Design of Water Turbine

As fossil fuels are decreasing day by day, renewable power turns out to be the main energy source. Anyway, the interest is still lower than expected. Among them, one of the newest energy-gathering techniques is changing the mechanical energy from falling raindrops into power. This task focuses on the small, creating power with the help of falling raindrops. The benefits of this paper are that it can help to add to minimizing the disadvantages of diminishing fossil-based fuels. Regardless, in the utilization of making power from the rain, the available head and stream rate is extremely low for the utilization of Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, or various kinds of water-driven turbomachines. This task revolves around the use of the developed Savonius rotor, which is mounted in an even circumstance to isolate energy from falling raindrops. In this examination, water is first stored in a tank before being conveyed like a stream of water onto a rotor. This rotor is unequivocally planned for this application and is an adjusted version of the Savonius water rotor. This instrument was used to generate a small amount of power. SOLIDWORKS was used to design the modified water turbine, which was then analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS simulation software. The performance is analyzed with the test variables of rotational speed, torque, power, torque coefficient, tip speed ratio, and power coefficient. Then the experimented values are compared with the numerical values to know the accuracy of the values. The output of the experimental value was 15.452 watts, and in the numerical analysis, it was found to be 16.501 watts.

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the vibrations that occur during the operation of a low power Banki turbine. The turbine was tested at different operating regimes in a laboratory installation, where it can operate with or without a variable load provided by a hydrodynamic brake coupled to the turbine shaft. Vibrations were measured on the turbine casing, on one of the turbine bearings, and on the brake. Dominant frequencies pertaining to each subassembly were identified. Measurements were also carried out with an added mass that simulates a piece of debris stuck inside the runner, causing an unbalance. The results obtained suggest that the bearings are a source of high frequency vibrations while relatively low frequency vibrations are caused by the turbine load. Very low frequency vibrations were also identified, which might be transmitted from the installation through the upstream pipe. The results underline the importance of vibration diagnostics to identify possibl...

As a part of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India programme for promoting small hydropower (shp) development, efficiency testing and performance evaluation of Small Hydro Power plants is mandatory for receiving financial incentives by plant developer. The task of efficiency testing and performance evaluation of shp plants was assigned by MNRE to Alternate hydro Energy Centre (AHEC) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in the year 2003 along with financial support to acquire the required instrumentation and develop expertise. Over 200 small hydro plants (SHPs) of different capacity (1-25 MW) as well as types viz dam toe based, run of river and canal fall based have been tested for efficiency and performance evaluation during the period 2005-2018 in different states of India as per IEC-60041, IEC-62006, ISO-1438-1 and ISO-748 to the extend feasible as per available resources and time. During efficiency testing of hydro plants, it has been found that discharge measurement is very challenging activity as the most of the plant owners did not provide the required space and provisions for mounting/fixing the instruments for discharge measurement. After commissioning of the plants it becomes extremely difficult to select the ideal/suitable locations and providing the provisions for mounting different measuring instruments. Various problems observed during discharge measurement are discussed in this paper and may be helpful for testing in future.

In recent years, due to its feasibility and reliability, the organic rankine cycle has become a widespread concern and is the subject of research. In the organic rankine cycle system, the radial turbine component is a highly influential component of the high low performance resulting. This paper discusses the design of radial turbines for organic rankine cycle systems. The design stage consists of preliminary design and detail design with parametric methods on the working fluid R22 to determine the geometry and initial estimation of the performance of the radial turbine. After that, a numerical study of the fluid flow region in the radial turbine with R22 as the working fluid was performed. The analysis was performed using computational fluid dynamics of Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics Motion software on two models of real gas, k-epsilon and shear stress transport. From the results of this analysis, there is pressure, velocity and temperature distribution along the radial turb...

In recent years, due to its feasibility and reliability, the organic rankine cycle has become a widespread concern and is the subject of research. In the organic rankine cycle system, the radial turbine component is a highly influential component of the high low performance resulting. This paper discusses the design of radial turbines for organic rankine cycle systems. The design stage consists of preliminary design and detail design with parametric methods on the working fluid R22 to determine the geometry and initial estimation of the performance of the radial turbine. After that, a numerical study of the fluid flow region in the radial turbine with R22 as the working fluid was performed. The analysis was performed using computational fluid dynamics of Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics Motion software on two models of real gas, k-epsilon and shear stress transport. From the results of this analysis, there is pressure, velocity and temperature distribution along the radial turb...

