Cotton

The textile industry has been identified as one of the key industries which could spur industrial growth in Kenya. Efforts are being made by the Kenyan government and other institutions to revive the textile industry. One area which could contribute towards the revival of the Kenyan Textile industry could be the optimization of the cotton processing in Kenya. Cotton processing includes ginning, spinning, weaving and wet processing. In cotton spinning, the Kenyan industry uses ring and rotor spinning technologies. While ring spinning is the traditional spinning process, rotor spinning has established itself as a great competitor especially when dealing with course counts. This paper looks at the quality of cotton rotor spun yarns, in comparison with the uster standards. While the Kenyan cotton lint reported good quality characteristics when compared to Uster standards, the quality of the rotor spun yarn was poor especially for yarn evenness and hairiness. It is therefore recommended ...

333-340An innovative approach has been made to impart self-cleaning and antibacterial properties to woven fabrics. Reduced graphene oxide/Ag-N TiO2 nanocomposites are successfully prepared by simple mixing and sonication for finishing of woven fabric with prepared nanocomposites. The physiochemical properties of prepared samples are analysed by X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared radiation spectroscopy. The prepared nanocomposite (rGO/ 1% Ag-N TiO2) shows lower bandgap of 2.3 eV as compared to individual nanomaterials, and hence the improved photocatalytic performance, leading to high self-cleaning and antibacterial activity

The study examines land and water reforms as the main components of agricultural sector restructuring during the transition to a market economy. The experience of Central and Eastern European countries and CIS is assessed in the light of market principles. The main focus of the study is on the agrarian reform in Turkmenistan. The achieved results are evaluated, and prospects for further development of the Turkmen model of agricultural transition are discussed in the framework of world experience. The monograph is the result of a joint study carried out by the authors under Grant No. TA-MOU-98-CA17-011, U.S.-Israel Cooperative Development Research Program, Economic Growth, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

A field experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur, West Bengal, India in Kharif season of 2016 and 2017 to evaluate
the phytotoxicity of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) on cotton and
soil micro-flora and their consequent effects on crop growth, yield and
economics. Findings depicted that there were no phytotoxic symptoms on
cotton and there was better recovery of soil micro-flora population with the
application of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) 450 g/ha, resulting in
maximum growth, yield and economic profitability of cotton. However,
prominent toxic effects of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL (15% w/v) on the
crop and soil micro-flora were recorded at higher doses of 900 g/ha and 1800
g/ha, which significantly reduced cotton growth, yield and economic viability.

A longitudinal anthropological study of cotton farming in Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh, India, compares a group of villages before and after adoption of Bt cotton. It distinguishes "field-level" and "farm-level" impacts. During this five-year period yields rose by 18% overall, with greater increases among poor farmers with the least access to information. Insecticide sprayings dropped by 55%, although predation by non-target pests was rising. However shifting from the field to the historically-situated context of the farm recasts insect attacks as a symptom of larger problems in agricultural decision-making. Bt cotton's opponents have failed to recognize real benefits at the field level, while its backers have failed to recognize systemic problems that Bt cotton may exacerbate.

Since 2003, the West and Central African (WCA) cotton initiative in the World Trade Organization has stood as an ambitious case of Africa's desire to be integrated into the trading system and yet also receive reparations for past injuries. This article seeks to explore how and why the initiative debuted through close attention to the interdependence between power and language in diplomatic practice. It takes the concept of cognitive framing to explore the relationship between political legitimacy and mobilisation capacities. The genesis of cotton as ‘an issue’ is critically examined, focusing on how the WCA countries constructed a novel ‘competitive victim’ frame to define themselves and the problem. While this opening move was effective, it also featured tensions that were exploited by Northern actors who were threatened by the campaign. I argue that what followed was the introduction of a politically driven ‘counterframe’, which divided the problem into a ‘trade-related’ component and a ‘development-related’ component. It is important to understand why and how this distinction was constructed and monitored. By scrutinising the relationship between framing and institutional power, I suggest that the counterframe won over the original frame, leading to a re-positioning of the demanders and a re-calibration of their expectations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of some swelling agents with reduced water content on final properties of cotton fabrics. A single-step swelling of cotton in the reagent was used. There were selected properties generally used to characterize mercerized cotton that are technologically important, such as water retention, shrinkage, stiffness, crease recovery angle, and hand. Water retention method and dyeing with CI Direct Red 81 have been used to compare the degree of swelling for different samples. Correlations have been established between structural changes induced by the swelling agents and final properties of cotton fabric. The mixtures of an alkali solution and an additive produced similar or better end-use properties as compared with classical sodium hydroxide or ammonia treatments, combining the action of a diluted alkali solution (3.13 mol/L NaOH or KOH) and a nonalkali reagent. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2848–2855, 2006

