Cyber Laws and Cyber Crime

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In our daily life, economic activities, and national security highly depend on stability, safely, and resilient cyberspace. A network brings communications and transports, power to our homes, run our economy, and provide government with various services.
However it is through the same cyber networks which intrude and attack our privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful. Some scholars have interestingly argued that, “in the Internet nobody knows you are a dog”.  This raises some legal issues and concerns.
This paper presents important issues on the Security, Prevention, and Detection of Cyber Crime. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
In Part I, the attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the Cyber Crimes. The author will trace back the meaning, history, and types of Cyber Crimes
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Cyber Security; this will include meaning, background, types if any and important of Cyber Security.
Part III will explain on Cyber Prevention and Detection the same will include meaning and history, Cyber Prevention and Detection Methodologies and Legal Instruments.
And Part IV, Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws.
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Data Theft is a rampant crime in India. Employees steal data as it is there gratuity. As per The IT Act,2000 Data Theft is a cyber crime in India and attracts criminal as well as civil remedies. This articles discusses the law provisions and case based scenario of data theft in India.

The role of cyber space in achieving Sustainable Development Goals is worth giving full attention as ICT has become an important fabric in different sectors of world economy.
The world is a sea of economic opportunities in virtually every sector, and the continents’ youthful population has an enormous opportunity in this digital era and hence the need for the world to make digitally enabled socio-economic development a high priority.

Anomalous a grey hat hacking group was suspected of hacking into the computers of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Because of the OPM hack, millions of government employees' background investigation information that OPM collects to ensure US government can trust its employees

With the advent of internet and digital communication technology, online crimes targeting celebrities have gained a momentum. This article argues that, among the celebrities, actresses of Hollywood and Bollywood are particularly targeted online mainly because of their sex appeal and easy availability of contents including their images, video clippings, their private geo-location information, etc. The perpetrators are mostly fans who may wish to view the actresses as sex symbols. This article suggests that production houses should take primary responsibilities to prevent such victimisation and the actors themselves may avail legal policies such as right to be forgotten to approach the internet companies including search engines like Google to prevent victimisation and remove the offensive contents.

The law of war is part of who we are, it is part of our military heritage. Warfare may have changed shape, methods, and technologies – but the concept of one group of people battling another group of people defensively, due to religious conflict, balance of power, economy, or otherwise, remains constant to this day. The primary issues surrounding the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) international security can be separated into three main concerns. First, establishment of internationally agreed-upon legal definitions of the terms surrounding cyberspace and, cyberspace, and international security must be created. Second, to be addressed in a later paper, escalation scales must be produced by which each of those infractions can be judged and options for defensive retaliatory measures can be considered. Third, also to be addressed by a later paper, the methods by which assessment, attribution, and accountability are to be conducted11 must be applied to suit each of the legal definitions. Based upon category and placement on the new escalation scale, LOAC can be applied to new rules of engagement.
The goal is to identify a cyber event, then properly categorize it based on internationally agreed upon parameters, assess the severity against an escalation scale in order to determine a proper response, attribute the incident to a state or non-state actor, find the parties who perpetrated the incident, and strive to achieve justice.

Moonlight Maze is the code name given to a highly classified incident. Experts in information security and intelligence think that Moonlight Maze is an example of the longest lasting advanced persistent threat in recent history. Security experts had their first contact with this incident in March 1998. The official U.S. government perceived abnormal activity in restricted networks environments. Systems within the Pentagon, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Energy (DOE), weapons laboratories and Universities throughout the United States were affected by targeted attacks on specific objectives that lasted long periods of time. The attacks were directed to seek sensitive but unclassified information systems and stored data. The incident response teams after repeated testing of the affected systems and data concluded that the cyber-attack had lasted almost two years. The cyber attackers had surfed freely through thousands and thousands of documents including maps of military installations, configuration of troops, military hardware design.

