Cosmic Microwave Background

We calculate the incoherent resonant and non-resonant scattering production of sterile neutrinos in the early universe. We find ranges of sterile neutrino masses, vacuum mixing angles, and initial lepton numbers which allow these species to constitute viable hot, warm, and cold dark matter (HDM, WDM, CDM) candidates which meet observational constraints. The constraints considered here include energy loss in core collapse supernovae, energy density limits at big bang nucleosynthesis, and those stemming from sterile neutrino decay: limits from observed cosmic microwave background anisotropies, diffuse extragalactic background radiation, and Li-6/D overproduction. Our calculations explicitly include matter effects, both effective mixing angle suppression and enhancement (MSW resonance), as well as quantum damping. We for the first time properly include all finite temperature effects, dilution resulting from the annihilation or disappearance of relativistic degrees of freedom, and the scattering-rate-enhancing effects of particle-antiparticle pairs (muons, tauons, quarks) at high temperature in the early universe.

It is extraordinary that a number of observations indicate that we live in a spatially flat, low matter density Universe, which is currently undergoing a period of accelerating expansion. The effort to explain this current state has focused attention on cosmological models in which the dominant component of the cosmic energy density has negative pressure, with an equation of state w ≥ −1. Remarking that most observations are consistent with models right up to the w = −1 or cosmological constant (Λ) limit, it is natural to ask what lies on the other side, at w < −1. In this regard, we construct a toy model of a "phantom" energy component which possesses an equation of state w < −1. Such a component is found to be compatible with most classical tests of cosmology based on current data, including the recent type 1a SNe data as well as the cosmic microwave background anisotropy and mass power spectrum. If the future observations continue to allow w < −1, then barring unanticipated systematic effects, the dominant component of the cosmic energy density may be stranger than anything expected.

Planck is the third generation of mm-wave instruments designed for space observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies within the new Cosmic Vision 2020 ESA Science Program. Planck will map the whole sky with unprecedented sensitivity, angular resolution, and frequency coverage, and it likely leads us to the final comprehension of the CMB anisotropies. The Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), operating in the 30 ÷ 70 GHz range, is one of the two instruments onboard Planck satellite, sharing the focal region of a 1.5 meter off-axis dual reflector telescope together with the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) operating at 100 ÷ 857 GHz. We present LFI and discuss the major instrumental systematic effects that could degrade the measurements and the solutions adopted in the design and data analysis phase in order to adequately reduce and control them. (On behalf of LFI Consortium)

We reexamine the gravitational wave background resulting from inflation and its effect on the cosmic microwave background radiation. The new COBE measurement of a cosmic background quadrupole anisotropy places an upper limit on the vacuum energy during inflation of ≈ 5 × 10 16 GeV. A stochastic background of gravitational waves from inflation could produce the entire observed signal (consistent with the observed dipole anisotropy and a flat spectrum) if the vacuum energy during inflation was as small as 1.5 × 10 16 GeV at the 95% confidence level. This coincides nicely with the mass scale for Grand Unification inferred from precision measurements of the electroweak and strong coupling constants, for the SUSY Grand Unified Theories. Thus COBE could be providing the first direct evidence, via gravitational waves, for GUTs, and supersymmetry. Further tests of this possibility are examined, based on analyzing the energy density associated with gravitational waves from inflation.

We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 95 GHz to carry out continuum observations of 130 extragalactic radio sources selected from the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) survey. We use a triple-correlation method to measure simultaneous 20 and 95 GHz flux densities for these objects, and over 90% of our target sources are detected at 95 GHz. We demonstrate that the ATCA can robustly measure 95 GHz flux densities with an accuracy of ∼10% in a few minutes for sources stronger than about 50 mJy. We measure the distribution of radio spectral indices in a flux-limited sample of extragalactic sources, and show that the median 20-95 GHz spectral index does not vary significantly with flux density for S 20 > 150 mJy. This finding allows us to estimate the extragalactic radio source counts at 95 GHz by combining our observed 20-95 GHz spectral-index distribution with the accurate 20 GHz source counts measured in the AT20G survey. Our derived 95 GHz source counts at flux densities above 80 mJy are significantly lower than those found by several previous studies. The main reason is that most radio sources with flat or rising spectra in the frequency range 5-20 GHz show a spectral turnover between 20 and 95 GHz. As a result, there are fewer 95 GHz sources (by almost a factor of two at 0.1 Jy) than would be predicted on the basis of extrapolation from the source populations seen in lower-frequency surveys. We also derive the predicted confusion noise in CMB surveys at 95 GHz and find a value 20-30% lower than previous estimates. The 95 GHz source population at the flux levels probed by this study is dominated by QSOs with a median redshift z ∼ 1. We find a correlation between optical magnitude and 95 GHz flux density which suggests that many of the brightest 95 GHz sources may be relativistically beamed, with both the optical and millimetre continuum significantly brightened by Doppler boosting.