Despite the higher cost of production, the developed country members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) like the United States (US) enjoy an artificial comparative advantage in the international cotton markets due to huge subsidies and entitlements at the expense of the poor farmers in developing countries. This paper critically examines the effects of various proposals in the WTO negotiations on the flexibilities to the US to support its cotton farmers. The paper finds that agreeing on any proposal, and implementing it, would considerably reduce the US policy space and benefit millions of developing country cotton farmers.

This paper attempts to identify sources of resource use inefficiency for cotton production in Pakistan's Punjab. The use of a non-parametric method, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is developed to study the relative technical and allocative efficiencies of individual farms which use similar inputs, produce the same product and operate under comparable circumstances. In the 'cotton-wheat' system of Pakistan, there are a considerable number of farms that are both technically and allocatively inefficient. The use of DEA shows that the technique provides a clear identification of both the extent and the sources of technical and allocative inefficiencies in cotton production. However, both the interpretation of the farm level results generated and the projection of these results to a higher level require care, given the technical nature of the agricultural production processes.

Ž . Ž . The arbuscular-mycorrhizal AM colonization patterns of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. growing under the range of management conditions that are employed for the production of this important crop on the Southern High Plains of Texas was examined in 1991 and 1992. Specifically, the mycorrhizal development of cotton grown under continuous center-pivot irrigation, noncontinuous linear-drive irrigation, continuous center-pivot irrigated cotton planted into terminated winter wheat, supplemental dryland, strict dryland, and supplemental dryland cotton planted into terminated winter wheat was evaluated. During 1991, colonization levels were highest for cotton planted into terminated winter wheat. Furthermore, cotton planted into terminated winter wheat developed more arbuscules and had higher levels of mycorrhizae earlier than any of the other production systems examined. During 1992, at 3 weeks after planting, 5 days of cold, wet weather resulted in almost 100% mortality of cotton not previously planted into terminated winter wheat. Mycorrhizal colonization levels were greater for cotton associated with winter wheat than for cotton grown under conventional practices. The higher colonization levels associated with young cotton plants that were grown with winter wheat as compared with cotton under conventional tillage practices suggests that AM-inoculum levels may have been greater before planting in the cottonq wheat management system for both the 1991 and 1992 studies. Maintenance of a hyphal network for developing cotton seedlings may be crucial for cotton to become colonized rapidly during the seedling stage. Seedling establishment on the Southern High Plains is a critical time for cotton because of abiotic stress from high or low temperatures or inadequate moisture. As a result, any benefit from the symbiosis at this time should have a positive effect on survival and subsequent yields. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Cotton fabric is usually dyed with anionic dyes such as direct and reactive dyes. Naturally, there is no affinity for basic dyes to cotton fiber. In this study, to improve the dyeability of cotton fiber with cationic dyes, the fabric was pretreated with air plasma and grafted with acrylic acid to create acidic groups on the surface of cotton fibers. The grafted samples were dyed with natural cationic dye extracted from roots of berberis vulgaris. The effect of plasma treatment variables as well as percentage grafting of acrylic acid on the color strength of cotton fabric was studied and the optimum condition for maximum dye exhaustion was determined.

