Cyberspace

Cyber conflict between states is a growing trend. There is a large body of research on cyber conflict, but there is very little quantitative analysis to support the theories or to assist in predicting future use of cyber operations. Using a logistic regression analysis, this thesis studies cyber conflicts between dyadic rivals from 2001 to 2011 to answer under what conditions cyber incidents occur between dyadic rivals in the past in the hopes to better analyze and predict future cyber incidents. The data demonstrate that the geographic proximity between dyads increases the probability of a cyber incident occurring while any or both of the dyads holds membership in NATO causes a decrease in the probability that cyber operations occur between dyadic rivals. The share of military personnel, military expenditure, and energy consumption is not enough to explain cyber incident trends. The results also show that many of my variables are conditional upon each other for their significance. It is imperative that states address the issues surrounding cyber conflict as the trend is increasing. At the present, the fear of retaliation will always be present as some argue that cyber defensive capabilities will never overtake cyber offensive capabilities as the latter is constantly transforming and evolving while the former is constantly playing “catch up.”

Objectives: The main objective of research is to identify a valid model that ensures the capabilities of national counterintelligence interests in the processes of identification, analysis and response to hybrid threats in cyberspace associated with the national security strategy taking into account the capabilities provided by advanced artificial intelligence. Based on this strategic approach, provide key factors for roadmap of adoption in the process of introducing disruptive technologies in counter-intelligence processes for maximization of results in technology adoption. Methodology: The applied research methodology is mixed. It will combine qualitative and quantitative criteria according to the proposed objectives by each research phase.

"The so-called cyber-threat commands the attention of multinational corporations, governments and the strategic community, keen as they are to harness the power of digital communications yet anxious to protect their interests. Attacks such as those which disrupted on-line banking in Estonia and defaced government websites in Georgia, as well as the infamous Stuxnet worm that temporarily shut down Iran’s nuclear programme, are vivid examples of what may be possible within this new strategic domain. But are our networked societies really vulnerable, as some have suggested, to a knock-out blow, perpetrated by state-sponsored hackers or terrorists? And what can be done to defend the state from this and from the encroachment of external networks that transcend its borders and breach its laws?

This Adelphi tackles the range of issues raised by our dependence on digital networks. It considers how instantaneous, global communications are challenging national and social orders and what shape those challenges may take as the net is cast ever wider. Comparing the transformations of the Information Age with those of previous generations, when new technologies and emerging transnational threats spread panic in political and strategic circles, the authors examine the real implications for states and statehood."

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In our daily life, economic activities, and national security highly depend on stability, safely, and resilient cyberspace. A network brings communications and transports, power to our homes, run our economy, and provide government with various services.
However it is through the same cyber networks which intrude and attack our privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful. Some scholars have interestingly argued that, “in the Internet nobody knows you are a dog”.  This raises some legal issues and concerns.
This paper presents important issues on the Security, Prevention, and Detection of Cyber Crime. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
In Part I, the attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the Cyber Crimes. The author will trace back the meaning, history, and types of Cyber Crimes
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Cyber Security; this will include meaning, background, types if any and important of Cyber Security.
Part III will explain on Cyber Prevention and Detection the same will include meaning and history, Cyber Prevention and Detection Methodologies and Legal Instruments.
And Part IV, Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws.
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What is the relationship between cyber activities conducted by Russia at home and abroad? What role do cyber operations play as an instrument of Russia’s coercive diplomacy? How different is Russia from other cyber powers, and how do we know for sure if the Kremlin is behind certain cyberattacks that have been attributed to it?

This Chaillot Paper examines these and other key questions as it explores how Russia’s increasingly assertive behaviour in cyberspace has lent new urgency to the debate about cybersecurity in the West. It focuses on what lessons EU member states have learned from recent events, and on how the EU and NATO have responded to these cyber challenges on the diplomatic, political and security fronts. The paper argues that Russia’s aggressive use of cyber tools has led the US and many Europeans states to adopt more defensive cyber strategies, and that as a result Russia may have lost the strategic advantage it has hitherto enjoyed in what is becoming an ever-more contested domain.

