers a conceptual contribution to the development of sustainability accounting. Sustainability accounting is the contribution of accounting to sustainable development. Sustainability accounting has grown in importance in many countries. The paper uses discourse analysis to analyse sustainability at the conceptual level. This paper highlights the motivation for sustainability accounting, the definition of sustainability accounting, the objectives of sustainability accounting and the tools of sustainability accounting. The findings are significant in that they show that sustainability accounting can provide a reporting framework that allows organizations to commit significant resources to promote continuing sustainability in the interest of society and the environment.

This study aimed at evaluating the impact of commercial banks' credit to agricultural sector under the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund in Nigeria. Until the mid-seventies, agriculture was the primary foreign exchange earner for Nigeria. Now it has lost its prime position to the mineral sector. Of these factors, inadequate capital is considered as the single most important factor affecting the performance of the sector. It therefore empirically examined the impact of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, agricultural product prices, government fund allocation and commercial banks' credit to agricultural sector on agricultural productivity. The result revealed that Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund and Government fund allocation to agriculture produced a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity, while the other variables produced a significant negative effect. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to be applying for loans from the participating banks to enhance their agricultural activities and productivity.

Sustainable development requires consideration of the requirements of systems that interact in a complex way. Consideration of these systems, with regard to the provision of infrastructure for the built environment serving an increasingly urbanised world, requires engineers to embrace a range of additional skills beyond the engineering science they have traditionally relied upon to solve engineering problems. This will require changes to the way in which engineering education prepares students for professional practice. This paper draws on field research and recommends expanding the solution space open to engineers. To facilitate this broader decision-making requirement, it provides a framework to assist engineers in arriving at a suitable solution.

Tree loss and its effect to well-being, society, and energy are the inevitable results of rapid economic breakthroughs. Civilization has to constantly adapt to change, and while economic modifications commence society has to deal with preexisting issues on environmental health decline. While Amy Chillag’s CNN Article provides facts, allusions and statistics, there are particular details in the article that needs to be considered...

1. Western Balkan states should reinforce the regulatory and institutional framework and empower independent authorities so as to mitigate political bargaining and interventions. 2. Western Balkan states should establish appropriate environmental standards for business activity in line with the EU's acquis communautaire in order to attract 'green' Foreign Direct Investments. 3. The EU should focus on the genuine compliance of Western Balkan states with EU standards and on the comprehensive application of adopted legislation.

The labour market is one of the most important channels through which adjustment programmes affect the poor. Adjustment's poverty impact will differ between competitive and imperfect labour markets. Two effects on poverty are highlighted: changes in real wages arising from changes in labour demand and priccs, and the reallocation of labour between sectors. These effects can work in the same or opposite directions, depending on the economy's structure. Since some workers may gain, and some may lose, workers can have conflicting interests during adjustment. Recent overviews of the debate are provided by Jolly (1991) and Zuckerman (1991)

According to the results of the Russian Finance Ministry assessment of the quality of
financial management of the managers of the federal budget, including process and
outcome indicators of financial activity as part of the state programs « Education
Development », « Science and Technology Development», the Ministry of Education and
Science of the Russian Federation in 2017 occupied the 26th place.
The relatively low financial and managerial statements of the Ministry of Education
and Science of the Russian Federation activity concerning government program funding
are caused by deficiencies in methods and tools for managing budget expenditures, and
it is proved by Russian Audit Chamber’s findings concerning the ineffectiveness of
financial expenditures in the «5-100» project.
In this way the relevance of the research theme is due to need for theoretical
development of the conceptual construct, modifying the model of organizational and
financial clearing for subsidizing government programs, adapting the algorithm for
applying social bonds to the education and science sectors of the Russian Federation,
justifying new methodological approaches and practical recommendations for developing
the system for financing government programs in the domain of education and science.