Many Indonesian villages do not have access to electricity due to remote location and low income. Using pico hydro cross-flow turbines can provide them with energy. Crossflow turbines are economical because their simple shape and construction allow for manufacturing in remote areas. This study examines the use of airfoils for cross-flow turbine blades to determine whether lift force can improve performance. Using numerical methods, this study compares two blade shapes: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) blades 6509 and 6712. The numerical results are compared with previous studies. The boundary conditions are two-dimensional transient domain, model turbulent using SST k-ω and 6-degree of freedom (6-DOF) function. From the results obtained, the maximum mechanical efficiencies of crossflow turbine in NACA blades 6509 (47.6%) and 6712 (46.9%) are less efficient than standard blades at 77.8%. There are three possible reasons for this: adequate lift force is not produced by airfoil blades because the blade on the impeller resembles a straight shape, rotation and torque decrease in stage 2 as a result of pressure decrease at the bottom of the blade and energy absorption in stage 2 is not optimal due to the internal impeller occurrence of flow recirculation or vortex. There are three possible ways to optimise cross-flow turbine performance: standard blade shape should be used, flow recirculation or vortex should be minimised and the runner should be designed based on the ratio between turbine tangential velocity and water tangential velocity of 1.8 or the ratio of turbine velocity and inlet velocity of 0.53.

PT. XYZ yang bergerak dalam industri pembuatan ban mengalami kegagalan yang terjadi pada unit mesin curing Type B45 dimana terjadi kegagalan pada bagian poros low ring, yang mengakibatkan terhentinya proses produksi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan, mengidentifikasi masalah yang terjadi.Dari hasil penelitian dapat di identifikasi penyebab terjadinya kegagalan pada poros yaitu tegangan geser yang terjadi pada poros low-ring (τ) lebih besar dari tegangan geser yang diijinkan (τa) maka hal ini yang menyebabkan terjadinya retak pada poros tersebut  (  > 102,35 N/mm ). Dari hasil analisis gaya silinder (F2), adalah gaya silinder pada saat silinder retract, adalah model yang signifikan dalam penentuan optimasi desain silinder dalam rangka mengurangi kegagalan pada mesin curing karena korelasinya paling besar dari ketiga model. Pengaruh diameter silinder terhadap gaya sangat tinggi, hal ini dikarenakan koefisien korelasinya sebesar R=0,99985 menunjukan mendekati angka 1. Untuk tindak...

Abstract: the need of small hydropower schemes and availability of small hydropower potential sites in Tanzania makes Dar Es-Salam University and NBCBN to work together towards designing and manufacturing of cross flow turbine for the rural population electrification program. The aim of this paper is to study the internal flow and performance characteristics of the cross flow turbine using CFD-Tools. A 2D-CFD steady state flow simulation has been performed using GAMBIT for geometry creation and ANSYS FLUENT for analysis. Simulations were carried out using viscous, standard K-epsilon and standard wall function model. The velocity and pressure distribution within the internal surface runner of the cross-flow turbine were analyzed. From the simulation results it was observed that there is a high pressure area inside the nozzle and near to the first stage runner blades. Then it is going to decrease at the second stage and the out let of the turbine. And even it can be negative at the re...

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In recent years, due to its feasibility and reliability, the organic rankine cycle has become a widespread concern and is the subject of research. In the organic rankine cycle system, the radial turbine component is a highly influential component of the high low performance resulting. This paper discusses the design of radial turbines for organic rankine cycle systems. The design stage consists of preliminary design and detail design with parametric methods on the working fluid R22 to determine the geometry and initial estimation of the performance of the radial turbine. After that, a numerical study of the fluid flow region in the radial turbine with R22 as the working fluid was performed. The analysis was performed using computational fluid dynamics of Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics Motion software on two models of real gas, k-epsilon and shear stress transport. From the results of this analysis, there is pressure, velocity and temperature distribution along the radial turb...

A review of the literature related to turbine-passage injury mechanisms suggests the following biological criteria should be considered in the design of new turbines. Pressure: Minimum pressures within the turbine no less than 60 percent of the value to which fish are acclimated should protect most fish from direct effects of low pressures. Cavitation: Turbine designs that minimize pressure reductions to no greater than 60 percent of ambient will not cavitate and cavitation-related injuries will not occur. Shear and Turbulence: At high levels, these forces could cause injury and mortality among larger fish. At lower, non-injurious levels, fish would be disoriented by sheer and turbulence and may suffer greater indirect mortality (predation) below the turbine discharge. Mechanical injury: Because of numerous fish-related and turbine structure-related variables, probability of injury from strike and grinding cannot be precisely estimated. Aspects of the turbine system that could be modified to minimize strike injury are discussed. The first priority for a fish-friendly hydropower system in migratory salmonid waters should be one that bypasses as many downstream-migrating fish as possible along pathways away from deep turbine intakes. An executive summary and table of contents is provided; the full report is available from U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, ID (Report DOE/ID-10578.

The enormous inroads made by renewable energy in recent years have been the key to the development of new technologies designed to obtain energy from a range of resources. Hydrokinetic microturbines used to harness kinetic energy from rivers, tidal and marine currents epitomize such developments. As the reservoir is dispensed with, the water footprint normally associated with conventional hydroelectric generation is minimized. The new prototypes being developed require laboratories with water tunnel infrastructures where they can be accurately reproduced under controlled conditions. However, the construction of a water tunnel demands considerable investment, which prevents many research groups from completing their prototype design work. This paper charts the design of a low-cost hydrodynamic water tunnel at the University of Oviedo, indicating the mechanical and electronic elements as well as the software developments that make up the facility. This construction is a part of a research strategy focused on making the study of new hydrokinetic microturbines designs economically feasible. Moreover, it includes a description of a special software application used to perform the characterization of a hydrokinetic microturbine model in the water tunnel and a demonstration of the scope of the facility in the experimental study of a unit with a Darrieus rotor.