The subject of this article is a relatively new phenomenon of the political "monsters" and their variety – the political "chimeras", which the authors cover from the point of view of the analysis of the substantial and essential, causal and functional nature of this phenomenon. It is shown that the dual nature of the political "monsters" and "chimeras" allows us to model a new format of relationships, including in virtual space, when the functional component begins to dominate over the content.
The authors note that in global information flow when any news don’t live longer than one day, clip consciousness basically can’t critically estimate received information, which is a good ground for the creation, formation and dissemination of the so-called political "monsters" and "chimeras", as a basis for the further ideological and political manipulation.

In The Condition of Postmodernity (1989), the geographer David Harvey articulated the concept of " time-space compression " to designate commodity production and accumulation as key-factors of a renewed relation between time and space. Harvey's condition of postmodernity is hence dominated by an alteration of spatio-temporal perceptions, but whereas globalized modernity has dissolved the borders of the nation-states, allowing for the emergence of global mobility of both human and financial capital, it has also turned hope into disillusionment. As Sankaran Krishna argues (2009), postcolonialism raises doubts about the inequalities and injustices of our contemporary liquid global world. Krishna's contention is that the interactions between West and non-West have not been egalitarian in cultural and economic terms, a dissatisfaction that Joseph Stiglitz had already expressed in his Globalization and its Discontent (2002). Pro-globalization policies, Stiglitz claims, can increase vulnerability and poverty when they enhance corruption, rapid change without cultural adaptation, and ethnic conflicts. The complex interaction of globalization, human mobility and cultural commodification can be acknowledged in the transnational turn of early twenty-first century Indian writing. Like a virus, Indian literature has percolated through Anglophone literary spaces. Not only have Rushdie's heirs, or midnight's grandchildren as they have been labelled, disseminated Indian literature. In their works, as Bill Ashcroft contends (2017), " India itself has put the traditional idea of the nation as imagined community into question ". In the wake of global mobility and spatio-temporal disarray, Indian writing has interrogated the idea of the Nation as it had been embraced in the aftermath of Partition. This year, India is celebrating its seventieth anniversary since independence and contemporary diasporic Indian writers ― Jhumpa Lahiri, Kiran Desai and Hari Kunzru, just to name a few ― still draw upon Rushdie's skepticism of nationalism but, disregarding his epic scale tones, they tend to privilege stories of ordinary displaced people. Hari Kunzru's Transmission (2004), for instance, is a tale of worldwide connections and disconnections, global strollers, neoliberal finance and cyberculture clash. A British writer of

The Russian interference in the presidential elections in the United States and in France raises questions about the need and ability of democratic countries to protect their election processes. This article indicates the importance of relating to elections in a democratic country as both critical infrastructure and as a critical process, and it presents the threats to elections posed by both cyber and cultural developments. This article addresses the reality in which the extensive use of social networks and direct communications channels enables foreign entities to significantly influence the democratic process—without crippling the voting systems—by introducing outside influence into the political discourse. This constitutes a new challenge to democratic countries, which warrants thinking and re-organization.

Intellectual Property, Nollywood, Creative Industry, Nigerian Copyright Laws, Digital Copyright, International Trade & Development, Transactional Negotiation, Animation Rights, Naijacomedy, Folklore, Traditional Cultural Expressions, Celebrity Branding, Fashion Design, Trademarks, Cyberspace law, Contract laws, Creative Human Capital, Technology law, Technical Protection Measures, Nigerian Copyright Commission, U.S. Copyright Office, Afrollywood, Afrondise, Technical Protection Measure, Digital Copyright Millennium Act, ECOWAS, WTO, TRIPS, WIPO, Cultural Appropriation, Cultural Anachronism, Fair Use, Fair Dealing, Bollywood, Ghallywood, Hollywood, Kennywood, Jollywood, Joziwood, Vollywood, Piracy, Cinematography, Films, Animation, Fashion design, Folklore, Customary law, Nigerian Legal System, Music, Derivative Rights.

In June 2008 the search term ''Madeleine McCann'' generated around 3700 videos on YouTube, attracting over seven million text responses. This research project used generic analysis to allocate videos to categories according to their content. Using critical discourse analysis, the nature of the comments posted in response to the videos was then assessed. Both methods were deployed to explore three broad research questions. First, what kind of content were people uploading to YouTube in response to the case? Second, where did YouTube users position themselves in relation to the dominant discourses of the news media in this case? Third, previous work demonstrates evidence of ''collective expressiveness, emotionality, and identity'' (Greer, 2004) in virtual communities structured around cases of child murder in the United Kingdom: to what extent were these characteristics of imagined community evident in responses to videos? Results demonstrate that YouTube provides a forum for a broad range of responses to the case, both accommodating and expanding on dominant mainstream discourses. Evidence of distinct imagined communities forming around particular responses to the case demonstrate nuanced and complex patterns of responses to mediated crime through YouTube, as technology erodes the traditional boundaries between producers and consumers of crime news.

