Cross cultural studies

An empirical investigation was conducted of young Palestinian, Jordanian, Israeli-Palestinian, and Israeli-Jewish children's (N = 433; M = 5.7 years of age) cultural stereotypes and their evaluations of peer intergroup exclusion based upon a number of different factors, including being from a different country and speaking a different language. Children in this study live in a geographical region that has a history of cultural and religious tension, violence, and extreme intergroup conflict. Our findings revealed that the negative consequences of living with intergroup tension are related to the use of stereotypes. At the same time, the results for moral judgments and evaluations about excluding peers provided positive results about the young children's inclusive views regarding peer interactions. The Middle East is a region that has been plagued with political conflict for some time; conflict that has often spilled over into daily violence among the civilian populations living in the area. Yet, even with the recent surge in violence across the area, little research has

Previous research suggests that the use of medicinal plants by a given group is mainly driven by biological variables such as the chemical composition or the ecological distribution of plants. However, other studies highlight the importance of cultural aspects such as the curative meaning given to a plant, beliefs, religion or the historical context. Such aspects could play an important role in the use, diffusion or even in the effectiveness of a plant remedy. Fieldwork consisted of 233 orally consented semi-structured interviews with 178 informants about medicinal uses of plants. Interviews were conducted in four historically and geographycally delimited regions of Alava and Biscay with similar environmental conditions but different sociolinguistic backgrounds: two regions were Basque- and two Spanish-speaking. Data were structured in use-reports. A Between Class Analysis was conducted to assess the intercultural and intracultural variability of medicinal plants knowledge. The resu...

This research promotes psycholinguistic paradigm, it focusing in delimitating several specific particularities in stuttering pathology. Structural approach, on language sides proves both the recurrent aspects found within specialized national and international literature and the psycholinguistic approaches dependence on the features of the linguistic material. Thus, the conclusions of this research study offer the possibility of promoting cross-cultural and crosslinguistic researches, with the aim of obtaining data which can be generalized beyond national boundaries, in stuttering pathology.

This research promotes psycholinguistic paradigm, it focusing in delimitating several specific particularities in stuttering pathology. Structural approach, on language sides proves both the recurrent aspects found within specialized national and international literature and the psycholinguistic approaches dependence on the features of the linguistic material. Thus, the conclusions of this research study offer the possibility of promoting cross-cultural and crosslinguistic researches, with the aim of obtaining data which can be generalized beyond national boundaries, in stuttering pathology.

This paper examines the involvement of cultural factors in the process of effective intercultural communication in a business environment. In order to do so, I shall discuss the basic issues concerning culture as a pattern of interactional behaviors, investigating intercultural communication practices as a means to reveal such patterns, communication as a process of activating cultural meanings, intercultural communication in the context of multinational management, and its challenges, strategies and significance for negotiation and decision-making processes. Moreover, the results of my research into the interconnection between belonging to a specific cultural background and respecting cultural values of co-workers and managers’ attitudes towards cultural diversity at work will be shown.

In cross-cultural communication and adjunct disciplines such as cross-cultural management and international business, there is a negativity bias of seeing cultural differences as a source of potential issues. The emergence of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) questions this problem-focused approach. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion from neuroscience's perspectives in several ways. Firstly, it provides a neurological look at this bias. Secondly, it proposes that the problem-focused approach may (1) give us a biased outlook of cross-cultural encounters rather than a reality, (2) hinder creativity, (3) lead to the rebound effect, and (4) turn belief into reality. Finally, based on insight from neuroscience and adopting the POS lens with the connection between POS and creativity, it's recommended that future research takes three directions: (1) Using similarity as the starting point; (2) strategize body language, context and theories; and (3) develop a multicultural mind. In essence, the paper contributes to existing knowledge of the field by employing an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to gain a more holistic view, provoke thoughts, and trigger future empirical studies.

