Culture of Poverty

Resumo: A obra de Oscar Lewis é muito citada, mas em geral pouco lida hoje em dia. Em virtude da notoriedade que alcançou e da polarização a que foi submetida na conjuntura da primeira metade da década de 60 do século XX nos EUA, Lewis é de longe mais conhecido por cunhar e pôr em circulação o termo "cultura da pobreza". Os estudantes de antropologia o conhecem também por conta de sua polêmica com Robert Redfield acerca do continuum rural-urbano, e sua contribuição naquele debate estabeleceu à época novos parâmetros para uma antropologia urbana, sendo considerado um dos fundadores da antropologia urbana no México (Nivón; .

Historically poverty as a concept was considered to be a key factor to design social policy. The social development normally is concerned with socio-economic empowerment of the poor of the concerned society. It is always been a key issue for developing as well as developed countries, however the nature and treatment of issue varies. The treatment of poverty is different from society to society. In advanced countries, an individual who is unable to actively participate in society or has weak social network, environment, health and education etc. is considered to be poor. Financial empowerment is also considered to be important in these countries but it takes into account with other dimensions of poverty [Lyberak and Tinios (2005)]. However, in developing countries, policy focus is still on uni-dimensional definition of poverty where a single dimension either consumption or income is a strong factor that affects the standard of living of an individual [Wagle (2005)]. Though the multid...

In response to the growing interest in building a Neutrino Factory to produce high intensity beams of electron-and muon-neutrinos and antineutrinos, in October 1999 the Fermilab Directorate initiated two six-month studies. The rst study, organized by N. Holtkamp and D. Finley, was to investigate the technical feasibility o f a n i n tense neutrino source based on a muon storage ring. This design study has produced a report in which the basic conclusion is that a Neutrino Factory is technically feasible, although it requires an aggressive R&D program. The second study, which is the subject of this report, was to explore the physics potential of a Neutrino Factory as a function of the muon beam energy and intensity, and for oscillation physics, the potential as a function of baseline. The work presented in this report is the result of the enthusiastic contributions of many people from many institutions. This enthusiasm made the organizers job fun. We also want to thank our local sub{group organizers and sub{editors for their many e ective contributions, ranging from running the study groups to editing the report: Bob Bernstein, Debbie Harris, Eric Hawker, Stephen Parke, Panagiotis Spentzouris, and Chris Quigg. Neutrino Factories seem to have caught the imagination of the community. We hope that this report goes some way towards documenting why.

The English word poverty came from the Latin word “pauper” which means poor. The concept does not avail itself to a singular definition; definitions of poverty are as several as its dimension. Although it has been a constant presence in man’s history, Schwartzman (1998:1) argues that “its meaning has changed through time” and largely depends on “the context of the situation and views of the person giving the definition. In the view of House (2011) the phenomenon is “complex”.

This article provides a comparative legal analysis of employment rights for people with disabilities in Malaysia and Japan, focusing on the strengths and limitations of the legal frameworks in both countries. The study critically examines Malaysia's Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 and Japan's Law for Employment Promotion of Persons with Disabilities, highlighting the effectiveness of each in protecting the employment rights of individuals with disabilities. The analysis reveals that while Malaysia's legal framework aligns with international standards, enforcement and awareness remain inadequate. Japan's model, which includes a mandatory quota system and punitive measures, offers a more robust framework for ensuring the employment of disabled individuals. The research emphasises the need for Malaysia to introduce stricter enforcement mechanisms, greater societal awareness, and possible amendments to the Persons with Disabilities Act to enhance the protection of employment rights. Interviews with experts and individuals from the disabled community underscore the persistent discrimination and challenges faced in the workplace, reinforcing the need for reform and policy enhancements to achieve equal opportunities for people with disabilities.