We argue that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a stupendous opportunity for the Creator of our universe (assuming one exists) to have sent a message to its occupants, using known physics. Our work does not support the Intelligent Design movement in any way whatsoever, but asks, and attempts to answer, the entirely scientific question of what the medium and message might be IF there was actually a message. The medium for the message is unique. We elaborate on this observation, noting that it requires only careful adjustment of the fundamental Lagrangian, but no direct intervention in the subsequent evolution of the universe.

We consider the consequences of a neutral dark-matter particle with a nonzero electric and/or magnetic dipole moment. Theoretical constraints, as well as constraints from direct searches, precision tests of the standard-model, the cosmic microwave background and matter power spectra, and cosmic gamma rays, are included. We find that a relatively light particle with mass between an MeV and a few GeV and an electric or magnetic dipole as large as ˜3×10-16e cm (roughly 1.6×10-5μB) satisfies all experimental and observational bounds. Some of the remaining parameter space may be probed with forthcoming more sensitive direct searches and with the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope.

We present simulations and discuss measurements of a planar orthomode transducer (OMT) being developed for use with bolometric detectors in observations of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This OMT couples radiation from a circular waveguide onto microstrip where it is filtered and then detected. A corrugated feed horn defines the optical beam. Simulations suggest this OMT achieves a coupling efficiency of greater than 96% with crosspolarization below 1%.

This is a short review, aimed at a general audience, of several current subjects of research in cosmology. The topics discussed include the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with particular emphasis on its relevance for testing inflation; dark matter, with a brief review of astrophysical evidence and more emphasis on particle candidates; and cosmic acceleration and some of the ideas that have been put forward to explain it. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms is provided.

In this paper we give a pedagogical review of the recent observational results in cosmology from the study of type Ia supernovae and anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. By providing consistent constrainst on the cosmological parameters, these results paint a concrete picture of our present-day universe. We present this new picture and show how it can be used to answer some of the basic questions that cosmologists have been asking for several decades. This paper is most appropriate for students of general relativity and/or relativistic cosmology.

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the physical and cosmological understanding of the Universe.

Gravity, Space-Time and Origin of the Universe are all redefined. The “Hot Big Bang” concept is denied while giving room for the exponential growth of the Universe from a single (infinitesimal) speck of energy that rose out of a vacuum fluctuation, which finally ended up in a sustained and “Steady State” evolution of the cosmological bodies. The origin is stretched back to an infinitely past-point in time and the end to an infinitely future-point in time with respect to a given (finite) rate of time-flow of the Universe.

It resolves the issues around the prevailing theories of Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation/ Accelerated Expansion, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Mass Defect and other observed properties of the Universe, like, Isotropy, Flatness and Homogeneity.

It better explains the Quantum weirdness like Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality, Entanglement, etc. The new theory once again claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, that accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” and upon which the Universe is fully built. Perhaps, human intellect, which can dwell only in finite and discrete domains can never reach out to this new (hypothetical) entity.

It replaces Einstein’s Space-time with Energy-space-time. It explains the geometrical curvature of space-time around energy bodies as a characteristic of the energy-space-time continuum around them. It reviews the speed of EM Waves and justifies its constancy more practically.

