Cost and Managerial Accounting

In the last decade, there has been a substantial degree of research interest in the changing function of management accounting, role of management accountant, and the degree of association between management accounting innovations and the degree of satisfaction with implemented management accounting systems in healthcare organizations.
This Paper aims to debate, based on literature review, how the innovation of management accounting systems plays a very important role in restoring the relationship between management accounting role and the decision making in healthcare organizations at different management levels.

Key words: Management Accounting, Decision Making, Healthcare organizations, Innovation and cost accounting systems

The aim of this study is to investigate empirically the impact of human capital on economic growth in the long run empirically by using the data of the Balkan countries. Panel cointegration technique and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) methods are used in the econometric estimations. FMOLS estimations indicate that one point increase in tertiary education enrollment rate and in the ratio of the health expenditures to GDP increase real GDP per capita by 1.3 percent and 9.9 percent, respectively. In addition, FMOLS results show that one point increase in the ratio of the health expenditures to GDP increases real GDP per capita by 13.1 percent. According to DOLS estimations, similar results are obtained. Once labor productivity is taken as dependent variable in the models, it is concluded that an increase in human capital increases labor productivity in the Balkan countries.

Η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια καταγραφής της διαδικασίας και του τρόπου με τον οποίο οδηγούνται οι επιχειρήσεις στη κατάρτιση προϋπολογισμών και πως σχετίζονται μεταξύ τους οι διάφοροι προϋπολογισμοί. Στο πρώτο μέρος γίνεται μια επισκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας γύρω από το θέμα και παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο για τη κατάρτιση του προϋπολογισμού.Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας παρουσιάζονται ασκήσεις και παραδείγματα σχετικά με τους διαφόρους προϋπολογισμούς και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο συντάσσονται.

Perhitungan biaya berdasrkan aktivitas adalah suatu sistem perhitungan biaya dimana tempat penampungan biaya overhead yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu dialokasikan menggunakan dasar yang memasukkan satu atau lebih faktor yang tidak berkaitan dengan volume ( non-volume-related factor).

The performance of students at undergraduate levels has been attributable to several factors, particularly to the university's systems including facilities, structures and quality teaching and students' services system. Not much has been said about the quality of students admitted to the university. The study employs systems theory to analyse the relationship between the quality of students admitted and their performance in the early part of the undergraduate programme using Pearson's correlation and concludes that there is a relationship between Core Mathematics and Accounting at pre-university level and performance of undergraduate Accounting Students' performance. No correlation was however found between pre-university English and their university level performance. The study recommends that, due consideration be given to the existing admission policy criteria regarding emphasis on performance in Core English, particularly for accounting students seeking to pursue accounting programmes, as it may be more harmful than good.

الملخص
      تعد إعادة الهندسة في الوقت الحالي من المفاهيم الشائعة كونها منهجاً يوفر حلاً جذرياً للمشاكل المتراكمة التي تواجه الشركات ، وقد نشئ هذا المنهج نتيجة التحولات في طبيعة المنافسة وحاجات الزبون في العقدين الأخيرين فالأسواق أصبحت أكثر أتساعاً نتيجة العولمة والتغيرات التكنولوجيا وبات لزاماً على الشركات أن تلحق بهذا التسارع وأن تغير الطريقة التي تؤدي بها عملياتها كي تتمكن من البقاء والمنافسة .
      ويهدف البحث الى تعزيز المرتكزات النظرية لإعادة هندسة العمليات كونها فلسفة تغيير تعمل على إعادة تنظيم جذري لعمليات الشركات وصولاً لتحقيق الميزة التنافسية ، كما يهدف البحث الى تطبيق إعادة هندسة العمليات بوساطة تقنيات إدارة الكلفة الاستراتيجية في الشركة العامة لصناعة الزيوت النباتية .
Abstract
    The business process re-engineering is one of the popular concepts at this time because its provide a radical solution for the problems that companies faces. This method appeared because the changes of competition and costumers 'desires at the two last decades. The markets become wider because of the globalization so the companies must change its way to stay a life.
        The research aim is to concentrate on the  BPR  because it's a  philosophy aims to re-organize the company's business process to achieve the competitive advantage, the research also aims to implicate  the BPR using coast management technique  in the State Company of Vegetable Oils Industry .