The Fifth Dimension of Conflictuality: The Rise of Cyberspace and Its Effects on In- ternational Politics
Cyberspace has become a crucial element for political, social, financial and individual activities. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced the human interactions and have contributed to “reinvent” classical concepts such as political participation, political debate, decision-making. However, their all-encom- passing, ubiquitous nature and their growing use for political and military purposes poses significant risks to international peace, stability and security. The low barrier of access to ICT capabilities, the speed of technological advances and the complexity of the cyberspace environment with regard to traditional legal definitions of borders have presented new challenges to States (the main actors of international relations) such as the inherent complexity of accurately attributing cyber-attacks. It is both this complexity and the frequent insistence of parties to attribute cyber-attacks and incidents “beyond a reasonable doubt” that gives one the ability to deny responsibility and frustrate attempts to build trust and political rapport in cyberspace. The purpose of this research is to analyze how cyberspace affects the international politics. The nature of the topic dictates the use of qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources such as official reports, declarations and policy documents, and academic analysis, in order to understand effects and dynamics carried out by the cyber domain on classical concepts such as war, peace and international relations. The main idea of this research is that the development of Information and Communication Technolo- gies (ICTs) and the related (r)evolution of warfare have produced relevant effects on the dynamics of the contemporary international system highlighting, at the same time, how the militarization of the cyber domain has posed consequences on interna- tional security, peace and stability. However, the lack of specific research related to “cyberspace’s effects on international politics” highlights the need to devote more attention on this topic bearing in mind that, more extensive and enduring analysis on cyberspace’s dynamics might allowed policy makers the opportunity to improve
awareness related to cyber threats in order to governing challenges emerging from the digital sphere.

Textual data mining and analyses are not recent developments, the uses of different tools to achieve the end goals of data and text mining has been developing for more than two decades. In recent times, there are numerous numbers of tools that has enabled new insights to be drawn from text corpora. Social networks are rich in various kinds of contents such as text and multimedia. Hence, social media is a great source of recent information and the data scientists are engaging themselves very often to understand the complex issues of social and political sentiment in a large given community by using various text or data analyzing tools. The applications of text mining are very diverse and span multiple disciplines, ranging from biomedicine to legal, business intelligence and security. However, for the potential benefits of text and data mining (TDM) to be unlocked, a number of non-technological barriers need to be overcome. Hence, the objective of the paper is to discuss the essentials of text mining of social media from a legal perspective. The study is based on secondary sources where a doctrinal and comparative research shall be conducted to solve particular research questions. As text mining touches upon several areas of law, including contract law, copyright law and database law; it is very important for us to address the issues and consider more noteworthy emphasis on the technological advancement and sustainability.

Today, information processing technologies and the Internet are changing and developing
at a rapid pace. This development of the Internet is an important development in
the sense of information dissemination, it brings with it several problems and the emerging
problems show that this field should be taken as legal. This study was prepared in order to
present a solution proposal by developing a different point of view as a result of the necessity
and against the living legal problems.
In the study, the relationship between personality rights and freedom of expression
was analyzed on the axis of social media, and the legal limits of freedom of expression in social
media sites should be examined. The foundation of the study is consist of, social media,
international conventions and the protection system provided in our national law in the context
of the internet, social media, freedom of expression and personality rights.
In the last part, some controversial issues were discussed through in-depth interview
method and the question of "use and restriction of rights and freedoms in social media"
was handled from a legal point of view by directing various questions to the participant
composed of five experts in the field. In this section where the issues of reliability of new
media, sufficiency of legal regulations, attitudes of social networks against legal violations,
effects of mass movements and applicability of international regulations in Turkish domestic
legal system are discussed, both theoretical knowledge and practical problems are discussed
and alternative solution proposals are presented. It was studied.