In the present scheme of things, most of the physical (that includes both quantum-physics and astrophysics) phenomena were initially conjectured, hypothesized, mathematised and then experimentally verified. So, the new “Theory of Grand Settlement” gives a new set of conjectures and hypotheses, keeping almost the same mathematics and the experimental observations, Surprisingly, it resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

One of the most spectacular scientific breakthroughs in past decades was using measurements of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to test precisely our understanding of the history and composition of the Universe. This report presents a roadmap for leading CMB research to its logical next step, using precision polarization measurements to learn about ultra-high-energy physics and the

The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey is a large-scale structure survey of intermediateredshift UV-selected emission-line galaxies scheduled to cover 1000 deg 2 , spanning a broad redshift range 0.2 < z < 1.0. The main scientific goal of the survey is the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the galaxy clustering pattern at a significantly higher redshift than previous studies. The BAO may be applied as a standard cosmological ruler to constrain dark energy models. Based on the first 20% of the dataset, we present initial results concerning the small-scale clustering of the WiggleZ targets, together with survey forecasts. The WiggleZ galaxy population possesses a clustering length r 0 = 4.40 ± 0.12 h −1 Mpc, which is significantly larger than z = 0 UV-selected samples, with a slope γ = 1.92 ± 0.08. This clustering length is comparable to z = 3 Lyman Break Galaxies with similar UV luminosities. The clustering strength of the sample increases with optical luminosity, UV luminosity and reddening rest-frame colour. The full survey, scheduled for completion in 2010, will map an effective volume V eff ≈ 1 Gpc 3 (evaluated at a scale k = 0.15 h Mpc −1) and will measure the angular-diameter distance and Hubble expansion rates in three redshift bins with accuracies ≈ 5%. We will determine the value of a constant dark energy equation-of-state parameter, w cons , with a higher precision than existing supernovae observations using an entirely independent technique. The WiggleZ and supernovae measurements lie in highly complementary directions in the plane of w cons and the matter density Ω m. The forecast using the full combination of WiggleZ, supernovae and CMB datasets is a marginalized error ∆w cons = 0.07, providing a robust and precise measurement of the properties of dark energy including cross-checking of systematic errors.

An introduction to modern theories for the origin of structure in the Universe is given. After a brief review of the growth of cosmological perturbations in an expanding Universe and a summary of some important observational results, the lectures focus on the inflationary Universe scenario and on topological defect models of structure formation. A summary of the theory and current observational status of cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations is given. The final chapter is devoted to some speculative ideas concerning the connection between cosmology and fundamental physics, in particular to ways in which the singularity problem of classical cosmology may be resolved.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC)expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for most of these concepts. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.

We review the particle theory origin of inflation and curvaton mechanisms for generating large scale structures and the observed temperature anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Since inflaton or curvaton energy density creates all matter, it is important to understand the process of reheating and preheating into the relevant degrees of freedom required for the success of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. We discuss two distinct classes of models, one where inflaton and curvaton belong to the hidden sector, which are coupled to the Standard Model gauge sector very weakly. There is another class of models of inflaton and curvaton, which are embedded within Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) gauge group and beyond, and whose origins lie within gauge invariant combinations of supersymmetric quarks and leptons.

In this paper we review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the remarkable observation of our accelerating Universe. In particular we discuss the arguments for and recent progress made towards understanding the nature of dark energy. We review the observational evidence for the current accelerated expansion of the universe and present a number of dark energy models in addition to the conventional cosmological constant, paying particular attention to scalar field models such as quintessence, K-essence, tachyon, phantom and dilatonic models. The importance of cosmological scaling solutions is emphasized when studying the dynamical system of scalar fields including coupled dark energy. We study the evolution of cosmological perturbations allowing us to confront them with the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure and demonstrate how it is possible in principle to reconstruct the equation of state of dark energy by also using Supernovae Ia observational data. We also discuss in detail the nature of tracking solutions in cosmology, particle physics and braneworld models of dark energy, the nature of possible future singularities, the effect of higher order curvature terms to avoid a Big Rip singularity, and approaches to modifying gravity which leads to a late-time accelerated expansion without recourse to a new form of dark energy.

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades, implying that the universe is dominated by some form of "dark energy" with exotic physical properties, or that Einstein's theory of gravity breaks down on cosmological scales. The profound implications of cosmic acceleration have inspired ambitious experimental efforts to measure the history of expansion and growth of structure with percent-level precision or higher. We review in detail the four most well established methods for making such measurements: Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clusters. We pay particular attention to the systematic uncertainties in these techniques and to strategies for controlling them at the level needed to exploit "Stage IV" dark energy facilities such as BigBOSS, LSST, Euclid, and WFIRST. We briefly review a number of other approaches including redshift-space distortions, the Alcock-Paczynski test, and direct measurements of H_0. We present extensive forecasts for constraints on the dark energy equation of state and parameterized deviations from GR, achievable with Stage III and Stage IV experimental programs that incorporate supernovae, BAO, weak lensing, and CMB data. We also show the level of precision required for other methods to provide constraints competitive with those of these fiducial programs. We emphasize the value of a balanced program that employs several of the most powerful methods in combination, both to cross-check systematic uncertainties and to take advantage of complementary information. Surveys to probe cosmic acceleration produce data sets with broad applications, and they continue the longstanding astronomical tradition of mapping the universe in ever greater detail over ever larger scales.