Abstract: Cyberspace has become the new frontier for countries to demonstrate power. Nations that have developed defense tools or those that can successfully launch attacks against adversaries will become the next global superpowers [1], [2]. While cyber threats and attacks by government agencies are well documented, most widespread attacks are done by individuals or hacking groups for personal gains [3], [4]. The UAE has become a major target for cyber conflicts due to increased economic activity, tourism, technology and rise of the oil and gas industry. Furthermore, the wide spread of internet in the region to the tune of 88 % has exposed it to attackers [3]. Recent attacks against Saudi Arabia’s ARAMCO and Qatar RasGas and the Stuxnet attack on the Iranian nuclear plants are often cited as examples [3], [5]. Previous reports show that the UAE Government is set to double expenditure on homeland security [6]. Therefore, we need to assess whether available cyber-security defenses ar...

El desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) no solo se caracteriza por un avance técnico sino también por discursos o descripciones acerca de las mismas tecnologías. Los usos y trayectorias futuras de estas tecnologías dependen de sus descripciones, por lo cual se vuelve relevante indagar respecto de ellas. El presente artículo, basándose en los planteamientos de Niklas Luhmann, se propone redescribir las distinciones que se han dado en particular acerca de las nuevas tecnologías digitales. Para ello revisamos múltiples textos, desde escritos pioneros y técnicos de lo virtual hasta posteriores teorizaciones de filósofos y críticos de estas tecnologías. Al cabo de tal revisión nos encontramos con un cambio de distinciones, pasando desde una que oponía lo virtual a lo real, a una más conciliadora e inclusiva entre lo virtual y lo actual, para luego llegar a una reorientación de las preguntas bajo el concepto de 'lo digital'. Se nos revela, asimismo, que estas distinciones esconden una paradoja aún más básica que quedará siempre sin resolver debido a la propia forma de describirse la realidad.

The book faces an essential contemporary issue: the definition of the limits of action, protection and use of cyberspace as a fifth operational domain, as well as in the measures to be taken to make this environment more secure. Using the term adopted by the US Department of Defense, the authors use practical experience to indicate an agenda that aims to create means to improve the defense of areas such as state security, economics, democracy and privacy.

Several studies on the harms of cyberspace, the Internet, and social networks in Iran have been conducted, and different categories have been used for this phenomenon. Still, the harms of these media are less mentioned in foreign research. The purpose of this study is to review the harms of cyberspace, the Internet, and social networks on family relationships in research abroad and to provide a comprehensive framework in this field. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this study, the harms of cyberspace, the Internet, and social networks were extracted using library studies (articles, books, magazines, journals, dissertations, and indexes written in this field, etc.). This research is applied in terms of nature and purpose. In this article, while expressing the concept of cyberspace, the Internet, and social networks, their most important harms in research abroad have been pointed out. Finally, all identified factors are organized under a comprehensive framework that is important in this regard. In general, the prevalence of people's activities in cyberspace, the Internet, and social networks usually brings with them harms that can be from psychological problems, behavioral problems, socio-cultural problems, physical problems, moral-religious problems as the main branches of injuries. Family relationships in overseas research mentioned that each has several sub-branches.

Studying Chinese intelligence service brings researchers and their readers together to identify the specific ways in which the state achieves its goals internationally. Intelligence is deeply rooted in the Chinese understanding of interstate competition, and its essential effect, ie knowledge, is a key element in rational decision-making in foreign and security policy. Intelligence is also an important tool for reducing the technological gap between the PRC and Western countries. Years of tradition, size and international status make the intelligence service of the People's Republic of China have certain characteristics that characterize its operation. Their description may help to understand the philosophy underlying the intelligence work on Chinese characteristics, the role of these institutions in foreign policy and their methodology of action. Authors decided to focus on two aspects: the structures responsible for the interview and the specificity of the approach to collecting information. The main reason for adopting such a perspective is the desire to outline the main differences in Chinese intelligence work in relation to Western countries of cultural or even Russian. A look at the structure of the intelligence and its place in the system brings us closer to understanding what role the Chinese attribute and what they expect from the institutions called to collect information.