This study examines the inherent duality in poverty policy, analyzing the discrepancy between the goals established by policies and the actual outcomes of their execution. The study employs an analytical methodology to examine diverse poverty programs implemented in various countries, emphasizing their accomplishments and shortcomings. The paper begins by providing an overview of the historical development of poverty policy and elucidating how economic and social perspectives have influenced strategies for poverty management. The study subsequently explores the implementation of these rules, encompassing the frequently encountered issues and obstacles. Emphasis is placed on examining case studies that demonstrate effective poverty reduction measures and cases when expectations were not fulfilled. Using data and case studies, the paper examines the crucial aspects that impact the efficacy of poverty initiatives, including the political framework, economic resources, and community participation. In addition, the topic encompasses the influence of technology and innovation on developing more flexible and receptive poverty policies. Ultimately, the study thoroughly examines the interplay between theory and practice in poverty policy. This indicates that a more all-encompassing and inclusive strategy may be required to tackle poverty concerns effectively. Hence, the article's objective is to offer valuable perspectives for policymakers, practitioners, and academics concerned with addressing poverty in a constantly evolving global environment.

CASEN) de los años 1996 y 2001, se examina los movimientos en el ingreso per capita y la probabilidad de entrada y salida de la pobreza. Se caracteriza de esta forma a los grupos vulnerables y se realizan aproximaciones a los determinantes de estos movimientos. Los resultados muestran que existe una alta movilidad posicional en los primeros nueve deciles de la distribución de ingresos, lo que se traduce en que una gran parte de la población es vulnerable de caer en la pobreza. En otras palabras, a pesar del sostenido crecimiento y reducción en pobreza, Chile sigue siendo un país con alta vulnerabilidad para gran parte de su población. La evidencia también muestra que los hogares correspondientes al 40% más pobre no cuentan con las herramientas para asimilar un problema de salud que afecte al jefe de hogar, disminuyendo la probabilidad de salir de la pobreza y la cantidad de su ingreso esperado. Este resultado no se observa para hogares más ricos. Por último, la evidencia indica a la educación técnica como una importante herramienta para superar la pobreza.

This study investigates the use of AI-driven workload optimization as a strategic strategy for improving
employee well-being and productivity in Malaysia, consequently promoting long-term economic growth
consistent with SDG 8. As Malaysian firms prioritize creating employment and economic growth, and the
study highlights the significance of artificial intelligence in transforming the dynamics of the workplace. In
addition, AI technology may help organizations increase resource allocation, reduce operating costs, and
improve employee job satisfaction. The study uses a qualitative research methodology, which includes semistructured interviews with managers from six different firms that have implemented AI technologies. This
approach provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of AI on employee experiences and organizational
performance. Furthermore, the study shows the significance of focusing on strengths development approaches
that promote a supportive work environment, eventually contributing to professional as well as personal goals.
Furthermore, successful implementation of artificial intelligence requires active employee participation, which
helps these technologies enrich rather than reduce the abilities of humans. The thematic analysis indicates an
obvious connection between effective AI use and improved employee health, job happiness, and work-life
balance, all of which contribute to greater productivity and workplace morale. However, the study
acknowledges limitations due to its concentrated attention on a small number of businesses, emphasizing the
need for more research across many different sectors. Finally, this study recommends a balanced approach that
focuses on both technological innovation and employee well-being, which is essential to Malaysia's economic
growth and sustainability in the face of rapid technological advancement and increasing employee
requirements.

What are the causes of poverty? And why is poverty so widespread in the world? To answer these frequently asked questions, there are several factors to consider when it comes to the aspects that contribute to the causes of poverty. Factors such as economic, political, institutional and cultural aspects can all influence the case. As can be seen in Cambodia, the last decade has seen significant economic growth and poverty reduction, accompanied by numerous structural policy changes. However, a significant wealth and income gap still exists between the country's lower and upper classes, while the sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated Cambodia and pushed many people into poverty. Additionally, rural and low-income families face challenges accessing services and jobs, necessitating the focus on improving public institutions' capacities for effective resource management and responsible service delivery. This article hopes to provide valuable information to future

Poverty in South Africa in general has not declined since 1994, and it is particularly severe in the former Bantustans. This paper discusses two important issues related to rural poverty in the Eastern Cape Province. It questions the applicability of the notion of legacy to explain recent trends in rural poverty and constructs an argument that explains these trends in relation to post-1994 segregationism. It argues that the notion of legacy is not useful in explaining why rural poverty remains entrenched, long after 1994. Rural poverty today cannot be explained as something left behind after the end of apartheid, because its causes and drivers are the same now in 2012 as they were in 1970. The continuity between the pre-and post-1994 periods is best described by exploring and understanding post-1994 policy decisions and power configurations as an expression of contemporary segregationism.

