Current Affairs Pakistan

Introduction: Atomic power Pakistan faces a chronic energy crisis characterized by power shortages and dependency on expensive imported fuels from Gulf, which suppresses economic development and industrial growth in the country. The Pakistan-Iran gas pipeline deliver a 286 | P a g e reliable and cost-effective energy source for whole country, but it has been delayed by geopolitical complexities. This study critically analyzes the project's potential to enhance Pakistan's energy security for development. Methodology: Present study used qualitative systematic literature review to examine the uncertainties and implications of the Pakistan-Iran gas project. It systematically identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes relevant literature review, focusing on geopolitical situation, economic, technical, environmental, and policy aspects, using thematic analysis to interpret findings. Results/Findings: The analysis trickle-downs to the fact that though the pipeline, as against other sources of energy in Pakistan, is potentially able to offer a more reliable and inexpensive source, drastically cutting down the country's dependence on imported fuel, various major challenges still remain to be overcome. Of course these relate to geopolitical tensions with Iran, financing constraints posed by Pakistan, security concerns in Pakistan along the pipeline route, and shifting regional dynamics. In addition, the possibility of the project grows complex due to the regional powers involved and global sanctions. Future Direction: Uncertainties for the pipeline; regional cooperation and adoption of a multi-faceted energy strategy that encompasses a renewable energy system with healthy regulatory frameworks and environmental protection for Pakistan, are the necessities. The project requires diplomatic engagement and economic inducements.

The following study analytically discusses political literacy, citizenship and youth participation in the format of Pakistan education system. In this paper, the role of political education through the delivered and taught curricula in secondary and higher learning institutions is discussed. Examining curricular content, teaching approaches, and political learning environment within and through institutions, the research maps areas of weakness in the development of civility, political awareness and education, and democratic citizenship engagement. Furthermore, it explores how extra curriculum activities, Youth Structuring Organizations and social networking sites influence the political dispositions of the youths of
Pakistan. From interviews conducted with various educators, policymakers, as well as on the content analysis of the textbooks and teaching materials, the study uncovers a subject-.object relationship which situates state democracy and the youth’s emancipative democracy in conversation. On this premise, the study postulates that contrary to the belief that formal education , youth has few avenues to exercise critical political engagement, information channels  including activism, social networks, and civil society structures are central in fostering political participation among youths. Finally, this analysis presents proposals for enhancing the causes of political education to enhance youth capabilities and agency to participate effectively in Pakistani politics and other related activities.

Background: In Pakistan, the political landscape is an essential component that has gained attention from youth involvement. Keeping in view the current situation in Pakistan various factors have resulted in the youth's political engagement. Research Aim: The goal of this study is to explore the dynamic of the paradigm shift in the political landscape of Pakistan. Methodology: A quantitative-based research, the sample was gathered through a random sampling technique from 200 youngsters in Pakistan. The data was investigated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results showed that technological, social, economic, cultural, and global factors influence the engagement and participation of youth in political matters. Social media has been shown as a major platform for providing political awareness and mobilization. Conclusion: The engagement of youth in politics resulted in creating awareness regarding social and political matters, it was suggested that an increase in participation will increase political efficiency.

Pakistan's economy is transitioning from crisis to stability, necessitating the alignment of public service sectors like Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management with the country's economic conditions. By leveraging discrete mathematics and logical frameworks, this study identifies the potential of the waste sector to reduce public expenditure and contribute to economic sustainability. The proposed Wasteism Hierarchy Approach (WHA) offers policy guidelines across waste hierarchy levels to aid decision-making for municipalities, waste management companies, and local governments. Key considerations include the interplay of waste collection modes, fleet management, infrastructure, and catchment areas. Additionally, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework ranks and prioritizes feasible MSW treatment and disposal options. This research highlights the integration of the waste sector into the circular economy and its potential to address climate change, promote regenerative agriculture, and support local economic sustainability.

Iran and Pakistan enjoyed cordial relations before the Islamic revolution in Iran, Iran and Iraq War and Soviet led invasion of Afghanistan. Today both countries are not at daggers drawn with each other but relations between them have been marked by mistrust, competition and even hostility at times. This is owing to divergent interests of Pakistan and Iran in the region, cross border terrorism, sectarianism, varying economic interests, and conflicting partners in international domain. The future of Pakistan’s relation with Iran would continue to be influenced by the regional and international scenario. The relations between both neighbors can deepen and solidify if Pakistan tries to balance its relation with Saudi Arabia and Iran as both countries continue to be of utmost importance for Pakistan. In doing so, an effort should be made on the part of Pakistan to refrain from entering the conflicts which have been initiated and supported by these rival countries. Cooperation in trade a...

