Dairy Engineering

Ozonation of a real red‐meat‐processing wastewater was conducted in a semi‐batch reactor to explore the possibility of the water reuse. The experimental results revealed that ozone was very effective in disinfection of the red‐meat‐processing wastewater. After 8 min of ozonation with an applied ozone dose of 23.09 mg min−1 liter−1 of wastewater, 99% of aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were inactivated. Empirical models were developed to predict the microbial inactivation efficacy of ozone from the CT values for the real red‐meat‐processing wastewater. A correlation was also derived to estimate the CT values from the applied ozone dose and the ozone contact time. The results also revealed that under the ozonation condition for 99% inactivation of aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and E coli, the decrease in the chemical oxygen demand and the 5‐day biological oxygen demand of the wastewater were 10.7% and 23.6%, respectively. However, ozonation under this conditi...

 Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa D.), watercress (Naturtium officinale R.Br.) and red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were purchased in a local market.  A pilot plant ozone generator was used in experimental assays (ozone concentration of 0.3 ppm). Native total mesophiles (initial load averaged 5.6 x 10 7 cfu/g) were evaluated on strawberry samples and total coliforms (initial load averaged 3.9 x 10 8 cfu/g) in watercress samples.  Red bell peppers were artificially contaminated with Listeria innocua (initial load ~ 10 7 cfu/g).  Strawberries, red bell pepper and watercress safety was evaluated in terms of total mesophyles, Listeria

Thermal treatments, when conveniently applied, are efficient in reducing microbial load of fruits and vegetables. However, the negative impact of heat, especially at food texture level, makes non-thermal treatments promising technologies as minimal food processes. The objective of this work was to study the effect ultrasonication, and its combination with a milder heat treatment (thermosonication), UV-C radiation, and ozonation, on the safety of strawberries (Fragaria anannassa), watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum, L.). Thermosonication treatments were performed in an ultrasound equipment (at 32 kHz; Bandelin Sonorex RK 100H) at 15 ºC (ultrasonication) and at 50-65 ºC (thermosonication). Control water washings at the same temperatures were also performed. Ultraviolet radiation treatments were done in an UV-C chamber, with 4 germicide lamps (average intensity of 12.36 Wm-2 ; TUV G30T9, 16 W, Philips). Ozone treatments were carried out in aqueous solution, using a pilot equipment with continuous ozone production (~0.2 ppm; OZ5, Sociedade Portuguesa de Ozono). Samples were cut in small portions and submitted to the treatments. Contact times were 2 minutes (4 replicates). For strawberries and watercress, safety was assessed in terms of total mesophiles and coliforms, respectively (endogenous flora). In red bell peppers, Listeria innocua was enumerated (artificial inoculation). Results showed that UV-C radiation was less efficient than water-washings at 15 ºC, for all microorganisms/products tested. Ozone allowed, in average, 1 log-cycle reduction for mesophiles and coliforms, and 2 log-cycles reduction for Listeria innocua (higher than the values obtained by water-washings at 15 ºC). Ultrasonication treatments were equivalent to water-washings at the same temperatures. The temperature has the major effect. For 50 ºC, 2 and 3 log-reductions were observed, respectively, for Listeria innocua/red bell pepper and coliforms/watercress. For 65 ºC, reductions achieved 6 to 7 logcycles. Mesophiles/strawberries were more heat resistant (2 log-reductions were obtained at 65 ºC).

Sewage treatment aims to remove the contaminants from different municipal sources in order to prevent pollution of aquatic bodies. There are numerous sewage treatment systems available in the market, including ASP (Activated Sludge Process), MBBR (Moving Bed Bioreactor), MBR (Membrane Bioreactor), etc. One of them, the SBR (Sequential Batch Reactor), is a remarkable technology that may be used in large-scale treatment plants due to its simple maintenance. Sequential batch reactors (SBR) are reactors or basins in which the biological treatment of waste water is carried out in a series of four steps, namely filling, aeration, settling (clarification) and decanting. One of the newest solutions for treating municipal sewage is the sequential batch reactor (SBR). In this research designing study, a thorough design computation for a sewage treatment system with a 100 KLD capacity was elucidated. In this study, two important aspects of design calculation such as units available in the SBR scheme and Equipment’s available in the SBR scheme. Thus, the simple calculation makes it easier for any design engineers to construct their sewage treatment plant or system.

Keywords: Sewage treatment plant, SBR handbook, STP designing, STP equipment sizing

The value of milk hinges on its physicochemical functionality under processing conditions. We examined composition-functionality relationships with individual milks from 24 New Zealand dairy cows, sampled at 3 times over the season. Milks were classified into type A or B, according to the shape of 3-point heat coagulation time versus pH profiles. Milk type changed over the season for half of the cows in the study. Best subsets regression suggested that different factors controlled heat stability in the 2 milk types. Urea concentration was key for both types, but for type A milks, osmotic pressure and milk solids were the most important predictors of heat stability, whereas casein micelle size and ionic calcium predicted heat stability for type B milks. This study revealed that milk type is prone to change over the season, and the findings suggest that optimizing heat stability could be achieved by different means for type A versus type B milks.

A genetic polymorphism study on butyrophilin gene was carried out to explore variability of this gene and to estimate effects of such variability on milk quality traits in crossbred cattle. Polymorphism was unraveled by conducting Hae III PCR-RFLP of this gene. Three genotypes such as AA, BB and AB and two alleles namely A and B were observed in crossbred population. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were 0.78, 0.17 and 0.04 for AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively, and 0.87 and 0.13 for A and B alleles, respectively. The nucleotides, which have been substituted from allele A to B, were observed as C to G (71 st nucleotide), C to T (86 th nucleotide), A to T (217 th nucleotide), G to A (258 th nucleotide), A to C (371 st nucleotide) and C to T (377 th nucleotide). The nucleotide substitutions at 71 st , 86 th and 377 th position of the fragment were found as silent mutations whereas nucleotide changes at 217 th , 258 th and 371 st positions were detected as substitution of amino acid lysine with arginine, valine with isoleucine, and leucine with proline from allele A to B. The genotypes had significant effects (p≤0.05) on total milk solid%, fat%, SNF%, while showing nonsignificant impact on total protein%. AA genotype produced highest average yield for all the traits.