Copyright:Tüm haklar› sakl›d›r. Bu kitab›n tamam› ya da bir k›sm› 5846 Say›l› Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Yasas›'n›n ilgili hükümleri uyar›nca, yazar›n izni olmaks›z›n elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da herhangi bir kay›t sistemiyle ço¤alt›lamaz, özetlenemez, yay›nlanamaz, depolanamaz. Kaynak gösterilmek kofluluyla al›nt› yap›labilir.

Saudi labour market is unique in nature due to a number of aspects. It provides a picture of increasing job opportunity and, at the same time, higher level of youth unemployment. Like other countries , the employability of accounting graduates of Saudi Arabia is also subject to doubts. The present study assesses the convenience of accounting education for the unique requirements of Saudi labour market. The study collects data from 914 respondents from the three main stakeholders-students, faculty and accounting practitioners. The study finds that all the three stakeholders were of the opinion that the education was capable of meeting the unique requirements of the labour market in Saudi Arabia. A few suggestions are also presented, which would help improve the outcomes of the accounting programs and make the graduates employable.

SafeCard Services Inc. had a credit card loss notification service called Hot-Line. For an annual fee, SafeCard would notify the customer’s credit card issuers if the credit cards were stolen or lost. The Hot-Line service was marketed through direct-mail advertising campaigns. The customer of a credit card issuer would be sent a description of the Hot-Line service. This explains that the Hot-Line service customer would give SafeCard the information of all the customer’s credit card issuers. SafeCard will then give a toll free number to the customer. SafeCard will assist the customer in case of loss or theft and they will also automatically notify the credit card issuer to cease honoring it. The customers were offered a six month free period and if the customer accepts, at the end of the period, the customer could cancel or continue the service. The credit card company would automatically bill the customer $12 for the annual fee.
SafeCard incurred substantial costs for obtaining new customers mainly because of the direct mail descriptive materials and postage. Until fiscal year 1980. SafeCard capitalized these costs of obtaining new customers and amortized them over three years. Beginning fiscal year 1980, SafeCard extended amortization period to 10 years.
When a new subscriber would sign up for a year’s paid Hot-Line service, SafeCard debited Accounts Receivable for $12, credited about 80% of this amount to Customers’ Advance Payments and credited the remainder to Allowance for Cancellations. Also, SafeCard paid an annual commission to the credit issuers through which the subscription was acquired. The commission was deducted by the credit card company from the subscription revenues it remitted to SafeCard. SafeCard then debits Cash for the actual cash payment and debited Prepaid Direct Marketing Costs for the commission. The $12 was credited to Accounts Receivable. These commissions and the prepaid revenues credited to Customers’ Advance Payments were amortized on a straight line basis over 12 months.
SafeCard’s accounting practices were criticized by Professor Abraham J. Briloff. The professor pointed out that the costs incurred for the direct marketing to obtain new subscribers were incurred for tax purposes. SafeCard reported a loss to the IRS but reported a profit to the shareholders. The professor also stated that there were inconsistencies with the company’s financial accounting practices. Although there were great losses to the company, it reported substantial profits to its shareholders.

ABC (Activity Based Costing) system has proved success in both products and services. The researchers propose using a new model through the application of ABC approach that can be implemented in purchasing department as one of the most dynamic departments in service sector to optimize purchasing activities performance. The researchers propose purchasing measures, targeting customers’ loyalty ensuring the continuous flow of supplies. The researchers used the questionnaire as a tool of data collection method for verifying the hypothesis of the research. Data obtained was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the research based on limited survey that have been distributed to number of hotels in Great Cairo region. Our research was targeting three hundred purchasing manager and staff through five star hotels. It is recognized that further research is necessary to establish the exact nature of the causal linkages between proposed performance mea...