This article includes in detail the research conducted by foreign scientists on the border conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan -the "Durand line" problem, and their analytical opinions on this issue. Also, the scientific work done by Western, CIS, Indian, Afghan and Pakistani scientists in this regard is briefly described.

The paper attempts to answer the following three questions:
• What is the methodology do Pakistani fact-checkers adopt for fact-checking a claim?
• How do Pakistani fact-checkers uphold transparency in their fact-checking methodology?
• What were the characteristics of fact-checked stories flagged for misinformation during the 2024 election?

The false or misleading claims fact checked by Soch Fact Check and AFP Pakistan Fact Check reveal that PTI and PML-N were the focus of most of the claims flagged for misinformation. The paper explains that fact checking by both fact checkers is conducted in a systematic and transparent manner.

Strategic change in Pakistan's foreign policy vectors in the context of the war in Ukraine The war in Ukraine has consequences not only for the politics of Kiev's closest neighbours, but also for countries as geographically distant as Pakistan. It poses a serious challenge to the geopolitical situation in South Asia. In these new circumstances, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is trying to find its place. The country is experiencing one of the most serious economic crises in history, which may affect the stability of the government. How the authorities and the political elite deal with this situation may determine the country's policy for the coming decades. The aim of the article is to show how the war in Ukraine affects the current situation in Pakistan against the background of previous experience.

Cricket as a sport has a huge global following. While Test cricket has lasted since almost 150 years, innovations over the last fifty years have brought around changes of attitudes and perceptions in both the players and the cricket fans. This article focuses on the impact of such innovations on the Test cricket performance of Pakistan in particular.

The main purpose of the text is to present the role of Islam as a pillar of strategic culture of Pakistan. The first part is dedicated to present common scientific definition of the meaning as useful to further analyse. Second part consists the historical factor which influences Pakistan internal and foreign policy, especially at the security level. Definitely the constructive approach is most useful here, because Pakistan has been created strictly by the politicians, namely by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Indian Muslims and their political representation Pakistan Muslim League (earlier Indian Muslim League). From constructivist perspective the religion was (has been?) intentionally chosen by him and later politicians to mobilise the masses. Another argument is that M.A. Jinnah didn’t have an opinion of zeal or even pious Muslim himself. Contrary his private and in some extent public image was secular and “Western” as well as was his education and profession (as a lawyer whose practise begun during his work in London’s famous Lincoln’s Inn). It is no room to analyse how contemporary Pakistan fits to Jinnah’s vision of Pakistan as modern and…secular state (more close to Kemalists Turkey than to states like Saudi Arabia or UAE). He and his successors failed to create such a state as well as in case of creation of one, unified political nation. Contrary Pakistan is still divided alongside with national, linguistic and is some concern even tribal borders. Only religion and common thread of India are two factors unify the people who hardly can be called one, modern Pakistani Nation in political meaning. 
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM) Volume 5, Issue 1, Jan.-Feb., 2025, pp: 341-349

We conducted an online survey with undergraduate students in Afghanistan and Pakistan, two neighboring countries in South Asia, to examine their perspectives and attitudes toward generative artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, we analyzed their self-efficacy regarding learning about AI, experiences with AI tools, and intention to adopt AI in their learning and daily lives. University students in Afghanistan and Pakistan demonstrated mixed attitudes toward AI, simultaneously expressing both optimism and concern regarding AI-related technology. While students from both countries exhibited many similarities, their attitudes were interestingly different regarding the benefits and threats of AI. Our research also identified factors affecting AI self-efficacy and intention to learn about AI among Pakistani and Afghan students. This research helps fill a gap in the field of communication and media that lacks empirical studies on Pakistan and Afghanistan youth attitudes toward generative AI and related issues in the Global South in general.

CONCEPTUALLY, anti-terrorism laws usually include specific amendments allowing the state to bypass its own legislations when fighting terrorism-related crimes, on the grounds of necessity. Because of this suspension of regular procedure, critics often allege that anti-terrorism legislation endangers democracy by creating a state of exception that allows an authoritarian style of government.

The Zainabiyoun Brigade, a Shia militia composed of Pakistani volunteers, has been involved in the recent clashes in Kurram, Pakistan. The Brigade has been active in the region due to its affiliation with Iran and its support for the Shia community. The clashes between Sunni and Shia tribes have drawn the attention of the Brigade, adding another layer of complexity to the situation. The Brigade’s involvement reflects the broader sectarian tensions in the region and its ties to external powers, particularly Iran.