Mouse embryos lacking the retinoic acid receptor gene RXR(alpha) die in midgestation from hypoplastic development of the myocardium of the ventricular chambers and consequent cardiac failure. In this study, we address the issue of whether the RXRalpha gene is required in the cardiomyocyte lineage by generating mice that harbor a ventricular restricted deficiency in RXRalpha at the earliest stages of ventricular chamber specification. We first created a conditional ('floxed') allele of RXRalpha by flanking a required exon of the gene with loxP recombination sequences. To achieve ventricular myocardium-specific gene targeting, and to avoid potential transgenic artifacts, we employed a knock-in strategy to place cre recombinase coding sequences into the myosin light chain 2v (MLC2v) genomic locus, a gene which in the heart is expressed exclusively in ventricular cardiomyocytes at the earliest stages of ventricular specification. Crossing the MLC2v-cre allele with the floxed RXR...

In nowadays more and more studies focus on the beneficial effects of the bond between children and pets and the benefits in the psychosocial development of children by this bond. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of children with pets and explore the psychosocial effects exerted on children through contact with pets. Materials and Methods : Material of study consists of articles concerning the subject that were found mainly in the Medline electronic database, the Hellenic Academic Libraries Link (HEAL-Link) and in the Google Scholar search engine. Results : Children who grow up with pets , have beneficial effects on the sociability and emotional development. Moreover this interaction with animals seems to increase empathy , self-esteem , responsibility and autonomy. Pets provide emotional relief and support to the child, creating a feeling of security in stressful situations. Studies show that pets can be a motivation for children's learning and can benefit their cognitive development as well. Conclusions : Children who develop strong bond and close relationship with a pet seems to have greater empathy than children with a weak relationship with the animal or those who had no pet at all. Also the development of social skills seems to depend in the importance of the bond that have been growth and not simply the existence of a pet at home .

2020 started in a hard way for the whole world and it was a remarkably tough year for the educational system. On the 12 th March the World Health Organization announced the Pandemic, which changed many things for Georgia and for the whole world. Georgia shifted from offline learning to the online/distant learning, that turned over the whole educational system. Some of the countries met this situation well-prepared, but for others, it was quite new and strange. Georgia was on the second list. My research topic highlights teaching-learning processes while ERT (Emergency Remote Teaching). On closer inspection, it studies changes in the traditional methodology of developing the oral-communication skill of English while teaching online because of the pandemic. First of all, we have to differentiate several terms that emerged through the pandemic into the educational system due to the non-traditional forms of teaching processes. These are: e-learning, distance education/distance learning, online education/online learning, blended learning, hybrid learning. But in pandemic, a new term emerged: "emergency remote learning and teaching". This term is used by EUA (European Universities Association) in their short report of September, 2020 "European higher education in the Covid-19 crisis". The same term is used in North America, "emergency remote teaching", where the majority of universities offered their students online learning next to the traditional forms of teaching to their students before the pandemic as well. Hence, teaching-learning processes that became online just because of the pandemic made vivid differences between the existing online learning forms and the learning that became remote because of the emergency situation. Therefore, my research highlights what changes the traditional forms of teaching gone through, when in the Spring term of 2020, the whole system of Higher Educational Institutions of Georgia adapted their offline teaching courses for the online ones.

Motor Imagery provides a special context for representation of movements. This feature has been investigated in typical developing children in several studies, but there is little information in the field of motor imagery in children with autism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate this component in children with autism spectrum disorder aged 8 to 12 years compared to typical developing peers.
40 ASD children and 40 TD children who were age and IQ matched, purposefully and available selected and participated in the research voluntarily. To investigate motor imagery, the hand rotation paradigm in 3D software was used. The task involves two blocks of 12 hand-pattern which rotates randomly three times at six angles. The reaction time and error numbers were recorded as the performance scores of each subject. In order to analyze the data, two analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate and compare the reaction times and the U-man Whitney test used for the number of errors separately for back and palm view of hand.
The findings confirmed that children with autism are able to use this feature same TD, although this operation is less accurate and longer. So that in the reaction time and the number of error variables, the ASD group performed worse than TD peers.
Although the disorder may effect on cognitive function underlying motor behaviors in these children, nevertheless the capacity required to learn and develop motor skills in these children is developed, usable, and exploitable.