In the current study, the child AQ was administered in Japan, to examine whether the UK results for reliability and validity generalize to a different culture. Assessment groups were: Group 1: n = 81 children with Asperger Syndrome (AS) or highfunctioning autism (HFA); Group 2: n = 22 children diagnosed PDD-NOS with average IQ; and Group 3: n = 372 randomly selected controls from primary and secondary schools. Both clinical groups scored significantly higher than controls (AS/HFA mean

Given substantial rates of major depressive disorder among college and university students, as well as the growing cultural diversity on many campuses, establishing the cross-cultural validity of relevant assessment tools is important. In the current investigation, we examined the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; among Chinese-heritage (n ϭ 933) and Europeanheritage (n ϭ 933) undergraduates in North America. The investigation integrated 3 distinct lines of inquiry: (a) the literature on cultural variation in depressive symptom reporting between people of Chinese and Western heritage; (b) recent developments regarding the factor structure of the BDI-II; and (c) the application of advanced statistical techniques to the issue of cross-cultural measurement invariance. A bifactor model was found to represent the optimal factor structure of the BDI-II. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed that the BDI-II had strong measurement invariance across both culture and gender. In group comparisons with latent and observed variables, Chinese-heritage students scored higher than European-heritage students on cognitive symptoms of depression. This finding deviates from the commonly held view that those of Chinese heritage somatize depression. These findings hold implications for the study and use of the BDI-II, highlight the value of advanced statistical techniques such as multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, and offer methodological lessons for cross-cultural psychopathology research more broadly.

The essay marries Geertz' (1973) conception of two sciences with Snow's (1959) proposition of two cultures to create a theoretical framework that aligns the processes of science with interpretivist, qualitative practices, and the products of science more so with positivist, quantitative, experimental practices. This theoretical framework is then used to investigate and account for the seeming dichotomy of society's apparent fascination with scientificproducts against a demonstrated drop in the pursuit of school science and scientific careers (i.e. the processes of learning and doing science). I propose that this dichotomy might be due to a misunderstanding in the general population of the character or nature of science and might be addressed by reforms to the curriculum of science. I suggest that such a reformed science-education curriculum should aim at a scientific-literacy capable of appreciating the character of science as both interpretive and experimental. It should also aim to foster an understanding of both the standard account of science as well as science(s) indigenous to the pupils under instruction.

The objective of this work is to study if children¿s perception of parental relationship and parental empathy can predict prosocial behaviour during childhood. The sample was composed of 934 Argentine children, aged 9 to 12, of middle socio-economical level. The participants completed Argentine Scale of Children Perception of Parental Relationship (Richaud de Minzi, 2007), an Argentine adaptation of Scale of Prosocial Behaviour (Caprara and Pastorelli, 1993) and a questionnaire to measure children¿s perception of parental empathy (Richaud de Minzi, 2006). Structural equations modelling (SEM) analyses were conducted to explore our ypotheses. Six theoretical models fit the data very well. The results showed that parental styles of acceptance and pathological control impact on children prosocial behavior. Children¿s perception of parental empathy was positively associated with children prosocial behavior. Finally, parental acceptance and pathological control were associated with children's perception of parental empathy, but negligent parental behaviour did not.

When I started my studies at the university in the 1990s, staff members told stories about older professors who used to have oral exam as the main assignment in their courses. During my studies, the typical assignment was a written exam after a series of lectures. The preparation for the exam was based on memorizing the lecture notes, if one was still able to figure out what the notes meant-notes were typically written in pencil and sometimes copied from a friend who had attended the lecture, as there were no PowerPoints back then. In addition to lecture notes, there were some additional materials to study such as book chapters, articles or monographs. The typical exam contained two to five questions and one was supposed to answer them in two or maybe up to four hours, by writing up to several pages by pencil on paper. Sometimes the instructor was not able to decipher the handwriting, which may have worked in favor of the student. There were also essays of different kinds. They were anything between four to twenty five pages, depending on the credits, usually based on assigned class material. Essays would often summarize the main content of the course, rather than developing an original argument or analyzing unique data, but at least students familiarized themselves with the topic. Pedagogy experts demonstrated that when students were later asked to talk about the topic, they had learned more deeply in writing an essay than in having an exam. My personal experience confirms this: I have forgotten most of the content of the exams, but I can still talk

In this study, using a sample of 191 individuals with significant work and supervisory experience from four countries (China and Tanzania-highly collectivistic, India-moderately collectivistic and the United States-highly individualistic), we examined whether cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism predicted performance ratings, internal attributions made to the poor performing employee and adherence to equity norm in reward allocations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that collectivist Chinese and Tanzanian raters provided more lenient performance ratings to a poor performing employee than individualistic Americans with the Indian raters providing more lenient ratings than Americans but more stringent ratings than Chinese or Tanzanians. Further, American raters made greater internal attributions than Tanzanians or Chinese. Chinese raters South Asian

Background: This paper is part of a larger study with a focus on management within a preschool.The principal was interviewed and three teachers at the preschool responded to a questionnaire, using a case study methodology.There have been few studies in Malaysia that examined the management aspects of principal’s work especially in preschool.The study adopted the Social Systems Model to support the notion that preschools cannot strive on its own without sharing and exchanging information between the principal and the teachers.The Australia Quality Improvement and Accreditation System (QIAS) was used in gauging the level of quality practices at the school. Objective: The aim of this study was to gauge the level of seven quality practices in a preschool. In addition it attempts to uncover the principal’s role as manager and in the effort to improve the services at the school, teachers’ feedback were needed to determine to what extent the principal’s effort were internalised in the dail...