Manzar Zaidi discusses the socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan, questioning whether its citizens are truly aware of their country’s standing in the world. He begins by explaining the historical context of the term “woke,” initially associated with social injustices, and how it has evolved in contemporary discourse. He presents alarming statistics on gender inequality, education, security, governance, and access to clean water, illustrating Pakistan’s low rankings in global indices. Despite these pressing concerns, he notes that our daily discussions focus on entertainment and politics rather than addressing these critical socio-economic indicators.

“It is not the divine destiny, but the humanly conceived norms of the socio-cultural system which has destroyed my womanhood. I am born in this system but have not brought this with birth”, a dialogue by Hoor, a protagonist of JJ Baloch’s novel- “Whiter than White”. Gender apartheid refers to a systematic and institutionalised form of discrimination that enforces rigid gender roles, often leading to the subjugation of women. In Pakistan, a country marked by a complex interplay of cultural, religious, and socio-economic factors, gender apartheid manifests in various forms, significantly impacting women's rights and freedoms. Despite facing systemic oppression, women in Pakistan have demonstrated remarkable resilience and agency in their fight for equality.

the belief among PTI supporters that Donald Trump's presidency could influence Imran Khan's release from prison: The belief among supporters of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) that Donald Trump's recent election victory could lead to the release of Imran Khan from prison reflects a complex interplay of political optimism and misconceptions about international relations. Many PTI supporters perceive Trump as a populist leader similar to Khan, fostering a sense of shared ideology that creates emotional connections. This belief is fueled by the notion that both leaders are anti-establishment figures who appeal to nationalist sentiments and promise to "drain the swamp" in their respective political contexts (Khaliq, 2024).
Some PTI leaders have expressed hope that Trump's administration will advocate for Khan's release, citing their past rapport during Trump's presidency. However, skepticism remains among political analysts and rival parties regarding the likelihood of U.S. intervention in Khan's legal matters. Critics argue that such expectations are unrealistic, given the complexities of U.S.-Pakistan relations and the focus on strategic interests rather than individual political cases (Khawaja Asif, 2024).
Moreover, this situation has led to ridicule from opposition parties, highlighting contradictions in PTI's narrative. While Khan has previously accused the U.S. of orchestrating his ouster—a claim central to PTI's anti-U.S. rhetoric—supporters now look to Trump for assistance. This irony raises questions about the credibility and consistency of PTI's political messaging (Dawn News, 2024). Ultimately, while some supporters remain hopeful, any resolution regarding Khan's imprisonment is likely to depend more on domestic legal developments than on foreign influence. This extract summarizes the main points and arguments discussed in your original text while providing a coherent narrative flow.

This monograph aims to contextualize the narratives underpinning Pakistan's national security challenges, examining the clarity or ambiguity in its strategic worldview regarding internal security. National security doctrines evolve gradually, shaped by institutionalization and sudden drastic changes. States with broader global aspirations face expansive challenges, whereas those focused on domestic protection adopt a narrower focus. Geographic location significantly impacts security strategies, with landlocked states facing direct territorial disputes and insular states like Pakistan considering regional neighbors in their security calculus. Power dynamics and state perception are critical in international politics, where power projection influences both external and internal perceptions. Public perception of law enforcement and the military plays a crucial role in shaping national security. Economic conditions further complicate national security, with economic instability limiting rational security decisions. This paper delves into these intricacies, exploring the interplay of geography, power, ideology, public perception, international relations and economic capacity in shaping Pakistan's national security policy, ultimately seeking to discern the coherence and effectiveness of its strategic worldview.

Il 1° novembre 2024, un attentato contro la campagna di vaccinazione antipolio nel Pakistan occidentale ha causato la morte di sette persone, inclusi cinque bambini. Una bomba, collocata per colpire le forze di sicurezza a scorta dei vaccinatori nella città di Mastung, a sud di Quetta, capitale della provincia del Balochistan, ha ucciso un agente, i cinque bambini e un negoziante.
Il 9 novembre, il numero delle vittime di un attentato suicida nella stazione ferroviaria di Quetta -nonostante la città sia presidiata dalla polizia pakistana - è salito a 31. L’attacco, avvenuto alle 9 del mattino presso il terminal dei biglietti prima della partenza del Jaffar Express diretto a Rawalpindi, è stato rivendicato dal gruppo separatista Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) e ha coinvolto oltre cento persone in attesa del treno. Il portavoce del BLA, Jeeyand Baloch, ha dichiarato che l’attentato, eseguito da un membro della Majeed Brigade (Fidayee Muhammad Rafiq appartenente al gruppo dei Bizanjo, alias Washen Baloch), la cellula suicida del gruppo, ha avuto come obiettivo un’unità dell’esercito pakistano di ritorno da un corso di addestramento presso la scuola di fanteria.