Insofar as gender is still so often equated with women alone, the move from Women in Development to Gender in Development has changed very little. Men as a human category have always been present, involved, consulted, obeyed and disobeyed in development work. Yet men as a gendered category in a feminist sense-involving unequal power relations between men and women and between men-have rarely been drawn into development programmes in any substantial way. This paper addresses conceptual and ...

Achieving progress in understanding the cause, nature, and treatment of autism requires an integration of concepts, approaches, and empirical findings from genetic, cognitive neuroscience, animal, and clinical studies. The need for such integration has been a fundamental tenet of the discipline of developmental psychopathology from its inception. It is likely that the discovery of autism susceptibility genes will depend on the development of dimensional measures of broader phenotype autism traits. It is argued that knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of social and language behavior will provide a useful framework for defining such measures. In this article, the current state of knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of social and language impairments in autism is reviewed. Following from this, six candidate broader phenotype autism traits are proposed: (a) face processing, including structural encoding of facial features and face movements, such as eye gaze; (b) social affiliat...

Economic liberalization in Bangladesh has led to the emergence of a number of export-oriented industries, of which the manufacture of ready-made garments is the most prominent. The industry currently employs around 1.5 million workers, the overwhelming majority of whom are women. This paper explores the poverty implications of this new form of employment through a comparison of the socio-economic backgrounds, wages and working conditions and contributions to household needs of women working for global markets with those working for domestic markets.

The present study aims to analyze the discourse of management and policy-making in the field of electricity in the country to study and analyze the text of 100 interviews, lectures, statements and quotations conducted in this regard in the years after the revolution; Based on the theory of Laclau and Moff discourse,it focuses on specific themes and their elaboration Thus, first the main themes and axes of policymakers' discourse were extracted and then it was determined which themes have a special position and how they are placed in that discourse according to other themes. The main themes and axes of the dominant discourse entitled "Development based on the abundance of fossil resources in the country" are: "Sustainable electricity supply", "Self-sufficiency and self-reliance in the electricity industry", "Economic supply of electricity" and "Poverty alleviation and justice", have been elaborated around the central slab of "fossil fuel-based development". Analyzing the discourse of policymakers showed that they see the issues of electricity supply in the context of the "fossil electricity discourse" which is at the heart of "fossil fuel development". In this way, all their actions become meaningful in the context of the fossil regime discourse, and this discourse has been able to marginalize other sub-discourses, whether modifying or opposing the use of this energy, restructuring the electricity, nuclear and renewable industries, and this discource masters its concepts and achieves hegemony.

Cassava has become an important economic crop due to its growing use as a raw material in Food, Pharmaceutical and chemical industries causing rapid growth in the demand for cassava products. There is therefore an expansion in its production and processing. Peeling usually precedes most processing operations which makes it very essential. This machine is part of the efforts to mechanize cassava peeling to meet growing demands. The machine uses the abrasive mechanism to peel cassava roots in batches and is driven by an R.165 (6.5hp) diesel engine. Performance evaluation revealed that the machine could peel an average of 30kg cassava roots in 38s at an operating speed of 715 rpm; peel the same weight for 47s and 52s at 652 and 524 rpm respectively. The machine has an average throughput capacity of 0.790, 0.683 and 0.577 kg/s for operating speeds 715, 652 and 524 rpm respectively. Average peeling efficiency of 72.67, 63.83 and 57.67% was obtained for 715, 652 and 524 rpm respectively. It portends a significant breakthrough in the search for an effective mechanized cassava peeling machine

Regenerative ability varies depending on animal species and developmental stage, but the factors that determine this variability remain unclear. Although Xenopus laevis tadpole tails possess high regenerative ability, this is transiently lost during the 'refractory period'. Here, we show that tail amputation evokes different immune responses in wound tail stumps between the 'refractory' and 'regeneration' periods: there was delayed or prolonged expression of some immune-related genes in the refractory period, whereas there was no obvious or transient expression of other immune-related genes in the regeneration periods. In addition, immune suppression induced by either immunosuppressant treatment or immune cell depletion by knockdown of PU.1 significantly restored regenerative ability during the refractory period. These findings indicate that immune responses have a crucial role in determining regenerative ability in Xenopus tadpole tails.