Tomato soup provides several functional properties like satiating effect, nutrition and italso helpsin weight management. The aim of this study was to compare the rheological behaviour and color of experimental whey based tomato soup with tomato soup available in market. Experimental tomato soup fortified with whey powder, had more nutritive value and exhibited the rheological behaviour comparable to market samples. Experimental tomato soup exhibited shear thinning behaviour and followed Power law and Herschel Bulkley model. Viscosity of experimental tomato soup was similar as that of market soup and also showed pseudoplastic nature. LVR region for tomato soup samples was exhibited between 0.04 to 0.7 % strains. Apparent viscosity of experimental soup sample with 18% total solids (ES18) exhibited time-independent property. Lycopene was not degraded during processing and retained the natural red colour and was in agreement with L, a, andbreadings.

The aim of the present study was to assess the bio-trickling filter startup for the treatment of wastewater produced by Pegah Dairy Company at psychrophilic condition. The startup time of a bio-trickling filter is directly proportional to the concentration of microbial population. A bio-trickling column with a height of 150 cm was packed with lava rocks with the liquid recirculated through the packing. The startup flow rate for the pilot was 0.0035 L/min, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days at 7-13oC. Results indicated that for HRT of 10 days, the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was more than 85% for less than 100 g COD/m3/h. Subsequently, dairy wastewater was added to the reminder of activated sludge with the HRT of 8 days, and the nutrients were added to the pilot tank with a daily ratio of carbon/nitrogen/phosphorous: 100/5/1. For the subsequent 5 days, the pilot was maintained in a steady state. The results revealed that the pilot startup was perfor...

Reported here is a comparative analysis of the milk from three representative breeds of dairy cows from Romania-Maramures Brown (Brună de Maramureş), Romanian Spotted (Bălțata Românească) and Black Spotted Romanian (Bălțata cu Negru Românească)-in terms of SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein distribution, total contents of protein, lipids, lactose, dry substance, somatic cell counts, pH and yield of milk. The Maramures Brown displays the highest percentage of proteins and of dry matter, the lowest yield of milk, the highest amounts of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (tied with the Spotted Romanian for the latter) and the lowest serum albumin and immunoglobulin. The Black Spotted Romanian shows the highest yield of milk, the highest content of lactose, the lowest content in lipids and protein and dry matter, the highest content of casein and BSA, and the lowest content of α-lactalbumin and immunoglobulin. The Spotted Romanian shows the highest content of lipids, the highest SSC and the highest proportion of lactoferrin. Positive correlations with r values at 0.6-0.8 are found between the relative contents of various components-α vs. β casein, Ig vs. α casein, Ig vs. βLgb, lactoglobulin vs. lactalbumin, β casein and αLac, BSA vs. β casein and αLac, total protein content vs. dry residue, SSC vs. lactoferrin and β casein. A weak negative correlation is seen between the total lipid content and lactose (-0.6).

Non-standard heat treatments, i.e. 68°C 2.5 min-1 , 75°C 10 min-1 and 100°C 5 min-1 , were applied to evaluate the effects on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of donkey milk compared to bovine milk. The most significant (P<0.05) changes were the decrease of pH, the increase of casein nitrogen and the denaturation degree of whey proteins, which exceeded 80% in donkey milk compared to about 66% in bovine milk, at 100°C 5 min-1. Conversely, calcium and phosphorus were more heat stable in donkey milk than in bovine milk. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) resulted absent in donkey milk. Significant changes in free fatty acids (FFA) were observed in both heated milks, although donkey milk showed lower lipolysis rates. The lysozyme activity of donkey milk was inversely related to the intensity of heat treatments but even at 100°C 5 min-1 a relevant activity was still observed.

The efficacy of ozone and ultraviolet light (UV) treatment as hurdles against Listeria monocytogenes suspended in fresh (9% NaCl, 91.86% transmittance) and spent brines (20.5% NaCl, 0.01% transmittance) was evaluated. Brines were inoculated with a cocktail of L. monocytogenes-strains N1-227, N3-031, and R2-499. Ozonation was performed by sparging gaseous ozone into brine. This was followed by UV irradiation (253.7 nm) of the brine in sterile quartz cuvettes. Enumeration was performed by spread plating on modified Oxford medium and Trypticase Soy agar supplemented with yeast extract. In fresh brines containing L. monocytogenes, ten minutes of ozonation lead to a 7.44±0.13 log CFU/ml mean reduction and 10 minutes of UV radiation caused a 1.95±0.41 log CFU/ml mean reduction. Ten minutes of ozonation and UV exposure in combination resulted in > 9 log CFU/ml reduction in L. monocytogenes populations in fresh brine. Sixty minutes of ozonation of spent brines resulted in a 4.85±0.61 log CFU/ml mean reduction of L. monocytogenes populations. Ten minutes of UV exposure in spent brines resulted in 0.49±0.14 log CFU/ml mean reduction in L. monocytogenes. A combination of 60 minutes ozonation and 10 minute UV exposure resulted in an excess of 5 log CFU/ml reduction in L. monocytogenes cells in spent brine. Ozonation did not cause a significant increase in the transmittance of the spent brine to aid UV penetration but resulted in color change. Ozonation in combination with UV treatment may serve as an effective treatment in reducing L. monocytogenes in chill brines.