Günümüz rekabet ortamında, işletmeler büyüyen bireyselleşmiş talebe ve maliyetlerin düşmeye devam etmesi yönündeki artan rekabetçi baskıya karşılık vermek durumundadırlar. Bu nedenle, işletmeler müşteri taleplerini karşılayacak ve maliyet etkinliği sağlayacak stratejiler benimsemek zorundadırlar. Bireyselleşmiş talebi karşılayacak mal ve hizmetleri maliyet etkinliği ile üretmek için modüler üretim sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Modüler üretimde, farklı maliyetleme ve fiyatlama yöntemlerine gerek duyulur. Bu çalışmanın amacı modüler üretim işletmelerinde maliyetleme, özellikle kapasite belirlenmesi, ve fiyatlama yöntemleri hakkında bilgi vermektir.

The performance of students at undergraduate levels has been attributable to several factors, particularly to the university's systems including facilities, structures and quality teaching and students' services system. Not much has been said about the quality of students admitted to the university. The study employs systems theory to analyse the relationship between the quality of students admitted and their performance in the early part of the undergraduate programme using Pearson's correlation and concludes that there is a relationship between Core Mathematics and Accounting at pre-university level and performance of undergraduate Accounting Students' performance. No correlation was however found between pre-university English and their university level performance. The study recommends that, due consideration be given to the existing admission policy criteria regarding emphasis on performance in Core English, particularly for accounting students seeking to pursue accounting programmes, as it may be more harmful than good.

Saudi labour market is unique in nature due to a number of aspects. It provides a picture of increasing job opportunity and, at the same time, higher level of youth unemployment. Like other countries, the employability of accounting graduates of Saudi Arabia is also subject to doubts. The present study assesses the convenience of accounting education for the unique requirements of Saudi labour market. The study collects data from 914 respondents from the three main stakeholdersstudents, faculty and accounting practitioners. The study finds that all the three stakeholders were of the opinion that the education was capable of meeting the unique requirements of the labour market in Saudi Arabia. A few suggestions are also presented, which would help improve the outcomes of the accounting programs and make the graduates employable.

In current 2013 Bulgaria is still recovering from the world crisis of 2007-2009. In the present article is revealed significance of cost allocation for the enterprises. The author attempts to generalize the role, the advantages and the disadvantages of cost centre allocation. In this paper are explored several methods of cost allocation. In this article the author describes the variations and differences of the used approaches.

Under the current global and economic conditions, some firms have
strategically chosen to be innovative through using its research and development
(R&D) activity as a competition instrument. The rising costs of the R&D require
using appropriate strategic management accounting techniques for controlling and
improving such high and risky investment. The researcher, in this study, suggests
the use of strategic target costing technique and tries to examine the implications of
the R&D on such costing technique􀀑􀀃􀀷􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁗􀁈􀁕􀁐􀀃􀂳􀀶􀁗􀁕􀁄􀁗􀁈􀁊􀁌􀁆􀀃􀁗􀁄􀁕􀁊􀁈􀁗􀀃􀁆􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁌􀁑􀁊􀂴 (STC) is
used, in this study, to refer to the strategic use of the target costing technique for
achieving long-term goals through 􀁌􀁐􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁙􀁌􀁑􀁊􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁆􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁄􀁑􀁜􀂶􀁖􀀃􀁆􀁒􀁖􀁗􀁖􀀃on an on-going
basis. This technique is strategic oriented one as it is price-driven, customerfocused,
design-centered, value-chain involvement, life-cycle orientation and
cross-functional. The researcher investigates the implications of the R&D on STC
empirically using a case study. The study applied on one industry, which is the
pharmaceutical one. Most of the leaders, in this industry, are characterized by its
high R&D intensity. A questionnaire is used as a data collection tool. The
statistical analysis of the questionnaires collected is done through using the (SPSS)
statistical program. In addition, the financial statements of the leading
pharmaceutical companies are analyzed to measure the relation between its R&D
intensity and sales growth. The results show that there is a significant relationship
be􀁗􀁚􀁈􀁈􀁑􀀃 􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃 􀁆􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁄􀁑􀁜􀂶􀁖􀀃 􀁖􀁗􀁕􀁄􀁗􀁈􀁊􀁜􀀃 􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃 􀁌􀁗􀁖􀀃 􀀵􀀉􀀧􀀃 􀁌􀁑􀁗􀁈􀁑􀁖􀁌􀁗􀁜􀀏􀀃 􀁚􀁋􀁈􀁕􀁈􀀃 􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃 􀁆􀁒􀁐􀁓􀁄􀁑􀁜􀂶􀁖􀀃
strategy is tested in terms of the strategic pattern, mission and position of the
company. The results also show that there is a significant relationship between the
strategic target costing and the R&D intensity of the company. Accordingly, it is
concluded that strategic target costing can be used as a strategic technique for
controlling the R&D costs in the high R&D intensity companies. Those companiesthat are leaders in the market, use the differentiation strategy for achieving
sustainable competitive advantage and offering new and innovative products. It is
important to find out the appropriate techniques and tools that can be used for
improving the R&D costs. Such innovative activity can significantly contribute to
the growth of the company and the industry as a whole. This, in turn, affects the
health and the welfare of the society.

