Corruption Studies

The goal of this study was to determine whether Russian and Ukrainian views on the acceptability of bribery were similar or significantly different. The most recent World Values Survey data were analyzed, and comparisons were made. The Russian and Ukrainian sample sizes were 3561 and 2825, respectively, and interviews were conducted throughout most or all regions of both countries, making it possible to arrive at some general conclusions. Overall, Russians were significantly less opposed to bribery than the Ukrainians. Russian men and women held basically the same view on the acceptability of bribery, and so did Ukrainian men and women. Thus, gender was not a significant demographic variable for either country. Older people were more opposed to bribery than younger people in both countries. Those with a higher education tended to be less opposed to bribery. Generally, the higher the income level, the less serious bribery was viewed by both the Russians and Ukrainians. Married people in both countries viewed bribery as more serious than did single individuals. The religious groups most opposed to bribery in Russia were the Orthodox and no religion groups. The Protestant group was least opposed. In Ukraine, Muslims were most opposed, and Catholics were least opposed. Regarding employment status, the disabled group showed the strongest opposition to bribery in Russia, while students showed the least opposition. In Ukraine, the unemployed showed the strongest opposition while students showed the least opposition. Between 1990 and 2017, Russian opposition to bribery has declined consistently. Ukrainian attitudes fluctuated between 1990 and 2020. Opposition to bribery declined at first, then increased. Regarding ethnicity, Iranians and Central Asians living in Russia showed the strongest opposition to bribery. Russian and Ukrainians living in Ukraine have similar views on bribery.

Sumario: I. Introducción; II. Corrupción y lavado en el contexto internacional; III. El “Caso Riggs” en Estados Unidos y los informes del Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional en materia de corrupción; IV. Corrupción y lavado en Chile: 1. Delitos de corrupción como delito base de lavado en la Ley 19.913; 2. Otros delitos de la Ley 19.913 como delitos de corrupción (y otros delitos de gatekeepers, no base de lavado); V. Casos destacados originados por reporte de la Unidad de Análisis Financiero; 1. Caso “Fragatas – arista soborno trasnacional”; 2. Caso “Verde Austral”; y 3. Caso “Mega fraude a Fondo Nacional de Salud”; VI. Avances y desafíos del Sistema Nacional Antilavado en materia de corrupción.

Pokharel, Bhojraj, Rajju Malla-Dhakal and Adrian Morrice, Electoral Violence and Mitigation Report – Nepal, Electoral Commission, Nepal, and United Nations Development Programme, Kathmandu, November 2012, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/NP/electoral-violence-and-mitigation-assessment-nepal/view

Nepal is currently experiencing a period of Constitutional and political uncertainty, with an election having been called but not officially endorsed, and with no political agreement on the type of election, the body to be elected, or the electoral system to allocate seats. The leadership of the government and the Election Commission are in flux, or transition. It is in this context that the Election Commission, Nepal (ECN) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiated this electoral violence and mitigation assessment over three weeks from mid September 2012. The assessment was originally planned to review potential violence triggers and suggest mitigation measures for the first legislative elections following the approval of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly (CA). However Nepal has taken a different and uncertain path in the last six months after the stalling of the Constitution-writing process.

The three-person team conducted 45 interviews and focus group discussions with 274 national and international election security experts and actors. A workshop with 62 of the interviewees allowed preliminary findings and recommendations to be validated and improved. The team also visited three districts which experienced significant electoral violence in the 2008 CA election: Dhanusa with equal fourth highest levels of pre-election political violence; Mahottari with the second highest number wounded overall; and, Dhading with the highest number of pre-election incidents and third highest wounded.

In the course of the assessment the team was told by interviewees of the urgency to begin national dialogue on the threats to a future election. In the event there was timely and comprehensive political agreement, and the electoral process was conducted in 120 days, there would still be very little time to put in place preventive measures. There would be even less time to make necessary changes to the legal framework, to mobilize a stronger criminal justice response to violent election acts, or to improve on the national information and security coordination architecture set-up for the 2008 CA election.

The article highlights the phenomenon in Nepal where the youth are fleeing while the elderly are holding positions of power, manifesting in both public roles and party politics. This trend not only impacts policy formation but also dampens hope, prompting a quest for alternative solutions. To secure a prosperous future and foster national development, it is imperative to address these issues. Emphasising the necessity of acknowledging and rectifying this disparity is crucial for ensuring a sustainable and inclusive trajectory for the country's advancement.

