Crisis

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Le marxisme ouvert d’Antonio Gramsci permet de redéfinir la philosophie de l’histoire en échappant à tout dogmatisme. Gramsci cherche en effet à penser le processus historique dans sa consistance tout en accordant un rôle central à l’activité et aux luttes humaines, en particulier grâce aux notions de praxis, d’hégémonie et de rapports de forces. L’auteur des Cahiers de prison s’attache ainsi à comprendre la complexité de la modernité européenne, depuis ses origines jusqu’à la crise organique qui marque son temps, et s’arrête notamment sur la Renaissance, la Réforme, la Révolution française, le Risorgimento, l’américanisme, le fascisme et le socialisme soviétique.

While the very possibility of a philosophy of history has been widely questioned, this book shows that Antonio Gramsci’s open Marxism gives it new life, away from all dogmatism. Gramsci seeks to conceive the historical process in its consistency while giving a central role to human agency and struggles, thanks to notions such as praxis, hegemony and relations of force. His determination to understand both the coherence and the complexity of European modernity leads him to trace its development from its origins to the organic crisis it was undergoing in his time, from the Renaissance and the Reformation to Americanism, Fascism and Soviet socialism, via the French Revolution and the Risorgimento.

For some persons who are facing terminal illness, severe permanent disability, or extreme old age, suicide may seem to be a rational choice. Suicide prevention services, however, do not provide for suicide as a sane, honorable choice in such circumstances. This paper identifies 17 specific considerations a mental-health professional may use to help such a person explore whether suicide would be rational or irrational. These considerations are formulated without antecedent bias towards prevention and without interpreting interest in suicide as evidence of depression or mental illness. Dying, severely disabled, and aged persons considering suicide on what seem to them to be rational grounds may thus trust and consult mental-health professionals about their plans.

Ya sea en su forma embrionaria como comienzo de la estimulación lógica, o como punto de referencia y contraposición frente a lo que no es físico, la filosofía regresa a lo aprehensible-sensorial para poder ser proyecto. Lo evidente o aprehensible a tratar acá y que de antemano damos por hecho, es la existencia de una crisis que abraza múltiples dimensiones de la vida en el planeta.

Background: Suicide prevention in prisons is a major challenge for penal institutions in many countries. L'approche traditionnelle qui s'appuie sur l'expertise des professionnels de santé peut être complétée par l'intervention d'autres acteurs de l'incarcération. As a result, new methods of suicide prevention based on peer support have been developed in recent years. Peer prevention programs rely on the ability of inmates to identify suicide risk. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine perceived suicide risk among inmates and to explore possible explanations. Methods: 54 inmates and 17 professionals working in prisons participated in the study. Results: The peer prevention program was found to change inmates' expectations of support in the event of a suicide crisis. The study also found that the inmates involved in the program tended to underestimate the risk of suicide. The perception of the prevention program and the level of self-consciousness were found to account for the underestimation of suicide risk. Conclusions: Support for inmates involved in suicide prevention programs must take into account their isolation in prison. The training provided to inmates must also consider the biases affecting the assessment of risk.

We study how relationship lending and transaction lending vary over the business cycle. We develop a model in which relationship banks gather information on their borrowers, which allows them to provide loans for profitable firms during a crisis. Due to the services they provide, operating costs of relationshipbanks are higher than those of transaction-banks. In our model, where relationship-banks compete with transaction-banks, a key result is that relationship-banks charge a higher intermediation spread in normal times, but offer continuation-lending at more favorable terms than transaction banks to profitable firms in a crisis. Using detailed credit register information for Italian banks before and after the Lehman Brothers' default, we are able to study how relationship and transaction-banks responded to the crisis and we test existing theories of relationship banking. Our empirical analysis confirms the basic prediction of the model that relationship banks charged a higher spread before the crisis, offered more favorable continuation-lending terms in response to the crisis, and suffered fewer defaults, thus confirming the informational advantage of relationship banking.

Scarce medical resources during a natural disaster challenge the existing protocols for medical intervention. Triage decisions about which patient to care for can be extremely stressful for a medical team. This case analysis describes the experience of one mobile field hospital in Haiti in the aftermath of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. The medical team was confronted with the need to choose which of three critically ill patients should receive the remaining, dwindling oxygen supply. The ethical framework around these decisions is discussed. The development of an onsite ethics committee from team members is suggested to help lighten the burden of decision making off of the individual care provider.