Este proyecto incluye el diseño, construcción y puesta en escena de una “arquitectura del ser” que expresa a un individuo en el espacio virtual y en tiempo real usando: (1) datos fisiológicos como material de construcción, (2) el diseño arquitectónico como intención expresiva, (3) el espacio digital como medio plástico, (4) proyecciones de pantalla como técnica de visualización e inmersión, (5) la interactividad y performance del usuario como socio, y (6) colaboraciones interdisciplinarias entre la Arquitectura, Coreografía, Danza Moderna, Música, Bioengeniería, Medicina y las Ciencias de la Computación como su contexto creativo y técnico.

La ponencia presenta la implementación de la cyberPRINT durante un espectáculo tecno-mediático en el Rose Wagner Performing Art Center en Salt Lake City, EEUU en mayo de 2000.  Este trabajo es el primero de su tipo en el mundo.  La cyberPRINT establece una nueva area de investigación arquitectónica en colaboración con las Artes y las Ciencias.

The monograph Media and Culture (https://eshop.vsfs.cz/mainform.aspx?rowfilter=true&search=Maiello&page=1) deal with the development of human communication – from the simply interpersonal communication up to the digital systems of the
late modernity age. The first part of the monograph is presented in a diachronic form
and follows communication and media development as defined by the Toronto School
of communication theory.
It extends into ten chapters dedicated to the primary oral cultures; to the age of ideograms and letters; the age of printed media; the age of electricity; the age of television;
and the digital age. The first part also deals with the themes of changes in the human
psyche derived from the circulation of printed books; with the world view served by the
media; with their influence on the process of socialization and with the concept of global
culture. The second part, divided into seven chapters, is conceived as a synchronic analysis of the technetronic society. The technetronic society is analyzed considering other
contemporary social theories that arise in parallel with the emergence of new technological processes aimed at the development of newer and newer media. The second part
is completed by other chapters dealing with the digital age and globalization; the difference between slow and fast time; the relationship between work and entertainment;
between self-confidence and self-image; with the virtual collectivity of digital worlds and
with the construction of identities in the actor-network theory.
The book is methodologically built on a theoretical platform of reflections, insights,
critical views, opinions and a series of original questions and hypotheses – initiating further research into the deepening of media culture discourse.

This paper is an attempt to draw distinctive lines between the concepts of cybercrime, cyber-attack, and cyber warfare in the current information age, in which it has become difficult to separate the activities of transnational criminals from acts of belligerents using cyberspace. The paper considers the implications of transnational cyber threats in international humanitarian law (IHL) with a particular focus on cyber-attacks by non-state actors, the principles of state responsibility, and the implications of targeting non-state perpetrators under IHL. It concludes that current international law constructs are inadequate to address the implications of transnational cyber threats; the author recommends consequential amendments to the laws of war in order to address the challenges posed by transnational cyber threats.

In this age of information and technology, Internet plays the pivotal role for the exchange of huge amount of information. It influences not only all spheres of human life but also all age groups of man. Even if the internet has changed our society fundamentally, the information over internet is not free from any illegal access or harm. Thus the security and safety of information has become the major challenge of the present time. With the rapid growth of users, the cyber crime cases are also increasing and are not restricted by any geographical limitations or national boundaries in the world. Over the past few years India has witnessed many cyber crime cases. And it is a matter of great concern as it has direct negative impact on economic and social lives of people. Our research work is based on the quantitative analysis of cyber crime cases under the IT Act and Indian Penal Code in top vulnerable states and cities in India. Further the cyber crime cases committed by the people of different age group have been analyzed. And along with the description of different motives of cyber crime activities and the offences, the important remedial measures have been suggested that need to be taken to minimize the cyber crime cases.

Information and communication technologies provide immediate means, motivations and opportunities for cybercrime. However, deeper cultural, social and psychological developments triggered by globalisation are the root causes of such motivations and opportunities. Successful strategies to prevent cybercrime cannot focus only on technological or infrastructural defences but must address these global developments. While scientific understanding and political awareness of such causes are still limited, studies from different disciplines, including sociology, criminology and psychology, allow to detect some global criminogenic patterns and to identify the state responsibilities of national governments for failing to address them adequately. This article integrates the findings of these studies to provide a preliminary interdisciplinary theory of the global causes of cybercrime and assess what national governments can do to mitigate them.