Poverty in South Africa in general has not declined since 1994, and it is particularly severe in the former Bantustans. This paper discusses two important issues related to rural poverty in the Eastern Cape Province. It questions the applicability of the notion of legacy to explain recent trends in rural poverty and constructs an argument that explains these trends in relation to post-1994 segregationism. It argues that the notion of legacy is not useful in explaining why rural poverty remains entrenched, long after 1994. Rural poverty today cannot be explained as something left behind after the end of apartheid, because its causes and drivers are the same now in 2012 as they were in 1970. The continuity between the pre-and post-1994 periods is best described by exploring and understanding post-1994 policy decisions and power configurations as an expression of contemporary segregationism.

This paper assumes that poverty is not just lack of income and productive assets. Poverty is also a trap, a combination of poverty burden, fragility, impowermence, physical weakness, and alienation. To empower the poor families, capital aid package is not sufficient. This paper suggests that the poor families should be empowered by a more bas ic policy, which is a peopleoriented anti-poverty policy. Kata -kata Kunci: deprivation trap, poverty rackets, empowerment

In Bangladesh, urban poverty is neglected in research, policy and action on poverty reduction. This paper explores the underlying reasons for this relative neglect, which include national identity and image, the political economy of urban poverty and the structuring of knowledge creation. It argues for more comprehensive policy and programmes for the urban poor given Bangladesh's increasingly urban future and the growing magnitude of urban poverty. The impact of climate change will accelerate Bangladesh's ongoing urbanization as well as deepen the scale and severity of urban poverty. The fact that reducing urban poverty will be increasingly important in meeting national goals for poverty reduction means that policy and action must pay more attention to the urban poor. This is contingent upon two factors: first, a better understanding of the scale and nature of urban poverty and vulnerability; and second, the confrontation of powerful interests necessary to secure a national commitment to urban poverty reduction. KEYWORDS Bangladesh / climate change / urban poverty Nicola Banks is Head of the Research and Evaluation Unit at BRAC in Uganda and Honorary Research Fellow at the Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester.

The legacy of socio-economic injustice which was inherited from the Natives Land Act of 1913 continues to haunt the majority of black South Africans. The land dispossession of the indigenous people of South Africa under this Act caused poverty which is still prevalent in our country today.Many South Africans, especially black South Africans, are trapped in a cycle of poverty that emerged as a result of our history of colonialism and apartheid. The interrogation of the unsettling discourse on land in South Africa as well as the continuous poverty cycle is fundamental for offering empowering possibilities for the poor. As such, the role played by the South African churches to support and/or oppose the Natives Land Act of 1913 cannot be ignored. The main question engaged with in the present text is: if the issue of poverty, as foregrounded in the discourse of land and within the ecclesial discussion, is engaged with from a historicoecclesiastical perspective, could the discourse provid...

Social, religion, economic, psychological, and political factors in the Ghanaian society can reduce as well as induce poverty. Understanding private Christian approaches to poverty alleviation is very significant in addressing the harsh living conditions poverty exerts on some Ghanaians. Through the approach of ethical inquiry, this article attempts a critical examination of fundamental assumptions underlining some Christian approaches to poverty reduction in Ghana. By uncovering this assumptions, the article provides insight into how Christians in Ghana view the phenomenon of poverty and poverty reduction strategies. It also probes how these Christian views are expressed in actual poverty reduction practices in Ghana.