The Russian crisis of 1998 is yet another instance of financial globalization contributing to an emerging market crisis instead of better resource allocation and faster growth. External financial liberalization took place in the presence of weak country fundamentals, with financial globalization eventually amplifying the vulnerability from the Russian Federation's combination of a fixed exchange rate and unsustainable government debt dynamics. In particular, external portfolio investors-motivated by the expectation of a big official bailout-continued to finance the government's debt build-up after mid-May 1998, even though it was obvious by then that a fundamentals-based crisis à la Krugman-Flood-Garber (Krugman 1979; Flood and Garber 1984) and Sargent-Wallace (1981) was unavoidable. As a result, Russia ended up with a much bigger external debt burden when the crisis eventually hit that August. By February 1998, Russia had both achieved single-digit inflation and substantially completed its privatization program. Yet it endured a massive exchange rate/banking/public debt crisis just six months later, in August 1998. This meltdown, which we shall refer to as "Russia 1998," was probably the most serious emerging market crisis witnessed over the 1997-2001 time frame, a turbulent period bookended by the crisis in East Asia and those in Argentina and Turkey. Russia 1998 threatened to bring down the U.S. financial system via the hedge fund managed by Long-Term Capital Management. That threat prompted the New York Federal Reserve to persuade 14 banks to pump $3.6 billion into the fund while the Federal Reserve's Board of Governors aggressively eased monetary policy by cutting interest rates thrice in quick succession (see Dungey et al. [2006]). Although the contagion effects of Russia 1998 have been studied extensively (in Dungey et al. [2006], for example), the country crisis itself has received scant attention-with Russia probably seen as too oil driven and geopolitical to have broad appeal. However, lessons on financial globalization from Russia 1998 are of general applicability. Indeed, paying more attention to Russia might have had a beneficial impact on the design of the rescue package for Argentina in 2001. 1 Country Fundamentals Russia was going through two transitions: one from more than 70 years of central planning to a market economy; the other from triple-to single-digit inflation and considerably lower fis-In 1998, the Russian Federation experienced one of the most severe emerging market crises of the 1997-2001 period. It occurred less than six months after the attainment of single-digit inflation, which was supposed to launch the economy onto a sustainable growth path. This note sets out why that occurred and discusses the lessons learned.

La radio está atravesando una crisis que se manifiesta especialmente en el abandono de su dimensión creativa. Una de las vías de recuperación de la creatividad, puede ser la nueva tecnología y los géneros radiofónicos de ficción. En este marco, la formación de los futuros profesionales será clave en el proceso. Palabras clave: radio, creatividad, crisis, géneros de ficción, nuevos profesionales.

Die Fluchtbewegung nach Europa legt schonungslos die Defizite des Europäischen Integrationsprojektes offen und den Unwillen der Mitgliedstaaten, Souveränität abzugeben. Daraus erwächst eine Krise im Hinblick auf die humanitäre Situation der Flüchtlinge, eine Krise der öffentlichen Verwaltungen, eine Krise der Gemeinsamen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik der EU und letztlich der EU insgesamt. Statt auf widerstandsfähige, bindende Regeln zu ihrer Bewältigung setzt die EU vorrangig auf Externalisierungsstrategien. Zwingend erforderlich ist jedoch der effektive Schutz der EU-Außengrenzen, um Ein- und Ausreise zu regeln. Außerdem ist ein verbindlicher, krisenfester Mechanismus zur Verteilung für Flüchtlinge zu schaffen. Notfalls könnte man mit der Aufteilung unter den kooperationsbereiten Staaten beginnen und gleichzeitig Kooperationsunwillige sanktionieren.

 RESEARCH AND PRACTICE  Objectives. We determined the prevalence of asthma and estimated baseline asthma symptoms and asthma management strategies among children aged 0-12 years in Central Harlem. Methods. The Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative is a longitudinal, community-based intervention designed for poor children with asthma. Children aged 0-12 years who live or go to school in the Harlem Children's Zone Project or who participate in any Harlem Children's Zone, Inc, program were screened for asthma. Children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms were invited to participate in an intensive intervention. Results. Of the 1982 children currently screened, 28.5% have been told by a doctor or nurse that they have asthma, and 30.3% have asthma or asthma-like symptoms. To date, 229 children are enrolled in the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative; at baseline, 24.0% had missed school in the last 14 days because of asthma. Conclusion. The high prevalence of asthma among children in the Harlem Children's Zone Project is consistent with reports from other poor urban communities. Intensive efforts are under way to reduce children's asthma symptoms and improve their asthma management strategies.