A series of back-coated cotton fabrics comprising varying molar ratios of chlorine, bromine and antimony has been studied using a simulated match ignition test, LOI and thermal analysis (TGA and DTA). Results show that the presence of chlorine alone and in combination with bromine increases LOI and carbonaceous char values at optimum halogen :anti- mony molar ratios of 2.5-3.6:1 and bromine:chlorine molar ratios within the range 0.31-0.42. Only back-coated samples containing bromine pass the simu- lated match test although at Br:Sb molar ratios above 4:1, LOI and char residual values decrease. It is evident that condensed and vapour phase flame retardant *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

This paper frames the GM cotton approval debate in Turkey in the context of a socio-political process in which conflicts must be resolved between competing interests and among people who hold different value systems and have different priorities. Four different cotton farming alternatives—business as usual (BAU), ecological farming (ECO), GM farming (GM), and good agricultural practices (GAP)—are assessed and evaluated via a set of environmental, social, and economic criteria chosen on the basis of an extensive review of the cotton production and genetically modified organism (GMO) literatures, and in-depth interviews with several key stakeholders and experts in Turkey. The results show that when economic concerns are considered primary, GM farming is the preferred practice. In contrast, when only the social dimension is prioritised, the ECO alternative performs best. Finally, when the economic and social dimensions are appraised together, GAP emerges as a compromise solution. This study reveals that the decision to approve GM farming is not only complex but also value-laden and interest-based.

Natural cellulose fibers have been obtained from the bark of cotton stalks and the fibers have been used to develop composites. Cotton stalks are rich in cellulose and account for up to 3 times the quantity of cotton fiber produced per acre. Currently, cotton stalks have limited use and are mostly burned on the ground. Natural cellulose fibers obtained from cotton stalks are composed of approximately 79% cellulose and 13.7% lignin. The fibers have breaking tenacity of 2.9 g per denier and breaking elongation of 3% and modulus of 144 g per denier, between that of cotton and linen. Polypropylene composites reinforced with cotton stalk fibers have flexural, tensile and impact resistance properties similar to jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Utilizing cotton stalks as a source for natural cellulose fibers provides an opportunity to increase the income from cotton crops and make cotton crops more competitive to the biofuel crops.

This paper reports the development of natural cellulose technical fibers from soybean straw with properties similar to the natural cellulose fibers in current use. About 220 million tons of soybean straw available in the world every year could complement the byproducts of other major food crops as inexpensive, abundant and annually renewable sources for natural cellulose fibers. Using the agricultural byproducts as sources for fibers could help to address the concerns on the future price and availability of both the natural and synthetic fibers in current use and also help to add value to the food crops. A simple alkaline extraction was used to obtain technical fibers from soybean straw and the composition, structure and properties of the fibers was studied. Technical fibers obtained from soybean straw have high cellulose content (85%) but low% crystallinity (47%). The technical fibers have breaking tenacity (2.7 g/den) and breaking elongation (3.9%) higher than those of fibers obtained from wheat straw and sorghum stalk and leaves but lower than that of cotton. Overall, the structure and properties of the technical fibers obtained from soybean straw indicates that the fibers could be suitable for use in textile, composite and other industrial applications.

Methylobacterium extorquen'~ was isolated and was found as one of the most resistant microorganisms in the original bioburden of ophthalmic cotton dressings to be submitted to ~, radiation sterilization. Radiation survival curves were simultaneously performed in phosphate buffer and in test-pieces on two isolates, one obtained before irradiation (wild strain) and the other after irradiation at 20 kGy (rad strain), as well as on three type strains of Methylobacterium spp. (M. extorquens r, M, radiotolerans r and M. fujisawaenser). The