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology has found many applications in industrial wastewater treatment in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time for a cycle of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and evaluate the performance of a SBR for petrochemical wastewater treatment in that cycle time. The reactor was operated with a suspended biomass configuration under aerobic conditions. Carbon removal and operating parameters such as pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored during the wastewater treatment. The SBR was run at different cycle times and amongst the cycle times tested, the best performance was obtained with a 7 h cycle time composed of a fill time of 15min, reaction of 6 h, settling of 30 min, and withdrawal of 15 min. The SBR with the determined cycle time was used to study the treatment of wastewater with various organic loading rates (12.88 gr COD/L.d, 18.02 gr COD/L.d and 31.39 gr COD/L.d). The SBR performance was evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies. During the shock loading tests, the maximum COD, TS and TSS removal efficiencies were 84%, 67% and 92%, respectively.

The article deals with the adjustment of the flow rate of milk and water by a plate heat exchanger, which is used for precooling milk. First, measurements of the parameters of the device in the stable were carried out. Subsequently, the plate heat exchanger was measured in the laboratory. Water at 35 °C was used instead of milk. Different flow ratios of cooling water and cooled water (instead of milk) were set. From the measured values, changes in the temperature of cooled water were calculated depending on its flow rate at a constant ratio of cooling water and cooled water. It was found that in the measured range, there are flow values at which temperature change is maximal. This dependence applies to all selected cooling water and cooled water flow ratios: (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2.). The results show that with the same amount of cooling water, it is possible to achieve greater cooling of milk by 0.7 to 1.6 °C, or to achieve a reduction in water consumption. The device on the farm ...

The percentage of cadmium or lead present in the fat fraction of bovine milk is not affected by heating or freezing. In human skimmed milk, cadmium is mainly associated with a fraction with molecular weight lower than 10,000. Storage at −20°C for 10 days does not have any effect on the distribution of cadmium when milk is incubated with this metal before freezing. This treatment causes only a small increase in the amount of cadmium associated with the low molecular weight fraction when the metal is added after freezing. In bovine milk, 64% of cadmium is associated with a fraction with molecular weight above 70,000. Freezing causes a 37% decrease of the cadmium present in this fraction when the metal is added after thawing. When bovine milk was incubated with cadmium before freezing there was not a marked change in its distribution as when added after thawing. Heating at 63°C for 30 min caused a slight decrease in the amount of cadmium present in the casein fraction. The distribution...

Majority of residential units and small-scale commercial operators in India dispose wastewater either onsite or into the public drainage systems, without paying any attention to the public health and environmental impacts. Need for high investments and the requirement for large operational space are the reasons often quoted against the installation of a proper wastewater treatment unit. In this present study emphasis has been given to evaluate removal prospects of organics and the nutrients by natural fibrous media, coconut coir as an attached media. The effects of vital factors such as organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) affecting the performance of reactor in terms of OM removal were investigated. It was found that the COD removal efficiency increased primarily with increase in OLR. However, after it reached to a constant value at OLR of about 1.33 kg COD/m3d, COD removal efficiency started to decrease significantly. The maximum COD removal was obtained at 1.33 Kg COD /m3 d and it was about 89.9%.

Butter is produced from cream or yoghurt in dairy factories and farms and called as butter or yayik butter in Turkey. Karinyagi is also made from cream and yoghurt as yayik butter, but the packaging material is different from others. Karinyagi is produced by filling of butter into purified goat's and sheep's stomach (the traditional name is Karin) and storage in this material during self-life. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of Karinyagi made from cream. Twenty Karinyagi samples were randomly collected from different regions of Burdur, Turkey. The fatty acid composition of samples (by gas chromatography) and chemical properties were investigated. It was determined that the chemical properties of Karinyagi were similar to butter produced with cream and yoghurt. The total saturated fatty acid level of Karinyagi samples changed from 62.31% to 76.64% (mean value 67.14 ± 3.36%), while unsaturated fatty acids of them ranged from 20.48% to 31.57% (mean value 28.46 ± 2.67%). Minimum and maximum levels of monounsaturated fatty acids of Karinyagi were determined as 18.98% and 28.57%. Butyric, oleic and palmitic acids were dominant in Karinyagi. Palmitic acid was slightly lower comparing to data for butter produced with cream and yoghurt. As a result, the amount of Karinyagi fatty acids may be said to be significantly different from the fatty acid of yayik and cream butter.

Recent studies have revealed the high potential for agriculture applications of wind energy systems in the United States. The dairy farm is one of the enterprises identified as feasible for wind energy application. To make wind energy application in dairy operations economically feasible, the design and selection of dairy farm wind generator systems should meet specific dairy needs. Forty to 75 percent of the electrical energy consumed in the dairy farm goes into the cooling of milk and heating of water to meet the 3-A milk standards. Wind energy substitution for utility power to meet these energy needs in milk production operations is an efficient application of wind energy. To make wind energy substitution for utility power economically feasible, accurate design of the wind energy system to match the dairy energy demand, and the utilization of energy saving devices to reduce the dairy energy demand are essential. This report develops a model which determines the minimum milk cooling and water heating energy demands for different lactating dairy herd sizes relative to the parlor size. The model then identifies and selects the least cost wind energy system which meets the dairy milk cooling and water heating energy demand for a wide range of herd sizes, at four levels of energy conservation under various wind regimes.