The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is an independent policy research institute in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound policy research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe. The views expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed to CEPS or any other institution with which they are associated or to the European Union.

The article explores the influence of the social crisis on the education on the example of the developments in the social studies in the field of general education. The crisis is seen as an opportunity for substantial educational changes concerning educational standards and content, ways of teaching, the relationships between the educational actors, opening of the educational system and introduction of the project approach in the broadly understood social education.

This study examines the extent to which the recent economic turmoil ("Krismon") in Indonesia has affected urban development and in turn caused an urban crisis. It focuses on urban economy, employment, poverty, rural-to-urban migration, local government revenues, and spatial development. The study reveals a disastrous urban crisis which should seriously be taken into consideration for urban rehabilitation and development programs in the near future, including the creation of urban job opportunities and the provision of basic necessities for the poor.

El objetivo del artículo es evidenciar la manera en que la modernidad y su crisis se han dado en el contexto latinoamericano y la forma en que se intenta dar solución a sus conflictos con una alternativa de cura integral; mediante el establecimiento del Estado social de derecho, lo cual recrea la figura sociológica del caos creativo. La metodología implementada es deductiva y a partir de esta se describen las dinámicas de la modernidad, la modernización y el modernismo y su crisis en Europa y occidente y, posteriormente, en América Latina, para, finalmente, presentar la propuesta de solución a los embates de la época con la asunción del Estado social de derecho que es, a su vez, la propuesta para curar las contrariedades del modernismo político expresado en la figura del Estado de derecho.

In the world we live in today, the presence and claims of crisis abound – from climate change, financial and political crisis to depression, livelihoods and personal security crisis. There is a challenge to studying crisis due to the ways in which crisis as a notion, condition and experience refers to and operates at various societal levels. Further, different kinds of crisis can overlap and intersect with each other, and act as precursors or consequences of other crises, in what can be thought of as inter-crisis relations or chains of crises. This article makes an enquiry into how to develop more adequate analytical tools for understanding crisis as a multidimensional phenomenon. We ask how crisis can be conceptualised and what the analytical potentials of a distinct crisis perspective might be? In this article we suggest a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to bridge between traditionally separated realms. Our ambition is to present a case for the development of Interdisciplina...

In a competitive environment, where the battle for market supremacy is severe, certain companies might face with serious problems due to the current context of the world economic crisis. Because the crisis phenomenon has become a disturbing factor in the progress of bussines activities, providing quality at the required standards is a sine qua non requirement. In time, many companies have tried to come up with cost reduction methods, spending a large amount of resources in order to achieve their strategic goals. For some companies, the cost of quality becomes a variable that must be downsized in order to obtain a more considerable profit. For other companies instead, quality is the key which makes the difference. So, the proper question is: Can quality be a reliable way to overcome the economic crisis? We will have to search for the answer in the present article...

This article questions the assumption that Cuba's reform process must eventually make concessions to, and perhaps eventually join, the wider global world system dominated by neo-liberal economics and democracy as defined by the advocates of this world order. To undertake this task it is necessary to explain globalization and distinguish it from the preceding postwar period and then seek to understand the consequences of its ascendency, especially its failure to produce a sustainable model of development. In this context Cuba's socialist experiment will be considered as an alternative, both in the form of its performance in social provision and its ideology of community above that of the individual. While these strengths may be attractive to those forces in the world that wish to resist globalization and build something new, Cuba as a single country example is not viable. Consequently these achievements can only become part of a transformative force if they are integrated with already existing popular resistance to the current neo-liberal order. Finally, it is argued this symbiosis is taking place in Latin America where Cuba is deeply involved with new social movements and progressive governments.