The past several decades have brought a vast increase in the availability of electronic resources. With this increased availability has come a new form of criminal activity that takes advantage of electronic resources, namely computer crime and computer fraud. Currently, these new forms of crime are burgeoning and pose a new and lasting challenge to law enforcement agencies at all levels in how to prevent, investigate, and prosecute these crimes. Law enforcement agencies from the local to the federal level are beginning to institute specific units devoted to handling computer-related offenses, but there does not currently exist a uniform method to define and address computer crime and computer fraud.

Despite the fact that the Internet has positively impacted people's lives, there are negative issues emerged related to the use of Internet. Cases like cyber-bully, online fraud, racial abuse, pornography and gambling had increased tremendously due to the lack of awareness and self-mechanism among Internet users to protect themselves from being victims to these acts. However, past research revealed that the level of awareness among Internet users is still low or moderate. One of the vital measures to be taken is to cultivate knowledge and awareness among Internet users from their early age, i.e., young children. Young children specifically, need to be educated to operate in a safe manner in cyberspace and to protect themselves in the process. The objective of this systematic review paper is to explore why it is so critical that modern learners are educated about the risks associated with being active in cyberspace and the strategies that stakeholders can use to promote cyber security education in schools. In this paper, few strategies are discussed as how cyber security education can be implemented in schools.

With the increase in the number of internet users in the country (India), led to a new form of crimes known as Cyber Crime. No doubt, the internet revolution has been a boon to mankind in many fields. However, the dark side of it also gaining ground which can be seen with an increase in the cyber crime cases in the last few years, especially in metropolitan cities. So, this paper tries to analyse the secondary data related to cyber crimes in metropolitan cities in India.
Key Words: Cyber Crime; Metropolitan Cities; Persons Arrested; Conviction; Police Pendency; Court Pendency, etc.

Em 2012, com a implantação do Programa Ronda no Bairro em Manaus, tanto a mídia local quanto profissionais de segurança pública afirmava que a taxa de homicídios havia decrescido. Objetivo: Neste sentido, pretendeu-se impor métodos científicos para verificar se tal fato ocorreu conforme os relatos acima expostos. Metodologia: Assim, o presente estudo traz uma breve explanação da literatura contemporânea que trata sobre a dinâmica da criminalidade, contextualiza a implantação do Programa, faz um levantamento sobre aspectos e dados deste e verifica a dinâmica dos homicídios em Manaus. Para tal, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, acessados dados e informações de relatórios colhidos da extinta Secretaria Executiva Adjunta do Programa Ronda no Bairro, consultados dados de homicídios disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Segurança Pública, confrontados com dados populacionais extraídos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2003). Deste modo, foi observado que antes da entrada do Programa, as taxas mantinham-se crescentes e, após sua implementação, houve desaceleração nas taxas de homicídios. Comparando os biênios, observou-se que o número de homicídios por zona teve uma redução moderada, no geral, uma redução de 1,2%. Durante a implementação do Programa na Zona Norte, houve aumento dos homicídios nas Zonas Leste e Sul. As demais zonas parecem não sofrer alteração com a implementação em outras áreas. Em todas as zonas, há redução quando o programa é implementado localmente. Do exposto, conclui-se que houve mudança na dinâmica dos homicídios em Manaus, após a implantação e expansão do programa, sobretudo pela inovação trazida e aumento da capacidade operativa das polícias.

A forensic investigation of digital evidence is commonly employed as a post-event response to a serious information security incident. In fact, there are many circumstances where an organisation may benefit from an ability to gather and preserve digital evidence before an incident occurs. Forensic readiness is defined as the ability of an organisation to maximise its potential to use digital evidence whilst minimising the costs of an investigation. The costs and benefits of such an approach are outlined. Preparation to use digital evidence may involve enhanced system and staff monitoring, technical, physical and procedural means to secure data to evidential standards of admissibility, processes and procedures to ensure that staff recognise the importance and legal sensitivities of evidence, and appropriate legal advice and interfacing with law enforcement. This paper proposes a ten step process for an organisation to implement forensic readiness.