Besides the Hubble expansion of the universe, the main evidence in favor of the big-bang theory was the discovery, by Penzias and Wilson, of the cosmic microwave background (hereafter CMB) radiation. In 1990, the COBE satellite (Cosmic Background Explorer) revealed an accurate black-body behavior with a temperature around 2.7 K. Although the microwave background is very smooth, the COBE satellite did detect small variations-at the level of one part in 100 000-in the temperature of the CMB from place to place in the sky. These ripples are caused by acoustic oscillations in the primordial plasma. While COBE was only sensitive to long-wavelength waves, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)-with its much higher resolution-reveals that the CMB temperature variations follow the distinctive pattern predicted by cosmological theory. Moreover, the existence of the microwave background allows cosmologists to deduce the conditions present in the early stages of the big bang and, in particular, helps to account for the chemistry of the universe. This report summarizes the latest measurements and studies of the CMB with the new calculations about the formation of primordial molecules. The PLANCK mission-planned to be launched in 2009-is also presented.

Recent observations of Type 1a supernovae indicating an accelerating universe have once more drawn attention to the possible existence, at the present epoch, of a small positive Λ-term (cosmological constant). In this paper we review both observational and theoretical aspects of a small cosmological Λ-term. We discuss the current observational situation focusing on cosmological tests of Λ including the age of the universe, high redshift supernovae, gravitational lensing, galaxy clustering and the cosmic microwave background. We also review the theoretical debate surrounding Λ: the generation of Λ in models with spontaneous symmetry breaking and through quantum vacuum polarization effects -mechanisms which are known to give rise to a large value of Λ hence leading to the 'cosmological constant problem'. More recent attempts to generate a small cosmological constant at the present epoch using either field theoretic techniques, or by modeling a dynamical Λ-term by scalar fields are also extensively discussed. Anthropic arguments favouring a small Λ-term are briefly reviewed. A comprehensive bibliography of recent work on Λ is provided.

Cosmological analysis based on currently available observations are unable to rule out a sizeable coupling among the dark energy and dark matter fluids. We explore a variety of coupled dark matter-dark energy models, which satisfy cosmic microwave background constraints, in light of low redshift and near universe observations. We illustrate the phenomenology of different classes of dark coupling models, paying particular attention in distinguishing between effects that appear only on the expansion history and those that appear in the growth of structure. We find that while a broad class of dark coupling models are effectively models where general relativity (GR) is modified -and thus can be probed by a combination of tests for the expansion history and the growth of structure-, there is a class of dark coupling models where gravity is still GR, but the growth of perturbations is, in principle modified. While this effect is small in the specific models we have considered, one should bear in mind that an inconsistency between reconstructed expansion history and growth may not uniquely indicate deviations from GR. Our low redshift constraints arise from cosmic velocities, redshift space distortions and dark matter abundance in galaxy voids. We find that current data constrain the dimensionless coupling to be |ξ| < 0.2, but prospects from forthcoming data are for a significant improvement. Future, precise measurements of the Hubble constant, combined with high-precision constraints on the growth of structure, could provide the key to rule out dark coupling models which survive other tests. We shall exploit as well weak equivalence principle violation arguments, which have the potential to highly disfavour a broad family of coupled models.