Siguiendo la metáfora utilizada por Thomas Hobbes sobre el cuerpo humano y el cuerpo político presente en su Leviatán, se propondrá tomar su noción de nutrición del Estado para analizar la posible crisis política resultante de las acciones o inacciones del soberano en relación a la alimentación y salud-enfermedades. Para ello se abordarán algunos elementos de su obra y su vida, como su continua mención a las enfermedades, su traducción de Tucídides, el frontispicio del Leviatán, su Decamerom Phisiologicum, y parte de su correspondencia, para pensar el lugar que allí ocupan dichos tópicos en relación a su filosofía política. Se intentará mostrar cómo el discurso filosófico moderno comenzó a legitimar la necesidad de abordar los problemas relativos a la producción de las condiciones para la vida, y cómo el problema del buen gobierno, a pesar de negarse con la lógica soberana, reaparece por necesidad.

Following the metaphor used by Thomas Hobbes about the human body and the body politic present in his Leviathan, It will be proposed to take its notion of State nutrition to analyze the possible political crisis resulting from the actions or inactions of the sovereign in relation to food and health-diseases. For this, some elements of his work and his life will be addressed, such as his continuous mention of diseases, his translation of Thucydides, the frontispiece of Leviathan, his Decamerom Phisiologicum, and part of his correspondence, to think about the place that these topics occupy there in relation to their political philosophy. An attempt will be made to show how modern philosophical discourse began to legitimize the need to address problems related to the production of conditions for life, and how the problem of good governance, despite refusing with sovereign logic, necessarily reappears.

This paper sets out to develop an improved framework for examining critical junctures. This a priori framework is a significant improvement over existing critical juncture frameworks that lack any predictive element. It is an advance for historical institutionalism in particular, and political science in general. After the new framework is set out in detail here, it is tested. The framework is used to examine a number of potential critical junctures in macroeconomic policy, drawn from Ireland, Sweden, Britain, and America in the latter half of the twentieth century.

На 1907–1908 годы пришелся альманашный бум, расцвет «альманашного» периода в русской литературе начала XX века. В журнальных и газетных рецензиях (З.Н. Гиппиус, Д.В. Философов, А.М. Редько, Е.И. Редько, А.В. Тыркова-Вильямс, Е.А. Колтоновская и др.) осмыслялась конкуренция альманаха с «толстым» журналом, обозначались сменяющие друг друга периоды их популярности. В ходе борьбы за расположение читателей альманах и журнал постоянно трансформировались как по материалам, так и по авторскому составу. Если в 1907–1908 годах по отношению к литературным сборникам звучали обвинения в исключительности коммерческого подхода и эксплуатации громких «имен» известных писателей, то к 1911 году были сформулированы характерные типологические особенности наиболее значимых альманахов того
времени («Знание», «Шиповник», «Земля»). В отзывах критиков особое внимание уделялось анализу причин возникшего с начала Первой мировой войны и обострившегося к 1917 году кризиса альманаха как типа издания.
In 1907–1908 there was an almanac boom, the flourishing ‘almanacish’ period in Russian literature of the 20th century reached its height. Journal and newspaper reviewers (Z.N. Gippius, D.V. Filosofov, A.M. Red’ko, E.I. Red’ko, A.V. Tyrkova-Williams, E.A. Koltonovskaya, etc.) reflected upon the competition between almanacs and thick journals, identified successive periods of their popularity. During the struggling for readers’ attention almanacs and journals were constantly transforming both in materials and authors selection. In 1907–1908 literary digests were accused of pure commercial approach and exploitation of famous writers’ big names, however by 1911 characteristic typological features of the most prominent almanacs of the time (Znanie, Shipovnik, Zemlya) were highlighted. In their reviews the critics paid special attention to the causes of the almanac as a publication type crisis that started at the beginning of World War I and aggravated by 1917.

The paper argues that the economic imbalances that caused the present crisis should be thought of as the outcome of the interaction of the effects of financial deregulation with the macroeconomic effects of rising inequality. In this sense rising inequality should be regarded as a root cause of the present crisis. We identify four channels by which it has contributed to the crisis. First, rising inequality creates a downward pressure on aggregate demand since it is poorer income groups that have high marginal propensities to consume. Second, international financial deregulation has allowed countries to run larger current account deficits and for longer time periods. Thus, in reaction to potentially stagnant demand two growth models have emerged: a debt-led model and an exportled model. Third, (in the debt-led growth models) higher inequality has led to higher household debt as working class families have tried to keep up with social consumption norms despite stagnating or falling real wages. Fourth, rising inequality has increased the propensity to speculate as richer households tend hold riskier financial assets than other groups. The rise of hedge funds and of subprime derivatives in particular has been linked to rise of the superrich.