Corruption is a complex phenomenon which can appear in various forms and political corruption remains one of the most common forms.Political corruption further encompasses many forms, one of which is ethnic corruption. Ethnic corruption is one of form of corruption that involves giving certain ethnic groups privileges that other groups do not have. The purpose of these privileges is for the ruling political structure to stay in power. This type of corruption was common practice in the former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union, and continues in its successor, the Russian Federation.. Pronounced ethnic corruption remains prevalent in many countries across Asia and Africa. With an increasingly polarized voting base in the United States, new forms of ethnic corruption have started to appear. Because of its characteristics, ethnic corruption is one of the most challenging types of corruption to address.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

Радутний О.Е. Контроверсійні антикорупційні стандарти та кримінально-правові презумпції / Кримінально-правова протидія корупції у воєнній та повоєнній Україні : матеріали міжнар. наук. конф., м. Харків, 24 листоп. 2023 р. / редкол.: Ю. А. Пономаренко та ін. ; Коміс. з питань прав. реформи при Президентові України ; Нац. юрид. ун-т ім. Ярослава Мудрого ; НДІ вивч. проблем злочинності ім. акад. В. В. Сташиса ; Громад. орг. «Всеукр. асоц. кримін. права». – Харків : Право, 2024. 234 с. – с. 66 – 70


Radutniy O.E. Controversial anti-corruption standards and criminal presumptions

According to the latest PIF report on the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in 2021 Romania reported to the European Commission fraud related to European projects worth 1.4 billion euros. The reported amount is quite impressive as it represents over 80% of the total amounts reported as being fraudulently obtained in 2021 by all member states, making Romania a true performer in this regard at the European level. Starting from these values, using descriptive statistics, the study analyzes the data reported by Romania in the last ten years, compared to the other EU member states, data extracted from the PIF Reports (2012-2021), trying to verify if Romania's status as a champion in terms of fraud with European funds is fully deserved or circumstantial. Although the numbers show that Romania is indeed a performer in this regard, both in terms of value and the number of reported cases, these values must be viewed in context, as they are influenced by a wide series of factors, including reporting errors, the capacity and willingness of member states to detect irregularities, as well as the particularities of the awarding procedures and contracting periods. Also, in the end, the paper presents some recommendations for strengthening efforts to combat the phenomenon of fraud related to EU funds in Romania.

This paper compares social network dynamics and related petty corrupt practices in East Africa. It highlights how the properties of structural and functional networks could serve as entry points for anti-corruption interventions. With a focus on the health sector in Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, the empirical findings from this research corroborate the role of social networks in perpetuating collective practices of petty corruption, including bribery, favouritism and gift-giving. The paper makes a case for designing a novel type of behavioural anti-corruption intervention, whereby the power of social networks is harnessed to elicit behavioural and attitudinal change for anti-corruption outcomes.

In the intricate structure of democratic governance, the role and accountability of a Prime Minister stand out as pivotal, serving as keystones for the system's health and stability. This overview delves into the nuanced dimensions inherent in a Prime Minister's accountability, emphasizing its critical role in upholding democratic values and ensuring the well-being of a nation. Effective leadership transcends routine governance; it demands the preservation of ethical standards, assurance of national security, and faithful representation of the democratic will. Citizens, in their democratic investment, expect Prime Ministers to embody integrity, transparency, and actions aligned with the public interest.

Concerns about institutional child sexual abuse within Jewish communities have been documented in two recent national inquiries into child sexual abuse, in Australia, and England and Wales. Yet to date, there has been little analysis of how media reporting informs public awareness of these concerns, and potential program and policy responses. This paper examines media reports of the high profile case of ultra-orthodox Jewish school principal Malka Leifer who was found to have sexually abused several girls in her school in Melbourne, Australia. It draws on five Australian media publications (two specifically Jewish and three mainstream newspapers), from the initial committal hearing in September 2021 until the completion of her trial and conviction in July 2023. Our findings highlight the importance of child safety processes as being aligned with the specific religious and cultural context of faith-based communities in order to be effective in preventing institutional child sexual abuse.

Relief Requested:
Debtor and Adversary Plaintiff Agnes Niczyporuk (Appellant in BAP
appeals EW-23-1166, EW-23-1167, and EW-23-1201), Church of the Gardens (Appellant in BAP appeal EW-23-1201) and Ronald J. O’Donnell (Appellant in BAP appeal EW-23-1201 (hereby move to transfer those BAP appeals to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington pursuant to Article III and the Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution

Social protection is indispensable for poverty reduction, a dignified life, and a secure future. According to the concept of a socialist public welfare state, it is the responsibility of the state to provide social security to facilitate the lives of weak, disadvantaged, and vulnerable communities and to ensure quality, safe, and protected lives of all citizens. Thus, social protection agenda are intrinsically political in nature. This paper is based on review of manifestos of various political parties in Nepal for the local, provincial, and federal elections. It was noted that the provisions for education, health, infrastructural development, social protection allowances, shelter, rest homes, care centers, and drinking water among other topics, have been covered in the manifestos of the major political parties. However, the social protection provisions are vague and do not exclusively cover the most vulnerable populations, including children, youths, sexual and gender minority chil...