This paper examines the latest research on the digital skills crisis, focusing on the factors that contribute to digital exclusion. Through an extensive analysis of current literature on the digital divide, the authors discuss digital skills gaps, namely the exclusion of a sizeable part of the workforce from the digital market economy—and women in particular. Studies indicate that exclusion from the digital market is augmented and reinforced when combining the gender dimension with other exclusionary factors such as disability, age, race and socioeconomic background. Research confirms that the gender imbalance in ICT and related sectors persists today, despite decades of equal opportunity policies, legislation and government initiatives. Women are still underrepresented and digitally excluded and efforts to attract, recruit and retain girls and women in ICT and STEM seem to be failing, reinforcing the gender gaps: participation gap, pay gap, and leadership gap, a result of the deep-...

The role of cyber space in achieving Sustainable Development Goals is worth giving full attention as ICT has become an important fabric in different sectors of world economy.
The world is a sea of economic opportunities in virtually every sector, and the continents’ youthful population has an enormous opportunity in this digital era and hence the need for the world to make digitally enabled socio-economic development a high priority.

Pour la première fois de son histoire, le Club scientifique de l’Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumedienne, a organisé une série de conférences sur le futur numérique et comment l’envisager. Comment s’harnacher utilement à ces technologies?

Elles bouleversent notre quotidien et notre espace de travail. Elles remettent en question nos fondamentaux et bousculent un certain nombre de nos croyances contemporaines. Elles sont incontournables, désormais indispensables à toute économie et indissociables de nos vies.

Marek górka (red�), Cyberbezpieczeństwo dzieci i młodzieży. Realny i wirtualny problem polityki bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Difin, Warszawa 2017, ss. 350 Recenzowana monografia wieloautorska pod redakcją Marka Górki, uznanego eksperta w dziedzinie cyberbezpieczeństwa, to interesująca publikacja przeznaczona dla szerokiej rzeszy teoretyków, jak i praktyków w osobach nauczycieli, pedagogów oraz samych rodziców. Jak podkreśla sam redaktor, całościowa analiza zagrożeń związanych z funkcjonowaniem dzieci i młodzieży w cyberprzestrzeni, to problem obejmujący szereg dyscyplin naukowych. Należy podkreślić, iż Markowi Górce udało się nakłonić do współpracy blisko trzydziestu autorów, co w świetle powyższego, jak również w czasach spadku popularności prac zbiorowych należy uznać za spore osiągnięcie redaktora. Być może warto by nieco inaczej ułożyć prace poszczególnych autorów w ramach czterech rozdziałów, które składają się na książkę. Bez zwątpienia, najbardziej spójne tematycznie są rozdziały 3. i 4., najmniej zaś pierwszy. Z drugiej strony, prawem redaktora jest dokonać subiektywnego wyboru co do doboru i ułożenia tekstów w redagowanej przez niego publikacji, ponadto w tym wypadku nie można mu stawiać w tym względzie poważniejszych zarzutów. Należy podkreślić, iż struktura książki jest przejrzysta oraz bogata w treści odnoszące się do tematu całej pracy. Wybrana przez redaktora naukowego kolejność rozdziałów jest klarowna i logiczna, w kompleksowy sposób obejmując tym samym obszar badawczy zawarty zarówno w temacie książki, jak i we wstępie pracy. Poszczególni autorzy trafnie wykorzystują dorobek naukowy innych badaczy, dzięki czemu praca nabiera również cech syntezy naukowej dotychczasowego stanu badań. Ponadto, część z nich przeprowadziła szeroko zakrojone badania wśród dzieci, młodzieży oraz ich rodziców, co stanowi niewątpliwie kolejny walor recenzowanej pracy. Recenzent z czystym sumieniem może polecić pracę pod redakcją Marka Górki wszystkim rodzicom i nauczycielom, którzy chcieliby rozszerzyć swoją wiedzę na temat zagrożeń związanych z powszechnym dostępem do globalnej Sieci i tym samym uchronić przed nimi dzieci oraz młodzież. Recenzowana publikacja swoją obszernością oraz marką Wydawnictwa Difin sprawia słuszne wrażenie publika-

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has been, since

1994, the only globally recognised codification of rights and responsibilities of nations in

the international waters, also known as the high seas. For the purpose of this essay we

shall only consider Part VII (High Seas) of UNCLOS, as the international cyberspace is in

many ways comparable to the international waters, and their security regulations, as we

will see throughout the essay, pose many similar challenges. Within Part VII of UNCLOS

the following two relevant themes arise (clustered by author): inclusive and safe usage and

navigation of the high seas (Art. 87-94, 97) and suppression of piracy and other criminal

acts in the high seas (Art. 100-109, 111)

purposes of relevant concepts (free navigation, illegal acts, aggression, etc.) as well as to

consider the rights and responsibilities of the nation states between those applicable in

international waters and in cyberspace.