Resumen: Introducción. La comunicación aborda la problemática de las personas con discapacidad dentro del sistema penal-penitenciario, centrándose en la realidad de sus familias que se encuentran directamente implicadas en el proceso de exclusión que este colectivo transita. Además de la caracterización de las familias, se analiza la relación que las vincula con los sistemas de protección social implicados, desde la perspectiva del Trabajo Social con familias. Material y Métodos. Se recogen los resultados desde un enfoque cualitativo desarrollado en una línea de investigación en discapacidad intelectual. Se utilizan los datos de entrevistas en profundidad. Resultados. Las familias se encuentran desorientadas ante el ingreso de la persona con discapacidad en el sistema penal-penitenciario. Esta desorientación proviene frecuentemente de un largo proceso de desencuentros con los sistemas de protección social donde no hallan la forma de dar respuesta a sus necesidades. Existe una insuficiente intervención del Trabajo Social con familias que realice un proceso socio-terapéutico con las familias de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Discusión. La problemática de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, o con enfermedad mental, dentro del sistema penal-penitenciario, así como sus familias, requieren una intervención específica desde el Trabajo Social. Esta intervención va más allá de la "lógica de las prestaciones" ya que no han encontrado una "oferta" dentro de los sistemas de protección que se adecuara a sus necesidades. Estos casos de "largo recorrido" transitan un proceso de exclusión que termina en la cárcel.

Freshwater biodiversity is declining dramatically, and the current biodiversity crisis requires defining bold goals and mobilizing substantial resources to meet the challenges. While the reasons are varied, both research and conservation of freshwater biodiversity lag far behind efforts in the terrestrial and marine realms. We identify fifteen pressing global needs to support informed global freshwater biodiversity stewardship. The proposed agenda aims to advance freshwater biodiversity research globally as a critical step in improving coordinated action towards its sustainable management and conservation.

The objective of this paper is to describe the framing of the pandemic that the world currently endures during the mandatory quarantine taking place in Argentina. This particular study is part of a bigger corpus of research that investigates the relationship between discourses held by enterprises, politicians and media in the digital age and how it affects communication at times of crisis. This is a qualitative study that explores emerging metaphorical language that is being implemented to communicate salient aspects of the unprecedented phenomenon that is COVID-19 in a partial way. It is important to point out that the analysis is made at the same time that the crisis is unfolding. In order to develop this perspective, we will rely on a previous framework developed to study communication of crisis. Our research has led us to identify a "family" of metaphors that emerge from the headlines of the corpus: war, care and time. Identifying and understanding the emerging metaphors is the first step to avoid contradictions that can lead to double binds. M uch in the same way that the biomedical sciences accelerate the process of basic and clinical investigation to discover and develop a vaccine that will make the world population immune, the communication sciences is searching for ways to generate reliable knowledge to foster the general understanding of the pandemic. The challenge of this approach is to implement the steps of the scientific method in order to understand how media intervenes in the communicational processes it spirals. Even when the pandemic, by definition, affects the whole world its effects are felt differently around the world. The consequences in each area depend on the characteristics of the general population, its connection to the countries

El proceso histórico de formación del Estado corresponde a
un proyecto de sociedad emanado de las luchas y contradicciones sociales. En función de los intereses que enarbola, el Estado mexicano moderno adquiere una composición política que troquela el marco institucional y el conjunto de políticas que implementa de modo que alienta energías colectivas acordes a la correlación de fuerzas que soportan al poder y la dinámica de acumulación. Las políticas económica, social, política y cultural corresponden al proyecto de sociedad estatal enmarcado en el sistema mundial capitalista. Con la implantación del modelo de desarrollo neoliberal se agudizan las desigualdades y contradicciones sociales, y el Estado entra en una profunda crisis de legitimidad. Para continuar implementando el ciclo de reformas neoliberales el Estado recurre al uso de la violencia como dispositivo de control social y factor de preservación del régimen de acumulación articulado por capitales rentistas y predadores que desvanecen el tejido social y agudizan la conflictividad
social. Los sectores populares ofrecen respuestas variadas,
desde el consentimiento y la indiferencia hasta posiciones críticas y la
resistencia.