Ethical leadership is one of the modern models applied to the management of organizations
and is the highest stage of transformational leadership. In particular, in recent years, the
interest of researchers in ethical leadership practices has increased due to the unethical
practices applied by certain executives in various organizations and companies (Lawton &
Páez, 2015; Yukl et al., 2013). Contemporary leadership theories examine the role of ethics in
the leadership practices of managers. In education, it began to appear in the 1990s to create
greater Social Justice, a concept that is important in the pedagogical process (Langlois,
2014). Attempts have been made from time to time to find a complete conceptual framework
that clearly defines the concept of ethical leadership. However, it remains vague, as its
definition depends on a variety of different elements such as personal values, conscious
intentions and freedom of choice (Yukl, 2009). The first attempt to define it was made by
Brown et al., (2005) who defined the ethical leader as the person who, with the appropriate
use of ethical behavior in personal actions and interpersonal relationships promotes this
behavior to subordinates through two-way communication, reinforcement and decisionmaking. In this context ethical leaders promote values such as inclusion, cooperation and
Social Justice. They make fair decisions about employees and promote the success of all
students (Ehrich et al., 2015).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions of secondary education principals
regarding the concept and characteristics of ethical leadership. In this context, initially, the
principals of school units tried to approach the term of leadership and in particular ethical
leadership. At the same time, the education officials described the actions and innovative
practices they implement in the pedagogical approach of students from lower economic and
social strata such as the Roma and immigrants and vulnerable social groups in general. For
instance, among the innovative actions for the inclusive education are included the head
teacher’s to organize a bazaar in cooperation with the local community or the creation of a
photography association. The survey was conducted from June to October 2020. The data
collected was qualitative and resulted from semi-structured interviews. The sample of the
research was 8 principals of secondary education school units who came from the Regional
115
Unit of Larissa. The interviews were carried out in face-to-face meetings or via telephone
during and outside school hours. Transcription was used to record the data and Content
Analysis was used. The results of the research showed that the ethical practices of managers
in the performance of their duties improve the educational and learning process. Ethical
executives act as a model of behavior for all members of the school community. At the same
time, participants largely emphasized their role as managers rather than leaders. Finally,
some leaders expressed the view that the pre-defined bureaucratic-legal management model
prevents them from developing ethical practices and flexible policies.

The goal of this study was to determine whether Russian and Ukrainian views on the acceptability of bribery were similar or significantly different. The most recent World Values Survey data were analyzed and comparisons were made. The Russian and Ukrainian sample sizes were 3561 and 2825, respectively, and interviews were conducted throughout most or all regions of both countries, making it possible to arrive at some general conclusions. Overall, Russians were significantly less opposed to bribery than the Ukrainians. Russian men and women held basically the same view on the acceptability of bribery. So did Ukrainian men and women. Thus, gender was not a significant demographic variable for either country. Older people were more opposed to bribery than younger people in both countries. Those with a higher education tended to be less opposed to bribery. Generally, the higher the income level, the less serious bribery was viewed by both the Russians and Ukrainians. Married people in both countries viewed bribery as more serious than did single people. The religious groups most opposed to bribery in Russia were the Orthodox and no religion groups. The Protestant group was least opposed. In Ukraine, Muslims were most opposed and Catholics were least opposed. Regarding employment status, the disabled group showed the strongest opposition to bribery in Russia, while students showed the least opposition. In Ukraine, the unemployed showed the strongest opposition while students showed the least opposition. Between 1990 and 2017, Russian opposition to bribery has declined consistently. Ukrainian attitudes fluctuated between 1990 and 2020. Opposition to bribery declined at first, then increased. Regarding ethnicity, Iranians and Central Asians living in Russia showed the strongest opposition to bribery. Russians and Ukrainians living in Ukraine had similar views on bribery.

Corruption is a terrible and endemic sickness of developing world; Nigeria inclusive Embezzlement, fraud, bribery, payoff, nepotism and extortion are so common in the activities of Nigerians since from colonial era to post independence, military and civilian regimes. The paper examined the problem of corruption in Nigeria with special reference on corrupt practices by different governments (1960-20013). Secondary source of data was employed in this study. The paper traced the background of corrupt practices in Nigeria which emerged since colonial era, then first indigenous elites as well as the military regimes (1966-1979) and (1983-1999), second and third republic down to the current democratic dispensation of fourth republic. The paper reveals that political corruption paved the way for the elites to institutionalize other forms of corruption such as bureaucratic, electoral, economic, judiciary and among others which has negative effect on national development. The paper recommended among others that the federal government should make a law for executing corrupt people as in the case of China as well as to strengthen its anti-graft agencies (i.e. EFCC and CPC) with fairness and equity to all tiers of government and private sectors.