Towards  modernisation of the technological era, electricity demands have been an issue. Although the supply of electrical energy from the renewable sources are increasing, it is still not sufficient to offset the carbon production. Malaysia as a developing country needs ample of supply of electrical energy. As most of the current electrical energy for the country are being produced by non renewable sources, the Malaysian government have started looking into renewable options to produce electrical energy. There are various sources of energy that are available in Malaysia such as solar, natural gas, petroleum, ocean energy and many more. This paper is focused on the tidal energy which is an ocean energy that can produce electrical energy by using the power of tide. This research explores the hybrid turbine design which is a type of vertical-axis tidal turbine that combines two distinct type of devices, namely Savonius and H-Darrieus turbines. Hybrid turbine is useful as it helps to o...

For urban commercial use of Archimedes spiral horizontal axis wind turbine, its performance involving power output, power coefficient, and effect of aspect ratio or rotor dimensions needs to be enhanced. In order to assess the performance of the turbine, an experimental setup was fabricated with all necessary measurements. Additionally, the experimental work was conducted on four different Archimedes spiral rotor experimental models having different dimensions and consequently different aspect ratios. The measurements were carried out at various wind velocities. Comparisons among all experimental rotor models were conducted aiming to discover the effect of the rotor dimensional parameters on the performance of Archimedes spiral wind turbine. The results confirmed that increasing both Archimedes spiral rotor diameter and length and consequently the rotor aspect ratio enhanced greatly the power coefficient within the experimental investigation range. The minimum cutoff speed for model (1) was observed to be about 4 m/s. Lastly, model (1) showed a maximum power coefficient of 0.17 while model (4) had the worst performance.

The article deals with the issue of experimental research of the so-called design overloaded stage. A new experimental device enabling measurements on two-stage axial turbine is advantageously used in this research task. The experimental setup is designed so that a preparatory stage is included in front of the examined stage. The stage design introduces some aerodynamic overload already in the flow path design phase. This research program is focused primarily on the effect of leakage flows and their mixing with the mainstream. This paper describes the verification measurements on a newly introduced two-stage arrangement and reveals the first data obtained.

Abstract: the need of small hydropower schemes and availability of small hydropower potential sites in Tanzania makes Dar Es-Salam University and NBCBN to work together towards designing and manufacturing of cross flow turbine for the rural population electrification program. The aim of this paper is to study the internal flow and performance characteristics of the cross flow turbine using CFD-Tools. A 2D-CFD steady state flow simulation has been performed using GAMBIT for geometry creation and ANSYS FLUENT for analysis. Simulations were carried out using viscous, standard K-epsilon and standard wall function model. The velocity and pressure distribution within the internal surface runner of the cross-flow turbine were analyzed. From the simulation results it was observed that there is a high pressure area inside the nozzle and near to the first stage runner blades. Then it is going to decrease at the second stage and the out let of the turbine. And even it can be negative at the re...

Indonesia has a great potential to develop hydropower, because Indonesia's mountainous topography and hilly and is drained by numerous rivers (large and small), and in certain areas there are lakes or reservoirs and the potential of water as an energy source. Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) is a technology that has been proven to not harm the environment, support the diversification of energy as renewable energy, support the use of fuel reduction program, and most of the construction using local materials. Kinetic Turbine is one of the options in utilizing the potential of the kinetic energy in the form of velocity, kinetic studies using vertical shaft turbine, blade-shaped bowl that can withstand the flow in order to increase the tangential force generated. Amount of kinetic turbine blades is one of the variables that affect the rotation and tangential style of a turbine, so the effect on the value of the power and efficiency of a kinetic turbine. The results showed the influence of the number of blades on the power and efficiency of blade number 5, 7, 9 and 11,where the number of blades 11 have a greater influence than the number of blade 5, 7 and 9.