There are a number of compelling reasons to focus on the ways in which the processes and relations of adverse incorporation and social exclusion (AISE) underpin chronic poverty. In particular, AISE research draws attention to the causal processes that lead poverty to persist, and to the politics and political economy of these processes and associated relationships over time. Specific dimensions of AISE are explored in relation to chronic poverty -namely political, economic, socio-cultural and spatial -and are found to relate closely to long-term historical processes, particularly concerning the nature and forms of capitalism, different stages and types of state formation, and institutionalised patterns of social norms and attitudes. However, it is also stressed that much of the promise of AISE research lies in its capacity to cross analytical boundaries and capture the multi-dimensional and interlocking character of long-term deprivation. This analysis suggests a number of fruitful areas for research, most of which are currently under-explored in poverty research. In methodological terms, there are benefits to adopting integrated qualitative-quantitative approaches when investigating AISE, although it is argued that (a) the relational nature of AISE and the limitations of quantitative data may dictate that qualitative work should take priority here and (b) that more historical and theoretically oriented forms of research are particularly appropriate in studying AISE. To think about challenging AISE involves shifting the frame from policy to politics and from specific anti-poverty interventions to longer-term development strategies, particularly in terms of industrialisation and labour market restructuring, moves towards developmental states and supporting shifts from clientelism to citizenship. However, a range of more immediate development policy interventions may also be able to make headway in challenging the forms of AISE that perpetuate poverty. This paper has drawn heavily on an annotated bibliography produced by Briony Smith (CPRC Working Paper 86, 2007), and the authors are grateful for her thoughtful and timely efforts. We are also grateful for the astute comments of Jo Beall and also our CPRC partners, namely

The economic empowerment of rural women is pivotal to sustainable development, particularly in areas where traditional gender roles and limited access to resources impede their economic participation. This phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of rural women in the Mion District of Ghana, focusing on their engagement in income-generating activities (IGAs) and the associated challenges and opportunities. Employing qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study reveals that these women predominantly engage in farming, trading shea butter and dawadawa, and charcoal production. Despite their significant contributions to household incomes and the local economy, these women face substantial barriers such as inadequate access to education and training, insufficient infrastructure, and restrictive cultural norms. The findings underscore the critical role of intergenerational knowledge transfer, with many participants learning their skills from their mothers. However, the lack of formal training and support from governmental and non-governmental organizations limits their ability to enhance productivity and profitability. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to improve access to modern agricultural techniques, business management skills, and financial resources. Additionally, policy reforms promoting gender equality in economic activities are essential to creating an enabling environment for these women. This research contributes to the broader discourse on rural development and gender equity by highlighting the resilience and adaptability of rural women and the necessity for inclusive policies and support mechanisms. The insights gained from this study offer valuable implications for policymakers, development practitioners, and stakeholders committed to fostering the economic empowerment of rural women, ultimately contributing to sustainable development goals. Future research should continue to explore and address the unique challenges faced by rural women, ensuring their active participation in the economic landscape and enhancing their socioeconomic wellbeing.

One of the key factors that led to the emergence of sociology was research into poverty. In both Britain and France the rise of sociology was accompanied by poverty studies. Yet from 1940s sociologists moved away from poverty studies. One path of exit was a change of ...

What are the causes of poverty? And why is poverty so widespread in the world? To answer these frequently asked questions, there are several factors to consider when it comes to the aspects that contribute to the causes of poverty. Factors such as economic, political, institutional and cultural aspects can all influence the case. As can be seen in Cambodia, the last decade has seen significant economic growth and poverty reduction, accompanied by numerous structural policy changes. However, a significant wealth and income gap still exists between the country's lower and upper classes, while the sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated Cambodia and pushed many people into poverty. Additionally, rural and low-income families face challenges accessing services and jobs, necessitating the focus on improving public institutions' capacities for effective resource management and responsible service delivery. This article hopes to provide valuable information to future

Monitoring progress and determining whether the goal of ending poverty by 2030 is met crucially depends on how poverty is measured. In particular, it crucially depends on the global poverty line and how the line is adjusted over time. A special issue of the Journal of Economic Inequality, which this paper introduces, is dedicated to present alternative approaches to determine the global poverty line (or, more precisely, poverty lines) in order to measure the extent and evolution of extreme poverty in the developing world. In this special issue, the authors also carefully assess the merits and shortcomings of each of these approaches.