Paparan debu kapas yang terus-menerus di tempat kerja dapat
menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan pernapasan seorang pekerja, terutama pekerja tekstil. Hal ini terjadi karena debu kapas merupakan campuran kompleks dari beberapa komponen yang dapat memicu reaksi dalam tubuh manusia, seperti respon alergi atau proses lain yang tidak dapat dipahami sepenuhnya. Tujuan dari scoping review ini adalah untuk menganalisis efek debu kapas terhadap nilai fungsi paru pada pekerja tekstil. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode scoping review berupa pencarian data beberapa artikel. Sampel berasal dari jurnal internasional yang berkaitan dengan efek debu kapas terhadap nilai fungsi paru pada pekerja tekstil. Database yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Pubmed, Science Direct, Proquest, dan EBSCO, dengan jumlah artikel yang didapat sebanyak 1.436 artikel. Hasil skrining dan uji kelayakan sebanyak 15 artikel. Hasil scoping review menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 artikel, sebagian besar penelitian menyatakan pekerja yang terpapar debu kapas mengalami  penurunan nilai fungsi paru yang diukur setelah shift kerja dan memiliki nilai fungsi paru yang lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Sebagian besar artikel menyatakan parameter fungsi paru yang dipengaruhi debu kapas adalah VEP1 dan berupa pola gangguan napas obstruktif. 
Berdasarkan kajian pada keseluruhan artikel, paparan debu kapas dapat
menurunkan nilai fungsi paru pada pekerja tekstil.

This paper explains to extract the eco-friendly natural dye obtained from the flower of Opuntia Ficus-Indica and apply on silk and cotton fabric using combination of mordants. The fastness properties of the flower of Opuntia Ficus-Indica dyed silk and cotton fabric have been studied using different combination (1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) of various mordants. The wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples have been evaluated. It is found that flower of Opuntia Ficus-Indica dye can be successfully used for the dyeing of silk and cotton to obtain a wide range colours

A highly active alkalothermophilic cellulase free xylanase (3446 U/g of dry substrate) has been produced from newly isolated strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus under solid-state fermentation using wheat bran (2.5%, w/v) pH 7.0 and at 37 • C. The xylanase was stable over broad range of pH (6.0-12.5) and temperature (37-85 • C) and hence was used in the bioprocessing of fabrics as an alternative to conventional chemical method. The desizing and bioscouring treatments were most efficient at 70 • C after 90 and 180 min of incubation respectively using 5 g/l of xylanase dose in the medium of pH 9.5. Enzymatically desized fabrics when subjected to bioscouring resulted in 0.91%, 0.88% weight loss for micropoly and 0.83%, 0.80% for cotton respectively under agitated (50 ± 2 rpm) and non-agitated conditions. Consequently Whiteness index for cotton (11.81%) and micropoly (52.15%) fabrics was increased. Induction in the release of reducing sugars was also observed for cotton (8.37%) and micropoly (16.79%) fabric over conventional method. Enzymatically processed fabric samples possessed 1.12% and 1.95% more tensile strength than reference. Tearness value also increased for bio-treated cotton (1.57%) and micropoly (2.37%) fabric samples as compared to control.

A particularly attractive but hitherto unidentified Berber type of costume, a striped  haik (a rectangular flat weave garment worn by  women) appeared on the Moroccan textile art market a number of years ago. L. Viola during one of his recent field trips identified for the first time the tribe that produced them. These Berber weavings are generally about 50 years old (but are still produced) and were woven in the Ait Moussa villages of the Mejjat Anti-Atlas tribe. While Lucien Viola traces their history and beliefs, Alexandra Sachs, co-author, describes their aesthetic and exceptional visual impact.
This article was published by Hali Magazine (issue 200 summer 2019) An Infinity of Stripes.

A field study on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv.) was carried out from 2005 to 2008 in the Çukurova Region, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Treatments were designated as I100 full irrigation; DI70, DI50 and DI00 which received 70, 50, and 0% of the irrigation water amount applied in the I100 treatment. The irrigation water amount to be applied to the plots

This article analyses the performance of cotton sectors across East, Southern, and West Africa, paying particular attention to the wide diversity of institutional arrangements that they now exhibit. It finds strong support for earlier contentions regarding trade-offs between competition and coordination, and between the roles of public and private sectors. New insights provide concrete and context-specific guidance to policy-makers and stakeholders regarding the key challenges they will face and the risks they will need to manage as they work to improve productivity and ensure an equitable division of benefits within cotton sectors.