The problem of fossil fuel crisis, both petroleum and coal, and the phenomenon of climatechange due to global warming, trigger the use of renewable energy that can overcome these problems.Cross-flow water turbine is one of the machine that can be used to produce small scale electric energy insmall scope. This turbine can be used in urban areas to assist industrial activities and their usefulness indaily life. The use of the right materials and strong construction can produce a good shape so that thiswater turbine is not only make efficient energy but also efficient and ergonomic in its use. This study isconducted theoretically to a cross-flow turbine which assumed to operate at 10m water height with 1.4L/s, outer diameter 150mm and 75mm thickness. The turbine consist of 15 blades with angle of attack ofthe blades is 30o. The results show that the turbine generate 119 Watt

Vibrasi memiliki banyak pengaruh dalam proses permesinan, analisis getaran digunakan sebagai alat diagnostic untuk memperkirakan kondisi dan kerasukan suatu komponen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Memproyeksikan deformasi total, regangan elastis normal, tegangan normal yang terjadi pada sudu kompresor dan untuk Menganalisa vibrasi yang terjadi pada sudu kompresor. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan kompresor turbin gas siemens v 94.2 dengan jumlah sudu 16 tingkat. Dalam proses melakukan simulasi menggunakan software ANSYS Workbench 18.1 dan proses design menggunakan software Solidworks 2015. Dalam proses simulasi digunakan dua kecepatan putar yaitu 3000 rpm dan 5000 rpm dengan pemberian beban dinamis dari tiga sumbu dan di pengaruhi oleh gaya gravitasi. Pemilihan material dari kompresor ini adalah baja, proses design digunakan dalam bentuk solid Dari hasil perbandingan diperoleh total deformation dan normal mengalami kenaikan paling tinggi pada arah vertikal. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh g...

Pola aliran sangat penting dalam menganalisa fenomena aliran yang digambarkan dalam simulasi numerik yang terjadi rotor sebuah turbin. Turbin angin Savonius merupakan turbin angin poros vetikal dan masih terus diupayakan sehingga dapat meningkat efisiensinya. Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisa pola aliran secara numerik disekitar rotor blade turbin angin Savonius dengan computational fluid dynamics (CFD) menggunakan Ansys_Fluent 14.5. Dengan mengetahui pola aliran secara numerik diharapkan dapat diprediksi penyebab hambatan kinerja turbin. Hasil analisa numerik yang ditunjukkan dengan contour kecepatan dan tekanan statis terlihat adanya vortex dan aliran resirkulasi pada ujung yang menyebabkan hambatan pada blade dan mengurangi efiseinsi rotor. Disamping itu terlihat juga aliran geser (dragging flow) pada sisi cembung blade maju (advancing blade) serta tekanan yang besar pada sisi cembung blade kembali (returning blade).

The paper deals with the principles of hydraulic design of runners of axial turbines or pumps. The procedures of classical methods of hydraulic design of primary runner geometry and the possibilities of subsequent optimization of this geometry by CFD simulation are presented. In the paper, the advantages of the procedure of hydraulic design of the primary runner geometry of a tubular Kaplan turbine with the application of the classical methods and the subsequent CFD simulation are shown on a specific example. The purpose of the CFD simulation is to verify the achievement of the required parameters of the designed runner geometry and its possible fine-tuning and optimization.

Cross-flow turbines have recently been proposed for energy recovery in aqueducts when the outlet pressure is greater than zero, owing to their constructive simplicity and good efficiency within a large range of flow rates and head drops. In the case of high head drop (higher than 150 m) and relatively small discharge (lower than 0.2 m 3 /s), the traditional design of these turbines leads to very small widths of the nozzle and the runner; as a consequence, friction losses grow dramatically and efficiency drops down to very low values. Standard Pelton turbines require zero outlet pressure and cannot be used as alternatives. A new counter-pressure hydraulic turbine for high head and low flow rate, called the High Power Recovery System (H-PRS) is proposed. H-PRS presents a different geometry to reduce friction losses inside the nozzle and the runner by widening the two external walls. Several curved baffles are proposed to guide the fluid particles inside the nozzle and to guarantee the right velocity direction at the inlet surface of the runner. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 3D transient analyses are carried out to measure H-PRS efficiency for different operating conditions and to compute its characteristic curve for different positions of the regulating flap.

The paper presents the utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics for calculating the flow through turbines. The first and most extended part of the paper is focused on gas turbines where the simulations are very precise and can be successfully used even for optimization of blade geometry. Flow details and results for an axial turbine are presented along with a proposal of optimization algorithm. The second part of the paper is dedicated to water turbines and there is presented the calculus realized for a kinetic water turbine. I this case, the flow around the turbine blades is presented and some data about the predicted performances along with many ways for improving the simulations. The conclusions of the paper are related to similarities and differences between the two types of simulations and to the many ways of using these simulations for practical applications.

The paper deals with the principles of hydraulic design of runners of axial turbines or pumps. The procedures of classical methods of hydraulic design of primary runner geometry and the possibilities of subsequent optimization of this geometry by CFD simulation are presented. In the paper, the advantages of the procedure of hydraulic design of the primary runner geometry of a tubular Kaplan turbine with the application of the classical methods and the subsequent CFD simulation are shown on a specific example. The purpose of the CFD simulation is to verify the achievement of the required parameters of the designed runner geometry and its possible fine-tuning and optimization.

Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and other parts of the Global South are richly endowed with renewable energy resources (RERs) that are grossly untapped. The integration of these resources, such as hydro, wind, solar, and biomass will facilitate the desired net zero-CO2-emissions economy. If these RERs are adequately harnessed, the perennial power supply challenges in the region will be resolved, and the negative power supply narrative changed. Presently, a greater percentage of the population without access to electricity live in the Global South with SSA having the highest share. This inadequacy has been attributed to many factors, which include lack of connection to the national grid; lack of adequate technical capacities to design and manufacture efficient power generation and transmission components and systems; insufficient funds; unreliable, limited, and poor energy data. A comprehensive study of the renewable energy potential (REP) and technologies in the Global South is imperative ...

Adequate access to reliable, quality and affordable power is crucial to standard of living globally. Therefore, this study discusses the present power accessibility level, the causes of power inadequacy and measures required to realise power adequacy and sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on secondary research information sources, this study reported that presently in the region, four out of five people depend on firewood (traditional biomass) for cooking; power sector is typified of inadequacies of power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure and emission of greenhouse gases. The effective amount of hydropower potential available in the region is 4,000,000 GWh/year and only 76,000 GWh/year of this potential that has been developed. The study attributes the low level of hydropower development to poor and inadequate manufacturing infrastructure. Further, the study sees the development of manufacturing infrastructure and other basic infrastructures as a panacea for power adequacy and sustainability in the region.

Despite the merits of small hydropower (SHP), coupled with the perennial inadequate and unreliable electricity supply in SSA, the huge SHP potential in the region is hugely untapped. This is largely attributed to the lack of adequate technical components for the development of SHP turbines, which are: technical personnel, and production facilities in the region. The hydraulic power possessed by flowing water in SHP resources can be harnessed and transformed into usable electrical energy via the deployment of a hydro turbine plant. Commonly used hydro turbines include crossflow (CFT), Pelton, Turgo, and Francis turbines. Amongst these turbines, CFT is mostly applied in low head sites and has efficiency ranging from 70–85%. The CFT power transmission subsystem is considered vital to its performance; the shaft, which transmits the generated motion to drive the alternator, is the most critical part of the CFT transmission subsystem and it requires careful design and production processes...

In recent years, due to its feasibility and reliability, the organic rankine cycle has become a widespread concern and is the subject of research. In the organic rankine cycle system, the radial turbine component is a highly influential component of the high low performance resulting. This paper discusses the design of radial turbines for organic rankine cycle systems. The design stage consists of preliminary design and detail design with parametric methods on the working fluid R22 to determine the geometry and initial estimation of the performance of the radial turbine. After that, a numerical study of the fluid flow region in the radial turbine with R22 as the working fluid was performed. The analysis was performed using computational fluid dynamics of Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics Motion software on two models of real gas, k-epsilon and shear stress transport. From the results of this analysis, there is pressure, velocity and temperature distribution along the radial turb...

Energy crisis and environmental safety has become a thing of global concern, Nigeria inclusive. This is due to the increasing energy prices and environmental impact. Energy generated from the non-renewable energy sources has been linked up with this energy crisis and non-friendly environment. Research is therefore been geared towards harnessing renewable energy resources as alternative sources of energy generation. Renewable energy sources such as hydropower, wind, geothermal and solar just to mention a few are environmentally friendly. This study therefore aims at exploring renewable energy sources and thus designing a small hydropower plant using Ikere gorge Dam as case study. A survey was conducted through personal interview and probing of previous records of the site. Basic parameters such as flow rate of 31.8 m 3 /s and a head of 30 m were obtained. These parameters were used together with the standard equations for the design of the small hydropower plant. Costing analysis of the plant was carried out in other to estimate the cost of the plant. The comparative analysis of the renewable and non-renewable energy sources was also carried out. The theoretical power obtained for small hydropower project is 9.36 MW. The initial cost of the project is estimated at N63,343,970 with an estimated annual maintenance cost of N500,000. The annual energy output is 3.6 × 10 7 kWh and the project has estimated annual revenue of N579,960,000. When compared with other renewable energy sources, the cost of small hydropower plant is low and when compared with dwindling oil prices and environmental effects of non-renewable energy sources, small hydropower stands second to none. The study established that Ikere gorge Dam is a feasible site for a small hydropower plant and a small hydropower plant has also been designed; hence small hydropower plant is therefore recommended.

Adequate access to reliable, quality and affordable power is crucial to standard of living globally. Therefore, this study discusses the present power accessibility level, the causes of power inadequacy and measures required to realise power adequacy and sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on secondary research information sources, this study reported that presently in the region, four out of five people depend on firewood (traditional biomass) for cooking; power sector is typified of inadequacies of power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure and emission of greenhouse gases. The effective amount of hydropower potential available in the region is 4,000,000 GWh/year and only 76,000 GWh/year of this potential that has been developed. The study attributes the low level of hydropower development to poor and inadequate manufacturing infrastructure. Further, the study sees the development of manufacturing infrastructure and other basic infrastructures as a panacea for power adequacy and sustainability in the region.