Objetivo: La Constitución Cultural, consagra los derechos culturales a nivel normativo, como normativización constitucional de valores, principios y reglas orientan la acción en ese ámbito específico del ciudadano en un Estado de Derecho. Requerida de normas jurídicas que la complementen y den las garantías a los derechos culturales por el Estado de Derecho en los ordenamientos jurídicos como fuente de identidad en el desarrollo humano. El objetivo principal del artículo es demostrar a partir de la caracterización realizada de los Derechos Constitucionales Culturales, la pertinencia de la formación jurídica en la carrera de gestión sociocultural para el desarrollo de impartir contenidos en una asignatura Derecho Cultural, en atención a las exigencias del Plan de estudios e de la carrera en la formación de valores concomitantes con la identidad nacional desde el modo de actuación profesional por el Ministerio de Educación Superior de Cuba con la actualización del texto constitucional en 2019.

Metodología: La investigación a partir del análisis bibliográfico realizado, permitió conocer que se requiere desarrollar normas jurídicas que la complementen y den las garantías adecuadas a los derechos culturales por el Estado de Derecho como fuente de identidad en el desarrollo humano.

Resultados: Se demostró la necesidad de impartir contenidos en una asignatura optativa Derecho Cultural, en atención a las exigencias del Plan de estudios E de la carrera de gestión sociocultural concomitantes con la identidad nacional desde el modo de actuación profesional establecido por el Ministerio de Educación Superior de la República de Cuba.

Contribuciones: La carrera de gestión sociocultural para el desarrollo tributará con la asignatura Derecho Cultural a la formación de valores en los estudiantes, potenciará la cultura y la identidad nacional desde su modo de actuación como gestor cultural, incidente en el desarrollo humano, social y cultural a través de acciones de capacitación, asesoría, mediación, investigación y facilitación en los escenarios en que interactúa.

Child labour refers to the abuse of the labour of children who are either too young to work, or are of working age but work under conditions that subject them to risk. It is an adverse reality that children worldwide are often forced to undertake work that is physically, psychologically and morally damaging to them. If we willing damage their future than the development as whole will obviously stop as because today's child is the future of the country. Now the time has come to think that how to escape from this kind of social problem.

In a long-term partnership between a university in the UK and one in Botswana teaching interaction design, the Botswana cohort of students consistently performed less well than their UK counterparts. To investigate this, we conducted a pair of design protocol studies: one in the UK and one in Botswana. Our findings show that designer behaviour differs in the two contexts in terms of process, use of ideation techniques and solution and problem focus, when approaching the task. More specifically, UK students follow the approach taught in the module, while this process conflicts with Botswana students' behaviours. However, we also find that Botswana students prioritise the external context of the designed product rather than its interaction characteristics, which is problematic as interaction is the key feature of interactive products. These results are significant because without leveraging indigenous knowledge to design interaction that supports local user characteristics and context, sustainable and equitable development through technological innovation will be suppressed. In this paper, we highlight challenges for interaction design education in Botswana, which include how to recognise and support a diversity of design approaches while providing suitable pedagogic scaffolding.

This paper describes the evolution of development economics thinking after World War II as one of a constantly shifting balance between addressing market failures and government failures. The pendulum has swung from statist "big push", through market-oriented "Washington Consensus", to a more balanced approach between state and market that also includes the role of civil society as a third player. The paper interprets these swings as not just technical responses to real-world problems with either approach, but as the result of political forces and institutional incentives. Looking ahead, the paper sees development thinking in the future being dominated by two issues that go beyond the "market-versus-state" dichotomy: sub-national pockets of poverty, and global

A telecommunications regulator plays an important role in people communication and also in promoting capability development in other sectors such as manufacturing sector, trade and commerce sector as well as public and private service sectors. The distribution of Universal Basic Telecommunications and Social Services will minimize the gap in communication and technology access which will improve the quality of life of the people in remote areas and bring about the equality and fairness in standard of living for all citizens both in the city and the remote areas. This will finally affects the national competitiveness level. In The goal is to promote and improve knowledge and skill which will benefit to the public for the appropriated and efficient access to the basic telecommunications services. This paper aims to describe how the NBTC develop policy and strategy to achieve the objective of the NBTC's Notification Regarding Plan on Universal Basic Telecommunications Services and Social Services (B.E. 2555-2559) on research and development. The paper also demonstrates the organization structure and key management issues.