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the most surprising cosmological discovery in many decades. In this short review, we briefly summarize theories for the origin of cosmic acceleration and the observational methods being used to test these theories. We then discuss the current observational state of the field, with constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), Type Ia supernovae (SN), direct measurements of the Hubble constant (H0), and measurements of galaxy and matter clustering. Assuming a flat universe and dark energy with a constant equation-of-state parameter w=P/ρ, the combination of Planck CMB temperature anisotropies, WMAP CMB polarization, the Union2.1 SN compilation, and a compilation of BAO measurements yields w=−1.10+0.08−0.07, consistent with a cosmological constant (w=−1). However, with these constraints the cosmological constant model predicts a value of H0 that is lower than several of the leading recent estimates, and it predicts a parameter combination σ8(Ωm)0.5 that is higher than many estimates from weak gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters, and redshift-space distortions. Individually these tensions are only significant at the ~2σ level, but they arise in multiple data sets with independent statistics and distinct sources of systematic uncertainty. The tensions are stronger with Planck CMB data than they were with WMAP because of the smaller statistical errors and the higher central value of Ωm. With the improved measurements expected from the next generation of data sets, these tensions may diminish, or they may sharpen in a way that points towards a more complete physical understanding of cosmic acceleration.

According to the general theory of relativity, the current paradigm for gravitation and concordant observational data, about 95% of the Universe’s content is only perceivable through gravitational effects. Consolidating the predictions of this theory is then of primordial importance. Those predictions are structured around two dimensional constants : Newton’s and Einstein’s constants. The former, namely the universal constant, yields the universality of free fall of light and compact objects. The latter, also named cosmological constant, explains the late expansion acceleration of the Universe on cosmological scales. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the foundations of general relativity by promoting these constants as dynamical fields.

First of all, we propose a generic test seeking for possible Newton’s constant variations in the primeval plasma. The modified weight of baryons translates the equilibrium point of the acoustic oscillations. A constraint on the amplitude of such variations is extracted from the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background.
Secondly, we scrutinize a simple modification of general relativity providing a minimal violation of the strong equivalence principle. Although the additional scalar field acts as a dark radiation at the cosmological expansion level, the imprint left on the matter field perturbations is clearly distinguishable from other radiations because of the particular scalar field anisotropic stress. Several constraints for this alternative gravitational theory are derived from the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernovae and the measure of the Lemaître-Hubble constant.

Finally, we replace the cosmological constant by a quintessence field. For selected realistic models agreeing with current cosmological data, it is shown that the non-linear processes driving the growth of matter’s large scale structures encode the nature and the dynamics of dark energy.

Although the confrontation between the investigated alternative models and available cosmological data currently does not raise deviation to the concordant ΛCDM model, the present study shows that predictions and signatures of these models are unique compared to the standard scenario.

Several kinds of astronomical observations, interpreted in the framework of the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology, have indicated that our universe is dominated by a Cosmological Constant. The dimming of distant Type Ia supernovae suggests that the expansion rate is accelerating, as if driven by vacuum energy, and this has been indirectly substantiated through studies of angular anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and of spatial correlations in the large-scale structure (LSS) of galaxies. However there is no compelling direct evidence yet for (the dynamical effects of) dark energy. The precision CMB data can be equally well fitted without dark energy if the spectrum of primordial density fluctuations is not quite scale-free and if the Hubble constant is lower globally than its locally measured value. The LSS data can also be satisfactorily fitted if there is a small component of hot dark matter, as would be provided by neutrinos of mass ∼ 0.5 eV. Although such an Einstein-de Sitter model cannot explain the SNe Ia Hubble diagram or the position of the 'baryon acoustic oscillation' peak in the autocorrelation function of galaxies, it may be possible to do so e.g. in an inhomogeneous Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi cosmology where we are located in a void which is expanding faster than the average. Such alternatives may seem contrived but this must be weighed against our lack of any fundamental understanding of the inferred tiny energy scale of the dark energy. It may well be an artifact of an oversimplified cosmological model, rather than having physical reality.

“THE GALAXY DISTRIBUTION IS IN CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AROUND THE EARTH.  A SITUATION THAT DOES NOT OCCUR AROUND ANY OTHER POINT IN THE UNIVERSE.”  IS RATHER OBVIOUS.  ALSO THE ONLY TWO ANOMALIES IN THE UNIFORM BACKGROUND RADIATION FORM AN X MARKS THE SPOT RIGHT ON EARTH!!!!  THUS, WE ARE THE CENTER OF THIS UNIVERSE & THUS, THE MULTIVERSE.