Climate change and variability is receiving much attention recently. Changes in the world temperature and other natural phenomenon such as rainfall variability are being considered as indicators to climate change. These changes can have significant effect on water resources and therefore on the livelihood of society especially in water scarce countries such Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia suffers a chronic water scarcity, despite the fact that the agricultural sector consumes around 90% of the water budget in the kingdom. The objective of this article is to study the variability in reference evapotranspiration (ET o) demand over the kingdom during the period from 1980 to 2008 using Penman-Monteith formula and to identify possible changes in the ET o as an indicator to climate change in the region. Studying ET o can be an incomparable indicator for climate change because it involves various parameters including temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Identifying changes in ET o can also help in future planning of agriculture-water projects and identify lower and higher ET o zones for proper planning and management of agricultural projects in arid region. Results indicated that the average ET o varied from 5 mm/d in January to more than 15 mm/d in July with extreme value ranged from as low as 1.6 to 30 mm/d. The lowest ET o values were found in the southern region of the Kingdom during the month of November to February and starts to shift to the western region from the month of March to October. The results also indicated that the annual maximum and minimum daily averages of ET o steadily increased over the study period. The ET o annual daily average had increased from about 9.6 mm/d in 1980 to as high as 10.5 mm/d in 2008. Data analysis also revealed that the percentage areas of the Kingdom with high values of ET o depth, greater than 4000 mm/year, have also steadily increased in the study period from 25% to about 40%. On the other hand, areas having lower ET o values, less than 3600 mm/year have decreased over the studied area from about 30% in 1980 to as low as 12% of the kingdom total area. These results indicated clearly an increasing trend in the ET o over Saudi Arabia.

ln spite of the present vast reserves of oil and natural gas of the country the proposition of converting the abundant non-depletable solar energy (2500 kWh th m z on a nominal area of 1.3 million km ~) into hydrogen via electrolysis of water is considered as necessary, viable and challenging. The current mainly non-energetic consumption of hydrogen (estimated at about 8000 million m 3 year ~) is derived primarily from fossil fuels. A comprehensive perspective of present and future utilization of hydrogen in the country has been discussed in the paper as a result of the research work aimed at harnessing solar energy for large scale production of hydrogen to be used as a main non-fossil fuel to gradually substitute the oil and gas, in all possible areas of utilization

Despite the initiation of the master plan, envisioned by the government of Nepal, complete electrification of rural Nepal still seems over ambitious for quite a long time. Thus Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) can still be very effective for rural electrification. Decades of manufacturing of same type turbines have saturated the turbine manufacturing industries of Nepal, which demands for some new innovations and that could be the introduction of Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP. It’s undeniable that there are umpteen opportunities for the turbine manufacturers to manufacture and install the Francis turbines in Nepalese MHP. The feasibility studies performed by different institutions and the government policy strengthen the claim. In addition to that, data received from, NMHDA and a local turbine manufacturing industry suggest that there are abundant sites suitable for installation of Francis turbine. This paper illustrates the need of introducing the Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP and...

Kebutuhan akan energi dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat sementara cadangan energi yang berasal dari fossil seperti minyak bumi dan batu bara semakin menipis. Hal ini akan menyebabkan terjadinya krisis energi karena sumber energi tersebut adalah sumber energi yang tak terbarukan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan energi ini perlu dicari sumber-sumber energi baru yang terbarukan, sehingga tidak akan terjadi krisis energi di masa yang akan datang. Indonesia memiliki lautan yang sangat luas, sehingga potensi arus lautnya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif. Penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengujian terhadap turbin Darrieus. Turbin ini memiliki diameter 20 cm dan tinggi 20 cm, blade yang digunakan adalah hydrofoil NACA 0018 dengan panjang chord 6,5 cm. Pengujian dilakukan pada sebuah saluran uji yang memiliki penampang persegi panjang 30 x 32 cm dengan variasi bilangan Reynold 6370, 11980 dan 17615 untuk mencari daya dan efisiensi yang dihasilkan turbin tersebut. Dari hasil pengujian, daya yang dihasilkan turbin Darrieus tersebut pada bilangan Reynold 6370, 11980 dan 17615 berturut-turut adalah 0,

Despite the initiation of the master plan, envisioned by the government of Nepal, complete electrification of rural Nepal still seems over ambitious for quite a long time. Thus Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) can still be very effective for rural electrification. Decades of manufacturing of same type turbines have saturated the turbine manufacturing industries of Nepal, which demands for some new innovations and that could be the introduction of Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP. It’s undeniable that there are umpteen opportunities for the turbine manufacturers to manufacture and install the Francis turbines in Nepalese MHP. The feasibility studies performed by different institutions and the government policy strengthen the claim. In addition to that, data received from, NMHDA and a local turbine manufacturing industry suggest that there are abundant sites suitable for installation of Francis turbine. This paper illustrates the need of introducing the Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP and...