The need to address extreme poverty from the perspective of marginality arises from the frustration that the number of the poorest and hungry remains unacceptably high. This triggered the call for an innovative approach from the side of science and action. The conceptual and analytical framework developed here views marginality as a root cause of extreme poverty. We define marginality as an involuntary position and condition of an individual or group at the edge of social, economic, and ecological systems, preventing the access to resources, assets, services, restraining freedom of choice, preventing the development of capabilities, and causing extreme poverty. Causal complexes tie the marginalized poor in systems from which they want to escape or in which they want to improve their lives. The rural and agricultural context is of particular relevance here, as we assume that large segments of the extreme poor live in rural areas. The poorest themselves have described their situation, for instance, as being trapped in a "complex knot which can lead to further knots if the wrong threads are pulled." While poverty is objectively a matter of absolute deficiencies, we explain why the way in which poverty is perceived by the poor themselves requires looking at poverty as a relative, subjective, dynamic and systemic phenomenon. We conceptualize marginality as patterns of causal complexes in societal and spatial dimensions. These causal complexes can, for instance, comprise different types of livelihood systems or different types of poverty traps. They include proximate as well as underlying causes of extreme poverty and specifically address social exclusion, restrained access to assets, opportunities and transport, communication and public services infrastructure. An analytical framework is developed, outlining the various steps required for the analysis of marginality in a systematic, re-iterative and participatory manner, involving those affected by extreme poverty themselves. From each causal complex of marginality, leverage points can be identified which match with specific intervention packages, relevant for livelihood management, policy formulation and implementation. The approach to the investigation of extreme poverty is applied and relevant for managing change towards inclusive development. Points of entry for public and private investments are being identified.

Este ensayo explora la estancia de trabajo de campo etnográfico del famoso antropólogo en Cuba y sus posibles conexiones con el giro o cambio de orientación de la antropología sociocultural en el país, entre finales de los años sesenta e inicios de los setenta del pasado siglo.

This study examines how information regarding poverty influences support for redistribution. Redistributive policies involve allocating resources to address poverty and inequality. Previous research finds that support for redistributive policies is grounded in attitudes towards government size, social mobility, partisan identity, and political ideology. In this study, we test how information regarding poverty impacts support for redistributive policies. When subjects are given information about the material wellbeing of those in poverty, we expect to find less support for redistributive policies. On the other hand, when subjects are presented with information about the effect of poverty on the decision-making of those in poverty, we expect to find greater support for redistribution. Using survey experiments with undergraduate subjects from a public university in the southern region of the United States, we find no differences in support for redistributive policies in response to these two types of information.

This thesis uses the theory of 'social consciousness' to analyse elite perceptions of poverty in Malawi, and identify the circumstances under which elites are willing to mobilize resources for poverty reduction. 'Social consciousness theory' stipulates that pro-poor policies in European welfare states developed as a result of ideological and pragmatic concern about the negative impact of poverty on elite welfare. This study shows however that although elites in Malawi have a deep understanding and appreciation of the extent and severity of poverty and are linked with the poor through strong social networks and the extended family structure, they do not perceive the poor as a threat to their welfare. Therefore collective action to address the problem of poverty has not occurred. In circumstances where elites acknowledge some negative externalities of poverty requiring action, individual solutions are sought. However, elite perceptions still illuminate the following: first, there is a causal explanation between elites' perceptions of the causes of poverty and their support for particular policies. Second, elites' perceived causes of poverty include structural, behavioural and the perceived future actions of the poor, such as laziness, following implementation of redistributive policies. Third, elites' seem to support policies with wider benefits for society. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated with much love and gratitude to my husband Alfred and children Adrian and Curtis; my sisters, Alice and Maureen and brothers Maziko and Chikumbutso, who spurred me on and encouraged me throughout my studies, and most importantly to my mother, Diana and father, Tedson Aubrey Kalebe, who taught me the meaning of perseverance, and hard-work.