2.2.3. In Islamic law, contract covers the entire field of a wide variety of obligations including those that are spiritual, social, political and commercial. More specifically, 'aqd refers to the meeting of offer and acceptance in conformity with the formality prescribed by the Shariah. 3 2.2.4. The contract formed on the Internet is an ordinary business contract with necessary modifications made in order to adapt to the cyberspace environment. The buyer and seller need not physically meet each other. They interconnect through the words they type on the keyboard; so it is an alternate paperless media communication in place of ordinary face to face communication or communication via telephone or facsimile or other communication facilities. What is needed is that there must be at least two parties acting as offeror and offeree. There must also be a valid offer accepted by a valid acceptance for a valid consideration as otherwise no contract enforceable at law comes into existence. Each requirement is indispensable for formation of contracts generally, without exception for those being formed over the Internet.

With the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) along with the increase in the use of the internet among the people in our country, there has seen an increase in cybercrime. No one can claim safe from this problem in this digital age. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data about cyber crime in the country gives a clear picture of our society. It emerges as an important challenge for all the stakeholders especially the Government, in order to achieve the goal of ‘Digital India’. In this context, the present paper will try to analyse the cyber crime against women in India in the 21st Century.

Key Words: Information and Communication Technology; Cyber Crime; Women.

'And The Mountains Echoed' is the third novel of the much acclaimed author, Khaled Hosseini. Published by Riverhead Books in May 2013, it didn't quite live up to its expectation. His first two novels, 'The Kite Runner' and 'A Thousand Splendid Suns' being bestsellers there was obvious enthusiasm among the book lovers. Khaled Hosseini was born in Afghanistan, though he moved to US at the age of 11 but his homeland has huge influence on him which is why all three of his novels are based in Afghanistan. In this novel he has deviated from his usual style of story-telling unlike his first two novels where his story revolved around the main protagonists but in And The Mountains Echoed he created many a character and all of them were connected to each other in some strange way. At some point you feel you are reading too many stories and it leads to a clutter but we are saved by the art of beautiful story-telling of Hosseini who despite the flaws holds the attention of the reader. Hosseini is undeniably one of the finest storyteller and author of the modern times and weaves magic with words but this novel didn't receive the love and warmth that his earlier novels got but nonetheless this one was loved in its own way. The main reason that weighed down this novel was the high expectation and the kind of stories we got in the first two novels, this novel had to be taken as a separate entity and altogether different composition. If we look at it that way, it was beautiful, heartbreaking and held the reader's attention till the end. Among all the little stories that this novel had to offer, it also revolved around the siblings and their despair and separation. Hosseini has a good grasp on human emotions and creates stories that are rich with humanity. In his first two novels he has depicted the political turmoil in Afghanistan and the chaos because of it but in this novel he has deviated and concentrated on the effects of the political turmoil on people and he has avoided that angle completely. He tries to picture his homeland free from wars and this was a faint attempt to depict it reaching a peaceful stage. At the heart of all the stories, it is the story of Siblings Abdullah and Pari who are separated in childhood and Abdullah longs for his sister whom he raised like his own child after his mother's death and Pari comes to know about her reality in her 40s sets out to search her brother. they finally meet in California but by then Abdullah was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and did not remember Pari at all. While 'The Kite Runner' focused on the bond of 'fathers and sons' and 'A Thousand Splendid Suns' focused on the relationship between mothers and daughters', this novel focused on the siblings relationship. Khaled Hosseini tries to depict family bonds, love and separation in this novel and his execution is impeccable.