The molecular physiology of milk production of two important dairy species; Sahiwal cows (Bos indicus) and Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are not fully understood due to constraints in obtaining mammary tissue samples because of sacred and ethical reasons. The present study suggests the use of milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs) as a non-invasive method to understand molecular aspects of lactation biology in dairy animals. A total of 76 MECs were collected from five different lactation periods viz. colostrum (0-2), early (5-20), peak (30-50), mid (90-140) and late lactation (> 215 days) stages from Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes to study the transcription kinetics of milk protein, fat synthesis, and their regulatory genes. Significant changes were observed in milk composition of both dairy species with lactation stages. High mRNA abundance of all milk protein and fat synthesis genes was observed in MECs of Murrah buffaloes as compared to Sahiwal cows. The mRNA abundance of caseins (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3) and whey protein (LALBA, LF) were higher in early lactation stage. Similarly, the expression of milk fat synthesis genes (SCD, BTN1A1, ACACA, GPAM, FAPB3, FASN) was also high in early lactation stage. The relative abundance of 4 regulatory genes (JAK2, STAT5, SREBF1 and EIF4BP41) remained high during early lactation indicating their regulatory roles in lactogenesis process. Overall, results suggested a significant effect of lactation stages on milk composition and transcription abundance of milk protein and fat synthesis genes. The present study establishes the fact that milk-derived MECs could be utilized as a valuable source to understand mammary gland functioning of native cows and buffaloes.

The impact of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 at 1 and 5%) solutions on Listeria innocua in red bell peppers, total mesophiles in strawberries and total coliforms in watercress was studied. Quality attributes such as colour, firmness and pH were studied for all products; total anthocyanins content was determined for strawberries. Sensorial analyses were also carried out for all products. Results showed that H 2 O 2 (5%) provided the highest reductions of microbial loads. Besides H 2 O 2 (1%) had a lower impact, it was more effective than water-washings. Sodium hypochlorite solutions lead to microbial reductions comparable to water risings. In terms of quality, H 2 O 2 (5%) was the solution with higher negative impact on products' colour. For strawberries, such colour alterations were also detected by sensorial analyses. The anthocyanins content decreased significantly. Overall it was found that H 2 O 2 (1%) was a good sanitizer solution, since microbial reduction was attained while quality factors did not suffer considerable alterations.

Thermal processes applied to foods focus on destruction of target microorganisms. Besides these processes often occur under time-varying temperature environments, microbial inactivation is commonly assessed under isothermal conditions. The development of mathematical models that describe microbial kinetics in dynamic conditions is important for processes design. Another process that occurs under time-varying temperature conditions is frozen storage of foods.Thermal inactivation of Listeria innocua (surrogate of L. monocytogenes) in parsley, and quality degradation of vegetables under frozen conditions were used as case-studies.Developed models that include timetemperature effects accurately described inactivation/degradation of the characteristics analyzed both under isothermal and dynamic conditions. d/or peer-review under responsibility of ICEF11

Alkaline phosphatase is used as the main marker in the evaluation of successful milk pasteurization, although there is concern about whether this method is appropriate for non-cow milk. We systematically reviewed articles related to ALP in non-cow milk and dairy products. From a total of 183 studies retrieved, 31 articles were included in the review. Our study shows that most research is focused on goat and sheep milk, while other species are rather neglected as far as the use of ALP as a milk safety marker is concerned. More evidence on ALP kinetics is required for non-cow milk and its products and on alternative pasteurization-efficiency markers, such as other enzymes, as these issues are crucial for consumer health.

Whey is the major by-product of the dairy industry, which is produced in large quantities and usually disposed off causing major environmental pollution, due to its high organic load. The objective of this work is a development of a new pretreatment and transformation of whey residues into useful organic compounds. In this study, we realize two treatments of whey; the first, a chemical treatment using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (0.5 M) at 45C °. The second is a biological treatment using Bacillus spp. A total of 07 samples of whey effluents were collected within 07 days, and then were put into analysis. Results show the Whey Samples (WS) discharged from dairy processing industry was highly contaminated with organic compounds. The average values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Biological oxygen demand (BOD) were 1280 and 703 mg02/l. oil and grease concentration up to 8 mg/l was detected. The chemical treatment using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has reduced 93 % of the COD, and 95% of the BOD...

Mathura peda, one of the most popular milk products in India, was studied to develop mathematical models for deterioration under different isothermal and steady state water activities. Parameters that were considered in the study include pH, TBA, HMF, body and texture and sensory evaluation. The mathematical model for predicting quality deterioration was developed by integrating selected multiple regression equations and kinetic functions of the variables. Thus, three models which used pH, TBA and HMF, were calculated for three different water activities 0.810, 0.592 and 0.432. The prediction performance was judged on the basis of percent root mean square error. The RMS percent obtained were comparatively better can be used for prediction of shelf life.

The aim of the study is to elucidate the effect of process parameters on the performance of UASB reactors. A single stage laboratory scale UASB reactor was used for the study. After complete acclimatization period of 90 days, reactor was operated at continuous mode to assess the COD reduction and methane gas production. The results of this study establish that upflow, Organic Feeding Rate and Hydraulic Retention Time are the most significant process parameters which are directly concerns with COD removal and methane gas production. A higher upflow velocity reduces the contact time between biomass and wastewater; and at the same time higher washout of active as well as dead biomass from the reactor. The maximum total COD and its fraction removal was observed in phase-I, (COD T =68.9%, COD SS =57.8%, COD C =60.6% and COD D =74.0%) at low flow rate (2 ml/min.), organic feeding rate (0.136 kg COD/m 3-d) and F/M ratio (0.29 kgCOD/kgVSS). The average value of methane gas yield (0.668 L CH...

The use of sago as an alternative gelling agent in the jam industry was investigated by incorporating mango fruit jam with sago starch. The physicochemical, rheological, and textural properties of mango jam with sago starch were evaluated as a function of sago starch concentration for fresh and freeze-thawed samples. The jam samples behaved as non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids with yield stress. The Herschel-Bulkley model described the steady-state shear rheological behavior adequately with high regression coefficients (R 2 4 0.9814). Increase in sago starch concentration was positively related to the apparent viscosity whilst temperature increase gave a reversing effect. The magnitude of storage (G 0) and loss (G 00) moduli increased with sago starch concentration but decreased with temperature. In terms of jam texture, the hardness and work of shear increased with sago starch concentration.