This paper sets out an argument for moving forward research on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) within developnment studies. The body of research on NGOs that emerged from the late 1980s onwards focused primarily on NGO roles as development actors and their organisational attributes, but paid less attention to theory and context. While such research had many positive strengths, it was also criticised for its normative focus, and for its vulnerability to changing development fashions and donor preoccupations. Today, attitudes to NGOs have grown more complex and ambiguous, and the institutional landscape in which NGOs are embedded is undergoing rapid change. A new wave of NGO-related research is underway which gives particular emphasis to theory, agency, method and context. Such approaches have the potential to consolidate the field of NGO research within development studies as a more stable and theoretically-grounded subject area.

The relationship between the financial structure of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and their innovativeness remains unexplored in the microfinance literature. This paper represents an attempt to fill this void using a random sample of microfinance institutions in the three northern regions of Ghana -Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. The impact of financial characteristics on innovation was ascertained using a combination of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA ) mult iple regression, and binary logistic regression . The findings revealed that the loan repayment rate, and interest rate affect the introduction of new savings products (product innovation), and number of branches (location innovation). Sources of funding involving banking funding, and equity of owner were found to encourage the development of new loan products. The findings call for the need for MFIs to diversify their funding sources as a means of enhancing innovativeness and mitigating risk.

China's prolonged economic boom has long depended on the extraction of cheap migrant labor from the countryside and increasingly relies on the expropriation of cheap rural land for urbanization. Julia Chuang's Beneath the China Boom is a superb ethnographic account of these processes, their intersections, and their contradictions. Based on a comparative study of two villages pulled into the vortex of China's boom in distinct ways, Chuang provides an ethnographically detailed and analytically sharp look into the underbelly of the China boom from the perspective of rural people.

The development of second homes, such as vacation homes used for summer or weekend getaways, is a phenomenon that characterizes the growth of European societies. There are many reasons for the existence of second homes and they have evolved over time. The dominance of the market economy, the competition that goes with it, and the increasing mobility of individuals has re-organised where and how we live.
The has resulted in the segregation of spaces. On the one hand, there are human concentrations in large cities where life and work constraints that are sometimes hard to bear, and on the other, there are rural, mountainous or coastal areas that are often left out of economic dynamism, but are closer to the nature and idealised by urban dwellers. Often located on the outskirts of the European Union’s developed areas, these territories have adapted to welcome temporary incomers. However, the phenomenon is far from being properly managed, but above all, it is not without its problems in the host territories.

Our book demonstrates how second homes, when are built in large concentrations, tend to destabilise the local economy, environment and culture. They foster financial speculation, seasonal economies, environmental degradation, rising land/property prices, shortage in quality housing and loss of cultural identity in Europe’s underdeveloped, but picturesque and culturally-rich regions.

In some places, such as in Cornwall, Wales, Brittany, Corsica, Mallorca, and the Adriatic, the ratio of second homes is as high as 60% to 80% of the housing capacity. These areas have seen their landscapes transform rapidly, their natural environments destroyed, their productive economy replaced by a short-term tourist economy, and their housings prices sky-rocket, while empty houses with closed blinds continue to spread.

The book is therefore also an invitation to redesign our life in a very different way and to reconsider the link to our environment from a more endogenous and responsible point of view.

Srilatha Batliwala captures the rich and complex discussion of the AWID Forum on the Power of Movements. She divides her impressions in five areas looking at the currents, undercurrents, seen and heard, absences and silences and big leaps forward.

Literature suggests a linkage between internationally shared water resources and conflict potential. Anthony R. Turton, Marian J. Patrick and Fre´de´ric Julien examine transboundary water resource management in southern Africa, showing that empirical evidence indicates a propensity to cooperation. They use the Hydropolitical Complex concept to explain why states might choose cooperation over conflict where a critical shared resource could limit future development potential.