The literature on suicide survivors suggests that suicide grief is different than the grief associated with survivorship from other causes. The few studies that have compared groups of survivors from other causes, however, have often not observed as many differences as expected based on the suicide survivors literature. In this study, 230 college students who had survived the suicide (N=61), accidental (N=92), or natural deaths (N=77) of a f.mily member or close friend were asked to complete a set of questionnaires. Reactions of the survivors to the death were meaeured by a number of questions, the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Revised University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Attitudes toward suicide survivors were assessed by the Aftermath of Suicide instrument. In general, many more similarities than differences were noted for the survivors of the various causes. No significant differences between the groups were observed for guilt, shame, isolation from others, or loneliness; thinking about suicide; time to resume normal functioning; or the impact of the event currently or immediately after the death. Compared to other survivors, however, suicide survivors reported significantly more stigmatizing events and blamed more people for the death. Survivors of sudden deaths, both suicidal and accidental, exhibited greater stigma and more of a desire to understand why after the death than did natural death survivors. (Author)

Background: Three-quarters of people who commit suicide are not in contact with mental health services at the time of death. No previous UK study has focused specifically on this group of suicides. Aims: To identify the characteristics of people who commit suicide while outside the care of mental health services. Method: A case-control study was conducted in SW England involving 100 individuals who committed suicide while not in contact with mental health services and 100 age-sex matched controls drawn from the living population. Data were collected by means of semistructured interviews with key informants and from medical records. Results: Key predictors of suicide were previous attempted suicide, social and interpersonal problems, current mental illness, past mental illness, and previous contact with specialist services. However, nearly a third of cases (32%) appeared to have no current mental disorder. Conclusion: This group is distinguished by a markedly lower rate of mental illness than has previously been recorded. The findings highlight the difficulty of identifying individuals outside specialist mental health care who are at risk of suicide and therefore support the continued development of broad population-based measures rather than the targeting of high-risk groups.

Scarce medical resources during a natural disaster challenge the existing protocols for medical intervention. Triage decisions about which patient to care for can be extremely stressful for a medical team. This case analysis describes the experience of one mobile field hospital in Haiti in the aftermath of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. The medical team was confronted with the need to choose which of three critically ill patients should receive the remaining, dwindling oxygen supply. The ethical framework around these decisions is discussed. The development of an onsite ethics committee from team members is suggested to help lighten the burden of decision making off of the individual care provider.

L’exercice de l’art infirmier répond à des règles réglementaires qui sont d’ordre public. Ceci implique qu’elles sont directement opposables à l’infirmier et ne souffrent pas d’exception. Néanmoins, en situation d’exception, ces règles répondent clairement à la problématique de l’infirmier placé en situation de catastrophe, attentat ou face à de nombreuses victimes.

The ultimate point of origin of the great financial crisis of 2007-2009 can be traced back to an extremely indebted US economy. The collapse of the real estate market in 2006 was the close point of origin of the crisis. The failure rates of subprime mortgages were the first symptom of a credit boom tuned to bust and of a real estate shock. But large default rates on subprime mortgages cannot account for the severity of the crisis. Rather, low-quality mortgages acted as an accelerant to the fire that spread through the entire financial system. The latter had become fragile as a result of several factors that are unique to this crisis: the transfer of assets from the balance sheets of banks to the markets, the creation of complex and opaque assets, the failure of ratings agencies to properly assess the risk of such assets, and the application of fair value accounting. To these novel factors, one must add the now standard failure of regulators and supervisors in spotting and correcting the emerging weaknesses. Accounting data fail to reveal the full extent of the financial maelstrom. Ironically, according to these data, US banks appear to be still adequately capitalized. Yet, bank undercapitalization is the biggest stumbling block to a resolution of the financial crisis.

Portrayals of suicide in the media are controversial because they may impact on suicide rates and methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the broadcast of a television documentary wherein an adolescent girl is interviewed about her suicide plan and subsequently dies by suicide. National suicide rates during the 8 weeks prior to the program and the 4 weeks following it were compared to the same periods in the previous year. There was no significant difference in the rates of completed and attempted suicides before and after the program. There was a shift toward the method used in the film after the broadcast, but it was found to be nonspecific to that year. A significant decrease was noted in the mean age of suicide attempters in the last promotional week prior to the broadcast compared to the previous year (p = .032). These preliminary findings suggest that the repeated televised promotion of a documentary on suicide may raise the risk of suicide in vulnerable populations. Further investigations in bigger populations are needed.