It is common knowledge that there are a number of features about the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (hereafter, 'the Charter')' which have given cause for concern. 2 One of the principal sources of disquiet has been the fact that, more so than other comparable instruments, the substantive provisions of the Charter are equivocally phrased. 3 Extensive use is made of 'clawback' clauses (which permit 'in normal circumstances, breach of an obligation for a specified number of published reasons' 4) that seem to make the enforcement of rights dependent on municipal law, or at the discretion of the national authorities. 5 Article I 0(1) of the Charter is one such Adopted by the Eighteenth Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) at Nairobi in July 1981, entered into force on 21 October 1986, (1982) 21 ILM 58. See GJ Naldi (ed) Documenrs o{the Organi=ation (){African Unity (1992) 109. All of the OAU's fifty-three Member States have now ratified the Charter, seeR Murray 'Africa' (1999) 17 NQH R 350. For an analysis of the Charter. see EA Ankumah The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (1996) 111-177: GJ Naldi The Organization of African Unity 2ed (1999) 109-212; UO Umozurike The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1997); E Bello 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights' (1985/86) 194 Hague Recuei/13; RM D'Sa 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Problems and Prospects for Regional Action' (1981/83) 10 Australian Yearbook of International Law 101. 2 The Charter has been described as 'modest in its objectives and flexible in its means'. BO Okere 'The Protection of Human Rights in Africa and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Comparative Analysis with the European and American Systems' (1984) 6 Human Rights Quarterly 141, 158. For other sceptical assessments, see R Gittleman 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Legal Analysis' (1982) 22 Virginia J of International L 667; P Amoah, 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights-An Effective Weapon for Human Rights?' (1992) RADIC 226: G Robertson, Crimes Against Humanity (1999) 57-58. D'Sa (note I above) 107-8; Gittleman (note 2 above) 685. CA Odinkalu 'The Individual Complaints Procedures of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Preliminary Assessment' (1998) 8 Transnational L & Contemporary Problems 359, 398 however expresses little concern, as he believes that the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has been addressing this problem through its procedures and jurisprudence. 4 R Higgins 'Derogations under Human Rights Treaties' (1976-77) 48 BYIL 281. 5 It is interesting to note that, unlike other similar human rights treaties, the Charter does not contain a derogation clause that permits the suspension of certain rights and freedoms in strictly defined circumstances. See R Murray The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and International Lall' (2000) 123-26 and generally DJ Harris, M O'Boyle & C Warbrick Law o{ the European Con\'ention 011 Human Rights (1995) 489-506. Thus, in Commission Nationale des Droit.1• de /'Homme et des Lihates I' Chad Communication No 74/92 (1997) 41HRR 94 (state of civil war led to serious and massive violations of human rights, including rights to life, prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, and liberty and security of the person) para 21 the Commission observed that the Charter 'does not allow for States Parties to derogate from their treaty obligations during emergency situations. Thus, even a civil war in Chad cannot be used as an excuse by the State violating or permitting violations of rights in the

Cultivating integrity and fostering a hatred of corruption are important elements that must be emphasized in the national education system. Anti-corruption awareness must be instilled not only in school pupils and students of higher learning institutions but also in teachers and lecturers. They are important individuals who can shape the future of our young generation. Currently, programs on anti-corruption are jointly carried out by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), and the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE), based on the requirements of the National Anti-Corruption Plan (NACP) 2019-2023. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explain the definition of corruption in the context of Malaysian law; identify the main initiatives in cultivating integrity and anti-corruption through education, and analyze corruption cases related to the education sector. The research methodology employed is a case study, which looks at real cases of corruption involving educators. Findings show that educators' position is not immune from engaging in acts of corruption. Besides, corruption is a 'sharp thorn' that can damage the good name of the education sector in the country. Therefore, educators need to increase their knowledge of corruption crimes and appropriate preventive measures.

Bribery is an ancient form of corruption. It has been present in most societies over the past few thousand years. The present bibliography lists more than 100 studies that have been done on this topic. The bibliography is subdivided into the following categories: theoretical studies, country studies, demographic studies, religious studies, summaries and other. Links to some studies are also provided.

Since coming to power in 2016, President Mirziyoyev has taken steps to liberalise the Uzbek economy and denounce corruption. Among other measures, a new Anti-Corruption Agency was established in 2020 and, under his administration, criminal charges have been filed against numerous public officials for embezzlement, bribes or abuse of power. However, Uzbekistan remains an authoritarian state characterised by high levels of corruption, nepotism and abuse of power, including at the highest levels of government and in such sectors as healthcare and education. In recent years, political opponents, civil society figures and journalists have faced lawsuits, prosecution and even torture for reporting on corruption offences involving the president’s inner circle and close allies.