Electronic devices are a part and parcel of our lives today. With the penetration of technology in our lives, an increased dependency on gadgets, advancement in AI technologies, etc. the electronic devices hold abundance sensitive data about the person who owns the device. This makes them an essential piece of evidence, way more than any breathing witness, which helps the law enforcement officials in solving several cases. However electronic devices and records at the same time are sensitive evidences prone to tampering and manipulation which can substantially change the course of investigation. Therefore, it becomes important to handle these evidences prudently. Because of the same, the courts are hesitant in accepting and relying on electronic evidences. The Indian statutes lay down certain guidelines on handling of electronic evidences however these are not strictly adhered to. A dichotomy of opinion is observed in approach of the same court in different case laws, let alone be courts of various states. Hence a uniform practice could not be established to date even through judicial precedents. The paper studies the progress of recognizing electronic devices and records as an indispensable piece of evidence in a court of law in India through various case laws, the current attitude of court towards different forms of electronic records, and the challenges that still need to be addressed.

Cyber security plays a vital role in the discipline of information security. Preventing the information has become one of the major challenges in the current scenario. Cybercrime is one of the significant factors in cyber security, it increased day by day. Numerous governments and private sectors are taking many measures in order to secure these cybercrimes. Handling cyber security is still a very huge concern. This research paper mainly focuses on challenges faced by cyber security on the latest technologies .It also focuses on latest about the cyber security techniques, ethics and the trends changing the face of cyber security.

Pornografi telah menjadi salah satu masalah yang pelik dalam penegakan hukum. Hal ini dikarenakan penyebarannya yang begitu masif, sehingga sulit dibendung. Pornografi dengan keberadaan internet pun telah menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi penegak hukum untuk memberantasnya, sebagai sebuah kejahatan cyberporn (pornografi di internet) memberikan dampak yang masif. Dalam konteks kejahatan cyberporn dapat dikategorikan sebagai salah satu cyber crime (kejahatan siber). Namun fokus pada cyberporn sebagai salah satu cyber crime hanyalah pada pelaku penyebar pornografi atau yang menyediakan link pornografi di internet, sementara ada juga sisi pihak yang mengunduh dan kemudian menyebarkannya. Pada rantai setelah penyebar pertama atau penyedia link pertama patut dan menarik untuk dikaji apakah mereka adalah pelaku atau justru korban, masalah ini dapat dianalisis dengan menggunakan tinjauan kejahatan tanpa korban (crime without victim) untuk melihat apakah mereka benar merupakan korban semata atau justru pelaku. Artikel ini akan membahas apakah cyberporn dapat dilihat dalam tinjauan tersebut, juga meninjau siapa sebenarnya korban dalam masifnya penyebaran cyberporn saat ini, sehingga dapat dirumuskan kebijakan penanggulangan kejahatan cyberporn.

Given the current state of cyber crime, cyber attacks, and cyber warfare, it is easy to argue that steps taken by those in cybersecurity and Information Assurance (IA) roles to thwart these attacks deserve heroic status. Yet, the reality is that these functions are rarely perceived by their organizations or by broader society as heroic and this has negative consequences for job satisfaction and for the attractiveness of careers in these fields. This paper explores the concept of the hero broadly as well as in organizational literature to understand how heroes are made in organizations and why the nature of cybersecurity and IA work present barriers to perceptions of heroism. This is
because the intrinsic nature of security work focuses on vulnerabilities and therefore differs from other types of work that are focused on new capabilities. The paper concludes with practical recommendations on how managers, industry leaders, and educators can take steps to overcome these limitations and make careers in cybersecurity and IA more attractive.

https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/

Angeles (UCLA). Thank you to the dedicated Federal Communications Law Journal staff for bringing this Note to publication. Special thanks to Meredith Rose, Journal Adjunct, and Atena Sheibani-Nejad, Notes Editor, for their patience and encouragement from start to finish. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Daniel J. Solove for his guidance during the writing process and mentorship throughout my law school career. Finally, many thanks to my family for their unconditional love and support.