This paper investigates the impact of social media campaigns on the voting behavior of university and college students in District Jhang, Pakistan, in the general elections of 2024. Social media has become a powerful tool for political engagement on a large scale, with
platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter actively shaping young voters’ political identities and loyalties. To understand this effect, we surveyed 220 students, examining how social media influences their voting decisions. The findings show that targeted content, including political headlines, memes, endorsements, and advertisements, plays a significant role in shaping young voters’ opinions. Based on 1,753,999 registered voters in county, the impact of social media on electoral choices reflects broader trends in Pakistani elections. The study recommended that political parties increase their social media usage to better engage youth and also promote media literacy to combat misinformation. In addition, a dual online and offline campaign system is proposed to strengthen segmentation and ensure effective political communication.

Lord Palmerston (1784-1865), British statesman; Prime Minister, (1855-8 & 1859-65) has rightly stated that “We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow. Speech at House of Commons, 1 March 1848.
Pakistan-U.S. relations have been experiencing multiple ups and downs in past and recent times since diplomatic contacts were established in 1947. Historically, both countries worked closely together on many occasions, such as during the Cold War, the Afghan War following the Soviet Union's invasion in Afghanistan, and, in the current times, after the 9/11 tragedy in September 2001. No doubt United States has been a source of various significant economic and development assistance program for Pakistan that have assisted its economic advancement and development projects. However, as every country has its national interests that impact on external relations. Pakistan also maintains close ties with China, rapidly growing regional and international economic power, which are not seen as favorable to the US interests in the regional as well as international politics. In these circumstances United States has built strategic relationship with India to counter China in Asia these developments is damaging to Pakistan's regional objectives in Asia and also not suited for China. However, there are too many aspects that can be collaborated by both countries for the prosperity of their people and national interests as well. During the Joe Biden administration, ties between the two nations were unlikely not very warm and cordially. Furthermore, both nations may work together to strengthen their relations by shifting the focus from geopolitics to geo-economics aspects.

, Pakistan stands at a crucial juncture characterized by a multitude of challenges and opportunities that influence both its domestic landscape and international standing. From political instability and economic woes to social issues and environmental concerns, the country is navigating a complex situation that calls for urgent attention and comprehensive solutions. Political Landscape Pakistan's political environment remains tumultuous. The return of former Prime Minister Imran Khan to the political stage has created polarized sentiments among the populace. Following his ouster in April 2022, Khan engaged in a vigorous campaign to regain power, which culminated in widespread protests and demonstrations. Political factions are increasingly divided, leading to a fragmented political scene that complicates governance efforts.

Pakistan's economy has been significantly impacted by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor's operation in terms of its macroeconomic variables and industrial development from 2015 to 2023. Efficient governmental strategies and focused investment in important areas can assist to enhance the project's beneficial impacts. The purpose of this research is to provide a thorough analysis of how the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has affected Pakistan's economy from 2015 to 2023 by evaluating the macroeconomic variables and industrial growth. Also, this research seeks to pinpoint the elements that have influenced the project's achievement or failure and offer political suggestions for enhancing its beneficial effects. The study will employ a mixed-methods research approach that combines qualitative as well as quantitative analysis. CPEC's official website will be used to gather primary data for the qualitative analysis, including project documentation, assessments, and upgrades. Using data from reputable sources like the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the State Bank of Pakistan, the Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform, the quantitative analysis will be carried out. The tentative outcome of this paper is anticipated to shed light on the project's impact on macroeconomic factors including regional connectivity, economic growth and commerce, energy crisis, infrastructure, and industry development as well as identify the aspects that contributed to its success or failure. Based on the analysis's findings, the paper will offer policy suggestions for optimising the project's beneficial effects.

In Under the Gun, Siddiqui compellingly explains why and how political parties deploy violence by focusing on aspects of the parties in question rather than looking at individual or cross-national macrolevel analyses. She also challenges extant scholarship that contends that parties’ use of violence is primarily an artifact of weak state capacity. Instead, she argues that political and economic circumstances give rise to the incentives that parties face to maintain violence specialists either within the party or to develop ties with external specialists. The choice to employ violence is driven by a fairly straightforward assessment of costs and benefits of doing so for the party.