This Paper "The Economic Shock to Afghanistan Caused by Aid Reduction and Troops Withdrawal" is the first part of my M.Sc. thesis submitted to the Management and Economics Faculty of the Ruhr-University Bochum, which aims to analyze, quantify and describe the economic shock caused by the adjustments in international aid, as well as the troops withdrawal, on the Afghan economy in terms of GDP per capita growth, employment, investment and business climate and state deficit.

The National Integrity Assessment (NIA) is an assessment of public officials' compliance with standard procedures in providing services fairly and transparently. It was adapted in 2009 by the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC) in South Korea to identify the risk of corruption and make accurate diagnoses of services prone to corruption. The NIA 2022 is the fifth in the series, and it covers 193 services from 76 agencies. The study also analyzed 435 complaints received by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) in the Financial Year 2021–2022.

The NIA uses a scale from 0 to 10, with five banded levels of Outstanding, Very Good, Good, Satisfactory, and Need Improvement. The NIA 2022 national score is 8.01, indicating a Good Level of integrity. However, a deeper analysis of each component provides room for improvement.

External Integrity scores of 8.26 indicate a Very Good Level of integrity, mainly due to improvements in information sharing and e-services platforms. However, a weak accountability culture, ineffective grievance redressal mechanisms, and favoritism based on friendship and family relationships are some of the shortcomings.

Internal Integrity scores of 8.34 indicate a Very Good Level of integrity, mainly due to high Work Integrity scores. However, Integrity Culture and Corruption Control Systems in terms of public officials ignoring official duties, protection of whistle-blowers, and disciplinary actions against wrongdoings are some of the shortcomings.

The Parliamentarian Integrity Index score of 6.90 indicates a Satisfactory Level of integrity. This is mainly attributed to the low score from constituents/voters of the parliamentarians. The survey component of Corruption score of 9.09 indicates a Very Good Level of integrity. The scores for Representativeness, Accountability, and Integrity fall within the Satisfactory to Good range, indicating parliamentarians are adequately representing their constituents/voters in parliament by being accountable and displaying integrity. The survey components of Oversight, Legislation, and Transparency have lower scores and require improvement.

The perception of corruption and the ACC's performance were assessed in all NIAs. The majority of respondents felt that corruption is quite serious in Bhutan, and there has been a decline in the percentage of respondents for Doing Very Well over the years. Despite enhanced complaint management systems, investigation, advocacy, and sensitization, 15.20% of service users, 6.60% of service providers, 4.30% of parliamentarians, and 13.20% of constituents/voters were unaware of the ACC's efforts in combating corruption.

Social protection is indispensable for poverty reduction, a dignified life, and a secure future. According to the concept of a socialist public welfare state, it is the responsibility of the state to provide social security to facilitate the lives of weak, disadvantaged, and vulnerable communities and to ensure quality, safe, and protected lives of all citizens. Thus, social protection agenda are intrinsically political in nature. This paper is based on review of manifestos of various political parties in Nepal for the local, provincial, and federal elections. It was noted that the provisions for education, health, infrastructural development, social protection allowances, shelter, rest homes, care centers, and drinking water among other topics, have been covered in the manifestos of the major political parties. However, the social protection provisions are vague and do not exclusively cover the most vulnerable populations, including children, youths, sexual and gender minority chil...

This study aimed to profile and determined the characteristics of participants in the returnto-work (RTW) programme. The participants' characteristics are based on six variables, namely age, gender, race, education, sector, and salary. Information regarding participants' characteristics will be helpful, especially for Social Security Organisation (SOCSO), to understand who or what type of individuals are usually involved with the RTW programme. Besides, this research will help SOCSO identify the most significant factors influencing the RTW programme participants to return to their work based on the six variables mentioned above. The characteristics and significant factors will expose bigger room for improving the RTW programme. The improvement is crucial and must be undertaken from time to time to ensure that the programme can be suited to the current employment scenario. Moreover, the efficiency of the RTW programme must be ensured to assist participants to return for their work.

The present study addresses the question, "How serious is bribery?" In order to arrive at an answer, it was necessary to compare the seriousness of bribery to that of other selected acts. World Values Survey data for Romania were used to compare bribery to 18 other moral issues. Respondents were asked to select a number from 1 to 10, where 1 = never justifiable and 10 = always justifiable. Sex before marriage was deemed to be the least serious moral act. Terrorism was considered to be the most serious. Bribery ranked 6 th , slightly less serious than suicide and stealing property, and somewhat more serious than political violence and parents beating children. The present study is part of a much larger study that examines the ethics of tax evasion and bribery.