Sipas Statistikave të fund vitit 2014, ka rreth 2.5 miliardë njerëz që përdorin internetin në të gjithë globin. Ndërsa ky mjet ndërlidhës i pashembullt ka ofruar mundësi të shumta për individët, bizneset dhe qeveritë që të përfitojnë nga lehtësirat që ofron, padyshim që nuk mund të mos bëhej pre e sulmeve dhe veprimeve kriminale. Sigurisht ashtu sikundër në botën reale edhe në botën virtuale përdorimi i këtij mekanizmi të cilin pa frikë e quajmë "çudibërës", jo vetëm që u shoqërua nga prania e elementëve kriminalë, por këta elementë, u lindën, zhvilluan me të njëjtën shpejtësi që zhvillohet teknologjia e hapësirës kibernetike.

As a major hub in the Global world of cyber activity, there is an onus on the Irish legislature to ensure adequate legal provisions exist to protect both national and corporate infrastructures and to provide for the investigation and prosecution of online crime. This thesis critically analyses existing laws and considers whether they are fit for purpose or in need of significant revision and renewal.

In today's world, data is generated at a very rapid speed and final destination of such data is
database.Data is stored in database for easy and efficient way to manage these data. All the
operations of data manipulation and maintenance are done using Database Management System.
Considering the importance of data in organization, it is absolutely essential to secure the data
present in the database. A secure database is the one which is reciprocated from different possible
database attacks. Security models are required to develop for databases.These models are different
in many aspects as they are dealing with different issues of the database security. They may
different also because of they are taking different assumptions about what constitutes a secure
database. So, it becomes very difficult for database security seekers to select appropriate model
for securing their database. In this paper, we have discussed some of the attacks that can be possible
with its counter measures and its control methods that can be possible.Securing database is
important approach for the planning of explicit and directive based database security requirements.
Ensuring security for database is very critical issues for the companies.As complexiity of database
increases, we may tend to have more complex security issues of database. This paper
generally provide a review of need of database security, attacks possible on databases and their
prevention techniques.
KEYWORDS
Access Control, Active Attack, Attacker, Database, DBMS, Security,

Öncelikle “blockchain” nedir sorusuyla başlamamız gerektiğini düşünüyorum. Genellikle bitcoin ile birlikte anılan sanki onunla var olduğu izlenimi yaratılan bir kavram olarak anlaşılsa da aslında blockchain daha geniş bir kullanım alanı olan ve bitcoin’in de alt yapısını oluşturan teknolojidir. Blockchain, temel olarak değer içeren verilerin güvenli bir şekilde depolanmasını ve yönetilmesini sağlayan dağınık bir veri tabanıdır.
Yazılım sistemi elektronik aletlerin belirli bir işi yapabilmesini sağlayan programları oluşturan, yani bilgisayarda istediğimiz işi yapabilmemize olanak sağlayan sistemdir. Böylelikle bilgisayarın donanım parçalarının yönetimini sağlayan, ayrıca kullanıcıların da istediklerini yapabilmesine olanak sağlayan algoritmalar oluşturabilen sistemlerdir. Ayrıca bu yazılımın da programlanması gerekir. Bu da bir programlama diliyle oluşturulur. Birçok programlama dili bulunur ve bunların bir de mimarisi olur.

This article addresses the problem of international law enforcement within the War on Cyberterrorism. Hybrid conflicts have replaced the traditional ones, and new threats have emerged in cyberspace, which has become a virtual battlefield. Cyber threats-cybercrimes, cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare-are a major concern for Western governments, especially for the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The international community has begun to consider cyberattacks as a form of terrorism, to which the same measures apply. Because the term "terrorism" is ambiguous and legaly undefined, there is no consensus on a definition of the derivative term "cyberterrorism", which is left to the unilateral interpretations of states. Pretending to consider the cyberspace domain as traditional domains, and claiming to apply IHL for the sole purpose of lawfully using armed forces in contrast to cyberterrorism is a stretch. This paper addresses the question of whether or not current laws of war and international humanitarian law apply to cyber domain, and gives some recommendations on how to tackle this issue.