Disability and poverty, and the relationship between the two, are complex and dynamic phenomena, and thus not easy to grasp in one theoretical model or within one scienti c paradigm. Explanations of the disability-poverty circle may be social, structural, political, and cultural. It is interesting that the challenge to most literature on disability and poverty emerges through the voices of the poor and disabled themselves. This book provides an insight into the lives of people with disabilities living in poverty, and the vulnerability implied by living in poverty. Individuals with disabilities have struggled to survive under very di cult conditions, bringing evidence to the fact that they also represent a tremendous resource which can be used to improve the situation for the poorest of the poor. Without this expertise, and without challenging and breaking up established power structures, the ght against poverty will be jeopardised. Disability and poverty and the relationship between the two are complex and dynamic phenomena and thus not easy to grasp in one theoretical model or within one scienti c paradigm. As exempli ed in the chapters in this book, explanations to the disability-poverty circle may be social, structural, political and cultural. A refreshing, and even provoking, perspective is brought forward in questioning the very distinction between the two (Hansen and Sait, Chapter Six). As both concepts have developed, they may at least be seen as overlapping. It is particularly interesting that this challenge to most literature on disability and poverty emerges through the voices of the poor and disabled themselves. This demonstrates the potential value of the particular methodological approach in this book and that disabled people and poor people have something to o er in the development of our understanding of the disability-poverty relationship. It has not been the purpose of this book to develop or test a model of disability and poverty but rather to disentangle the complex relationship through a combination of perspectives, and in particular through the voices and experiences of individuals with disabilities themselves. We, as authors, believe that this is necessary in order to fully understand the working mechanisms behind the persistent situation of 'poverty within poverty' (Yeo and Moore, 2003) faced by a large number of individuals with disabilities, particularly

Background: Whilst broadly agreed in the literature that disability and poverty are closely interlinked, the empirical basis for this knowledge is relatively weak.Objectives: To describe and discuss the current state of knowledge and to suggest the need for further generation of knowledge on disability and poverty.Method: Two recent attempts at statistically analysing the situation for disabled people and a series of qualitative studies on disability and poverty are applied in a discussion on the state of current knowledge.Results: Firstly, the surveys confirm substantial gaps in access to services, and a systematic pattern of lower levels of living amongst individuals with disability as compared to non-disabled. Existing surveys are however not originally set up to study the disability – poverty relationship and thus have some important limitations. Secondly, the qualitative studies have shown the relevance of cultural, political and structural phenomena in relation to poverty and ...

This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The objectives of this study are first, to identify poverty from a cultural perspective, particularly Acehnese culture; second, to identify the socio-cultural potentials of the Acehnese people related to poverty alleviation; and third, analyze the program that is carried out so that poor families can be families from poverty. The research method used is the descriptive qualitative research method. The results of the study indicate that community poverty from a cultural perspective, especially Acehnese culture, can be interpreted as a way of life or culture and the smallest unit, namely the family because the family is seen as the smallest social unit and as a social institution that supports the culture of poverty. The culture of poverty is a way used by poor people to adapt and react to their marginal position in a society that has classes and is individualistic and capitalistic. The socio-cultural potentials of the Acehnese people related to poverty alleviation are that in the con...

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominantly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry" or "broken taboo". These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southeast Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.

Growth is not the sole objective of economic policy. It is necessary to ensure that the benefits of growth accrue to all sections of the society. Eradication of poverty is thus an important objective. Human beings need a certain minimum consumption of food and nonfood items to survive. However the perception regarding what constitutes poverty varies over time and across countries. Nevertheless there is need for a measure of poverty. Only then, it will be possible to evaluate how the economy is performing in terms of providing a certain minimum standard of living to all its citizens. Measurement of Poverty has, therefore, important policy implications. A definition of poverty in terms of subsistence level has had wide acceptance as it seems to be in accordance with common sense which describes poverty as lack of the income needed to acquire the minimum necessities of life. Poverty is an extremely complex phenomenon, which manifests itself in a range of overlapping and interwoven economic, political and social deprivations. These include lack of assets, low income levels, hunger, poor health, insecurity, physical and psychological hardship, social exclusion, degradation and discrimination, and political powerlessness and disarticulation. Two basic approaches to the concept of poverty were found in economic literature, namely, absolute poverty and relative poverty. The concept of absolute poverty is based on absolute norms for living (measured in terms of consumption expenditure) laid down according: to specified minimum standard and all such individuals or groups whose consumption expenditure is found to be below this standard are classified as poor. This