With the increase in project developers, manufacturers and independent power producers, there is increasing demand for the quality, performance and reliability of the components and system. Occasionally there are disputes between these parties in term of life and efficiency. Normally, local manufacturers adopt foreign design, which may not be best for the local condition due to several reasons. One prominent example of such problem is sand erosion of turbines and other components. In the absence of test facilities in the country, there is not signifi cant contribution in design, modifi cation and performance analysis of hydro power turbines in Nepal.The Turbine Testing Laboratory of capacity 300 kW is proposed at Kathmandu University, which can test scaled model oflarge size turbines. The activities in the Turbine Testing Laboratory are: Performance testing of hydraulic turbines, pumps and other hydro-mechanical components, Developments of new turbines, education and training, and a...

Growth in global demand of clean energy has also increased hydropower development activities. This has also increased the necessity of overall efficiency improvements in hydropower plants for producing larger power with same site conditions. Efficiency improvement by design optimization of turbines is primary task in elevating performance of any hydropower projects. Institutional laboratory test facilities, which are expensive and demand high level of proficiency, are needed to certify performance of turbines. Due to the lack of well equipped and standard test facilities at South Asia region, efficiency measurement of turbines is mostly done at project sites. Kathmandu University (KU) is an autonomous, not-for-profit, non-government institution dedicated to maintain high standards of academic excellence. With technical support from Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology (NTNU), KU has been upgrading its competency to support the ambitious plan of Government of Nepal (2010) to develop 38,000 MW of Hydropower in 25 years. KU is collaborating with national and international experts and institutions for this venture. Turbine Testing Laboratory (TTL), under construction at KU with financial assistance from NORAD, Norway, aims to deliver its facilities to local and international developers and consultants by the mid of 2011. With 30 meter open head and 150 meter closed head, TTL is capable of testing different range prototypes up to 300kW and conduct model tests for larger sizes. Internationally recognized certification endorsed by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC-60193) will be maintained at TTL for model tests. The technical support for the laboratory will be provided by Waterpower Laboratory, NTNU which has experience of turbine testing for almost 100 years. In coming years, TTL intends to include state of the art technologies such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis for new design or upgrading existing turbines, innovative design of hydro-mechanical components for power plants, and specialized trainings to engineers and technicians. This paper elaborates the utility of TTL in South Asia region with its objectives and specifications. Scope and partnerships for developing a center of excellence at TTL for R&D of hydraulic turbines are also presented. Need and possibilities of creating a new turbine manufacturer in Nepal, by the combined effort of academic institutions and manufacturing industries has been analyzed. Beside these, the progress of design optimization of Francis turbine at Jhimruk power plant for reduction of adverse impact of sediment erosion has been discussed.

The national electrification ratio is only 72.95%. As many as 27.05% of the territory in Indonesia has not been reached by electricity with various obstacles, one of which is because of the remote location so that access is difficult. One of the efforts to overcome the electricity problem is to take advantage of the potential energy sources around people's residences. One potential that might be used is a water energy source with low head and discharge. Ideally, this is done by using a generator system that uses a propeller type turbine. The difficulty of making propeller turbines is especially in the manufacture of housings and turbine blades. In this research, an attempt is made to simplify the turbine housing and turbine blades so that they are easy to manufacture. The design is made for Head (H) : 5 m Water flow (Q) : 0.11 m3/s Viscosity (ρ) : 998 kg/m3 Gravity (g) : 9.81 m/s2 Assumed hydraulic efficiency (ηh) : 0 ,80 Power (P) : 4,37 kW, Angle of attack (180o-β∞) 16o, Glide...

Kebutuhan energi terbarukan semakin tinggi mengingat pentingnya untuk mengurangi gas rumah kaca dan juga untuk memberi harapan kehidupan yang stabill. Diantara banyak energi terbarukan, salah satu contohnya adalah hydropower. Kapasitas hydropower pada tahun 2021 tercatat mencapai 1330 GW dan ini juga mensuplai 16% dari kebutuhan listrik global. Hydropower memberikan banyak manfaat dibandingkan sumber energi terbarukan yang lainnya. Seperti bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai cadangan sumber air, control air dan irigasi. Namun hydropower juga menyumbang kerusakan lingkungan seperti terganggunya aliran sungai, perubahan ekosistem, serta hydropeaking.

Despite the initiation of the master plan, envisioned by the government of Nepal, complete electrification of rural Nepal still seems over ambitious for quite a long time. Thus Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) can still be very effective for rural electrification. Decades of manufacturing of same type turbines have saturated the turbine manufacturing industries of Nepal, which demands for some new innovations and that could be the introduction of Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP. It’s undeniable that there are umpteen opportunities for the turbine manufacturers to manufacture and install the Francis turbines in Nepalese MHP. The feasibility studies performed by different institutions and the government policy strengthen the claim. In addition to that, data received from, NMHDA and a local turbine manufacturing industry suggest that there are abundant sites suitable for installation of Francis turbine. This paper illustrates the need of introducing the Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP and...