Tomato soup provides several functional properties like satiating effect, nutrition and italso helpsin weight management. The aim of this study was to compare the rheological behaviour and color of experimental whey based tomato soup with tomato soup available in market. Experimental tomato soup fortified with whey powder, had more nutritive value and exhibited the rheological behaviour comparable to market samples. Experimental tomato soup exhibited shear thinning behaviour and followed Power law and Herschel Bulkley model. Viscosity of experimental tomato soup was similar as that of market soup and also showed pseudoplastic nature. LVR region for tomato soup samples was exhibited between 0.04 to 0.7 % strains. Apparent viscosity of experimental soup sample with 18% total solids (ES18) exhibited time-independent property. Lycopene was not degraded during processing and retained the natural red colour and was in agreement with L, a, andbreadings.

The iodination of the tyrosyi residues of ~ql-casein has been studied and a spectrophotometric procedure for differentiating monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine and tyrosine is described. The calcium-induced aggregation behaviour of the iodinated caseins has been investigated. The initial stages of the reaction are shown to be dominated by electrostatic charge effects. The iodinated caseins behave as native ~qrcasein when the extent of conversion to diiodotyrosine is taken into account. The later stages of the reaction are found to be influenced by effects of the iodination not related to the change in charge.

The main objective of this research was to determine the possibility of using the highly ozonated water for the pre-ozonation process as a complementary process to the conventional pool water treatment method. In the tested facility, contamination with P. aeruginosa, accompanying over-normative colony-forming unit of total number of bacteria and a high content of combined chlorine (>0.3 mg Cl 2 /L in pool water and >0.2 mg Cl 2 /L in circulating water) and chloroform, was a basic problem related to water quality that caused the swimming pools to be excluded from an operation on several occasions. The research was divided into three parts. In each part, the quality of pool water was assessed in relation to the applicable requirements in this respect. In the first part, the quality of water treated in a conventional system was evaluated. In the second part, a mobile system for the production and dosage of highly ozonated water (SPID-WOFIL ®) was included in the water treatment system (before the proper filtration system). In this part, several preliminary tasks were performed in order to prepare the ozonation system for operation on an everyday basis. In the third part, a sequential water pre-ozonation process was established. As a result of the pre-ozonation process (0.3-0.6 mg O 3 /L dose), protection against microbiological water contamination and reduction of the content of selected DBP (chloramines: 12%-48%, trihalomethane: 35%-71%, and chloroform 4%-96%) was achieved.

Camel, cow and bualo skim milk samples were heated at 65, 75, 85 and 100 C for 10, 20 and 30 min. Presence and identity of whey proteins (WPs) were monitored using SDS-PAGE technique. Changes in activities of antimicrobial factors were measured. Heat-induced changes of WPs increased with increasing temperature and time of heating; they were more pronounced in bualo and cow milk than in camel milk. Camel WPs were markedly more heat resistant than their counterparts in cow and bualo milk. Among the WPs, the order of heat resistance found was: a-lactalbumin > b-lactoglobulin > serum albumin. Camel milk contained signi®cantly (P40.01) higher concentrations of lysozyme (LZ), lactoferrin (LF) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) than cow and bualo milk. Heating milk at 65 C/30 min had no signi®cant eect on LZs and LFs, however, loss of activity of IgGs was signi®cantly (P40.01) aected in the three kinds of milk. The whole activity of IgG in cow and bualo milk was lost at 75 C/30 min versus 68.7% in loss activity of camel IgG. The entire activity of LFs was lost at 85 C/30 min in all kinds of milk, however, at this level of temperature, the activity losses of LZs were 56, 74 and 81.7% for camel, cow and bualo milk, respectively. Camel milk antimicrobial factors were signi®cantly (P40.01) more heat resistant than cow and bualo milk proteins. Among the antimicrobial factors, the order of heat resistance found was LZ > LF > IgG.

The effect of ozonation as a method to reduce Bacillus cereus count in processed rice was investigated. Hundred grams of processed rice was exposed to gaseous ozone in an inert glass condenser at 20 ± 3C and 50% relative humidity. Ozone concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ppm up to 7 h were used. Enumerations of B. cereus were done before ozonation treatment to establish the initial counts of B. cereus in processed rice. The experiments were done in an air-conditioned room and samples were then kept at ambient temperature pre-and post-ozonation to emulate normal conditions in rice storage facilities. Within 24 h, the ozonated samples were then enumerated by surface spread plating technique. Significant trends were observed in comparison with the non-ozonated rice samples. Non-ozonated rice samples were found with an average of 5.50 ± 0.28 log count (cfu/g). Up to 1.63 log reductions of B. cereus counts were observed above 0.3 ppm ozone concentration at the end of 420 min of treatment. B. cereus counts were shown to decrease to 3.62 ± 0.38 log count (cfu/g) at 0.4 ppm ozone concentration for 420 min of ozone treatment.

Whey is considered as a by-product of dairy industries and commonly regarded as waste. Despite being a good source of nutrients (lactose, minerals, and bioactive peptides), it is commonly discarded as effluent. Innovative techniques such as membrane filtration, chromatography (affinity and ion exchange), chemical treatments, and/or combination of these are used for the extraction of these constituents. The presence of these components in whey makes it functional in food and pharmaceutical industries. This article is aimed at supplementing recent information to available literature about different novel techniques used for the separation of whey constituents and their industrial application. In future, information reviewed will be helpful for the processors to select the best technique for the separation of individual constituents for the attainment of maximum yield and purity.