The dispositions of school leaders play an integral role in dismantling inequities that hinder the academic achievement of students, particularly students living in poverty. Recent studies bring to light the importance of an asset-based understanding of what children bring to the classroom and how to draw on these assets in creating opportunities for student success. A paradigm shift is taking place whereby school leaders must lead with equity as a foundational thought when assisting teachers in recognizing, valuing, and honoring the assets that students bring to the classroom. This paper attempts to discuss critical issues pertaining to educational equity by using related literature on the topics of poverty and transformative leadership as well as data collected from 15 participants consisting of administrators, teachers, parents, community members, and students who were interviewed in the study employing qualitative narrative inquiry. Additionally, it makes recommendations relative to the dispositions school leaders must employ, embrace, foster, and practice in addressing the social, cultural, and emotional needs of students to elicit and enhance effective engagement in school.

Poverty is a prevalent global developmental challenge recognised by the United Nations (UN) as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the desire to eradicate it is identified as goal number one (No Poverty). The challenges and setbacks to achieving poverty alleviation in Nigeria are multifaceted, including political, economic, and in some cases communication-related. Communication plays a role in promoting knowledge, social inclusion, and national development programmes. Consequently, where there is a communication gap, it is likely to result in an interruption in the attainment of poverty alleviation objectives. Nigeria is a peculiar reference case with respect to poverty prevalence. The country accounts for one of the highest numbers of poor people worldwide. Nearly half of Nigeria’s 200 million population are living below the international poverty line of $1.9 per day. This study examined the role of communication in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Development media ...

Liczba perspektyw poznawczych proponujących różne ujęcia zjawiska ubóstwa jest imponująca, i to zarówno na gruncie filozofii społecznej, jak i socjologii, nauk ekonomicznych oraz politycznych. Perspektywy te uwzględniają elementy wyróżniane przez badaczy jako relewantne z uwagi na możliwość zdefiniowania pojęcia ubóstwa. Badacze i teoretycy rozważają bowiem odnośne pojęcie, mając na względzie takie aspekty zjawiska ubóstwa jak jego skutki, przyczyny, cechy charakterystyczne, skalę występowania oraz to, czy ma ono indywidualny, zbiorowy, bądź grupowy (obejmujący wzajemne powiązania, np. międzypokoleniowe powielanie wzorców życia i zachowania) charakter. Wśród badaczy nie ma zgody co do jednego ścisłego wyznacznika-bądź zestawu wyznaczników-które można by uznać za konstytutywne dla ubóstwa, ani też co do tego, jakie znamiona tego zjawiska uznać można za jego cechy istotowe, dystynktywne, odróżniające je od innych zjawisk. I tak też mamy do czynienia z teoriami w ujęciu absolutnym, relatywny, wielowymiarowym, próbami ujęcia ubóstwa jako brak zdolności do funkcjonowania (Sen), łączeniem zjawiska ubóstwa z marginalizacją i wkluczeniem. Prezentowane są różne nurty, jak kulturowy wiążący ubóstwo ze specyficzną subkulturą, często przejawami patologii i eksponujący mechanizm dziedziczenia nędzy; nurt liberalny, w którym źródło ubóstwa upatrywane jest w nieskrępowanych działaniach mechanizmów rynkowych czy nurt strukturalny, koncentrujący się głównie na problemach stratyfikacji społecznej, jako główny czynnik prowadzący do ubóstwa wskazując zajmowanie niższych warstwy społecznych, które blokuje i zamyka możliwości rozwoju. Przy tak licznych sposobach konceptualizacji problemu ubóstwa, różnicach w metodologii, wynikach badawczych, definicjach i sposobie określaniu jego granic (mających wpływ na charakter i liczebność jednostek, które obejmuje kategoria ubogich),