In guide vane cascade of Francis turbine, highest acceleration occurs, which generates equivalent amount of force for work done and erosion due to instantaneous change in flow dynamics. Hence in addition to runner vane, suitable selection of guide vane profile has equal importance. Usually, NACA defined hydrofoils are used for guide vanes. Numerous options are available, but selection of best one for optimum energy harness is important. Primarily, guide vane torque and turbine efficiency is prioritized. For the turbines operating in sediment laden water, pressure difference between two sides of guide vane and erosion resistivity are additional factors to be considered. This work was performed in the vicinity of guide vane profile selection for Francis turbines operating in sediment laden water. Computational analysis on turbine flow passage and experimental study with Rotating Disc Apparatus were performed in order to identify suitable profile. Unsymmetrical profiles were found to be better handling erosion maintaining consistency in turbine performance.

Marine energy is one of the most exciting emerging forms of renewable energy. Tidal turbines are used to extract this energy and installed on the seabed at locations with catastrophic loading. The present paper employs the finite element method to simulate the behavior of GRP composite nozzle of a tidal turbine under low-velocity impact with implementation of a failure criterion. To investigate this situation, a parametric analysis is conducted which deals with the effect of velocity, energy and geometry of the impactor. The mechanical behavior has been analyzed as both kinematic effect due to deflection of the composite structure and dynamic effect caused by the interaction between the impactor and the hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressures over the loading. The stress and the deformation distribution are presented. On the other hand, damage modeling was formulated based on Hashin criteria for intra-laminar damage. The effects of the impact velocity and the panel's flexibility on the initiation and propagation of damage have been investigated.

Filtration in a turbo machinery system such as a gas turbine will ensure that the air entering the inlet is free from contaminants that could bring damage to the main system. Self-cleaning filter systems for gas turbines are designed for continuously efficient flow filtration. A good filter would be able to maintain its effectiveness over a longer time period, prolonging the duration between filter replacements and providing lower pressure drop over its operating lifetime. With this goal in mind, the current study is focused on the difference in pressure loss of the benchmark Salutary Avenue Self-cleaning filter in comparison to a new design with an add-on filter cap. Geometry for the add-on filter cap will be based from Salutary Avenue Manufacturing Sdn.Bhd. SOLIDWORKS software was used to model the geometry of the filter, while simulation analysis on the flow through the filter was done using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software. The simulations are based on a low velocity condition, in which the parameter for the inlet velocity are set at 0.032 m/s, 0.063 m/s, 0.094 m/s and 0.126 m/s respectively. From the simulation data obtained for the inlet velocities considered, the pressure drop reduction of the modified filter compared to the benchmark was found to be between 7.59% and 30.18%. All in all, the modification of the filter cap produced a lower pressure drop in comparison with the benchmark filter; an improvement of 27.02% for the total pressure drop was obtained.

Despite the initiation of the master plan, envisioned by the government of Nepal, complete electrification of rural Nepal still seems over ambitious for quite a long time. Thus Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) can still be very effective for rural electrification. Decades of manufacturing of same type turbines have saturated the turbine manufacturing industries of Nepal, which demands for some new innovations and that could be the introduction of Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP. It’s undeniable that there are umpteen opportunities for the turbine manufacturers to manufacture and install the Francis turbines in Nepalese MHP. The feasibility studies performed by different institutions and the government policy strengthen the claim. In addition to that, data received from, NMHDA and a local turbine manufacturing industry suggest that there are abundant sites suitable for installation of Francis turbine. This paper illustrates the need of introducing the Francis turbine in Nepalese MHP and...

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one of the most promising technology for small electric power generations. The geometry analysis and the effect of turbulence model on the radial turbo-expanders design for small ORC power generation systems were discussed in this paper. The rotor blades and performance were calculated using several working fluids such as R134a, R143a, R245fa, n-Pentane, and R123. Subsequently, a numerical study was carried out in the fluid flow area with R134a and R123 as the working fluids. Analyses were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ANSYS Multiphysics on two real gas models, with the k-epsilon and SST (shear stress transport) turbulence models. The result shows the distribution of Mach number, pressure, velocity and temperature along the rotor blade of the radial turbo-expanders and estimation of performance at various operating conditions. The operating conditions are as follow: 250,000 grid mesh flow area, real gas model SST at steady state co...

This article presents a computational simulation that studies the variation of power, depending on the number of blades in the runner. To develop the study, six CAD models were created using the software Solid Edge ST8, which comprises 16, 20, 23, 25, 28 and 32 blades, each corresponding to the volume of water taken into the turbine. The discretization of the control volume (water inside the turbine) was performed in the ‘meshing’ module Ansys® Workbench V17.0. The configuration of the equations that govern the fluid dynamics has been solved using Ansys CFX, where a model of homogeneous turbulence was used for the multiphase fluid (water-air), also a turbulence model that corresponds to k-e for both phases was implemented, setting the next values as boundary conditions: a speed of 3.6 m/s in the nozzle, rotational speed of 450 RPM and atmospheric pressure at the outlet. There is an increment of the 3.2% in the power generated by Michell Banki turbine, when the number of blades in th...