It´s no secret that in the 21st-century politics is not only part of our physical reality, but also that of cyberspace. Lately, fake news, rigged elections or cyberattacks are new and threats states and non-state actors have to deal with. As diplomacy has been doing for the physical world, cyberdiplomacy is to make an action in the international scenario and serve as a political tool for conflict mitigation in the digital reality.

The main objective of this paper is to understand why cyberdiplomacy is an appropriate tool for cyber conflicts mitigation between the different actors in European Union, be it states, individuals, institutions NGOs or any actor that takes part in cyberspace. To do so the European cybersecurity realm will be studied and the concept cyberdiplomacy analysed. It will then be compared with other more aggressive and technical, as well as other political paths for mitigating conflicts in or throughout cyberspace. Cybersecurity must combine technical and political tools for cyber conflicts to be effectively mitigated.

Resumo: Num Estado de Direito, a luta política entre os vários grupos, que defendem ou atacam interesses de classe, económicos, profissionais, geracionais, de género, ou outros, embora regulada, é uma constante. Governos, empresas e cidadãos, individulamente ou em grupo, lutam pelos seus objectivos estabelecendo relações de poder. Os media sempre tiveram um papel instrumental neste contexto e o novo media do séc. XXI – o ciberespaço – não é excepção. As características estruturais e funcionais deste instrumento criaram novas condições para a mobi-lização e participação políticas, reavivando a crença na acção libertadora da téc-nica. Por outro lado, nenhuma outra tecnologia promoveu tanta concentração de poder nas grandes empresas da indústria digital, ou criou semelhantes condições para a vigilância activa dos cidadãos por parte dos Estados. Este artigo reune algumas reflexões sobre a importância do ciberespaço como dimensão de poder. Abstract: The political struggle among groups defending or attacking class, economic, professional, generational, gender or any other interests, although regulated, is a constant. Governments, businesses and citizens, individually or as a group, fight for their porpuses by establishing relations of power between them, the media had always played an instrumental role with this regard and the new media of the 21st century – the cyberspace – is no exception. The structural and 1 Entregue: 2.3.2015; aprovado: 30.5.2015.

It is observed that the biggest problem or complication that the cyber world is facing at present is not of its being a universal domain but being a domain which is still highly unregulated. For a domain which is clearly three decades old, the existing regulations are clearly not sufficient. Cyber space is replete with conflicts, and threatened by a variety of threats caused by different players like unethical hackers/crackers, terrorists and non-state actors, and also by the use of covert cyber capabilities by nation states. However, the global cyber community is more focussed on enhancing and upgrading the technology in use, rather than taking coherent measures to stabilise and secure the domain, in spite of awareness about the growing threat perceptions. This is evident from the fact that new advances and further upgradation in technology are taking place daily and, as a result, new threats are emerging, while safety and security related developments are put on the back burner, and are not so often in the news. Hence, there is an urgent need to rectify this scenario and a pragmatic solution has to be found to regulate cyber space to the extent possible.

Cyberspace is everywhere in todays world and has significant implications not only for global economic activity, but also for international politics and transnational social relations. This compilation addresses for the first time the cyberization of international relations - the growing dependence of actors in IR on the infrastructure and instruments of the internet, and the penetration of cyberspace into all fields of their activities. The volume approaches this topical issue in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary fashion, bringing together scholars from disciplines such as IR, security studies, ICT studies and philosophy as well as experts from everyday cyber-practice. In the first part, concepts and theories are presented to shed light on the relationship between cyberspace and international relations, discussing implications for the discipline and presenting fresh and innovative theoretical approaches. Contributions in the second part focus on specific empirical fields of act...