The COV19 - Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) has been used as a measure of the perceived impact of COVID-19 on quality of life; however, little is known about its cross-cultural utility. The present study evaluated the measurement invariance of COV19-QoL in adult samples (N = 1034; Mage = 35.7 years; SD = 13.3 years; 68.3% women) from four South America countries (Ecuador, Colombia, Perú y Bolivia). The COV19-QoL unidimensional model fit indices were adequate in all the countries (CFI = 1.00, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.10). Both the alpha and omega indices had acceptable values ranging from 0.91 to 0.94 in all countries. Factorial invariance was evaluated using the alignment method, and invariance was obtained for the factorial weights (R2 = 1.00) and intercepts (R2 = 1.00), admitting the approximate invariance of COV19-QoL. The COV19-QoL can be recommended to meaningfully compare relationships between variables between groups and to compare latent means in four South American populations.
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Author(s): Read, Dwight W | Abstract: The goal of the paper is to show how the generative logic approach to kinship terminology structures sheds light on the basis for the skewing that characterizes the Crow-Omaha terminologies. The generative logic of the Omaha terminology of the Thonga-Ronga of southern Africa is examined in detail and the skewing in this terminology is found to occur as a consequence of having a set of male generating terms for the male kin terms, but only female self for the female kin terms. This contrasts sharply with the Omaha terminology of the Fox Indians for which the skewing is the result of a deleting the cross-cousin kin terms from an Iroquois terminology. The results obtained here underscore the need to consider the skewing associated with the Crow-Omaha terminologies from the perspective of the generative logic of kinship terminologies.

This study reconceptualizes and tests liberation and economic marginality hypotheses as complementary explanations for female offending patterns. Both explanations are relevant in explaining female crime, but need to be reframed as interacting forces not opposing theories. It is suggested that economic marginality is in part a consequence of liberation, where the expectation of women’s independence may not be consistent with their actual social circumstances. This study also assesses the explanatory power of this model for both male and female conviction rates. Results from a pooled time series, least squares with dummy variables, cross-national analysis supports this reformulated model. Although this model is a good predictor of female conviction rates, it does not appear to be good a predictor of male conviction rates. Female conviction rates are significantly affected by male employment status, indicating that social conditions that are linked to female crime are a function of th...

Using an equity perspective, this article compares the education systems of the United States and the Netherlands. Existing data examining student demographics, the organizational structures, curricula, funding, and student outcomes are examined. The Netherlands appears to be getting a "bigger bang for their buck. " We make the case that since the 10 th Amendment to the Constitution makes U.S. education a state function, 50 states can have significant variance in their instructional standards, funding, and outcomes. At the secondary level, these differences may partially explain U.S. students' lagging achievement as measured by international tests. Fundamental questions about the U.S. education system are posed for a broader discussion. In fall 2013, two authors were invited to speak at the University of Amsterdam, comparing the U.S. and the Netherlands education systems and their respective outcomes. While the two countries have cultural similarities-both nations were founded on a western European heritage-they differ in how each

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held...

To encourage the health and well-being of American Indian (AI) communities, it is first necessary to understand the meaning of health for particular tribes. As such, this investigation reports on the meaning of health and well-being for Chickasaw families. Findings from this investigation additionally highlight ways in which characteristics of strong Chickasaw families are both similar to and different from those of other AI tribes. Implications for science and practice are discussed. American Indian (AI) tribes define healthy families. We do so by drawing upon research done as part of a collaboration between the Chickasaw Nation and the University of Oklahoma. Finally, we argue that such an understanding is essential for the design of culturally appropriate programming that may lay the foundation for healthy family systems from which healthy individuals can emerge. While this manuscript reports on findings relevant to one tribe, we argue that some of the findings may be generalizable to and relevant to other AI communities.