2010- Shinelaz began designing and creating handmade custom footwear for a small community of people living in Liliw, Laguna Philippines (a town that is popularly known as the “Footwear Capital of Laguna”).
Since slippers are in demand in the area not just for the people living in that community but for tourists as well, the footwear-making industry has become part of the town’s economy.
Recently, about 150-200 different footwear-making stores are now established in the town.
Mr. Chi Ando, the owner of Shinelaz  Shop, procures the raw materials like cloth, straps, leather, synthetic leather, and shoe soles from the neighboring town of Laguna (Binan) .

Course Objective: To introduce prospective managers of new ventures to financial statement analysis including techniques, cash flows, and impact of accounting principles. Coverage of management control systems including: planning, budgeting, reporting, analysis, and performance evaluation.

The current research aims to measure the cost of educational service in Iraqi public universities using two important tools of management accounting, namely activity-based cost and value chain, which are used to manage and reduce the cost. The applied methodology was used in the research, as the cost of the educational service was calculated by applying cost based on activity and value chain on the sample of the research data which is Technical College of Management. Thus, more accurate and management-oriented information is available than the traditional systems currently in place. The research has reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: that cost-based accounting can be applied in the government higher education units, thus providing more accurate and managementoriented information than the traditional systems currently applied. On the other hand, for the purpose of evaluating and improving the educational service, the value chain can be applied in these units and based on ABC information in calculating this cost, which produces abundant information useful for management in evaluating and improving the service enabling it to provide high quality educational service increase of student-citizen confidence and dependence on public universities, which is the last requirement of government units and measures the extent to which they achieve and accomplish their mission.

Those who do not plan, cannot control and it is difficult for them to control if they do not have an accurate measurement. Those who do not measure cannot report. If not reported, the regulating authorities and governments will not have an effective control on pollution to fulfill the global requirements. The mindset of financial accounting professionals who prepare financial accounts and reporting to shareholders and management is positive which would help the Government of India for the implementation of environmental accounting and reporting to the stake holders. Structured questionnaire were used and collected as primary data. The accounting professionals were in the opinion that reporting on environment related issues of the company would give positive impact on the Indian companies.

Methane hydrates are present in substantial quantities in Northeast Asia and have the potential to disrupt global energy markets once economical extraction methods are identified and developed. Any Northeast Asian country that is able to exploit its methane hydrate resources will potentially alter its need for hydrocarbon imports. This would greatly impact future energy trade relations between Northeast Asia and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries participants and could result in a shift from a broader bilateral energy trade relationship into a narrow one. Demand would decrease and hydrocarbon price fluctuations would affect revenue streams as well as international trade partnerships. In this study, we attempt to present a conceptual operational research cost model for methane hydrate integration into the energy mix in the Northeast Asian countries. Our approach takes into account key parameters including the volume of estimated reserves to minimize the cost per unit of methane hydrate in upstream processes while considering natural gas accounting as a reference point, in a reservoir dynamics-based analysis under market constraints. Finally, we propose policy recommendation based on our analysis.

A conceptual cost minimization model for estimating methane hydrate upstream activity in NEA for policy-making. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315685132_A_conceptual_cost_minimization_model_for_estimating_methane_hydrate_upstream_activity_in_NEA_for_policy-making [accessed Mar 29, 2017].