The objective of this study is to get a validity and reliability of the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ), used to measure the extent of the behavioural changes among low-performing civil servants in terms of cognitive and rationality, emotional stability, adjustment and behavioral adaptation, social skills development, and spiritual psycho-level improvement. A total of 30 respondents were involved and they are civil servants who scored below 75% in the 2017 Performance Appraisal Report, and involved in the 3-days Self-Improvement Program. Findings of this validation study reveals that the reliability of cognitive and rational subscale is 0.943, emotional stability subscale is 0.805, adjustment and behavioral adaptation subscale is 0.879, social skills development subscale is 0.866, and spiritual psycho-level improvement subscale is 0.887. Therefore, the WBQ instrument has obtained high validity and reliability value and is relevant to be used as measurement tool to study changes in the behavior of low-performing personnel of Malaysian civil service.

While the laisser-faire approach to economic development assumes that change will take place without structured action and coordination, Development Management takes a different approach to counter the potential inefficiencies of a purely market-driven strategy. As such, Development Management "is, instead, the deliberate, conscious and informed attempt to move institutions and organizations towards higher levels of efficiency and effectiveness in a way that is faster than an autonomous rate of progressive change."(Faguet, 2011:22). And at its heart, Development Management is predicated on understanding and managing the rules of the game within and across organizations that are responsible for development policies and actions as well as their dynamic relationships. Development is not just about economic growth and economics models, instead, it is a process guided by institutions, organizations, and individuals. As such, if any development policy is to succeed, it must be gauged by an assessment and improvement of linkages and operations across social, economic, and political agencies. Development Management goes beyond an understanding and analysis of development indicators to address the basis of active management of organizations and institutions in a process that promote increased rates of growth, development, and individual freedom (Faguet, 2011). As such, we need a framework that understands the capacity of institutions, organizations, and individuals to adopt measures that promote efficiency and effectiveness in the learning and the decision-making processes. In short, institutions, organizations and individual matter, and only by taking them into closer consideration will development proceed along lines that result in successful outcomes. What is development? Nobel Economics Laureate Amartya Sen defines development as an expansion of real freedoms that people enjoy. He argues that "Development requires the removal of major sources of un-freedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over-activity of repressive States." (Sen, 1999:3). Even though this definition is based on the "Evaluative reason" and the "Effectiveness reason" of assessing progress and achievement of development (Sen, 1999:4), there is a challenge in finding and defining meaningful measurements of Sen's "expanding human freedoms" (L.S.Davis, 2011:2) and to assess their attainment. In considering the relationship of development

Clientelism is a cultural traditional in Kenya that can be exploited for corrupt ends by public
officials. Clientelism, an extension of networking, is a cultural feature of Kenyan society;
however, corruption represents individual criminality. Grand corruption executed by senior
government officials and petty corruption executed by lower-level and mid-level officials occurs
in Kenya. Although greed is typically associated with corruption in literature, shame at lack of
self-determination may also be associated with corruption in Kenya. Corruption and organized
crime in Kenya are increasingly associated at the highest levels of government. Official
corruption and organized crime represent an internal threat to the sovereignty of the Kenyan
government and its regulatory and justice functions by forcing transition into a protection
economy with recourse to political interests and organized crime entities operating for mutual
gain. Organized crime operations span the gamut of criminality from traditional organized
crimes such as extortion and prostitution to a variety of trafficking crimes in human beings,
drugs, arms dealing and wildlife trafficking. These activities have become transnational in scope.
Risk management practices and creation of a comprehensive counter-corruption strategy is
advised for private and public foreign and domestic entities operating in Kenya. Increasing grassroots public education about types of corruption and how they are used by corrupt officials to
promote ethnic strife is also recommended as a counter to political and organized crime interests.
Keywords: Economic Crime Management, Paul Pantani, Kenya, organized crime, clientelism.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

Ethical decision making is the most crucial action in an organisation as option chosen should not only consistent with values and principles, but also maintain the good reputation of the organisation. It is vital that decision makers go through a proper process of decision making which assist them to come to a coveted result. Based on the several unethical world scandals which involved abuse of power, manipulation of money in a government, false claims and corruption among the local authorities; these are found to be caused by improper or unethical decision making. Ironically, this unethical problem involves senior officials of the local authorities in Malaysia. Past research has suggested that the best solution to mitigate the risk of unethical behaviour which leads to unethical decision for the local authorities is to improvise the foundation which is enhancing the awareness and educational programs to promote ethical behaviour among the managers. This is hoped to increase their commitments to ethics and make it a culture and norm in their daily decision making.