In this paper we review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the remarkable observation of our accelerating Universe. In particular we discuss the arguments for and recent progress made towards understanding the nature of dark energy. We review the observational evidence for the current accelerated expansion of the universe and present a number of dark energy models in addition to the conventional cosmological constant, paying particular attention to scalar field models such as quintessence, K-essence, tachyon, phantom and dilatonic models. The importance of cosmological scaling solutions is emphasized when studying the dynamical system of scalar fields including coupled dark energy. We study the evolution of cosmological perturbations allowing us to confront them with the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure and demonstrate how it is possible in principle to reconstruct the equation of state of dark energy by also using Supernovae Ia observational data. We also discuss in detail the nature of tracking solutions in cosmology, particle physics and braneworld models of dark energy, the nature of possible future singularities, the effect of higher order curvature terms to avoid a Big Rip singularity, and approaches to modifying gravity which leads to a late-time accelerated expansion without recourse to a new form of dark energy.

An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data based informational wave pattern that infuses entanglement into the system. This discovery of how to add entanglement into the model is the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe.  It is found that the inclusion of entanglement at the start of the system is extremely simple and in fact it is so simple that it has simply been overlooked.  Entanglement is the must fundamental aspect of our universe when we include it, we find a hidden math system called Wave Pattern Entangled Math. A data system created by entanglement.  Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion and compression, entangled velocity of light C2.

In recent years the possibility of measuring the temporal change of radial and transverse position of sources in the sky in real time have become conceivable thanks to the thoroughly improved technique applied to new astrometric and spectroscopic experiments, leading to the research domain we call Real-time cosmology. We review for the first time great part of the work done

The potential role of cosmic topological defects has raised interest in the astrophysical community for many years now. In this set of notes, we give an introduction to the subject of cosmic topological defects and some of their possible observable signatures. We begin with a review of the basics of general defect formation and evolution, we briefly comment on some general features of conducting cosmic strings and vorton formation, as well as on the possible role of defects as dark energy, to end up with cosmic structure formation from defects and some specific imprints in the cosmic microwave background radiation from simulated cosmic strings. A detailed, pedagogical explanation of the mechanism underlying the tiny level of polarization discovered in the cosmic microwave background by the DASI collaboration (and recently confirmed by WMAP) is also given, and a first rough comparison with some predictions from defects is provided.

In this chapter we are going to introduce the basic concepts necessary to grasp the geometrical significance of the metric tensor. 4.1 Manifolds and their coordinate-systems Let R n denote a succession of n real numbers (x 1 ,. .. , x n). A one-to-one mapping f , from a space M to a space N is a rule that to each point, x, in M associates one point, f (x), in N. It is also demanded that different points M are mapped as different points in N , i.e. x = y ⇒ f (x) = f (y). These concepts are illustrated in Fig. 4.1.

Planck, a European Space Agency satellite to be launched in 2007, is dedicated to surveying the full sky at sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelength. The primary goal of the mission is the final mapping of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies (CMBA). With an angular resolution of 5 arcmin and a sensitivity of T CMB /T CMB = 2 × 10 −6 , the Planck mission will be about 1000 times more sensitive than COBE-DMR and at least 20 times more than WMAP. Planck has also very good capabilites for measurements of polarization, although it will not exhaust the information contained in the CMBA polarization pattern. Two instruments share the Planck focal plane; the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) covers the wavelength ranging from 300 µm to 3 mm by using 48 bolometers cooled to 100 mK. This instrument is realized by an international collaboration, led by the IAS at Orsay. The other part of the relevant electromagnetic spectrum is covered by the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) using HEMT radiometers cooled at 18 K and realized by a consortium led by the CNR in Milano. The first part of this article presents expected results of Planck on CMBA, both in intensity and polarization. In a second part, the global design of the Planck mission will be presented. We describe in particular the implications of Planck scientific goals on the instruments design, and especially on HFI that is the most sensitive Planck instrument. To cite this article: F.R. Bouchet et al., C. R. Physique 4 (2003).

This paper focuses on cosmological constraints derived from analysis of WMAP data alone. A simple ΛCDM cosmological model fits the five-year WMAP temperature and polarization data. The basic parameters of the model are consistent with the three-year data and now better constrained: Ω b h 2 = 0.02273 ± 0.00062, Ω c h 2 = 0.1099 ± 0.0062, Ω Λ = 0.742 ± 0.030, n s = 0.963 +0.014 −0.015 , τ = 0.087 ± 0.017, and σ 8 = 0.796 ± 0.036, with h = 0.719 +0.026 −0.027 . With five years of polarization data, we have measured the optical depth to reionization, τ > 0, at 5σ significance. The redshift of an instantaneous reionization is constrained to be z reion = 11.0 ± 1.4 with 68% confidence. The 2σ lower limit is z reion > 8.2, and the 3σ limit is z reion > 6.7. This excludes a sudden reionization of the universe at z = 6 at more than 3.5σ significance, suggesting that reionization was an extended process. Using two methods for polarized foreground cleaning we get consistent estimates for the optical depth, indicating an error due to foreground treatment of τ ∼ 0.01. This cosmological model also fits small-scale CMB data, and a range of astronomical 1 WMAP is the result of a partnership between Princeton University and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Scientific guidance is provided by the WMAP Science Team.

Euler’s formula gives an exponential and a constant growth rate in the form of a  trigonometric function and the exponential function. It is essentially two waves that have interfered or combined. One wave is the real number e and the other is imaginary (i), together these two waves propagate on both sides of the complex plane due to this unique relationship.
I present that the imaginary wave is real. It is the other side of the infinite harmonic series. Thus, by finding this other side we arrive at a wave and frequency, a real number that replaces the imaginary wave or number used by Euler and mathematicians. I am suggesting that the imaginary number (i) is a real number that has not been discovered until now.

This is an introductory review about the on-going search for a signal of Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) in cosmic rays. We first summarise basic aspects of cosmic rays, focusing on rays of ultra high energy (UHECRs). We discuss the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min (GZK) energy cutoff for cosmic protons, which is predicted due to photopion production in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This is a process of modest energy in the proton rest frame. It can be investigated to a high precision in the laboratory, if Lorentz transformations apply even at factors γ ∼ O(10 11 ). For heavier nuclei the energy attenuation is even faster due to photo-disintegration, again if this process is Lorentz invariant. Hence the viability of Lorentz symmetry up to tremendous γ-factors -far beyond accelerator tests -is a central issue.

We compare the geometric and physical-optics performance of two configurations of offset dual-reflector antennas that obey the Mizuguchi-Dragone condition. The traditional Gregorian configuration is compared with the larger crossed configuration. These configurations are candidates for experiments that measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. Particular attention is given to wide-field performance and polarization fidelity. Both a ray tracer and a physical optics simulation package are used to conclude that the crossed configuration has a larger diffraction-limited field of view, but within this limit both configurations have roughly the same instrumental polarization and both show excellent cross-polarization levels, with the crossed configuration showing ϳ10 dB better performance.

Recent developments in the physics of extra dimensions have opened up new avenues to test such theories. We review cosmological aspects of brane world scenarios such as the Randall-Sundrum brane model and two-brane systems with a bulk scalar field. We start with the simplest brane world scenario leading to a consistent cosmology: a brane embedded in an Anti-de Sitter space-time. We generalise this setting to the case with a bulk scalar field and then to two-brane systems.

The nature of the dark energy is still a mystery and several models have been proposed to explain it. Here we consider a phenomenological model for dark energy decay into photons and particles as proposed by Lima . He studied the thermodynamic aspects of decaying dark energy models in particular in the case of a continuous photon creation and/or disruption. Following his approach, we derive a temperature redshift relation for the CMB which depends on the effective equation of state w ef f and on the "adiabatic index" γ. Comparing our relation with the data on the CMB temperature as a function of the redshift obtained from Sunyaev-Zel'dovich observations and at higher redshift from quasar absorption line spectra, we find w ef f = −0.97 ± 0.034, adopting for the adiabatic index γ = 4/3, in good agreement with current estimates and still compatible with w ef f = −1, implying that the dark energy content being constant in time.

We present the cosmological parameters from the CMB intensity and polarization power spectra of the 2003 Antarctic flight of the BOOMERANG telescope. The BOOMERANG data alone constrains the parameters of the ΛCDM model remarkably well and is consistent with constraints from a multiexperiment combined CMB data set. We add LSS data from the 2dF and SDSS redshift surveys to the combined CMB data set and test several extensions to the standard model including: running of the spectral index, curvature, tensor modes, the effect of massive neutrinos, and an effective equation of state for dark energy. We also include an analysis of constraints to a model which allows a CDM isocurvature admixture.