In this paper, I consider whether a theoretically defined concept of underclass can be helpful in social scientific discourse. I analyze, review and categorize the concept of a underclass and I made some suggestions for a use of the concept application in the study of social, psychological and moral consequences of poverty. It begins with a discussion of the continuing and pervasive appeal of structural explanations as the root cause of poverty. Then are also examined cultural theories, which by contrast find explanation for poverty in various elements of culture (ex. cultural traits of poor are thought to be different from those of the rest society). A third, a synthetic review of the urban underclass concept is explored. The article also describes the concept of a „culture of poverty” (taking into account the context of the subculture) and „lower class value stretch” as influential concepts in analyses of contemporary poverty and in explanations of the behavior of the poor.

In 1999 Tony Blair, the UK Prime Minister, promised to end child poverty within a generation. What does this mean? Can it be achieved? What progress has been made so far? The paper starts by placing UK child poverty at the end of the 20th Century in historical and international context. It reviews the policies that have been introduced in order to meet specific interim targets - of reducing child poverty by one quarter by 2004/5 and halving it in ten years - and discusses the prospects for success in meeting these targets. The second part takes a step back and reflects on why child poverty - rather than poverty more generally - has become the political and policy focus. It then considers whether such an emphasis - together with the particular policy directions that have been taken - may be counter-productive in meeting the eventual goal of ending child poverty. The ‘end to child poverty’ has now been translated as meaning having achieved a relative child poverty rate that is ‘among ...

Urbanization is not a recent phenomenon neither is it peculiar to any society. It is a global phenomenon, a trans-generational process that is inevitable and never ends. Urbanization brings with it possibilities of improved access to housing and also posed challenges to urban housing in many countries. The present study has been therefore motivated by the inadequacy in housing facility in relation to the ever-increasing urban population in Enugu Urban. The broad objective of the study was to examine the effect of urbanization on housing facility in Enugu Urban, Enugu State of Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the effect of urban spatial structure on housing quality in Enugu Urban; and determine the effects of population growth on housing affordability in Enugu Urban, Enugu State of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 969,074, comprising 774 staff of Enugu State Housing Development Corporation and 968,300 residents of urban areas in Enugu State. The sample size of 400 was determined using Taro Yamane formula. The purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of the respondent. The data collected were presented and analyzed using mean score and standard deviation, while the hypotheses were tested with t-test statistical analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that urban spatial structure has significant negative effect on housing quality in Enugu Urban (χ2 cal. of 30.74 > χ2 tab. of 9.49). It was also discovered that the population growth has significant negative effect on housing affordability in Enugu Urban, Enugu State of Nigeria ((χ2cal. of 19.65 > χ2 tab. of 9.49). It was concluded that the extent of the housing shortage in Enugu urban areas is enormous. The inadequacies are far-reaching and the deficit is both quantitative and qualitative, but not insurmountable. Based on these findings and conclusion, the study recommended for urgent multi-faceted intervention to address the housing deficit both qualitatively and quantitatively by adopting a pro-poor housing development strategy through public-private partnership. The study also recommended that the development of further estates should henceforth emphasize on low-income housing to create more houses affordable by the low income earners in Enugu urban.

In the past, little attention has been paid to the socio-psychological dimension of the phenomenon of severe poverty in Africa. Despite the institutional nature of the global economic order, including policies of the European Union, the World Trade Organisation, and the International Monetary Fund, it is people who design, support, and maintain this system, and individual constructions of the world and structural inequalities reinforce one another. This also finds its expression in different ways in, e.g., peoples social representations of severe poverty in Europes former colonies (Park, 2008, 2011). This article investigates, how we members of the European middle class construct ourselves as ethical beings in the context of African poverty: What is the link between our social representations, identity construction and (in)action with regard to severe poverty in Africa? What are the discursive mechanisms we apply in the construction of an ethical self and what is the notion of the A...

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All opinions and conclusions included in this publication constitute the authors' views and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. This report was prepared as part of the project Analysis of the labour market processes and social integration in Poland in the context of economic policy carried out by the Human Resources Development Centre, co-financed by the European Social Fund and initiated by the Department of Economic Analyses and Forecasts at the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy.