Cooperative Game Play

Background/Objectives: At present HPAV lacks an efficient mechanism for the optimization of resources. The objective of this paper is to propose the use of the Nucleolus as a strategy to provide a solution to the problem. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The paper raises two separate scenarios, formed by twelve nodes each, in conditions of channel and traffic clearly established. It proceeded to implement a solution to the problem through two methods: Nucleolus and Linear Programming, in order to make a comparison of treatments, through an analysis of means, under the use the test called paired-t and with this evaluate the behavior of the Nucleolus as a strategy for the optimization of resources. Findings: The use of Nucleolus is a novel strategy for optimizing resources within the PLC technology, considering the importance that game theory has been gaining as a tool to analyze complex optimization situations in various fields of knowledge and also that no found similar work in the various bibliographic sources consulted. Based on the results obtained it showed that the Nucleolus made a better allocation of BW in comparison with the optimization method of Linear Programming, to minimize the difference between BW requested and the BW allocated for each node, with a 95% confidence. However, although the method is efficient, the computational complexity of the algorithm increases dramatically as increase the number of nodes. Application/Improvements: It is recommended to investigate on alternative methods to calculate the Nucleolus that offer a computational complexity and temporary reduced, in order to facilitate its implementation in low-cost embedded systems.

Playing video games is a pervasive activity among middle school students. Researchers are now investigating whether such play carries any educational benefits. One aspect of many video games is teamwork. The goal of the present research was to investigate whether playing video games cooperatively with or competitively against others affects later teamwork behavior and team performance. 60 middle school students, all without previous video game playing experience, participated in the present study. They were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: no video game playing, cooperative video game playing, and competitive video game playing. Those in the video game conditions then were taught how to play Modern Warfare 3 and played for two hours. They were randomly paired with another subject from the same condition and either played with or against that person. Two weeks later, all participants were randomly paired with new partners from the same experimental condition and played a Prisoner's Dilemma game where points are awarded to players based on whether they play cooperatively or competitively with each other. Total team scores were tallied after 20 trials. Results showed that those who played Modern Warfare 3 cooperatively scored the highest, while those who played it competitively scored the lowest. Results suggest that video game playing can bolster teamwork and team performance when played cooperatively and impair teamwork and team performance when played competitively.

This paper proposes fair schemes for the transmission loss allocation under a pool-based electricity market. The power generations or loads associated with the market are modeled as individual current injections based on a real-time solved AC power flow solution. Each load can be modeled as a current injection or equivalent constant impedance depending on whether it is required to be responsible for the system loss. Each current injection is then treated as an individual player of the transmission loss allocation game. The concept of Shapley value adopted from cooperative game theory is utilized to deal with the fairness of loss allocation. One alternative approach with a normalization procedure is presented to speedup the computation. Numerical results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approaches to a poolbased market.

The present research tests the idea that playing a team-player video game in which players work together as teammates and assist each other in achieving a common goal ameliorates the negative effects of violent video game play on cooperative behavior. In fact, two studies revealed that, relative to a single-player mode, playing a cooperative team-player violent video game increased cooperation in a decision dilemma task. Importantly, cooperative behavior generalized across targets in that the decision dilemma was played with a partner who was not the video game play partner. Mediation analyses revealed that cooperative team-play promoted feelings of cohesion, which activated trust norms, which in turn increased cooperative behavior.

Cost allocation of transmission usage on the power networks is an important issue especially in the modern electricity market mechanism. In this context, all costs that have been embedded in the transmission, embedded cost, should be covered by the transmission users. This paper follows general methods, where generators are fully responsible to cover the embedded cost. It proposes a method to determine the cost allocation of transmission usage based on decomposition through the superposition techinique to determine power flow contributions from an integrated base case of the results of the power flow calculations of all transactions, bilateral and nonbilateral contracts. Mathematically, the applied formulations are illustrated clearly in this paper. The proposed method has been tested with 5-bus system and the results are much different compared to a few of the published methods. This is shown by the test results on the 5 bus system. The published methods produce total power flow contributions in each line is greater than the actual. And they earn total revenues approximately 11.6% greater than the embedded cost. While on the proposed method, the power flow contributions are equal to the actual and the revenues are equal to the embedded cost. It shows also that the proposed method gives results as expected. KeywordsTransmission, cost allocation, proposed method, published method, superposition technique Abstrak-Alokasi Biaya penggunaan transmisi pada jaringan listrik merupakan masalah penting terutama dalam mekanisme pasar tenaga listrik modern. Dalam konteks ini, semua biaya yang telah tertanam dalam transmisi (embedded costs) harus ditanggung oleh pengguna-pengguna transmisi. Tulisan ini mengikuti metode umum, di mana generator-generator bertanggung jawab penuh untuk menutupi embedded costs tersebut. Tulisan ini mengusulkan sebuah metode untuk menentukan alokasi biaya penggunaan transmisi berdasarkan dekomposisi melalui teknik superposisi untuk menentukan kontribusi-kontribusi aliran daya dari suatu integrated base case hasil perhitungan aliran daya dari semua transaksi, kontrakkontrak bilateral dan nonbilateral. Secara matematis, formulasi-formulasi yang diterapkan telah diilustrasikan dengan jelas dalam tulisan ini. Metoda yang diajukan tersebut telah diuji dengan sistem 5-bus dan hasilnya sangat berbeda dibandingkan dengan beberapa metode yang telah publikasikan tersebut. Ini ditunjukan oleh hasil-hasil tes pada sistem 5 bus. Metode-metode yang telah dipublikasikan tersebut menghasilkan kontribusi aliran daya total di setiap line lebih besar dari aktualnya. Dan metode-metode ini memperoleh total pendapatan sekitar 11,6% lebih besar dari pada embedded costs. Sedangkan pada metode yang diusulkan, kontribusi aliran daya tersebut sama dengan aktualnya dan pendapatan sama dengan embedded costs. Ini menunjukkan juga bahwa metode yang diusulkan memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan.

Cost allocation of transmission usage on the power networks is an important issue especially in the modern electricity market mechanism. In this context, all costs that have been embedded in the transmission, embedded cost, should be covered by the transmission users. This paper follows general methods, where generators are fully responsible to cover the embedded cost. It proposes a method to determine the cost allocation of transmission usage based on decomposition through the superposition techinique to determine power flow contributions from an integrated base case of the results of the power flow calculations of all transactions, bilateral and nonbilateral contracts. Mathematically, the applied formulations are illustrated clearly in this paper. The proposed method has been tested with 5-bus system and the results are much different compared to a few of the published methods. This is shown by the test results on the 5 bus system. The published methods produce total power flow contributions in each line is greater than the actual. And they earn total revenues approximately 11.6% greater than the embedded cost. While on the proposed method, the power flow contributions are equal to the actual and the revenues are equal to the embedded cost. It shows also that the proposed method gives results as expected. KeywordsTransmission, cost allocation, proposed method, published method, superposition technique Abstrak-Alokasi Biaya penggunaan transmisi pada jaringan listrik merupakan masalah penting terutama dalam mekanisme pasar tenaga listrik modern. Dalam konteks ini, semua biaya yang telah tertanam dalam transmisi (embedded costs) harus ditanggung oleh pengguna-pengguna transmisi. Tulisan ini mengikuti metode umum, di mana generator-generator bertanggung jawab penuh untuk menutupi embedded costs tersebut. Tulisan ini mengusulkan sebuah metode untuk menentukan alokasi biaya penggunaan transmisi berdasarkan dekomposisi melalui teknik superposisi untuk menentukan kontribusi-kontribusi aliran daya dari suatu integrated base case hasil perhitungan aliran daya dari semua transaksi, kontrakkontrak bilateral dan nonbilateral. Secara matematis, formulasi-formulasi yang diterapkan telah diilustrasikan dengan jelas dalam tulisan ini. Metoda yang diajukan tersebut telah diuji dengan sistem 5-bus dan hasilnya sangat berbeda dibandingkan dengan beberapa metode yang telah publikasikan tersebut. Ini ditunjukan oleh hasil-hasil tes pada sistem 5 bus. Metode-metode yang telah dipublikasikan tersebut menghasilkan kontribusi aliran daya total di setiap line lebih besar dari aktualnya. Dan metode-metode ini memperoleh total pendapatan sekitar 11,6% lebih besar dari pada embedded costs. Sedangkan pada metode yang diusulkan, kontribusi aliran daya tersebut sama dengan aktualnya dan pendapatan sama dengan embedded costs. Ini menunjukkan juga bahwa metode yang diusulkan memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan.

The increasing popularity of online videogames has raised questions concerning their potential to influence online and offline social behaviour. Previous research on social behaviour in relation to playing videogames has often focused on either cooperation (playing in pairs against the game) or competition (playing alone against other players); however, videogames, particularly multiplayer online games, often include both. This study investigates prosocial behaviour in videogames with both cooperative and competitive elements-team-based player versus player (PvP) games-and aims to examine whether the amount of time spent playing these games is related to in-game prosocial behaviour. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 727 respondents and results were analysed using conditional process modelling. No significant direct or indirect relationship between the amount of time spent playing team-based PvP games and in-game prosocial behaviour was found. However, an exploratory linear regression analysis revealed a significant, positive relationship between in-game and offline prosocial behaviour. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Zum Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften - Die wachsende Bedeutung der Spieltheorie
Hat  Wirtschaft    etwas  mit  Spielen  zu  tun? Agieren    Politiker  und  Wirtschaftsführer    vielleicht wie  Pokerspieler    oder Casinobesucher? Ist die      mathematisch ökonomische      Spieltheorie  der Öffentlichkeit      überhaupt  als  eine seriöse    Wissenschaft  zu    vermitteln?

Die  diesjährigen Nobelpreisträger    für Wirtschaftswissenschaften  sind John  F. Nash  (66) John C.  Harsanyi  (74)  und Reinhard Selten  (64). Der  Terminus    GAME    THEORY      Geprägt    wurde    von :      Johann  (später  John) von  Neumann      und Oskar  Morgenstern. Sie begründeten  die  Spieltheorie  mit einem    dicken  Wälzer  'The  Theory  of  Games  and  Economic      Behavior' -  im  Jahre 1944.

Playing video games is a pervasive activity among middle school students. Researchers are now investigating whether such play carries any educational benefits. One aspect of many video games is teamwork. The goal of the present research was to investigate whether playing video games cooperatively with or competitively against others affects later teamwork behavior and team performance. 60 middle school students, all without previous video game playing experience, participated in the present study. They were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: no video game playing, cooperative video game playing, and competitive video game playing. Those in the video game conditions then were taught how to play Modern Warfare 3 and played for two hours. They were randomly paired with another subject from the same condition and either played with or against that person. Two weeks later, all participants were randomly paired with new partners from the same experimental condition and played a Prisoner's Dilemma game where points are awarded to players based on whether they play cooperatively or competitively with each other. Total team scores were tallied after 20 trials. Results showed that those who played Modern Warfare 3 cooperatively scored the highest, while those who played it competitively scored the lowest. Results suggest that video game playing can bolster teamwork and team performance when played cooperatively and impair teamwork and team performance when played competitively.

In the present work authors proposed a novel method for transmission loss and cost allocation to users (generators and loads). In the developed methodology transmission losses are allocated to users based on their usage of the transmission line. After usage allocation, particular loss allocation indices (PLAI) are evaluated for loads and generators. Also Cooperative game theory approach is applied for comparison of results. The proposed method is simple and easy to implement on the practical power system. Sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system is used for showing the effectiveness of proposed method.

Background: In recent years the video game industry has surpassed both the music and video industries in sales. Currently violent video games are among the most popular video games played by consumers, most specifically First-Person Shooters (FPS). Technological advancements in game play experience including the ability to play online has accounted for this increase in popularity. Previous research, utilising the General Aggression Model (GAM), has identified that violent video games increase levels of aggression. Little is known, however, as to the effect of playing a violent video game online.

This study examines the effect of interactivity on the attribution of responsibility for the character’s actions in a violent video game. Through an experiment, we tested the hypothesis that identification with the main character in Grand Theft Auto IV mediates the effect of interactivity on attributions of responsibility for the main character’s antisocial behavior. Using the framework of the fundamental attribution error, we demonstrated that those who actually played the game, as opposed to those who simply watched someone else playing it, identified
with the main character. In accordance with the theoretical expectation, those who played the game and came to identify with the main character attributed the responsibility for his actions to external factors such as “living in a violent society.” By contrast, those who did not
interact with the game attributed responsibility for the character’s actions to his personality traits. These findings could be viewed as contrasting with psychological research suggesting that respondents should have distanced themselves from the violent protagonist rather
than identifying with him, and with Iyengar’s (1991) expectation that more personalized episodic framing would be associated with attributing responsibility to the protagonist.

Here we addressed whether even violent video games can improve intergroup attitudes if played cooperatively with an outgroup, in keeping with the Contact Hypothesis. In addition, we examined potential mechanisms of this effect. In Experiment 1 (N 77), Canadians played a violent video game (Call of Duty: Black Ops) against zombies, either cooperatively or independently (i.e., at the same time but solo) with a (supposed) University of Buffalo participant. As expected, cooperative (vs. solo) play significantly improved outgroup attitudes and pro-outgroup participant behavior, effects explained by heightened 1-group recategorization (i.e., feeling psychologically on the same team and connected with the outgroup member). In Experiment 2 (N 239), effects of cooperation (vs. solo play) held whether playing a violent or nonviolent video game. Importantly, our findings offer an engaging and pragmatic solution to the pervasive issue of setting up and negotiating opportunities for successful intergroup cooperation.

A cross-societal experiment with 49 Australian and 56 Japanese participants examined if the group heuristic account of ingroup-favoring behavior in a Prisoner's Dilemma game can be extended beyond the minimal group situation to a situation involving an enduring social category (i.e. participant's nationality). Participants played a Prisoner's Dilemma game five times, each time with a different partner. Two of the five partners were ingroup members, two were outgroup members, and the nationality of one partner was not known. Furthermore, one of the two ingroup (or outgroup) partners knew that the participant was a member of the same (or the other) nationality, and the other did not know it. The results indicated that the knowledge that the partner had about the nationality of the participant exerted an effect only when the partner was an ingroup member. No major difference was found between Australian and Japanese participants. An outgroup-favoring cooperation pattern was observed, but that pattern was shown to be a result of fairness concerns among Australian participants and of positive stereotypes of Australians among Japanese participants.

This paper presents a new procedure for allocating transmission losses to generators and loads in the context of pools operated under a single marginal price derived from a merit-order approach. The procedure is based on the network -bus matrix, although all required computations exploit the sparse -bus matrix. One innovative feature and advantage of this method is that, unlike other proposed approaches, it exploits the full set of network equations and does not require any simplifying assumptions. The method is based on a solved load flow and is easily understood and implemented. The loss allocation process emphasizes current rather than power injections, an approach that is intuitively reasonable and leads to a natural separation of system losses among the network buses. Results illustrate the consistency of the new allocation process with expected results and with the performance of other methods.

Objective: Video games increasingly have become multiplayer, and thus online video game players have the unique opportunity to cooperate with players from all over the world, including those who belong to different social groups. Consistent with research showing that intergroup cooperation leads to reductions in intergroup bias, playing a video game cooperatively with a member of a different social group (i.e., an outgroup member) may reduce bias. The goal of the current study, therefore, was to test whether playing a violent video game cooperatively with an outgroup member reduces intergroup bias toward that partner's group. Method: In our investigation, Canadians (n ϭ 138) played a violent video game cooperatively with an outgroup (American) or ingroup member against alien (i.e., zombie-like) enemies. Results: Cooperating with an outgroup member in a violent context for only 12 minutes generated large reductions in outgroup prejudice. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential for even violent video games to serve as prejudice interventions.

Notre recherche s’intéresse à la médiation de la thématique controversée du déclin des abeilles sauvages. Nous l’étudions ici à travers un jeu coopératif, au cours duquel s’engagent des échanges entre participants et médiateurs sur la solution proposée dans le cadre du projet UrbanBees : la ville comme zone refuge pour les abeilles. L’analyse des règles du jeu indique que les participants sont amenés à expérimenter quelles sont les conditions favorables et défavorables que la ville peut offrir aux abeilles. Néanmoins, l’étude du fonctionnement d’une séance de jeu montre comment son pilotage peut être déterminant dans la façon dont est traitée la solution UrbanBees : les médiateurs, qui la prennent en charge de façon partielle et orientée, limitent les possibilités des participants.

This research examines the communication around the socio-scientific issue of the decline in the population of wild bees. It concerns a cooperative game based on exchanges between participants and communicants over the solution proposed by the project UrbanBees: the city as a refuge for wild bees. The analysis of the rules indicates that participants are encouraged to experiment concerning the positive and negative conditions the city offers for the bees. Nevertheless, the study of a sequence shows how the management of the game can prove to be crucial in how this solution is assessed: communicants who manage the game in an oriented and interested fashion limit the possibilities left open to the participants.

Notre étude s’intéresse aux relations que peut nouer l’école avec des acteurs de l’éducation au développement durable, en prenant comme exemple le projet Urbanbees qui réunit des acteurs de différentes institutions scientifiques et culturelles autour de la thématique controversée du déclin des abeilles sauvages. Dans le cadre de la vaste opération de médiation en direction d’un large public associée à ce projet, nous analysons un dispositif participatif comme le lieu où pourra se sceller un éventuel partenariat avec l’école : les journées écovolontaires organisées pour les enseignants. Cette étude permet de dégager l’influence du traitement de la question scientifique socialement vive au sein de ce dispositif participatif sur la nature et la forme du partenariat : nous remarquons une recherche d’adhésion des enseignants et un moyen possible de les enrôler dans les actions Urbanbees en faveur des abeilles sauvages.

This paper examines partnerships between schools and actors in the sustainable development education community using the example of the Urbanbees project. Urbanbees brings together representatives of various scientific and cultural institutions around the controversial theme of the decline of wild bee populations. We analyse the eco-volunteer day for teachers, a part of the project’s large-scale communication plan aimed at a wide public. This participatory communications event is an opportunity for the organisers to form partnerships with schools. The results of this study show the influence of the treatment of socioscientific issues within this participatory communication upon the nature and form of the partnerships: we highlight the means for engaging teachers and enrolling them in Urbanbees’ interventions on behalf of wild bees.

Notre étude porte sur les contributions de partenaires rattachés à différentes institutions – de recherche, associatives, culturelles - dans des actions de médiation du projet Urbanbees. L’analyse de
la production de l’exposition avait mis au jour des tensions entre ces partenaires au sujet de la controverse du déclin des abeilles, dont la version finale présentée au public ne porte plus aucune
trace. Nous avons alors fait l’hypothèse que ces derniers pourraient plus naturellement s’exprimer lors de la mise en jeu de dispositifs de médiation participative. Nos résultats semblent apporter ici une validation puisque les acteurs de la médiation défendent cette fois plus fermement leur position. Le scénario de médiation mis en place, fondé sur une répartition des rôles entre acteurs, vise à rallier les publics à leur point de vue sur la controverse et à les impliquer dans des actions prônées par Urbanbees en faveur des abeilles sauvages.

This study examines the contributions to the communication events of the various partners involved in the Urbanbees project. These partners represent a variety of institutions; institutional
scientific organisations, volunteers, as well as cultural groups. The analysis of the mounting of thé exhibition shows that the controversial aspects of the issue while being at the forefront of thé preliminary discussions were not present in thé final exhibition. We argue that the partners were best able to express themselves during the implementation of a participatory communication project. Our results seem to validate this hypothesis as the partners defended their positions most assertively. The scenario of mediation set up, based on a distribution of the roles between actors, aims at winning the
public over to their point of view concerning the controversy and inciting them to participate in the UrbanBees interventions to help save wild bees.

Notre étude s’intéresse à la production d’une exposition itinérante réalisée dans le cadre du projet Urbanbees. Destinée à un large public, celle-ci porte sur la thématique controversée du déclin des abeilles. Nous étudions la collaboration d’acteurs rattachés à différentes institutions, de recherche, associatives, culturelles
ou éducatives, dans le traitement de cette thématique. Le caractère vif de la thématique anime les échanges, mais on note que celui-ci disparait dans la version finale de l’exposition.

This study examines the travelling exhibition on the controversy around the decline in the bee population, an exhibition wide public developed within thé Urbanbees project. We analyse the collaboration of representatives of various institutions institutional scientific organisations, volunteer and cultural or educational groups) in this mediation project. While the controversial aspects of the issue were at the forefront of the discussions during the planning stages, such issues were eliminated from the finished version of the exhibition.

Cette recherche étudie la mise en exposition de la thématique du déclin des abeilles sauvages au sein du volet médiation du projet de recherche UrbanBees. Ce projet étudie l’hypothèse d’un accueil des abeilles sauvages dans l’espace urbain, comme zone refuge. Il a la particularité d’être adossé à une vaste opération de médiation qui associe des acteurs d’horizons variés (chercheurs, militants associatifs, médiateurs culturels) positionnés différemment sur la thématique concernée.
Le déclin des abeilles sauvages constitue à l’heure actuelle ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler une question scientifique socialement vive (QSSV). Elle repose sur quatre dimensions étroitement liées : l’existence même du déclin, ses conséquences, ses causes potentielles et les solutions pour y remédier. L’étude épistémologique développée en première partie permet de définir les contours de cette QSSV et les modalités de son expression. En référence à ce cadre, l’analyse développée en seconde partie propose de repérer quelles dimensions sont activées préférentiellement dans l’exposition et avec quel degré de vivacité.
Nous mobilisons ici des outils d’analyse issus des recherches en didactique des sciences sur le traitement des QSSV et du champ des sciences de l’information et de la communication. Ils nous permettent de caractériser, d’une part, la nature de la prise en charge de la QSSV ; et, d’autre part, les formes de médiation auxquelles ont recours les acteurs engagés dans la production de
l’exposition.
Les résultats obtenus montrent que la vivacité de la question du déclin des abeilles sauvages n’apparait que très ponctuellement dans l’exposition présentée aux publics et d’une façon relativement consensuelle, orientée par les finalités du projet. Les types de médiation privilégiés visent la diffusion (de connaissances sur des savoirs bien stabilisés), l’interpellation (sur le déclin et ses conséquences) et la participation (dans des actions en faveur des abeilles).
Si les termes de la controverse apparaissent discrets, l’étude de la conception de cette exposition révèle des positionnements différents de la part des acteurs. Des oppositions marquées s’expriment en particulier entre les deux acteurs scientifiques. Les différends sont cependant résolus par les médiateurs qui recentrent le propos sur les points d’accord (les solutions portées
par le projet) et le concept fédérateur de Nature en ville. Cela nous conduit à définir les spécificités du média exposition dans le traitement des QSSV par rapport à des dispositifs de médiation visant la participation des publics et à interroger les modes de production qui leurs sont associés.