Background: The media and the Internet may be having an influence on suicidal behavior. Online social networks such as Facebook represent a new facet of global information transfer. The impact of these online social networks on suicidal behavior has not yet been evaluated. Aims: To discuss potential effects of suicide notes on Facebook on suicide prevention and copycat suicides, and to create awareness among health care professionals. Methods: We present a case involving a suicide note on Facebook and discuss potential consequences of this phenomenon based on literature found searching PubMed and Google. Results: There are numerous reports of suicide notes on Facebook in the popular press, but none in the professional literature. Online social network users attempted to prevent planned suicides in several reported cases. To date there is no documented evidence of a copycat suicide, directly emulating a suicide announced on Facebook. Conclusions: Suicide notes on online social networks may allow for suicide prevention via the immediate intervention of other network users. But it is not yet clear to what extent suicide notes on online social networks actually induce copycat suicides. These effects deserve future evaluation and research.

Özet
Krizler, örgütlerin önleme ve uyum mekanizmalarını yetersiz hale getirerek mevcut değerlerini, amaçlarını ve varsayımlarını tehdit eden ve bu tehditlere karşı acele cevap verilmesini zorunlu kılan, gerginlik verici durumlardır. Krizler ve önemli olaylar çoğu kez beklenmedik olaylar olarak tabir edilir ve güvenlik güçlerinin rutin görevleri dışında nadiren karşılaştıkları olaylardır. Gerek beklenme-dik oluşları gerekse önceden gerekli hazırlıkların yapılmamış olması gibi nedenlerle toplum içerisinde olumsuz etkileri olabilir ve iyi yönetilmediği takdirde toplum düzenini bozabileceğinden tamiri oldukça zordur ve uzun yıllar sürebilir. Toplumun huzur ve güvenliğini sağlamak için gece gündüz çalışan güvenlik güçlerinin, krizlerin hayatın bir gerçeği olduğunu ve herhangi bir zamanda herhangi bir yerde karşısına çıkabileceğini, bu sebeple günlük rutin görevlerle mücadele ederken beklenmedik olaylara da hazırlıklı olmaları gerektiğini akıllarından çıkarmamaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kriz ve önemli olayların polis için ne demek olduğu, bir süreç olarak krizlerin nasıl yönetilmesi gerektiği, geleneksel krizlerin dışında modern ve gelecekteki krizlerin yönetiminin nasıl bir bakış açısıyla ele alınması gerektiği hususları irdelenecektir. Krizlerin olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması konusunda farklı görüşler değerlendirilecek ve etkili bir liderlik yöne-timi ile krize girmiş veya kriz riski taşıyan örgütlerin en az hasarla krizden nasıl çıkabileceği hususu tartışılacaktır. Güvenlik hizmetlerinde, özellikle poliste, kriz yönetimi süreci değerlendirilecektir. Diğer taraftan, genellikle olumsuz bir kav-ram olarak görülse de iyi yönetildiğinde krizlerin örgütler için korkulacak bir durum olmaktan çıkabileceği, gerek toplum gerekse de kurum ve çalışanlar için bir fırsat olabileceği hususu tartışılacaktır.



ALINTILAMA ÖNERİSİ
Pamuk, Z. (2014), Kriz Yönetimi Stratejileri, Harmancı, F. M; Gözübenli, M. ve Zengin, C. (Ed.), "Güvenlik Sektöründe Temel Stratejiler" içinde (s.305-330). Nobel Yayınevi, ISBN:978-605-133-960-3

ALINTILAMA ÖNERİSİ
Pamuk, Z. (2014), Kriz Yönetimi Stratejileri, Harmancı, F. M; Gözübenli, M. ve Zengin, C. (Ed.), "Güvenlik Sektöründe Temel Stratejiler" içinde (s.305-330). Nobel Yayınevi, ISBN:978-605-133-960-3