In conjunction with prospective ratings of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect) and measures of dissociation and somatization, this study examined prospective pathways between child maltreatment and nonsuicidal, direct self-injurious behavior (SIB; e.g., cutting, burning, self-hitting). Ongoing participants in the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N ¼ 164; 83 males, 81 females) completed a semistructured interview about SIB when they were 26 years old. SIB emerged as a heterogeneous and prominent phenomenon in this low-income, mixed-gender, community sample. Child sexual abuse predicted recurrent injuring (i.e., three or more events; n ¼ 13), whereas child physical abuse appeared more salient for intermittent injuring (i.e., one to two events; n ¼ 13). Moreover, these relations appeared largely independent of risk factors that have been associated with child maltreatment and/or SIB, including child cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, maternal life stress, familial disruption, and childhood exposure to partner violence. Dissociation and somatization were related to SIB and, to a lesser degree, child maltreatment. However, only dissociation emerged as a significant mediator of the observed relation between child sexual abuse and recurrent SIB. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which SIB is viewed as a compensatory regulatory strategy in posttraumatic adaptation.

This contribution situates the recent increase in cross-border marriages in Korea in the context of feminist debates on social reproduction. Drawing on surveys, policy documents, media responses, and interviews, the study explores how the phenomenon of cross-border marriage in Korea coincides with changing demographic trends and policies in the domains of the family, population, and welfare. Beginning as a solution to the “rural bachelor's marriage problem” – visible in the late 1980s – marriage between Korean men and women of foreign origin became increasingly common in the 2000s, in parallel with the emergence of national policy issues such as low fertility and a care deficit. The study suggests that current trends in cross-border marriage and policies on multicultural families reflect the need for changes in the organization of social reproduction that has resulted from the economic development that began in the 1960s and the political-economic restructuring since the 1990s.

This paper proposes a brief theoretical analysis of the relationship between international capital mobility and economic growth, seen in the perspective of demand-led growth. The study presents the central propositions that constitute the so-called demand-led growth perspective. It reviews the balance-of-payments constrained growth model, as originally proposed by Thirlwall (1979), as well as subsequent efforts to incorporate capital flows into this analytical framework. Building on this theoretical structure, a model is proposed in order to study the connections between balance-of-payments constrained growth and capital controls, which is formally introduced as a macroeconomic policy variable.

This paper discusses the influence of an in-service distance education course in the construction of mathematics teachers' professional identity, especially regarding their views and practices of reflection and collaboration and their relation with information and communication technology. The course was based in open-learning pedagogy and focused on conducting exploratory and investigative work in the mathematics classroom. Evaluation results show that the perspectives and involvement of the participant teachers depend very much on their previous professional experience and relationship with the Internet. Teachers that use e-mail for collaborative work found this a very stimulating experience whereas those with less professional involvement had some difficulty in assuming the roles and values required for this kind of activity.

This study provides insights into the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Africa with specific emphasis on documented measures of MFI sustainability, stylized facts surrounding the phenomenon, perspectives on the growth of MFIs, determinants of the growth of MFIs and the impact of MFIs.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

This paper examines a model for the effective evaluation of business education programmes. The model is known as the Kernel of Truth. The paper briefly looked at some definitions of business education and evaluation. It further treated some models in programmes evaluation and Kernel of Truth theory was strongly advocated for use in the evaluation of business education and other educational programmes. Recommendation was made and conclusion drawn.

In a given developing-country environment, are the affiliates of MNEs more export oriented than wholly domestic-owned firms? No clear conclusions emerge from the theoretical models or the few available empirical studies of this issue. This paper draws attention to methodological flaws of these studies and presents new empirical evidence through the application of a more appropriate econometric procedure to data from Sri Lanka. We find no significant relationship between MNE affiliation and the degree of export orientation of exporting firms. On the other hand, there is evidence that multinational affiliation is an important determinant of whether a firm is an exporter or not.