Numerous studies have shown that playing violent video games alone increases subsequent aggression. However, social game play is becoming more popular than solo game play, and research suggests cooperative game play is beneficial for players. The current studies explore the effects of cooperative game play on player’s subsequent aggressive behaviors toward video game partners (Experiment 1) and
non-video game partners (Experiment 2), while providing a discussion of possible theories applicable to social video game play. Cooperative games resulted in less aggression between video game partners (Experiment 1) and between non-video game partners (Experiment 2) than did competitive or stand-alone games. Interestingly, cooperative game play and no-game play produced similar levels of aggression
(Experiment 1), whereas competitive and solo game play produced similar levels of aggression (Experiment 2). These findings are consistent with the theory of bounded generalized reciprocity. Playing violent games cooperatively can offset the aggression increasing
effects of violent video games.

This paper presents an efficient algorithm to solve the radial distribution power flow problem in complex mode. The relationship between the complex branch powers and complex bus powers is derived as a non singular square matrix known as element incidence matrix. The power flow equations are rewritten in terms of a new variable as linear recursive equations. The linear equations are solved to determine the bus voltages and branch currents in terms of new variable as complex numbers. The advantage of this algorithm is that it does not need any initial value and easier to develop the code since all the equations are expressed in matrix format. It is tested on the distribution systems available in the literature. This proposed method could be applied to distribution systems having voltage-controlled buses also. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed method.

Media psychology involves the scientific examination of the cognitive processes and behavior involved in the selection, use, interpretation, and effects of communication across a variety of
media (e.g., via the Internet, television, telephone, film). Media is central to people’s lives, with projections indicating that an average person spent over 3,515 hours using media in 2012. New
technologies are increasing the importance of media. Data from two content analyses demonstrate the underrepresentation of media psychology in mainstream psychological literature
and in undergraduate and graduate psychology course offerings. We argue for the importance of a psychological approach to the study of media because of its presence in people’s lives and
because psychologists use it in our research and our choices may affect the external validity of our findings. We provide a useful framework from which psychologists can approach the study of media and conclude with recommendations for further areas of scientific inquiry relevant to psychological science.

To facilitate both generation and retailing to have an open access to the transmission grid for trading electricity, a real time procedure is proposed. The line flows for an operation are assumed to be available from PMU and WAM validated state estimation. Power tracing determines different transactions to supply a retailer's demand, losses related to each transaction, extent of use each transaction makes of a transmission circuit and its associated losses. A generalized quadratic form learns relationships between a retailer's demand and, (i) a generation's contribution to it at a point of receipt, (ii) losses in a transaction, (iii) share of a transaction in a line, (iv) its associated losses, through learning coefficients. The procedure then predicts a generator's contribution to a retailer's demand at the point of receipt, power loss for the transaction, share of transactions in a line at the retail end and its associated line losses, for an oncoming operating scenario. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

""Research suggests that video games are becoming a social activity. Previous research
has neglected the complicated social context in which people now play video games.
However, a growing body of literature suggests that playing violent video games
cooperatively with others can attenuate their aggression-facilitating effects and
increase pro-social behaviors between players. To better understand which types of
social game play can foster helping behaviors between players and which players may
be engaging in these helping behaviors during game play the current study
administered a survey to 252 students who self-identified as video game players. The
results suggest participants who report playing cooperatively/competitively with other
players are more likely to report engaging in helping behaviors during game play.
Additionally, participants who report being motivated to play specialized roles in group
game play and have an altruistic personality are more likely to report engaging in
helping behaviors during game play. The results are discussed in terms of the theory of Bounded Generalized Reciprocity.""

Research on video games has yielded consistent findings that violent video games increase aggression and decrease prosocial behavior. However, these studies typically examined single-player games. Of interest is the effect of cooperative play in a violent video game on subsequent cooperative or competitive behavior. Participants played Halo II (a first-person shooter game) cooperatively or competitively and then completed a modified prisoner's dilemma task to assess competitive and cooperative behavior. Compared with the competitive play conditions, players in the cooperative condition engaged in more tit-for-tat behaviors-a pattern of behavior that typically precedes cooperative behavior. The social context of game play influenced subsequent behavior more than the content of the game that was played.