What does it mean to be an insider or an outsider to a particular group under study? Can women study men? Whites study Blacks? Hispanics study North Americans? Early discussions in anthropology and sociology of insider/outsider status assumed that the researcher was either an insider or an outsider and that each status carried with it certain advantages and disadvantages. More recent discussions of i nsider/outsider status have unveiled the complexity inherent in either status and have acknowledged that the boundaries between the two positions are not all that clearly delineated. In the real world of data collection, there is a good bit of slippage and fluidity between these two statuses. Critical and feminist theory, postmodernism, multiculturalism, participatory, action and teacher research are now framing our understanding of insider/outsider i ssues. In particular, the reconstruing of i nsider/outsider status in terms of positionality, power, and knowledge construction allow us to explore the dynamics of researching within or across one's culture. Drawing from actual research experiences, participants in this symposium explore insider/outsider issues in terms of positionality, power, and knowledge construction. Each research experience represents a different combination of insider/outsider status vis-à-vis the culture under study.

The widespread cancelation of cultural events during the early 2020 stages of the COVID-19 pandemic led professional performing musicians across the world to experience an increasing economic fragility that threatened their health and wellbeing. Within this “new normal,” developing countries have been at a higher risk due to their vulnerable health systems and cultural policies. Even in such difficult times, the music profession requires musicians to keep up their practicing routines, even if they have no professional commitments. This is because high level technical and expressive skills are crucial to sustaining a music career at a high performance level. However, it could be expected that not all musicians might have had the same engagement with music practice during lockdowns. In this study, we studied the experiences of 309 professional classical musicians based in European and Latin American countries with different levels of performing experience to examine their passionate (...

In the past 2 years our world has experienced huge disruptions because of COVID-19. The performing arts has not been insulated from these tumultuous events with the entire music industry being thrown into a state of instability due to the paralyzing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we examined how classical professional musicians’ ability to cope with uncertainty, economic struggles, and work-life interplay during COVID-19 was influenced by various factors that affect a crucial part of the development and sustainment of music careers: musicians’ practice. We analyzed responses to an online survey of 309 classical performing musicians from 41 countries in Europe and Latin America across three pandemic stages: immediately before the pandemic, during the pandemic, and when vaccines were being made available and lockdowns were being reduced or lifted. Structural equation modeling indicates relationships between perceptions of threat at the peak of the pandemic and the mu...

This investigation includes a differential study (Study 1) and a quasi-experimental research (Study 2). In Study 1, the objective was to establish to what extent students’ rights existed and analyse the differentiation between students’ rights with Portuguese and immigrant mothers, throughout school years. The sample consisted of 537 students with Portuguese and immigrant mothers, distributed by different school years (7th, 9th and 11th grades). The Children’s Rights Scale (Hart et al., 1996; Veiga, 2001) was used. In Study 2, the purpose was to analyse the effects on students’ rights of the use by teachers of a communicational intervention program, supervised by school psychologists. The sample involved 7th and 9th grade students, in a total of four classes, two forming the experimental groups ( n = 36) and two the control groups ( n = 43); as in Study 1, the Children’s Rights Scale was used. The results indicated the effectiveness of the communicational intervention program on stu...

The paper considers apprenticeship as a model of education that both teaches technical skills and provides the grounding for personal formation. The research presented is based on long-term anthropological fieldwork with minaret builders in Yemen, mud masons in Mali and fine-woodwork trainees in London. These case studies of on-site learning and practice support an expanded notion of knowledge that exceeds propositional thinking and language and centrally includes the body and skilled performance. Crafts -like sport, dance and other skilled physical activities -are largely communicated, understood and negotiated between practitioners without words, and learning is achieved through observation, mimesis and repeated exercise. The need for an interdisciplinary study of communication and understanding from the body is therefore underlined, and the paper suggests a way forward drawing on linguistic theory and recent neurological findings. It is argued that the validation and promotion of skilled practice as 'intelligent' is necessary for raising the status and credibility of apprenticestyle learning within our Western systems of education.

Love is a worldwide known phenomenon that affects many aspects of human life, including considering a romantic partner with whom to bond. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to test love levels is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. However, our literature review reveals that the majority of studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. To achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, here, we develop a short version of the scale–the TLS-15–which contains 15 items with a 5-point rather than 9-point response scale. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided...