In many African countries, the misuse of chemical insecticides is questioned with the awareness of their negative effects on ecosystems and human health. There is, therefore, constant request from consumers for alternatives to chemical insecticide in plant protection. In the present study, the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, neem oil and pesticides used for conventional cotton was tested in two environments: (i) experimental plots (Research Centre), (ii) farmers' cotton field). For the purpose, fifty grams per ha of conidia of each fungus's strains were formulated with peanut oil and kerosene (30:70) and applied at a volume of 2 litres.ha -1 . Neem oil was applied at 1 litre.ha -1 in a formulation containing neem oil and kerosene (50:50). Treatments with biopesticides and neem oil were carried out on threshold (five H. armigera for 40 cotton plants). The effects of the different pesticides used on cotton pests populations' densities (Helicoverpa armigera, Earias spp., Diparopsis watersi, Spodoptera littoralis, Syllepte derogata) and their natural enemies were studied as well as their damage on cotton buds and bolls. Cotton yield was also assessed. The results showed that, in the experimental plots the average efficacy of pesticides used, calculated on the basis of the observations of Helicoverpapopulation's density was: 56.1 ± 27.4%; 77.9 ± 9.9%; 59 7 ± 18.6% and 78.21 ± 8.2% for chemical pesticides, neem oil, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. The average rate of flowers buds and bolls damaged in plots treated with biopesticides was significantly higher than in plots treated with chemicals. M. anisopliae, B. bassiana and neem oil have protected the fruiting organs in the same manner. In farmers' cotton fields, pest control by the various pesticides used was similar with yields ranging from 1.5 ± 0.3 t / ha to 1.6 ± 0.3 t / ha. Among the natural enemies observed, ants were the most affected by chemical treatments. Among the biopesticides, M. anisopliae represented the least harmful to natural enemies, followed by B. bassiana. The results showed that the biopesticides used in our study can reduce the densities of different target pests. Early application (at lower threshold) allowed these biopesticides to better control cotton pests.This study suggested the possibilities of the use of biopesticides as alternatives to chemical insecticides in the control of cotton pests.

In order to understand the fundamental forces which have affected the marketing of natural fibres, especially wool, it is necessary to study the fibre market as a whole and in particular to take account of the development of man-made fibres. In considering some of the more important marketing problems encountered by natural fibres, mainly wool and cotton, we shall explore ways in which these are interconnected with the nature and structure of the man-made fibre industry. The principal problem discussed in this book, the presence of large and possibly growing fluctuations in the price of natural fibres, can only be adequately comprehended if the nature of man-made fibre production and marketing is specifically considered. This and the next Chapter provide a general world-wide background on the development, structure and nature of competition in the textile fibre industry.

Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using crude neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) extract at room temperature. The formation and crystallinity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The average size of these silver nanoparticles is about 20-50 nm as observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Optical absorption measurements were performed to determine band-edge energy gap of these silver nanoparticles. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were performed to emphasize its emission properties. The synthesized silver nanoparticles could have major applications in the area of nanoscale optoelectronics devices and biomedical engineering. Our synthesis method has advantage over other conventional chemical routes because it is cost effective & environmental compatibility.

Picture 1. 1 Table of Contents Abstract p. Foreword p. Introduction & methodology p. Historiography p. Chapter 1: The introduction of Soviet-forced labour p. Chapter 2: The period of continuation p. Chapter 3: The fletching paths of independence p. Chapter 3.1: Diverging leaders p. Conclusion p.

This paper presents the thermal properties of different knitted fabric structures made from cotton, regenerated bamboo and cotton-bamboo blended yarns. Three blends of fibres (100% cotton, 50:50 cotton: bamboo and 100% bamboo) were used to produce three yarn counts (30 tex, 24 tex and 20 tex). Each of these yarns was used to manufacture three types of knitted structures namely plain, rib and interlock. It was found that the thermal conductivity of knitted fabrics generally reduces as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. For the same fibre blend proportion, the thermal conductivity was lower for fabrics made from finer yarns. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance values of interlock fabric was the maximum followed by the rib and plain fabrics. The water vapour permeability and air permeability of knitted fabrics increase as the proportion of bamboo fibre increases. The air permeability and water vapour permeability values were higher for plain fabric as compared to those values of rib and interlock fabrics.