Quantum fluctuations during inflation may be responsible for temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Observations of CMB anisotropies can be used to falsify many currently popular models. In this paper we discuss the prospectus for observations of CMB anisotropies at the accuracy of planned satellite missions to reject currently popular inflation models and to provide some direction for model building.

This article is based on EFT (Expansive Field Theory) which began development in 1996 and was first published in 2009. It provides a Field Model for Dark Energy Spacetime. General Relativistic Fields would be used as an argument in the Dark Energy Field whereas Quantum Mechanical Fields could be an argument or could use the Dark Energy field as an argument as it is inconclusive as to which way would be best in that case. In this article, Astrophysical Velocity Field Models are used as arguments to derive the relative Dark Energy states of astronomical objects relative to our local frame of reference.

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the cosmological understanding of the Universe. It replaces the existing “Big Bang” model with a new cosmological model called, “White Singularity-Black Singularity (WS-BS) Model”, which accommodates a modified “Steady State” concept within itself.

The present form of gravity is replaced with a new phenomenon called, “Energy Rejecting Space (ERS) Gravity”. Einstein’s “Space-Time” is replaced with “Energy-Space-Time” and the curving of space-time around energy bodies becomes a characteristic of the energy-space-time structure around them.

It claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, which accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” within itself. That means, for a finite entity (or an observer) of the Universe, the absolute empty space becomes infinite when it is explored and becomes a point (nothing) when it is not.

The mass-less energy (Light-Photon) components spread instantaneously in the absolute empty space, resulting in an infinite speed of light with an infinite rate of time-flow with respect to any observer, whose rate of time-flow is finite. At the same time, the speed-ratio of light is maintained at the constant “c”, with respect to the local rate of time-flow, everywhere.

A Quantum world or Sub-Atomic World is a region that interfaces the Classical world with Absolute Empty Space. Hence there, the speed of light becomes super-luminal with a higher rate of time-flow, as we observe from the classical world. Because of this super-luminal nature of the light, the sub-atomic particles appear to be present in multiple locations of the quantum world, same time. And, this explains the Quantum Weirdness like Uncertainty, Wave-particle duality, Entanglement etc.

As far as the origin of the Universe is concerned, it is an event infinitely past in time, with respect to our local (finite) flow of time, since an exponential function of time (e^t) assumes zero value, only when “t” is negative infinity. Also, as per this new model, every energy component of this universe is the anti-energy component of the remaining energy components, put together. Hence, the “Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry” issue doesn’t arise too.

As far as the end of the Universe is concerned, it would be an infinitely future point in time with respect to our local (finite) flow of time at a “hypothetical endpoint” in space, beyond all black holes. It is here, the sequence of mergers of cosmological bodies like Black Holes, Super Massive Black Holes etc. within galaxies and further within and among the local groups, would hypothetically find an end. But the Universe would survive forever, as there is no scope for stopping the in-flow of energy into the Universe from the point (absolute empty space) of origin.

In the old scheme of things, most of the physical (including quantum-physical and astrophysical) phenomena were initially conjectured and hypothesized, and then mathematised and experimentally verified. The “Theory of Grand Settlement” now gives a new set of Conjectures and Hypotheses, keeping at the same time the mathematics and the experimental observations, almost the same. And, surprisingly, this new theory resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

We present a comprehensive investigation of cosmological constraints on the class of vector field formulations of modified gravity called Generalized Einstein-Aether models. Using linear perturbation theory we generate cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure spectra for general parameters of the theory, and then constrain them in various ways. We investigate two parameter regimes: a dark-matter candidate where the vector field sources structure formation, and a darkenergy candidate where it causes late-time acceleration. We find that the dark matter candidate does not fit the data, and identify five physical problems that can restrict this and other theories of dark matter. The dark energy candidate does fit the data, and we constrain its fundamental parameters; most notably we find that the theory's kinetic index parameter nae can differ significantly from its ΛCDM value.

Edmund J. Copeland,1 M. Sami,2, 3 and Shinji Tsujikawa4 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Email:[email protected] 2Centre for Theoretical Physics, Jamia Millia ...

We review the recently found large-scale anomalies in the maps of temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. These include alignments of the largest modes of CMB anisotropy with each other and with geometry and direction of motion of the Solar System, and the unusually low power at these largest scales. We discuss these findings in relation to expectation from standard inflationary cosmology, their statistical significance, the tools to study them, and the various attempts to explain them.