The launch of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) almost a decade ago had prompted some people to raise apprehensions of economic imperialism. This was mainly due to the fact that details about the terms and conditions of CPEC agreements were inaccessible to parliamentarians, academicians and journalists. Comparisons were made to East India Company and British imperialism. On March 1, the Punjab cabinet was reported to have approved leasing state land to China for corporate farming under the CPEC. The report has revived some of the concerns. Critics of the decision point out that one, it is unclear whether the CPEC agreements represent investment or loan; and two, the government has failed to establish the effectiveness of CPEC projects on official forums. The CPEC enthusiasts have called it a game changer, saying one, that China's economic assistance philosophy, unlike Great Britain, is not based on mercantilism; it is based on economic development and prosperity rather than the military might. Two, that contemporary Pakistan, unlike medieval India, is no 'golden sparrow.' And three, that checks and balances provided by formal institutions, such as judiciary and regulatory bodies, are adequate. According to media reports, the Punjab cabinet, headed by Chief Minister Usman Buzdar, has directed a ministerial committee to devise the lease rules. It has approved leasing of 500 to 5,000 acres of land for corporate farming. The cabinet members are reported to have acted in the belief that this action will help modernise the agriculture, ensure food security and create job opportunities. The critics think otherwise. "Leasing land to foreign companies will not benefit Pakistan in any way. It will only aggravate the agricultural crisis. It will further deprive the peasantry of the right to land and it will bring no improvement to agriculture. Food sovereignty will be compromised," says Farooq Tariq, secretary of the Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee.

"SIN LAUNDERING" is a term that has gained traction in discussions about societal behaviors and morality, particularly within Pakistani society, both within Pakistan and among the Pakistani diaspora. The concept refers to the act of engaging in morally or ethically questionable activities but attempting to cleanse or offset these actions through public displays of piety, charity, or good deeds. Sin laundering highlights a paradox where individuals or groups try to reconcile their wrongdoings by superficially adhering to religious or cultural norms, thereby seeking societal validation or absolution.

Every aspect of the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) life is a treasury of deep
wisdom and guidance. The focus of this article is to study an important
aspect of his Seerah i.e. as a ruler. The Madina state was a state which
had a confederation of units with socio- political autonomy. The Holy
Prophet (SAWW) made various covenants for the development and
better defense of the Madina state. The charter of Madina is the basic
document that allows us to understand various aspects of his
governance. He set out the rights and duties of all citizens including
non-Muslims including the Jewish tribes who have been living there
since long and had almost occupied the financial resources of Medina.
Therefore, there was a need to regulate this anomaly and establish a
balance in society through judicious allocation of rights and duties
within an Islamic state. Their role was so defined so as to ensure
development and stability of the State. The Madina charter guaranteed
protection of all kinds of religious, political and social rights and
liberties. Thus the Madina charter is a key document to study how a
peaceful society may be established. It sheds light on his political and
constitutional struggle. This study is an effort to investigate the
Charter of Madina as to how the rights of religious minorities are
secured and to draw a comparison of their rights and duties in the
constitution of Pakistan, an Islamic State. An analytical research
methodology is adopted in this study the above cited topic.
Keeping the charter of Madina in view, a few similarities between the
State of Madina and Pakistan are drawn. The constitution of Pakistan
also guarantees religious freedom and holds that a citizen may
practise any religion. These and other similarities shall be highlighted
in this study.

The anomaly in Pak-Iran relations started due to Afghanistan, and served as a stimulus for Indo-Iranian strategic convergence in the longer run. India's ties with Iran cater to its ambition of circumventing Pakistan in its western backyard. India has been trying to bring Afghanistan into its sphere of influence through Iran, to undermine Pakistan's interest. This has adversely impacted Pak-Iran ties and rejuvenation has become a formidable challenge. The paper argues that Pakistan and Iran have to resurrect mutual strategic relationship. Notwithstanding Chabahar and Gwadar projects, both need to recalibrate their bilateral ties with respect to regional dynamics, to explore the potential for entente, and to neutralize Indian factor in the relations. For Pakistan, Iran provides connectivity to Central Asian Republics (CARs). There is also a great potential for boosting energy trade, developing border security mechanism and a joint plan to address the issue of terrorism.

Eid-ul-Adha, a significant religious festival for Muslims worldwide, is marked by the sacrifice of livestock. In Pakistan, particularly in Karachi and other major cities, this period witnesses a surge in cattle markets as people prepare for the religious observance. However, these markets are plagued by numerous issues that not only affect the well-being of the animals but also pose serious challenges to the residents and authorities.

Aafia Unheard" by Dawood Ghazanavi is a compelling narrative that delves into the life and ordeal of Dr. Aafia Siddiqui, a Pakistani neuroscientist whose arrest, trial, and imprisonment have been surrounded by controversy and widespread allegations of injustice. Ghazanavi's book attempts to shed light on the complexities and mysteries surrounding Aafia Siddiqui's case, offering a detailed exploration of her life, the legal proceedings she faced, and the broader implications for human rights and justice.