Es bien conocida la función que desempeñaron muchas de las sociedades económicas nacidas al calor de la campaña de Campomanes en 1776 como instrumentos propagandísticos de los centros de poder de la monarquía de Carlos III. La de Segovia es un ejemplo notable, como queda de manifiesto en lo relativo a las reforma de las rentas provinciales y a la nueva contribución de frutos civiles, que impulsaron Lerena y Floridablanca en 1785. El tercer tomo de sus Actas y memorias impresas (Segovia, 1787) fue dedicado íntegramente a difundir y justificar teóricamente dicha reforma. Aunque es patente el compromiso «gubernamental» de los autores de los escritos ahí publicados (Vicente Alcalá-Galiano, Vicente Matecón, Diego María Gallard), la sociedad segoviana presentó su propia intervención como un desinteresado impulsocívico, concretado en un amplio llamamiento a la «opinión pública», utilizando el consabido método de la convocatoria de premios para las memorias que mejor destacasen los perjuici...

Los comerciantes de Lombardia, en general poco estudiados en la historiografia sobre el comercio maritimo en la Edad Moderna, formaron un grupo pequeno con un poderoso potencial con respecto a su capacidad mercantil en el puerto de Cadiz en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII. La debil cohesion interna del grupo lombardo se manifiesta en la ausencia de instituciones sociales comunes como consulado, capilla o cofradia, lo que fue compensado por redes transnacionales de parentesco y una alianza con la Corte Imperial de Viena. A raiz de estas diferentes estrategias nacieron poderosas companias lombardas en Cadiz, que se implicaron en el intercambio de productos de Europa Central con Hispanoamerica y los paises del Norte de Europa a traves del Atlantico y el Mar del Norte. Gradualmente la actividad mercantil fue ampliada hacia otros ambitos de caracter financiero, como el negocio de los seguros y las finanzas estatales, resultando en una acumulacion notable de capital y una consolidacion so...

RESUMEN: Dentro de los mecanismos puestos en marcha para intentar controlar la corrupcion administrativa en el seno de la Monarquia Hispanica bajo el reinado de Felipe IV destaca una medida conocida por la historiografia pero cuya aplicacion practica se ha venido negando. Nos referimos a la elaboracion de inventarios de bienes por parte de los ministros del rey. Sin embargo, nuestra investigacion en el Archivo Historico Nacional de Madrid, nos ha permitido localizar mas de 800 documentos de este tipo correspondientes no solo a los primeros anos del valimiento de Olivares sino que se prolongan hasta mediados de la decada de los 50. Con este nuevo bagaje documental se antoja necesario repensar las practicas anticorrupcion de la Monarquia y los efectos de las disposiciones legales hasta ahora obviados. PALABRAS CLAVE : Inventarios de ministros, Conde Duque de Olivares, Camara de Castilla, Felipe IV, Corrupcion. Control’s mechanisms about the corruption under Philip IV: the inventories ...

Leadership theories have underpinned significant leadership studies and practices which span decades. Despite the plethora of research on different leadership theories and styles, there is minimal research exploring the relationship between previous leadership theories and the ethical leadership style. Previous research has shown that the ethical leadership effect goes above and beyond other leadership styles and theories as the latter lack an exclusive ethical focus. Therefore, this paper aims to address the identified gap from a preliminary perspective of previous leadership theories as compared to the ethical leadership style. In addition, ethical leadership is the ‘only’ leadership style that is part of the King IV code and report on Corporate Governance in South Africa. The study is built on previous research conducted on leadership theories in relation to ethical leadership and corporate governance as per the King IV report. The method employed involved conducting a historical...

Financial management in education is one of the most important and challenging aspects of a school principal's job as it can impact the overall school management and success, as well as students' achievement. The school principals need to be able to plan, organize, direct and control the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the organization. The concept and practice of accountability and transparency in financial management is essential to ensure that all funds received are channeled and spent as entrusted by the Ministry of Education. The school principals have the unenviable task of matching, monitoring and evaluating all available resources, both monetary and human, with their educational activities with utmost transparency and accountability. Several studies conducted within the last twenty years have shown that some school principals in Malaysia have insufficient skill and knowledge related to management of the school finances. Thus, this paper explores the implementation of practices related to accountability and transparency practiced by a group of school principals in selected public schools in Kuala Lumpur on their school financial management. In this qualitative study, the researchers have utilized semi-structured interview techniques as well as document analysis to answer the research questions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data using NVivo 12 software. The findings showed that there is critical need of financial management training for principals, finance committee and elected staff representatives. The level of accountability and transparency in school finances amongst these school principals were a great concern and that was one source of conflict and lack of support and monitoring from district offices. The implications and recommendations from this study are briefly discussed.