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a cibermoda, a cybermoda ou a também chamada cyberfashion e suas influências na cibercultura e no ciberespaço. A cibermoda é a junção do "ciber" com a "moda", mas vai muito além de roupas tecnológicas. Veremos suas influências no meio ambiente, no cinema, no wearables computers, wearcomp ou nos também chamados "computadores vestíveis" e no cyberwear. Também veremos como a cibermoda é vista no cotidiano e nas tribos, com uma visão do movimento e da moda punk, que nasceu nos anos 60 em Londres e influenciou a moda Cyberpunk nos anos 80 e 90, chegando ao Estilo Matrix. O referencial teórico deste trabalho é baseado em autores como Maffesoli

Western nations face a glaring punishment problem in the cyber domain. Repeatedly, other nations assail their political and economic interests. Repeatedly, Western leaders warn about the gravity of such actions. And yet repeatedly, the victims failed to punish to deter the offenders. This article examines why and how this situation arose and what to do about it. The Western approach to cyber conflict prevention emphasizes the centrality of existing international law and norms. The legal and normative framework is not adequate for this purpose, however, because it does not provide sufficient grounds to credibly respond to actions falling short of war. Consequently, the Western approach has failed spectacularly. It fails to grasp a central truth about contemporary security affairs: much of modern interstate rivalry fits neither the destructive criteria of war nor the acceptable boundaries of peaceful rivalry. Rather, it is unpeace, or mid-spectrum rivalry that is more damaging than traditional peacetime activity, but not physically violent like war. Nations use cyberspace to achieve some of the political and strategic objectives of war without firing a single gun. The lack of an effective Western response betrays not tolerance of aggression but a failure to devise a response strategy commensurate with the legal and doctrinal ambiguities of unpeace. Existing law and norms are a source of the problem, not its solution. An interim solution must be found instead in the development of new doctrine-in a consequentialist strategy that affects adversaries' material interests to deter actions which international law and security strategy do not ordinarily recognize as deserving a strong response.

https://www.edizioniesi.it/pubblicazioni/libri/diritto_storia_filosofia_e_teoria_del_diritto_-_1/diritto_civile__-_1_-_07/il-cyberspace.html

Il cyberspace è comunemente inteso quale spazio di interazione tra attori internazionali. In particolare si fa riferimento allo spazio informatico quale V° dominio della conflittualità. Il presente studio intende presentare il cyberspace quale autonomo fattore di progresso in grado di incidere in maniera originale sui principali elementi e dinamiche della Comunità Internazionale.
Entro questa prospettiva verranno inizialmente evidenziati i principali caratteri dell’informazione e delle tecnologie ITC e i loro riflessi sulla definizione e l’esercizio del Cyberpower così come sulle emergenti dinamiche economiche.
La successiva analisi dell’azione delle Nazione Unite evidenzia le principali problematiche poste dal processo di affermazione delle nuove tecnologie. Problematiche riconducibili alle tre aree tematiche della tutela della pace internazionale, della sicurezza delle infrastrutture informatiche e del loro utilizzo, della promozione e tutela dei diritti umani nel cyberspace.
In ragione dell’importanza acquisita dagli attori privati nel cyberspace il quarto capitolo delinea i principali caratteri delle emergenti forme di governance multistakeholder del dominio informatico.
A partire dagli aspetti analizzati, l'ultimo capitolo affronta il tema dell’incidenza del progresso tecnologico sul sistema delle fonti di diritto internazionale e sulla sua interpretazione e applicazione alle problematiche riconducibili alle tre aree tematiche indicate.

The law of war is part of who we are, it is part of our military heritage. Warfare may have changed shape, methods, and technologies – but the concept of one group of people battling another group of people defensively, due to religious conflict, balance of power, economy, or otherwise, remains constant to this day. The primary issues surrounding the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) international security can be separated into three main concerns. First, establishment of internationally agreed-upon legal definitions of the terms surrounding cyberspace and, cyberspace, and international security must be created. Second, to be addressed in a later paper, escalation scales must be produced by which each of those infractions can be judged and options for defensive retaliatory measures can be considered. Third, also to be addressed by a later paper, the methods by which assessment, attribution, and accountability are to be conducted11 must be applied to suit each of the legal definitions. Based upon category and placement on the new escalation scale, LOAC can be applied to new rules of engagement.
The goal is to identify a cyber event, then properly categorize it based on internationally agreed upon parameters, assess the severity against an escalation scale in order to determine a proper response, attribute the incident to a state or non-state actor, find the parties who perpetrated the incident, and strive to achieve justice.