To examine the role of online learning on student's perceptions during the recent pandemic from the 364 participating respondents' parents and students from (Grade 1 to 12). The respondents' data were analyzed through structural equation modelling (SEM) and the study confirm that 4 out of 4 of exogenous factors examined impacted learning positively, and 3 out of 4 impacted motivation positively. Besides, both study implications and limitations are also discussed under this study.

The book under review is a collection of essays analyzing Pakistan's past, attempting to reevaluate it in a critical, myth-debunking way, and describing the country's present state while formulating some prescriptions for the future. Many parts of the book reveal the author's deep insight, showing the fallacies of the official discourse in Pakistan. However, Hoodbhoy's discourse is often flawed by his disdain for religion, resulting in shallow and biased (if not simply wrong) analyses of Islamic-based thought, and by his inability to reconcile his commitment to modernism as a foundation of good politics with democratic principles.

Note: in the review there are some printing mistakes caused by the editor. There should be "serious scholarship" in place of "severe scholarship" (p. 91) and a phrase "Where the author goes wrong is when he lays" was added one time too much in the wrong place (p. 92).

The increasingly rapid development of technology has given rise to simulation methods used in circuit specifically in dynamic electricity. One of them is the NI-Multisim application which is useful for determining current and voltage values efficiently and effectively with a circuit design that is built first in the application. Research activities were carried out by simulating Khirchoff's law on NI Multisim by building a circuit scheme based on the circuit composition, namely resistance, voltage source and using voltage measuring instruments and current measuring instruments which are all arranged in such a way by referring to electrical circuit theory. The results of this research are that there is a difference in the total resistance value between the values in the circuit kit module practice and the use of Multisim. However, the difference is very small with an error of around 7.83% for the series-parallel circuit. The current value for each resistance which is connected in a mixed manner can be seen that the practical and theoretical values have an error value of 0% to 24.24% respectively located at R3 at the 6V voltage source and R2 at 12V. The current in I3 is equal to the sum of the current in I2 and the current in I1 for each specified voltage variation. The measurement values with the Khirchoff kit module are different from the NI Multisim simulation, but the differences are still relatively small, ranging from 6% to 28%.

Recent history of international relations suggests that economic interdependence largely contributes to the mitigation of the major political conflicts in the world. CPEC, a flagship mega development project of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has not only initiated massive development projects in Pakistan, which will eventually help in socio-economic development of Pakistan but it will also ensure regional integration. Development of Pakistan through CPEC is desirably focused on a people centric growth model that primarily seeks to resolve the issues of human security. This paper seeks to establish the relationship between economic interdependence and regional integration with human security. Furthermore, this study looks into the role of Gilgit-Baltistan, a geographical lynchpin region, in making CPEC a successful developmental project. Findings of the study suggest that the viability and success of this mega project is highly dependent on the inclusiveness of projects in terms of ...

What idiotic religious bigots do to women in Pakistan will be clear from this horrible incident which took place in a posh area of Lahore, Pakistan which is described as cultural Capital of Pakistan and happens to be the Capital of Punjab Province which has a woman chief minister. There has been no apology from the men who couldn't tell Quranic verses from Arabic words, and were ready to kill over their ignorance. My salute to Zahra Mazhar for penning this piece.

Background: Since the emergence of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) not only have social and the economical dimension of life been disturbed but it has also shattered educational activities as well. Due to fear of disease spread educational institutes are forced to implement online educational systems to teach their pupils. This study aims to explore the student's perceptions related to E-learning and their positive and negative outcome among medical students in Pakistan and Iran.

Die pakistanischen Wahlberechtigten haben dem mächtigen Militär bei der Parlamentswahl den Gehorsam verweigert und trotz dessen großen Anstrengungen, die beliebteste Partei aus dem Rennen zu drängen, mehrheitlich die Kandidaten der PTI gewählt.

Background: Since the emergence of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) not only have social and the economical dimension of life been disturbed but it has also shattered educational activities as well. Due to fear of disease spread educational institutes are forced to implement online educational systems to teach their pupils. This study aims to explore the student's perceptions related to E-learning and their positive and negative outcome among medical students in Pakistan and Iran.