Woody biomass, in the form of firewood and charcoal, is the main energy source in the Sudan. Agricultural residues in this country are assessed and their use as energy sources is investigated. Cotton stalks are produced in two large agricultural processes and have been used for this purpose. The conversion process of cotton stalks to usable energy is discussed. We also present the results of surveys which were conducted to assess user acceptance of the new fuel. Encouraging results were obtained. Briquetting of carbonized cotton stalks was found to provide an environmentally sound and socially accepted fuel and also solve a waste-disposal problem.

Page 1. Simulation of Drying Behavior of Cotton Bobbins by a Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Model Ugur Akyol 1,a , Kamil Kahveci 2,b , Ahmet Cihan 2,c and Dinçer Akal 3,d 1Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Çorlu Engineering, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey ...

Selected phosphorus-containing¯ame retardants, including some intumescents, have been formulated with selected resins and applied as back-coatings to both cotton and cotton±polyester (35:65) blended fabrics. While all formulations raise the limiting oxygen index, only those based on ammonium polyphosphate and a cyclic phosphonate enable samples to pass a small-scale version of the simulated match test, BS5852: 1979, Source 1. As expected, the back-coatings containing intumescents promoted higher levels of char formation, but these did not re¯ect in their performance to the match test where most incurred failures. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests that the more effective¯ame retardants as exempli®ed by ammonium polyphosphate, are those which liquefy by melting and/or decomposition well below 300°C. It is proposed that this enables wetting by these products of the back face of the fabric and their diffusion to the front face where, as the temperature rises towards 300°C, char formation occurs before ignition of surface ®bres can take place.

Fibre blend ratio is an important factor that determines the properties of spun yarn. Modal is a regenerated manmade fibre and free from short fibres, neps and impurities. In this paper, the influence of modal fibre percentage on the properties of cotton-modal blended yarn was studied. Cotton-modal blended yarn with blend ratio of 80:20, 70:30 and 50:50 and 100% cotton yarns of 30 Ne were produced in ring spinning frame. The experimental results showed that the yarn quality parameters such as irregularity, thick places, thin places, neps, Imperfection Index and hairiness of 100% cotton are higher than cotton-modal blended yarn. With the increase of modal fibre percentage, the quality of blended yarns was improved than 100% cotton yarn. The unevenness of cotton-model blended yarn was decreased by 22% with the increase of model fibre proportion from 0 to 50%. In regards to the Count Strength Product (CSP) value, the cotton-modal blended yarns showed an increasing trend with increasing of modal fibre percentage in the blend ratio. It can be attributed that the absence of short fibres in modal fibre, which phenomena was contributed to the yarn properties with increasing the modal fibre percentage. Increasing modal fibre proportion was reflected in the considerable enhancement of cotton-modal fibre blended yarn quality.

The dyeing of cotton fabric using Eclipta as natural dye has been studied in both conventional and sonicator methods. The effects of dyeing show higher color strength values obtained by the latter. Dyeing kinetics of cotton fabrics were compared for both the methods. The time/dye uptake reveals the enhanced dye uptake showing sonicator efficiency. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were fair to good. CIELAB values have also been evaluated.

The insecticides that are used to protect the crop from insects and pests not only pose a financial burden on the farmer but also affect human health and the environment. In this study, a prototype is developed and evaluated in the cotton crop to see the effect of various speeds and different locations of airstream in respect of the plant to control the population of adult whitefly. The percentage reduction in the population of the whitefly was found to be increased from 38% to 42% with the increase in the blower speed from 1800 to 4050 rpm. The field efficiency was found to be decreased from 87.90% to 74.92% with an increase in the forward speed from 1.74 to 4.19 km.h-1. The damage to the crop in the form of damage to branches and damage of flowers/bolls was found to be increased from 4.44% to 5.30% and 1.04% to 2.02% respectively, with the increase in the blower speed from 1800 to 4050 rpm.