Fatores contextuais e individuais associados à insatisfação com a assistência odontológica no Brasil Contextual and individual factors associated with dissatisfaction with dental care in Brazil Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de fatores contextuais e individuais associados à insatisfação dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com o atendimento prestado pelo cirurgião-dentista na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estudo transversal multinível, fundamentado em dados advindos de uma pesquisa de base nacional para avaliação da satisfação dos usuários com o SUS. Os dados foram coletados pelo Departamento de Ouvidoria Geral do SUS por meio de contato telefônico de uma amostra de 35.393 indivíduos de todo o país. Variáveis contextuais e individuais foram associadas à insatisfação com o serviço odontológico prestado pelo SUS. Para as análises, foi utilizado o software Stata versão 11.0 e realizada uma regressão logística multinível de efeitos aleatórios. Um total de 2.331 indivíduos de 61 municípios foram incluídos na amostra final de satisfação com o serviço odontológico. Apenas 43% dos participantes relataram haver resolução de seus pedidos e percebeu-se uma chance sete vezes maior de insatisfação para aqueles indivíduos que tiveram demanda não resolvida em relação aos que a resolveram. A presente pesquisa traz elementos que podem subsidiar o governo em ações voltadas para a melhoria do acesso e qualidade do atendimento prestado na atenção odontológica.

ABC (Activity Based Costing) system has proved success in both products and services. The researchers propose using a new model through the application of ABC approach that can be implemented in purchasing department as one of the most dynamic ...

ABSTRACT:
The current research aims to present a method of productivity analysis on the basis of activity in government service institutions, which is a modern method of cost accounting, aimed at providing accounting information that helps to make improvements in the performance of the activity, it has been applied to one of the government air transport institutions, which is Basra International Airport, Airports are multi-product institutions that perform a variety of activities and services. This diversity requires a cost accounting system that measures and evaluates performance efficiently and effectively.
The research found that a productivity-based analysis method provides useful information for government airport management that enables it to make productivity improvement decisions and improve the performance of various airport activities, which reflects positively on the quality of services provided to citizens.

Эффективность деятельности промышленных компаний во многом зависит от качества организации учетно-аналитического обеспечения управления затратами, правильной оценки их взаимосвязи с выпускаемыми продуктами и получаемым доходом. Для правильного определения себестоимости необходимо установить, как и в каком соотношении издержки компании привязаны к ее продуктам, а также какие решения, связанные с ассортиментной политикой и выбором контрагентов, будут влиять на их уровень. Все переменные затраты, непосредственно вызываемые каждой единицей выпускаемой продукции, включаются в себестоимость напрямую, независимо от того, какая система калькулирования используется компанией. В части распределения косвенных расходов в традиционных системах, как правило, используется единая норма накладных расходов, величина которой определяется выбранной базой распределения и плановой величиной общепроизводственных затрат. В условиях автоматизации производственных процессов и соответствующего роста доли накладных расходов данный подход ведет к искажению информации о величине себестоимости конкретных продуктов, не позволяя принимать обоснованные решения по планированию товарного ассортимента, оптимизации не только производственных, но и предпроизводственных и постпродажных издержек. Целью исследования является рассмотрение особенностей использования системы функционального калькулирования себестоимости для совершенствования управленческого учета затрат. В статье даны рекомендации по организации функционального учета затрат и использования системы ABC в зависимости от способа организации производства. Сделаны выводы о возможностях применения данных, полученных при использовании функционального калькулирования, для принятия управленческих решений. Предложена классификация драйверов затрат в целях группировки издержек по видам деятельности. Обоснована целесообразность использования двух учетных систем для подготовки финансовой и управленческой отчетности. Практическая реализация предложенных рекомендаций позволит формировать качественную информацию для принятия решений по снижению затрат и повышению рентабельности производимых продуктов, тем самым предоставляя возможности получения конкурентного преимущества на рынке.

ABC (Activity Based Costing) system has proved success in both products and services. The researchers propose using a new model through the application of ABC approach that can be implemented in purchasing department as one of the most dynamic ...