As emoções desempenham um papel central nas relações das crianças e déficits na compreensão de emoções têm sido associados a diversos transtornos neuropsiquiátricos na infância. Entretanto, verifica-se uma escassez de instrumentos psicológicos disponíveis no Brasil que avaliem esta habilidade. O presente estudo teve por objetivo adaptar transculturalmente o Teste de Conhecimento Emocional (EMT). O instrumento original foi traduzido por uma equipe de pesquisadores bilíngues e posteriormente retraduzido para o inglês. As versões preliminares foram julgadas pelos autores do instrumento e por juízes brasileiros especialistas. A versão final foi aplicada em uma amostra de 50 crianças entre três e seis anos de idade e respondida por nove juízes de três estados brasileiros. Os resultados mostram uma boa equivalência semântica, além de bons níveis de concordância quanto às respostas (κ= 0,88, Z=95,2, p<0,001). A versão final do EMT mostrou-se adequada e satisfatória.

The aim of this article is to create a multidisciplinary tool concerning the passage from the medium of videogames to cinema. According to concepts taken from Media Studies, Cultural Studies, Semiotics and Game Studies, we will explore the multiple dimensions and the related connections that occur in the film linearization of digital interaction: production issues, narrative and aesthetic elements, heuristics and mechanics in-game and on the big screen, and so on. The framework will be tested through three paradigmatic case studies: Super Mario, Resident Evil, and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World. The overall intent is to give scholars, and also practitioners, a holistic perspective on this peculiar type of crossmedia process, pointing out virtuous productive strategies as ruinous ones.

The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and

MANY INTERNATIONAL EDUCATORS believe that young people in the twenty-first century be prepared to be "global citizens. " A popular rationale is that young people need to be prepared for the "flat world, " for globalized economies where all forms of capital-financial, intellectual, and human (money, ideas, and people)-move more quickly and easily across borders. Current and future generations of young people will enter and lead a world where competition and its benefits are based on knowledge and skill, two things that can be traded across nations and between people.

In the years 2004-2006 the National Centre of Professional Development in Education (Finland) and the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Tampere, Finland carried out together nine in-service courses under the title "Teaching physics and chemistry at grades 5 and 6". As a home assignment between three contact periods, I asked teachers to collect authentic material on their pupils' science thinking with the help of some carefully planned inquiry tasks. In the article, I present some examples of the most typical responses which primary school pupils gave to the question: "When the lights are turned off in a room on a dark winter night, the darkness will take over the room in the twinkling of an eye. Where do the rays of light which last left the lamp disappear?". The explanations were categorised under six metaphors describing the different ways of understanding the disappearance of light.

This paper investigates whether perceived risk online is affected by the language in which a user browses a given website. In order to achieve this objective and test the proposed hypotheses, a 2 Â 2 betweensubjects experimental design was chosen, using two independent variables with two levels each, namely: culture (Spanish vs. British) and processing language (Spanish vs. English). The final sample comprised 491 individuals (264 Spanish and 227 British). Half the sample browsed in their mother tongue, and the other half in a second language. The results showed that Spanish users perceive less risk when browsing in English than in Spanish, while for the British there was no difference, in terms of perceived risk, between browsing in Spanish or English. Another interesting finding is the moderating effect of message involvement on the processing of information from the website, and thus its effect on the user's perception of risk.

The migration of small farmers from the semi-arid Northeast to the urban area is a recurring phenomenon in Brazil and aggravated by prolonged periods of drought and in families with socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Even with the advance of proactive public policies aimed at improving small farmers, such as improving the accessibility of water resources, fragilities persist. For silently and continuously, the migration of the sons and daughters of family farmers has revealed new challenges, especially when led by women. This article aims to analyse the factors that contribute to the mobility process of young people, sons and daughters of family farmers, according to gender issues. The research used the method of the Participatory Rapid Diagnosis and the construction of indicators to understand the repulsion factors that exist in the socioeconomic unit of small farmers and in the territory, at communities in the semi-arid region of Ceará State. Through the application of a semi-structur...

Using psychological instrument to measure creativity is getting popular in design research. However, unlike quantifying general creativity using divergent thinking, the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the design discipline have made it difficult to explore research on design creativity. Therefore, to better quantify and measure design creativity, 31 relevant studies were retrieved by Google Scholar and the University of London Common Research in this article. This study summarizes the factors that influence design creativity in different design disciplines, the rules for setting the internal dimensions, and the valid instruments for measuring design creativity. The factors affecting design creativity can be divided into internal factors (aesthetic, spatial ability, and ambiguity tolerance) and external factors (environment and visual stimulation). Among these factors, different instruments and evaluation criteria considerably impact the result, while the measurement of design creativity is still not mature enough. A single scale evaluation or creative task evaluation cannot comprehensively evaluate the design creativity, which consists of aesthetic, functional, and technical aspects. In addition, the reference value of ordinary creativity remains to be further discussed in design. Under some professional design fields, the effect of widely recognized factors closely related to creativity, such as divergent thinking, imagination, and personality, is insignificant.