Dairy industry waste water is generally have fats, lactose, whey proteins, nutrients which lead play important role to increase the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water. With milk components also wastewater contain detergents and sanitizing agents which are result of cleaning process increase the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD). There are many ways to reduce the BOD and COD, but biological treatment is the primary mean. Both aerobic and anaerobic technologies have been used, while anaerobic treatment of wastewater has emerged as viable and economical alternative over the conventional aerobic treatment particularly for high BOD. In aerobic technologies number of different treatment methods are there like, activated sludge, sequencing batch reactor, rotating biological contactors trickling filter. In anaerobic treatment methods are up flow sludge blanket (UASB), anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR), continuous-flow stirred tank reactor, hybrid anaerobic digester...

France, Greece, Italy, and Spain the major sheep and goat milk producers in Europe, got the initiative through an interim of 30 years (1985-2015), to organize-through IDF-7 symposiums aiming at the upgrade of the Dairy Sector. One major interest was the milk quality. Stepwise, the efforts followed cow milk structural development in organizing the testing laboratory, the definition of quality in composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids), in Hygienic (Total Bacteria Count, Somatic Cell Count, antibiotics residues and Aflatoxin M1 contamination), adulteration with water and detection of milk species. EU, by Decision 2002/657/EC, defined the rules for the Directive 96/23/EC, enumerated the testing methods, the demands in sampling procedures, the minimum limits of performance, the quality control (ISO 17025) and the interpretation of results. The equivalency of results from different laboratories, through ISO 17025, demanded the application of ISO analytical standards. In a period of 5 years these standards have been reformed in order to cover the needs of sheep and goat milk analysis. Novel development in analytical instrumental methods, like FTIR interferometer working with mid-Infrared region of the spectrum from 3-10 µm corresponding to 1000-5000 cm-1, gives opportunities of collecting data by making measurements for new parameters in complex dairy products, like Urea in milk, FFA profile, casein, pH, etc. Flow Cytometry for Individual Bacteria Count and Somatic Cells Count is opening the road for applications on testing for raw milk in hygienic control of the sheep and goat dairy sector. New developed screening methods are applied to give rapid results for antibiotics or aflatoxin M1 residues. Milk quality in the Central Testing Laboratory of today, is upgraded and promoted through rapid, trustful and traceable systems of LIMS in payments and herd management. Milk species mixtures can today be analysed in milk and dairy products with screening and reference methods. PDO products need today testιng methods for authenticity of animals' breed and geographical region of production.

In a two-stage study, the possibility of using high-rate anaerobic digesters to enhance the performance of dairy lagoons was explored. Four anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR) and four downflow anaerobic filters (DFAF) were tested, with two of each type operated at 255 C, and the other two at 355 C. The first stage of the experiment explored using the high-rate digesters on liquid effluent from a screw-press treating dairy manure slurry. The first-stage experiment demonstrated that settling processes, rather than biodegradation, accounted for most of the organic matter reduction in both reactor types, when operated at a 0.5-d hydraulic retention time. Specifically, settling accounted for an average of 100% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the ASBR reactors, and for an average of 72% of the COD removal in the DFAF reactors. These results prompted the second stage of the experiment, which explored the possibility of using the reactors to remove volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from dairy lagoon supernatant. Diluted manure slurry was spiked with acetic acid (HAc) to simulate the supernatant of an overloaded lagoon. At VFA loading rates of 1.0 and 3.0 kg HAc m-3 d-1 , both reactor types achieved moderate VFA removal. However, at a loading rate of 6.0 kg HAc m-3 d-1 , the ASBR reactors were ineffective, whereas the DFAF reactors, at both 255 C and 355 C, removed more than 80% of the influent HAc. At a loading rate of 12 kg HAc m-3 d-1 , the DFAFs achieved removal rates of 75%; removal rates dropped to 50% at the maximum loading tested, 24 kg HAc m-3 d-1. Based on these experiments, it appears that the DFAF reactors are suited to the task of rapidly removing accumulated VFA from lagoon supernatant.

Background: There is a growing interest regarding the physiological role of free amino acids (FAA) present in human milk (HM). Recent studies show FAA in HM could be influenced by infants’ gender and could have an important role in their growth and development. We studied the concentrations of FAA in HM and potential associations with infants’ gender and their patterns of growth in a cohort of Ecuadorian women. Methods: Human milk samples were collected after approximately eight hours of overnight fast within one week (colostrum), 2 weeks (transition milk), and 2 and/or 4 months (mature milk) after parturition. Free AA were determined by cation-exchange chromatography separation. Results: We observed significantly higher concentrations of Glu 14.40 (1.35, 27.44), Gly 1.82 (0.24, 3.4), Cys 0.36 (0.03, 0.68), and Tyr 0.24 (0.02, 0.46) in HM intended for boys. Free Glu, Gly, Cys, and Tyr concentrations increased with time of lactation. In addition, there were higher concentrations of G...

France, Greece, Italy, and Spain the major sheep and goat milk producers in Europe, got the initiative through an interim of 30 years (1985-2015), to organize-through IDF-7 symposiums aiming at the upgrade of the Dairy Sector. One major interest was the milk quality. Stepwise, the efforts followed cow milk structural development in organizing the testing laboratory, the definition of quality in composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids), in Hygienic (Total Bacteria Count, Somatic Cell Count, antibiotics residues and Aflatoxin M1 contamination), adulteration with water and detection of milk species. EU, by Decision 2002/657/EC, defined the rules for the Directive 96/23/EC, enumerated the testing methods, the demands in sampling procedures, the minimum limits of performance, the quality control (ISO 17025) and the interpretation of results. The equivalency of results from different laboratories, through ISO 17025, demanded the application of ISO analytical standards. In a period of 5 years these standards have been reformed in order to cover the needs of sheep and goat milk analysis. Novel development in analytical instrumental methods, like FTIR interferometer working with mid-Infrared region of the spectrum from 3-10 µm corresponding to 1000-5000 cm-1, gives opportunities of collecting data by making measurements for new parameters in complex dairy products, like Urea in milk, FFA profile, casein, pH, etc. Flow Cytometry for Individual Bacteria Count and Somatic Cells Count is opening the road for applications on testing for raw milk in hygienic control of the sheep and goat dairy sector. New developed screening methods are applied to give rapid results for antibiotics or aflatoxin M1 residues. Milk quality in the Central Testing Laboratory of today, is upgraded and promoted through rapid, trustful and traceable systems of LIMS in payments and herd management. Milk species mixtures can today be analysed in milk and dairy products with screening and reference methods. PDO products need today testιng methods for authenticity of animals' breed and geographical region of production.

The heavy metals pollution in water, sediments and fish of Lake Manzala affected form the disposal of wastewater, industrial and agricultural drainage water into the lake on the environmental situation. A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 135L/h designed according to the activated sludge plant to simulate between the biological and chemical treatment with the addition of alum to the aeration tank with dosages of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L. The industrial discharge had concentrations of Lead and BOD&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; with an average range 1.22, 145mg/L respectively. That means the average Pb was high up to 25 times than the allowed permissible concentration. The optimization of the chemical-biological process using 200mg/L Alum dosage compared has improvement of Lead and BOD&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; removal efficiency to 61.76% and 56% respectively.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the class of enzymes involved in the degradation of extra cellular matrix and surrounding cells are known to be expressed during cancer cell invasion, arthritis and metastasis and MMP-9, in particular seems to be a key protease associated with tumor progression. Therefore development of inhibitors of MMP-9 is a challenging task which can have therapeutic benefit for patients suffering from various cancers.β -lactoglobulin (β-LG), a core member of lipocalin (Lcn)family is an abundant whey protein in milk of ruminants and has attracted considerable attention as a rich source of bioactive peptides involved in diverse biological functions. Many of the lipocalins are shown to possess protease inhibitory activity including Lcn-2 and β-LG being a major lipocalin, its tryptic peptides were verified for the inhibitory effect on MMP-9.Hence, to investigate the effect of β-LG peptides on the protease activity, we have used β-LG purified from buffalo colostrum.The tryptic peptides of β-LG were separated and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Based on in silico analysis the sequence information for singly charged peptide ions, m/z-573 IIAEK (P1), m/z-673 GLDIQK (P2), m/z-916 IDALNENK(P3) and m/z-933 IIVTQTMK (P4) were deduced and the interaction of these peptides with MMP-9 was verified by validated target of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (PDB: 1GKC) using MolDock. A good correlation was observed in binding affinity of hypocholesterolemic peptides (IIAEK & GLDIQK) along with other two peptides (IDALNENK & IIVTQTMK) of β-LG from the buffalo colostrum implicating its utilization in functional foods.

Bovine whey is an important ingredient in human nutrition and contains many biofunctional, glycosylated proteins. Knowledge on the glycoprotein composition of whey and whey products is valuable for the dairy industry. This paper describes a method for the characterisation of whey, or whey powders, by N-linked glycoprofile analysis. Application of the method for analysis of whey protein products showed clear differences in glycoprotein composition between concentrate, isolate and demineralised whey powders. The quantitative potential was explored by screening 100 pooled farm milk samples. IgG and lactoferrin protein concentrations determined by N-glycoprofile analysis matched well with ELISA results. The protein concentration of GlyCAM-1 was determined to be !1 mg mL À1. The approaches presented in this work allow simultaneous concentration estimation of the three major whey glycoproteins, lactoferrin, IgG and GlyCAM-1 on the basis of their N-linked glycoprofiles, also in highly processed samples where conventional methods of detection (ELISA) are less suitable.

Physical and biological treatment technology are considered a highly feasible and economic way to treat slaughterhouse wastewater. To achieve the desired effluent quality for disposal or reuse, various technological options were reviewed. However, most practical operations are accompanied by several advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, due to the presence of biodegradable organic matter in slaughterhouse waste, anaerobic digestion technology is commonly applied for economic gain. In this paper, the common technologies used for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and their suitability were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different processes were evaluated. Physical treatments (dissolved air floatation (DAF), coagulation–flocculation and sedimentation, electrocoagulation process and membrane technology) were found to be more effective but required a large space to operate and intensive capital investment. However, some biological treatments such as anaerobic, ...

Background: Intolerances to bovine dairy are a motivating factor in consumers seeking alternate—or replacement—dairy beverages and foods. Sheep milk (SM) is an alternate dairy source, with greater protein, although similar amino acid composition compared to cow milk (CM). Studies are yet to address the appearance of circulating amino acids following consumption of SM, relative to CM, in humans. Objective: To clinically determine the appearance of branched chain amino acids, and other amino acids, in circulation in response to equal servings of SM and CM, in females who avoid dairy products. Design: In a double-blinded, randomized, cross-over trial, 30 self-described dairy avoiding females (20–40 years) drank 650 mL of SM or CM that were reconstituted from the spray dried powders (30 and 25 g in 180 mL water, respectively) on separate occasions, following an overnight fast. After reconstitution, the energy and protein provided by SM was higher than for CM (2,140 vs. 1,649 kJ; 29.9 vs...

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed's milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; α s1-casein and β-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the α s-caseins were digested completely while β-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion β-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact β-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from β-casein and almost all the peptides from κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (≥C17:0) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids C18:1Σothers showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of C18:2Σall and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).

Factors affecting milk and milk fraction composition, such as cream, are poorly understood, with most research and human health application associated with cow cream. In this study, proteomic and lipidomic analyses were performed on cow, goat, sheep and Bubalus bubalis (from now on referred to as buffalo), bulk milk cream samples. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the composition, including protein, lipid and their glycoconjugates, and the structure of the milk fat globules. BLAST2GO was used to annotate functional indicators of cream protein. Functional annotation of protein highlighted a broad level of similarity between species. However, investigation of specific biological process terms revealed distinct differences in antigen processing and presentation, activation, and production of molecular mediators of the immune response. Lipid analyses revealed that saturated fatty acids were lowest in sheep cream and similar in the cream of the other species. Palmi...