Financial management in education is one of the most important and challenging aspects of a school principal's job as it can impact the overall school management and success, as well as students' achievement. The school principals need to be able to plan, organize, direct and control the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the organization. The concept and practice of accountability and transparency in financial management is essential to ensure that all funds received are channeled and spent as entrusted by the Ministry of Education. The school principals have the unenviable task of matching, monitoring and evaluating all available resources, both monetary and human, with their educational activities with utmost transparency and accountability. Several studies conducted within the last twenty years have shown that some school principals in Malaysia have insufficient skill and knowledge related to management of the school finances. Thus, this paper explores the implementation of practices related to accountability and transparency practiced by a group of school principals in selected public schools in Kuala Lumpur on their school financial management. In this qualitative study, the researchers have utilized semi-structured interview techniques as well as document analysis to answer the research questions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data using NVivo 12 software. The findings showed that there is critical need of financial management training for principals, finance committee and elected staff representatives. The level of accountability and transparency in school finances amongst these school principals were a great concern and that was one source of conflict and lack of support and monitoring from district offices. The implications and recommendations from this study are briefly discussed.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

It is obvious that the Internet connection brings several unquestionable benefits to people and society. However, not all of them can be seen at first sight. This study examines the potential effect of Internet usage on corruption awareness as well as experience with corruption and actual reporting of corruption cases. We conducted mainly IV probit and 2SLS regression based on the data from the Eurobarometer survey. We have found that intensity of Internet usage seems to be a significant factor affecting respondents’ knowledge about where to report the corruption. Internet usage appears to have a positive effect on the accuracy of corruption extent estimation in a country. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that those using the Internet frequently are more likely to report experiences of corruption. In line with this result, promoting of Internet usage and enabling Internet access can be seen as a potential anti-corruption tool. Our findings have several important implications f...

Hace ya unas tres décadas que las ciencias sociales vienen poniendo el acento en la importancia de los escándalos para comprender las sociedades contemporáneas. En los últimos años, este interés ha tenido su reflejo en la historiografía, desde la cual se ha remarcado que “lo escandaloso” no es algo inalterable ni ahistórico, sino una construcción propia de la contemporaneidad que se va articulando según el contexto social, político, económico y moral. De hecho, el estudio de los escándalos ha sido tremendamente fructífero, a nivel metodológico, para la mejor aprehensión de otro fenómeno clave de las modernidades políticas contemporáneas: la corrupción. Los ejemplos son múltiples en la historiografía reciente de ambas orillas del Atlántico.

Pese a estos avances en torno a la dimensión histórica de los escándalos de corrupción, aún se está lejos de desplegar totalmente su potencial. En este sentido, una de las principales limitaciones hasta el momento ha sido la acotación en marcos nacionales, obviando los contactos transfronterizos que incitan las prácticas escandalosas de favores e intereses, así como la consecuente circulación de ideas y debates.

Teniendo esto en cuenta, la siguiente comunicación pretende abrir un debate sobre las posibilidades y límites de la aplicación de la perspectiva transnacional en el estudio de la corrupción política. Esto se realizará a través de tres casos en los que la Argentina jugó un rol esencial en la forja de un halo inmoral y corrupto alrededor del Partido Republicano Radical español, acaudillado por Alejandro Lerroux. Así, a través de tres episodios escandalosos, se podrá observar como, desde el punto de vista del republicanismo español, la Argentina era un país idealizado, un ejemplo a seguir para la regeneración de la España post-Desastre de 1898; el epítome de una república moderna, rica y próspera, hermanada con el país ibérico por su latinidad y por su colonia de emigrados españoles. Sin embargo, esta imagen idealizada tenía un reverso útil para las luchas políticas de Barcelona, principal feudo del lerrouxismo. Y es que los contactos entre los radicales españoles y algunos próceres de la política argentina fueron denunciados (a través de la opinión escrita, pero también dibujada), por catalanistas conservadores y republicanos, como los precursores de negocios oscuros; como meras oportunidades para, al fin y al cabo, conseguir “plata sucia”.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

Politics is an integral part of the society. It determines the direction of a nation's development.
With political stability, a nation can achieve prosperity. There is a need for educated youth’s
active participation in the political domain. Youth need to have a positive outlook towards
politics. Keeping the government in check is a crucial responsibility of the public in a
democratically governed country. Democracy can only exist if the general public understands
their responsibility to the fullest and fulfill their civic duties. This study investigates different
political views that the youth accept as true and their attitudes towards politics. The quantitative
results of the study show the disconnectedness of youth towards politics although there was a
unanimous agreement about the idea that being aware of the political rights and engaging in
democratic processes is an essential requisite of a democracy. Youth does believe that Nepal has
a better future despite having a negative attitude towards how different political institutions are
running today. This study has used a quantitative research design that is descriptive in nature
where the samples were selected using simple random sampling.