We provide new evidence about the degree of social segregation in England's secondary schools, employing a cross-national perspective. Analysis is based on data for 27 rich industrialised countries from the 2000 and 2003 rounds of the Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA), using a number of different measures of social background and of segregation, and allowing for sampling variation in the estimates. England is shown to be a middle-ranking country, as is the USA. High segregation countries include Austria, Belgium, Germany and Hungary. Low segregation countries include the four Nordic countries and Scotland. In explaining England's position, we argue that its segregation is mostly accounted for by unevenness in social background in the state school sector. Focusing on this sector, we show that cross-country differences in segregation are associated with the prevalence of selective choice of pupils by schools. Low-segregation countries such as those in the Nordic area and Scotland have negligible selection in schools. High segregation countries like Austria, Germany and Hungary have separate school tracks for academic and vocational schooling and, in each case, over half of this is accounted for by unevenness in social background between the different tracks rather than by differences within each track.

La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es una evaluación subjetiva de la persona sobre su vida en relación a estándares normativos de su sociedad. En contextos de riesgo social es más probable observar una disminución del bienestar físico y mental en adolescentes. Estudiar la CVRS en población escolarizada favorece el uso de indicadores de bienestar para diseñar programas psicoeducativos, de salud y políticas públicas. Se analiza la CVRS de 246 estudiantes chilenos de 9 a 16 años, de contextos de alto riesgo social, según baremos nacionales, y su relación con variables sociofamiliares y apoyo social. Los participantes cumplimentaron KIDSCREEN-27 y EMAS (Escala Multidimensional Apoyo Social Percibido), sus familias un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Su CVRS fue significativamente inferior a las poblaciones de comparación. La CVRS fue inferior en las chicas, y a edades superiores. Los hijos de madres con mayor nivel educativo presentaron mayor CVRS. Una mayor percepción de apoyo social se relaciona con mayores niveles de CVRS. Se confirma la menor percepción de CVRS en adolescentes en contextos de muy alto riesgo, y la presencia del apoyo social como recurso asociado a mejor CVRS.

Information technology has now become a key factor in the educational process, and it is changing the teaching as well as the learning methods. This research paper discusses the advantages of technology in vocational schools through curriculum development and the jobs it brings to the students that were from it, focusing on the curriculum plan. The connection of software and vocational schools is plenty, and the put-together will certainly lead to several more job choices in the future of childcare. While the internet and the use of gadgets can be quite good on one side, they could also be the source of problems now and then. This therefore calls for equipping vocational school students with appropriate skills for engagement in modern professions through the use of educational technologies. The information technology setup consequently presents a change in the approach to education delivery and how both the teachers and students achieve professional goals. Its success depends on the establishment of the digital platforms for information consistency with the objectives of education as well as the accessibility of the teaching materials. The 21st-century vocational curriculum has to be adjusted to categorize learners for the fostering of critical thinking, innovation, life, and career skills, applying modern teaching methods. Teachers' and principals' professional development is indispensable to integrating those competencies in a practical manner within vocational education. "Integration of Information Technology in Curriculum Planning for Vocational Schools" provides the essence and barriers of information technology integration within vocational education for the Municipality of Prishtina. The present dissertation thesis, based on extensive literature research and prior studies, will be proposing strategies for optimizing curriculum planning with information technology, addressing implications for teaching and the job market. The key to success in vocational education is to have a strong information technology infrastructure that will allow for security and support in teaching and learning. Investments in infrastructure will involve computers, high-speed internet, secure data storage systems, and a variety of other advanced learning applications and platforms.

The aim of this study was to compare student learning patterns in higher education across different cultures. A meta-analysis was performed on three large-scale studies that had used the same research instrument: the Inventory of learning Styles (ILS). The studies were conducted in the two Asian countries Sri Lanka and Indonesia and the European country The Netherlands. Students reported use of learning strategies, metacognitive strategies, conceptions of learning and learning orientations were compared in two ways: by analyses of variance of students' mean scale scores on ILS scales, as well as by comparing the factor structures of the ILS-scales between the three studies. Results showed most differences in student learning patterns between Asian and European students. However, many differences were identified between students from the two Asian countries as well. The Asian learner turned out to be a myth. Moreover, Sri Lankan students made the least use of memorising strategies of all groups. That Asian learners would have a propensity for rote learning turned out to be a myth as well. Some patterns of learning turned out to be universal and occurred in all groups, other patterns were found only among the Asian or the European students. The findings are discussed in terms of learning environment and culture as explanatory factors. Practical implications for student mobility in an international context are derived.