The box will 'expand' over 2 pages as you add text/diagrams into it.) The development of innovative technologies, promoting fruits and vegetables safety to reduce the risk of related food-bourne diseases, is an actual concern. Ozone (O 3) is recognized as a strong oxidant and can be applied in food surface disinfection, sanitation of food plant equipment and reuse of wastewater. Several studies demonstrated that ozone reduces the microbial load of fresh fruits and vegetables, thus improving products' safety. The objective was to study the effect of ozone on the microbial load of red bell peppers and on contaminated water. Listeria innocua was selected as target microorganism (apart from being non-pathogenic, it is physiologically very close to L. monocytogenes, and both can be isolated in the same products). Experiments were carried out using an ozone generator interconnected to a container (30L) filled with tap water. Ozone was continuously incorporated in water and its content indirectly measured by potential difference. Artificially contaminated bell peppers, with Listeria (initial load ~ 10 7 CFU/mg), were washed in water (control) and in ozonated water (O 3 concentration ~ 0.25 p.p.m.), for different times till a maximum of 60 minutes. Artificially contaminated water, with Listeria (initial load ~ 10 7 CFU/mg), was treated with ozone (O 3 concentration ~ 0.25 p.p.m., continuously incorporated in the water), for different times till a maximum of 15 minutes. Results showed that, in average, ozone-washings reduced 1.6 ± 0.4 log-cycles (± standard deviation) of Listeria in bell peppers, being this process equivalent to a simple water-washing. The time of treatment did not affect the results. The effect of ozone on contaminated water was different. Listeria in water suffered an inactivation dependent on the time of treatment, similar to a thermal inactivation kinetic behaviour (initial lag phase ~ 5 minutes, followed by a maximum death rate of ~ 0.5 min-1). After 15 minutes, Listeria load decreased 5 log-cycles.

Whey protein is a by-product derived from the production of cheese and it has many benefits for human health that what the recent research work has shown, so it is known as a functional food. It is known that there are salt whey and sweet whey depending on the process of making cheese. Whey protein is absorbed and digested rapidly. Whey protein contains a number of bioactive components including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, immunoglobulin, and lactoferrin. These components have positive effects on health such as immune improving and antioxidant characteristic that reduce hypertension, cancer, hyperlipidemia, and virus contagious. The transformation of the amino acid cysteine to glutathione can partially these effects. In addition, whey protein can cure inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, whey protein is a rich source of branched chain amino acids, which are particularly good for athletes and sarcopenic cases. In this review, we conclude the characteristics of whey protein and the latest results related the effects of whey protein on specific conditions for human health.

A research that analyzed the relationship between biogas production as renewable energy and performance of waste water treatment in tofu small industry using AnSBR reactor has been conducted. This research used system operation method in batches in to get a description of how the biogas production system works as it was operated in the batch mode, which is applied in tofu industry. An instrument capable of operation in batch mode using AnSBR reactor was designed as it does not require sludge re-circulation. An AnSBR reactor includes five stages of; filling, reaction, settling, decanting, and stabilization (idling state). The research was run for 24 days using biogas collected in a tank. Biogas was measured for each HRT starting on the second day HRT to 24 th day HRT. Biogas characteristics were monitored on day 16 th for contents of CH 4 , CO 2 and heat value. Results show that CH 4 content in the biogas amounts to 78.26 %, while CO 2 comprises 20.16 %. Meanwhile, the heat value, which depends on acid methane and CO 2 content, is 4,246.55 kkal/kg.

For the determination of the binding of heated cow’s milk whey proteins such as β-lactoglobulin to the receptors expressed on immune cells, inhibition ELISA with the soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and scavenger receptor class B (CD36) has been successfully used in the past. However, binding to heated and glycated caseins in this read-out system has not been tested. In this study, inhibition ELISA was applied to measure the binding of cow’s milk casein alone, as well as all milk proteins together, which underwent differential heat treatment, to sRAGE and CD36, and we compared those results to a dot blot read out. Moreover, binding to sRAGE and CD36 of differentially heated milk protein was measured before and after in vitro digestion. Casein showed binding to sRAGE and CD36, independent from the heat treatment, in ELISA, while the dot blot showed only binding to high-temperature-heated milk protein, indicating that the binding is not related ...

Reported here is a comparative analysis of the milk from three representative breeds of dairy cows from Romania-Maramures Brown (Brună de Maramureş), Romanian Spotted (Bălțata Românească) and Black Spotted Romanian (Bălțata cu Negru Românească)-in terms of SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein distribution, total contents of protein, lipids, lactose, dry substance, somatic cell counts, pH and yield of milk. The Maramures Brown displays the highest percentage of proteins and of dry matter, the lowest yield of milk, the highest amounts of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (tied with the Spotted Romanian for the latter) and the lowest serum albumin and immunoglobulin. The Black Spotted Romanian shows the highest yield of milk, the highest content of lactose, the lowest content in lipids and protein and dry matter, the highest content of casein and BSA, and the lowest content of α-lactalbumin and immunoglobulin. The Spotted Romanian shows the highest content of lipids, the highest SSC and the highest proportion of lactoferrin. Positive correlations with r values at 0.6-0.8 are found between the relative contents of various components-α vs. β casein, Ig vs. α casein, Ig vs. βLgb, lactoglobulin vs. lactalbumin, β casein and αLac, BSA vs. β casein and αLac, total protein content vs. dry residue, SSC vs. lactoferrin and β casein. A weak negative correlation is seen between the total lipid content and lactose (-0.6).