Background: Approximately three-quarters of patients who die by suicide on psychiatric wards do so by hanging/strangulation. Increased awareness of the methods used by these patients may benefit prevention strategies in mental health services. Aims: To describe the ligature points and ligatures used in ward hangings; to identify any trends over time in ligature points and ligatures used; and to compare these patient characteristics with other inpatient suic,ides. Methods: A national clinical survey of suicide cases in recent « I year) contact with mental health services in England and Wales (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007). Results: Of the 448 suicides that occured on psychiatric wards, 77% were by hanging. The number of hanging cases, however, has fallen by 74% since 1999. The most common ligature points· and ligatures were doors, hooks/handles, windows, and belts or sheets/towels, respectively. Use of shoelaces, doors, and windows in creased over time. These patient suicides had had high rates of self-hann, alcohol/drug misuse, and were more likely than other cases to have died early in admission and been fonnally detained for treatment. Conclusions: Despite the decrease in inpatient suicides by hanging, regular reviews of ward structures are needed, particularly as ligatures and ligature points change over time. Improving the ward envi ronment to engage patients. especially early in admission. may also contribute to reducing risk.

La crisis de la modernidad se manifiesta con gran crudeza en los sistemas educativos de las sociedades avanzadas, que proyectan sobre aquéllos más contradicciones y paradojas de las que pueden superar. Ante las profundas transformaciones invocadas por conceptos como globalización, sociedad de la información y/o del consumo, postmodernidad o modernidad reflexiva, las instituciones escolares están perdiendo su capacidad de transmitir modelos de identidad y ciudadanía eficazmente. Este trabajo explora la crisis de la función socializadora de los sistemas educativos, entendida como un declive sistémico, burocrático y comunicativo. De este modo, las clásicas estrategias de socialización propias de las sociedades modernas pierden su eficacia, siendo precisa su reconversión. Ésta puede ser afrontada orientando los procesos de socialización desde un horizonte de elegibilidad articulado por un ethos del deseo.

This report presents the comparative findings of research spanning two years on migrants caught in situations of crisis in destination countries. The research focused on the longer-term socio-economic impacts of these crises on migrants, on their families and on the countries affected by crises. While previous studies have examined crises and their aftermath, as well as immediate responses, this is the first major research project to examine the subject from a comparative perspective. In particular, we investigated the long-term impact of crises on migrants, on countries of origin and on host countries. Our research, thus, fills crucial gaps in knowledge on this topic.

The paper takes a comparative perspective on the labour market impact on G20 and EU countries of the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008. It starts from the observation that the decline in employment and rise in unemployment in relation to output or GDP reductions varies significantly across countries. It examines the impacts from an institutional perspective taking into account different channels of external, internal and wage flexibility determined by both the institutional arrangements in place before the crisis and discretionary reforms implemented during the crisis. Emphasis is placed on the role of permanent and temporary jobs, working time adjustment, wage flexibility and active and passive labour market policies. The paper shows that, at least for the time being, unemployment increases have been contained in countries with comparatively strong internal flexibility. At the same time, however, it appears that the crisis has -at least in some casescontributed to a further dualization of labour markets given that risks are allocated unequally across types of employment. JEL Classification:

Paper indicates the fundamental need of researches that will identify the anthropological basis of Polish security studies as it proves that only human person can be the irreducible subject of all possible security studies. The first part of the article deals with the connection between the way of perceiving man, human instrumentality, axiological horizon that he creates and the concept of security itself. The second part of the article shows the crisis as a problem area which has been organizing scientific discourse for the last 200 years and then the origins of security studies as a kind of response to that crisis are presented. The last part of the paper contains detailed justification of the need to take up in-depth research on the phenomenon of a person in security studies and detailed analysis of problems around which this research needs to be organized and carried out.

Contending theories of financial crisis notwithstanding, the ongoing credit meltdown is no different from any of the financial crises that had erupted during the past three decades. In this paper, we argue that the global credit crunch came about as a combination of three sets of factors: regulatory avoidance and evasion masquerading as 'innovation'; liquidity illusions, and sheer fraud. Focusing on the problem of offshore financial structure, liquidity illusions and regulatory avoidance, we use the case of Northern Rock and its offshore, Jersey-based Special-Purpose Vehicle (SPV), Granite Companies, in order to illustrate how the existing political and legislative environment has set the conditions for the global crisis, by conflating, and disguising, the three sets of factors.