Data analysis is a significant methodological component when conducting quantitative education studies. Guidelines for conducting data analyses in quantitative education studies are common but often underemphasize four important methodological components impacting the validity of inferences: quality of constructed measures, proper handling of missing data, proper level of measurement of a dependent variable, and model checking. This paper highlights these components for novice researchers to help ensure statistical inferences are valid. We used empirical examples involving contingency tables, group comparisons, regression analysis, and multilevel modelling to illustrate these components using the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) data. For every example, we stated a research question and provided evidence related to the quality of constructed measures since measures with weak reliability and validity evidence can bias estimates and distort inferences. The adequate strategies for handling missing data were also illustrated. The level of measurement for the dependent variable was assessed and the proper statistical technique was utilized accordingly. Model residuals were checked for normality and homogeneity of variance. Recommendations for obtaining stronger inferences and reporting related evidence were also illustrated. This work provides an important methodological resource for novice researchers conducting data analyses by promoting improved practice and stronger inferences.

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions, identification and treatment of students with behavior problems or disorders in India and the United States. Participants in the study were students and teachers in the United States and India. A qualitative approach included in-depth interviews and participant observations. These were conducted in classrooms both in India and the United States with teachers, students, and their parents/guardians. Data analysis reflected ongoing reflective journals, audio and video recordings, still photographs, and collections of ethnographic information which were gathered during interviews and observations by the researcher. Findings indicated that there were several factors i.e., family backgrounds, socioeconomics, environments, peer influence, cultural practices, societal expectations, and cultural gaps between home and school which influenced teachers' perceptions and understanding of behavior problems and disorders in the United States and India. Implications for educators and recommendation of future research are included.

This paper presents cross-cultural comparisons on definitions, prevalence, and outcomes of students with emotional-behavior disorders (EBD). In addition, the paper addresses the concern of disproportionality and the need for teachers of students with behavior problems to be culturally responsive to perceived inappropriate behaviors. A review of literature revealed that most Western countries recognize EBD as a disability and provide special services to students with this label, while developing countries continue to be more likely to address more visible disabilities. The review of literature modestly suggests that (1) labeling results in appropriate intervention, positive outcomes, and accountability data, (2) teachers must recognize how their beliefs on behavior are mediated by a number of factors (including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender), (3) inclusive practices must be implemented responsibly in the context of high accountability reform, and ( ) preventive approaches to EBD must begin early in the classroom with culturally competent teachers. Cross-cultural comparisons on emotional-behavior disorders (EBD) have remained scarce over the past decade; however, such research could broaden our understanding of how vastly different behavior is perceived and addressed in various cultures. In the United States where cultural diversity is a norm, it is also important to determine if and to what extent strides have been made toward cultural competence. Research indicates that in the United States, there is an ongoing concern regarding the over-identification of students with EBD from diverse backgrounds, particularly African American students (U.S. Department of Education, 2005). In order to understand how to address behavior, and thus EBD, in the context of culturally diverse classrooms, it is necessary to investigate how various countries and cultures define, perceive, and provide services for students with EBD worldwide. The past decade has prompted attention to global inclusive movements in education , proactive positive approaches toward behavior interventions, collaboration in comprehensive programming, and an urgent call to address disproportionality among students with EBD . To determine progress over the past decade the present paper will address the following questions: 1) Have improvements in educational outcomes been identified? 2) Have other countries and cultures developed a new understanding of this long-ignored disability? 3) How are students with EBD being served throughout the world? 4) Are teachers adequately prepared to be culturally responsive to the needs of students from diverse cultural backgrounds? This study will present differences in definitions, perceptions, and education of students with EBD over the past ten years across various nations and cultures. Implications from this review may potentially help schools in the United States as well as the rest of the world better serve students with EBD. In the United States, the definition of emotional disturbance has remained the same over the past decade. The current definition is similar to that used in the early 1960's , though the terminology of serious emotional disturbance was replaced in IDEA 1997 by emotional disturbance to eliminate the negative connotation of serious . In 1998, students with emotional disturbance in the United States were identified based on the

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in philosophies and perceptions of inclusive education between teachers in Brazil and teachers in the United States. As part of a study abroad program, a team of university faculty and graduate students from Tennessee traveled to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to investigate their inclusive educational practices. Mixed-methodology approach was used including analyzing classroom and school observations, teacher and administrator interviews, and analysis of survey questionnaire. The participants were teachers from both private and public schools in the United States and Brazil. Results demonstrated that the Brazilian philosophy of inclusion is not exclusively related to special education and students with disabilities, but encompasses a more democratic ideal for all students, including those with disabilities and those from extreme poverty. Of all the teachers surveyed, the private school teachers in Brazil had the most positive perception of the overall role of inclusive education compared to their public school and American counterparts.