Bitkisel bir tekstil hammaddesi olan pamuk birçok sanayi sektörünün ham maddesi olmasından dolayı katma değeri çok yüksek bir bitki olduğu bilinmektedir. Uluslararası Pamuk İstişare Komitesi (ICAC) verilerine göre; 2013/14 üretim dönemi ile 2017/18 sezonu arasında dünyada ortalama 32,1 (32.115) milyon hektar alanda pamuk üretimi yapılmış olup son dönemde ekim alanlarında yaşanan daralma 2017/18 sezonu ile son bulmuştur. 2017/18 sezonunda pamuk ekimi yapılan 33 milyon hektar alanın %37’si Hindistan’dadır. Ekim alanlarının genişliğinde Hindistan’ı, ABD, Çin, Pakistan ve Özbekistan izlemektedir. Türkiye pamuk ekim alanı açısından 9’uncu sırada yer almaktadır. 2017/18 sezonunda ICAC verilerine göre Türkiye pamuk veriminde üçüncü sıraya yükselmiştir. TÜİK verilerine göre ise aynı sezonda verim 1800 kg/ha olup bu verilere göre ülkemiz lif pamuk veriminde dünyada ikinci sırada bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’de yaklaşık 80 milyon ton olan bitkisel üretimin %17,3 ünü endüstri bitkileri oluşturmaktadır. Endüstri bitkileri içinde pamuk, son yirmi yılda ortalama 700.000 ton üretimiyle imalat sanayine önemli bir kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Dünyada pamuk üreten ülkeler arasında ise Türkiye, ilk on içinde yer almaktadır. Pamuğun tarımsal ve endüstriyel önem dikkate alındığında; pamuk üretiminin üretim ve dış ticaretindeki gelişmeleri analiz etmek çalışmanın esas amacıdır. Çalışma 1992-2018 yılını içeren yirmi altı yıllık bir zaman serisini kapsamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamına pamuk üretim alanı, üretim miktarı ve dış ticareti ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, ele alınan değişkenlere trend analizi uygulanmış değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.

In 1794 Eli Whitney, a native of Westborough, Massachusetts improved technology on the cotton gin, which he then submitted the paperwork for a patent. However, it is widely perceived that Whitney invented the first cotton gin.

I was only allowed to use four sources with this paper. The main focus on writing the paper was to show how textbooks omit important facts. The misconception that Eli Whitney was the first inventor of the cotton gin has been proven. Yet, some textbooks continue to teach differently.

The present study attempts to document the magnificent resist printed natural dyed textiles of Ajrakh, which has reached the threshold of extinction of its pure form. This is due to increase in fashion, use of synthetic dyes and production of screens for this block printed textile. The objectives were to document the craft of Ajrakh printing in detail and record the changes that have come about in its manufacturing process, colours and motifs. Data regarding the craft was collected from a purposively selected sample practicing the craft in the traditional manner. Ajrakh, traditionally a double sided resist block printed cotton textile has undergone a number of changes in production, in the motif and colours used.

The purpose of this work was to develop a textile finish based on radical UV-curing of chitosan on cotton and silk to confer antimicrobial properties. Fabrics were impregnated with a solution of 2% w chitosan in aqueous acetic acid (2% v/v) added of 2-hydroxy-2-methylphenylpropane-1-one (2% w/w with respect to chitosan) as photoinitiator and cured at room temperature by exposure to UV lamp for 60 s on both the sides. The antimicrobial activity of finished fabrics was tested according to ASTM standard test performed with Escherichia coli. Obtained results showed a strong antimicrobial activity conferred by the treatment, homogeneous on fabric surface, without affecting the hand properties of fabrics due to the low chitosan weight on (about 2%). The treatment durability to domestic laundering was tested after 5 cycles using either anionic or nonionic detergents. The antimicrobial activity resulted completely maintained after washing with a nonionic surfactant, while with anionic detergents the treatment durability was better for samples prepared with a deeper penetration of chitosan inside the fibers. The fabrics were characterized by dyeing tests, SEM and FTIR-ATR analyzes.

A btdk treatment of substrate was developed Jbr the cultivation of Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) on a 1:1 mixture of cotton and wheat straws (CWS). 7he treatment is based on bulk pasteurkation of CWS and the cultivation of mushrooms on 20-kg units" of it. The advantages of this tmatrnent lie in the reduction of energy and labor costs and the utilization of abundantly available wastes for mushroom cultivation.