Abstract
This paper empirically examines the applicability of the triple bottom-line reporting framework by Oil Gas
Companies in stemming the tide of social restiveness in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The objective of this
paper is to examine if the triple-bottom-line reporting approach can be used as an effective tool in the restoration
of much needed peace in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The research adopted the survey design method and
the indices measured were derived from the UN Global Impact (a set of principle based standards for reporting
business impact on the environment and the people) and GRI (Global Reporting Initiative). Data were analyzed
using the ordinary least square regression method and the results show that youth restiveness is a function of
social and environmental neglect and that the triple bottom reported approach can be adopted as a surrogate tool
of financial reporting to stem the incidence of social restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. It was
recommended that, in the interest of environmental and social justice vis-à-vis economic interest of the Oil and
Gas Companies and that of the government of Nigeria, the Oil and Gas Companies should adopt the triplebottom-
line reporting framework as a panacea for restiveness in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
Keywords: Triple bottom line costs, corporate social practices, corporate environmental practices, spillage
control costs, decontamination costs, restiveness, corporate image, oil and gas companies, Niger Delta Region of
Nigeria.2017

Decision making is comparatively simple process when the criterions are limited and certain however this process might be quite difficult when the criterions are more and fuzzy. Traditionally, subjects of managerial accounting include decision making methods and mechanisms where the number of criterions are limed under the 'Ceteris Paribus' assumption, and more obvious theoretical samples are examined to explain the decision making process. However, in the real life number of criterions that influence the decision making process are unlimited, there are many criterions: multi-criterions and some of those criterions are linguistic. Managerial accounting decision making process usually neglects these criterions. That is why it is believed that multi-criterions and linguistic variables should be included to the managerial accounting decision making process. Today's competitive environment makes it a necessity rather than a luxury, where without efficient decision making capabilities it is very difficult to survive. This study suggests multi-criterion models, especially TOPSIS, can be and should be used in managerial accounting decision making to enhance the managerial accounting courses and decision makers' capabilities.

Activity Based Costing and Budgeting systems, which are compatible with the strategic goals, planning and technological infrastructure of the enterprises, have gained importance and started to be preferred in recent years. Activity Based Costing provides accuracy and reliability in determining product cost by focusing on the cause-effect relationship in cost formation. The most basic strategic point of view it brings is that it is not products that cause costs, but activities, and that it is product and service groups that consume activities.

It identifies the true nature of cost behavior and helps to reduce costs and identify activities that do not add value to the product. Activity Based Costing uses multiple cost drivers, most of which are transactional rather than product volume.

Methane hydrates are present in substantial quantities in Northeast Asia and have the potential to disrupt global energy markets once economical extraction methods are identified and developed. Any Northeast Asian country that is able to exploit its methane hydrate resources will potentially alter its need for hydrocarbon imports. This would greatly impact future energy trade relations between Northeast Asia and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries participants and could result in a shift from a broader bilateral energy trade relationship into a narrow one. Demand would decrease and hydrocarbon price fluctuations would affect revenue streams as well as international trade partnerships. In this study, we attempt to present a conceptual operational research cost model for methane hydrate integration into the energy mix in the Northeast Asian countries. Our approach takes into account key parameters including the volume of estimated reserves to minimize the cost per unit o...

The research aims to present and analyze the PFABC approach and the role that it plays. Which is to reduce costs improve the quality of cost information, monitor available resources and then improve performance in government hospitals by increasing the efficient of using hospital resources. The search results reached that the PFABC provide measures of price, quantity, efficiency and effectiveness variances of flexible resource, also provide measures of budget and energy variances of committed resources, and assists in measuring the productivity of each activity component, exemplified in efficiency and effectiveness.

The first edition of Brian Maskell's classic work proved that when given the chance, accountants would prefer not to serve out their days as number-crunching automatons. With its energetic tone and common sense approach, the book inspired "numbers people" at all levels to be come allies in their companies' lean revolution. This book teaches how accountants can become powerful leaders their lean companies.

This research paper is an outcome of a case study of concept of environmental balance towards the available resource of the earth and its optimum use had been reflects in South Asian Economics. The specific purpose of this research is to climate change much earlier than anticipated. The developed industrialized nations rather than the underdeveloped or developing nations, because the former has been considered to be the best and privileged users of the earth's resources. The main purpose of this study is to examine the aspects of purpose of this research is to climate change and sustainable development within South Asian economies and to find the relevance of experience of the scientists for significantly and effectively in developing disaster reduction and adaptation strategies' is also brief discussed.