Pakistan, a nation rich in history and cultural diversity, grapples with multifaceted challenges that extend beyond corruption to encompass weaknesses in the overall system and the rule of law. The imperative for sustainable progress necessitates a shift in focus from short-term solutions like violence or elections towards establishing a robust system that ensures accountability, responsibility, and justice at all levels. A fundamental issue plaguing Pakistan is the lack of a strong state apparatus, where the rule of law, fundamental for thriving democracies, is often undermined. Citizens find themselves in a system that inadequately holds individuals accountable, fostering a pervasive lack of responsibility from top-tier politicians to the common man on the street. The intricate web of bureaucracy and politics adds complexity to citizens' challenges rather than simplifying processes and promoting transparency. This bureaucratic red tape not only hinders effective governance but also results in a growing disconnect between the government and the public. In the face of issues, the government often navigates a middle route, attempting to appease various factions, leading to indecision and a lack of clarity, thus intensifying mistrust among the public. An effective and efficient judiciary system is pivotal for the nation's well-being. The current challenges in the judiciary system, including case backlogs, lack of resources, corruption, and limited access to justice, hinder its ability to provide swift and fair justice. Addressing these challenges and improving the judiciary system is crucial for enhancing the rule of law and ensuring that citizens have confidence in the legal processes. Concrete steps toward reform include overhauling bureaucratic structures to simplify processes and reduce red tape, promoting efficiency. Strengthening the judiciary to ensure swift and fair justice, addressing case backlogs, improving legal education, and enhancing the overall judicial system are crucial components. Religion and nationalism, while potential unifiers, have been manipulated in Pakistan, creating division and discord instead. This misuse exacerbates existing problems and impedes the formation of a cohesive and inclusive national identity. The involvement of the Pakistan military's leadership in politics, historically rooted in a perceived need for stability, has disrupted the democratic process. While security concerns are valid, the military's role should be confined to safeguarding borders, preventing interference in political affairs, which undermines democratic principles.

The essay that follows is part of a larger queer genealogy project that aims to fashion “the theoretical organization and methodological perspective of genealogy” into a tool for understanding how the discursive practices and processes of state and religion (which hinge on conceptions of majority/minority) have turned notions of sexuality and sexual categories (heterosexual, gay, lesbian, transgender), as well as all other “minority” positionalities including religious and sectarian ones (Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Shia, Sunni, Ahmedi), into performative objects of study, analysis, and disciplinary control in the postcolonial, modern Muslim state of Pakistan. A similarly twinning effect occurs via neo-imperial mechanisms mobilized in the so-called liberatory promises marshalled on behalf of formerly colonized queer-identified subjects. To cast a “queer eye” on the dominant landscape of citizenship within Pakistan, then, is to address not only the growing body of work by queer-identified creators, but also to develop a reading practice that allows for an “interrogation of…the limits of a politics of visibility and representation” conferred on unequal citizens of various nation-states. Reading “queerly”, I will, in this essay, situate three exemplary performatives of gendered and sexual citizenship within global circuits of power including social media platforms, reflecting on what constitutes not just Pakistani, but also Pakistani-diasporic identity and its cross-racial, sexual, and feminist transnational promise.

ESCALATING CROSS-BORDER TENSIONS
In a recent turn of events, Pakistan and Iran found themselves entangled in a series of cross-border military strikes, deepening existing complexities in their relationship. The situation began with Iran allegedly violating Pakistani airspace, resulting in the tragic deaths of two children. Swift condemnation from Islamabad highlighted the severity of the breach, hinting at potential repercussions.

The legal profession of South Asia grapples with persistent gender inequality. Although the underrepresentation of female lawyers in Pakistan has recently become a topic of discussion in NGO seminars and the media, a comprehensive study addressing the factors contributing to this disparity is notably absent. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating potential obstacles hindering the presence of female lawyers in the legal profession in Pakistan. A detailed examination of bar council data reveals a substantial gender imbalance among legal professionals across all four provinces of Pakistan. Notably, the study emphasizes the lack of literature on this issue, in contrast to Western countries where extensive research exists on women's professional experiences. Drawing on qualitative data collected from interviews, focus groups, and key informant discussions, this research highlights the critical issue of inadequate financial incentives as a significant deterrent for female lawyers. Examining the economic factors affecting female lawyers, the study finds that low or non-payment of salaries is pervasive, particularly during the initial years of practice. Despite global conversations on equal pay, female lawyers in Pakistan struggle to secure even a basic living wage. The study underscores the importance of financial remuneration as a matter of human rights and dignity, urging law firms to adopt humane policies, fair compensation, and transparent recruitment practices. The research reveals that senior figures in the legal profession justify the non-payment of wages, perpetuating a culture of exploitation. Female lawyers face additional challenges, including biased hiring practices, longer probationary periods, and discriminatory salary gaps compared to their male counterparts. The study emphasizes the need for a remuneration package, comprehensive training programs, law clinics, and linguistic training to address these issues and enhance gender balance within the legal profession. To rectify the situation, the study proposes recommendations such as introducing a living wage, flexible work arrangements, and government support for minimum wage structures. The findings underscore the urgency of collaborative efforts by bar councils, the Supreme Court, and the government to establish a comprehensive solution and eradicate the prevailing exploitative practices that deter the entry and retention of female lawyers in the legal profession.