When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more

Background/Context The educational fate of the children of low-wage immigrants is a salient issue in all the economically developed societies that have received major immigration flows since the 1950s. The article considers the way in which educational systems in the two countries structure the educational experiences and shape the opportunities of the children of immigrants. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article examines the educational experiences of the children of Mexican immigrants in the United States and of North African immigrants in France. Both groups are low-wage labor migrants with low educational attainment relative to the native born. Research Design The article uses data from the U.S. Census and the 2003 Formation Qualification Professionelle Survey in France, as well as analysis of other research on the two countries, to compare educational processes and attainment for the two groups. Conclusions/Recommendations The comparison of the two sys...

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-cultural generalization of the effect of option choice framing on product option choices and other managerial and psychological variables. Design/methodology/approach -The experiment employs 124 Singaporean and 96 Thai working adults, who add options to a base model or delete options from a full model in a condominium purchase scenario. Hypotheses are derived from the different weights for monetary losses and utility gains from adding options vs utility losses and monetary gains from deleting options. Findings -For both Singaporeans and Thais, compared to additive framing, subtractive framing results in a higher number of options chosen, higher total option prices, higher expected product prices and higher perceived product prestige. For Thais, compared to additive framing, subtractive framing also results in lower perceived decision difficulty and shorter decision time. For Singaporeans, compared to additive framing, subtractive framing results in shorter decision time and higher perceived value. Research limitations/implications -The option choice task is a scenario, not a real-life choice task in which participants have to spend real money. Practical implications -Subtractive option choice framing should be used rather than additive option choice framing. However, in recession time, the use of subtractive framing may backfire because consumers perceive the product as more expensive than its counterpart presented under additive framing, thus lowering their purchase intention of the product. In addition, whenever marketers want consumers to perceive the starting price as low, the price of a base model should be emphasized as opposed to the price of a full model. Originality/value -This study examines an important issue -whether the superiority of subtractive framing over additive framing reported in past research is valid in other cultures that are very different from American and whether it is valid in another product category. The results qualify past findings that people give more weight to utility losses than monetary losses.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural del instrumento Patient empowerment in long-term condition al español. Diseño: Traducción, adaptación transcultural y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas.

Objective: The Mental Health Continuum -Short Form is a brief scale measuring positive human functioning. The study aimed to examine the factor structure and to explore the crosscultural utility of the MHC-SF using bifactor models and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM). Method: Using multigroup confirmatory analysis (MGCFA) we examined the measurement invariance of the MHC-SF in 38 countries (university students, N = 8,066; 61.73% women, mean age 21.55 years). Results: MGCFA supported the cross-cultural replicability of a bifactor structure and a metric level of invariance between student samples. The average proportion of variance explained by the general factor was high (ECV = .66), suggesting that the three aspects of mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well-being) can be treated as a single dimension of well-being. Conclusion: The metric level of invariance offers the possibility of comparing correlates and predictors of positive mental functioning across countries; however, the comparison of the levels of mental health across countries is not possible due to lack of scalar invariance. Our study has preliminary character and could serve as an initial assessment of the structure of the MHC-SF across different cultural settings. Further studies on general populations are required for extending our findings.

The aim of this paper is to review research available on gender and nationality as determinants of leadership style, with special focus on top leaders/managers. The paper is based on a systematic literature review. The systematic literature search resulted in 27 papers, that were grouped in five categories: 1) Leaders' characteristics, behavior and style, 2) Perception regarding leaders, their traits and leadership styles, 3) Women's barriers towards leader positions, 4) Leadership outcome/results, 5) Effect of research methods on leader evaluation. Questionnaires were the most used research method in the reviewed studies. Almost half of the papers focus on the US, while the rest deal with African, Asian, and European countries. In this review, we found that women and men have a very similar perception of a successful manager. However, women and men display differences in their leader behavior and characteristics, and way of leading. "Results/outcomes" of such a leadership can differ. The review shows, furthermore, that a glass ceiling and other barriers for women do still exist.The paper ends by identifying the needs for further research in the study area.