Background: After food and water, clean air is essential for continuity of life on the planet. Complex trans-boundary air pollution problem is often linked to sustenance and eutrophication. Air pollution problem has no universal conventions like Montreal and Kyoto protocols in case of refrigerants, except regional cooperative solutions. Polluter-pays principle is typically restricted to the source country. Under article 16, International Environment Law mentions the polluter-pay principle without any legitimate power to mitigate the transboundary air pollution risks. Mongolia, Botswana, and Pakistan are ranked as the most polluted countries, although their accumulative emissions are lesser than any of the coal power producing countries. Results: China, South Africa, and India produce 68-79% of their electricity using coal-fired power plants, emitting harmful pollutants into the common air. Regional winds drive upwind smog into their adjacent downwind countries like Pakistan. This paper compares the published transboundary air pollutant flows data of the most polluted countries (Mongolia, Botswana, Pakistan) with the cleanest ones (Estonia, Mauritius, Australia). Conclusions: Air pollution externality problem can only be solved either by regional cooperation or global environment law which yet does not exist. Drawing an analogy from water contamination laws, this work proposes an extension of the polluter-pays principle to transboundary air pollutants to compensate the public losses. We should collectively go for the international environmental law as we cannot divide air like land. Industrialization near the border may be banned to avoid air pollutant migrations to neighbors.

The study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the multi-layered relationship between Türkiye and Pakistan, with a focus on the post-2000 era. Guided by the framework of the liberal theory of international relations, the study explores how political stability serves as the cornerstone of this enduring partnership, enabling both nations to navigate a volatile geopolitical landscape successfully. Four main aspects are discussed: political and diplomatic relations, military and defense cooperation, economic relations with its challenges and opportunities, and the significance of cultural exchange and international engagements.

The thesis finds that political stability is the linchpin that holds the relationship together, allowing both countries to weather various global and regional challenges. In the sphere of defense and military relations, the nations engage in several joint ventures, exercises, and training programs, enhancing their shared strategic capabilities. Economic relations present a more complex picture, burdened by logistical constraints and political instability, but show promise in the defense-related trade sector. Lastly, cultural ties and international collaborations through organizations like the ECO and SCO provide both countries with opportunities to extend their influence and promote mutual interests.

Despite its robust nature, the partnership remains an evolving entity with room for growth, particularly in economic cooperation, counter-terrorism efforts, and other mutual challenges like drug trafficking and extremism. The thesis concludes that Türkiye and Pakistan's relationship transcends ordinary diplomatic partnerships, offering a new paradigm in international cooperation. It recommends further academic exploration to guide policymakers in both countries, particularly focusing on the military and economic sectors.

Keywords: Political Stability, Pak-Turk Relations, Pakistan, Türkiye

Who knew that 1450 years ago, the sound coming from the peaks of Faran would once again give rise to a theoretical nation on the Earth for humanity.

In true meanings, it will be reflected through the thoughts of Allama Iqbal from the East, and the symbolic son of the echoes from the peaks of Faran will hold such magnificent grandeur that someone will call him the most important person in Asia. Someone will address him as a distinguished personality of this century. Someone will place him among the great leaders of the Islamic world, and he, assuming the guise of the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, will be acclaimed as the envoy of freedom and the representative of the Muslims in the Subcontinent. He will be called the advocate of freedom

The unsettling history of enforced disappearances in Balochistan, Pakistan, unravels a sinister tale of human rights abuses and political repression perpetuated by the very government that should protect its citizens. This article sheds light on the deeply troubling aspects of the Pakistani government and its political system concerning the ongoing crisis of missing persons in Balochistan. The roots of enforced disappearances in Balochistan can be traced back to the post-independence era, where Balochistan's integration into Pakistan was marred by resistance and tensions. The Baloch people's aspirations for autonomy and concerns over centralization were met with heavy-handed repression, setting the stage for a legacy of political turmoil and systemic injustices.

This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between governance and the pursuit of a thriving state in Pakistan. It unveils the insensitivity of Pakistan's governance to effective principles, hindering its path to success. Through a detailed exploration of governance failures – from the lack of citizen protection to economic downturns and widespread corruption – the narrative emphasizes the nation's enduring resilience. Rooted in traditions, entrepreneurial spirit, and democratic yearning, this resilience defies governance hurdles. The essay concludes by advocating for holistic governance reform, sustainable economic strategies, resource allocation for education and welfare, inclusive politics, and global engagement as transformative solutions for Pakistan to overcome challenges and emerge as a thriving state.