Cooperative

The ability to describe business processes as executable models has always been one of the fundamental premises of workflow management. Yet, the tacit nature of human knowledge is often an obstacle to eliciting accurate process models. On the other hand, the result of process modeling is a static plan of action, which is difficult to adapt to changing procedures or to different business goals. In this article we attempt to address these problems by approaching workflow management with a combination of learning and planning techniques. Assuming that processes cannot be fully described at buildtime, we make use of learning techniques, namely Inductive Logic Programming (ILP), in order to discover workflow activities and to describe them as planning operators. These operators will be subsequently fed to a partial-order planner in order to find the process model as a planning solution. The continuous interplay between learning, planning and execution aims at arriving at a feasible plan by successive refinement of the operators. The approach is illustrated in two simple scenarios. Following a discussion of related work, the paper concludes by presenting the main challenges that remain to be solved.

Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 mai 2019. Développement Durable et Territoires est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. Les pressions écologiques réglementaires : comment les entreprises tunisienne...

This chapter outlines progress in the delimitation of maritime boundaries and some of the problems relating to overlapping claims to maritime jurisdiction. It is contended that the incomplete nature of the maritime political map of the world is problematic, in particular because lack of delimitation inevitably equates to jurisdictional uncertainty and this is highly likely to be detrimental to maritime security. Alternatives to maritime boundary delimitation-cooperative mechanisms in areas of overlapping jurisdiction-are then addressed, including their emerging applicability to maritime security issues as well as the Southeast Asian experience.

The study sought to determine if teachers who are taught specific communication skills designed to challenge students' cognitive and metacognitive thinking during cooperative learning use more challenging and scaffolding behaviours to mediate students' learning than teachers who implement cooperative learning or small-group work who have not been taught these skills. The study involved 51 teachers in three conditions (cooperative + communication conditions; cooperative condition, group-work condition) and two groups of students from each of the above teachers' classes. The results show that the teachers in the cooperative + communication condition used significantly more challenging and scaffolding behaviours than teachers in the group-work condition but not more than the teachers in the cooperative condition. The study also showed that the children in the cooperative + communication condition provided significantly more elaborative and help-giving behaviours to group members than peers in the other two conditions and they obtained higher scores on the follow-up reasoning and problemsolving activities than their peers in the group-work condition.

Abstract—This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysis of consensus algorithms for multi-agent networked systems with an emphasis on the role of directed information flow, robustness to changes in network topology due to link/node fail-ures, time-delays, and performance guarantees. An overview of basic concepts of information consensus in networks and methods of convergence and performance analysis for the algorithms are provided. Our analysis framework is based on tools from matrix theory, algebraic graph theory, and control theory. We discuss the connections between consensus problems in networked dynamic systems and diverse applications including synchronization of coupled oscillators, flocking, formation control, fast consensus in small-world networks, Markov processes and gossip-based algorithms, load balancing in networks, rendezvous in space, dis-tributed sensor fusion in sensor networks, and belief propagation. We establish direct connections between spectral and ...

Currently, The use of statistical models to predict business failures have been noticed. However, very few studies have been conducted to predict the loss of a co-operative business. The objective of this study to construct the Logistic Regression model (LR) and Neural Network (NN), to compare and to identify the best model (LR and NN) and identify important variables in forecasting losses cooperative. Data from 2009 until 2011 were obtained from the Department of Cooperatives Commission of Malaysia (CCM) Terengganu branch were analyzed using SPSS Clementine version 12.0 Results shown that the Prune method in the NN model gave the highest value of testing 82.77%, the sensitivity of 82.90%, the specificity of 75% and minimum error (MSE) of 17%. Capital was the most variable influence towards the cooperative loss due to the highest value of 0.23(23%). ABSTRAK Penggunaan model statistik untuk meramalkan kegagalan perniagaan telah mendapat perhatian pada masa kini. Walau bagaimanapun, sangat sedikit kajian telah dijalankan untuk meramalkan kerugian dalam perniagaan sesebuah koperasi. Objektif kajian ialah untuk membina model Regresi Logistik (RL) dan Rangkaian Neural (RN), membandingkan dan mengenalpasti model ramalan terbaik (RL dan RN) serta mengenalpasti pembolehubah penting dalam peramalan kerugian koperasi. Data 2009 sehingga 2011 diperolehi daripada Jabatan Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia (SKM) cawangan Terengganu di analisis menggunakan SPSS Clementine versi 12.0. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kaedah Prun di dalam model RN memberikan nilai pengujian yang paling tinggi iaitu 82.77%, nilai kepekaan

This study examines the evidence for the effectiveness of active learning. It defines the common forms of active learning most relevant for engineering faculty and critically examines the core element of each method. It is found that there is broad but uneven support for the core elements of active, collaborative, cooperative and problem-based learning.

This is an essential reference for all investment clubs - both new and established - to ensure that they are run correctly and efficiently. A successful investment club needs to run smoothly with a great amount of reliability and confidence among its members. When all members of the club expect and meet the same requirements, everyone works together in a way that induces success and profitability. Ojijo’s Investment Clubs Manual is the investment clubs’ bible and tells me everything I need to know about joining, starting or running a successful investments club. The vast majority of investments clubs in Africa and beyond swear by this guide.

Apple is a temperate climate fruit tree. The introduction of apple tree to Ethiopia is traced back to 1950s. However, apple production has been low and concentrated in Chencha district forcing the country to importation to meet the national demand. This study, therefore, intends to analyze the current apple production and marketing chain to enhance household food security in chencha district of southwest Ethiopia. Mixed non-experimental study was conducted in eight randomly selected kebeles using structured pre- tested questionnaire administered on 257 systematically drawn farm households in the district. Series group discussions, key informant interviews, institutional analysis and field observations were also held in the sampled kebeles to extract qualitative data of the study. The study has shown that apple production and productivity was low due to limited cultivation, poor agronomic practices, shortage of grafting and pruning materials, shortage of trained experts and poor research-extension and development linkage. The apple tree population was unevenly distributed among producers where few producers cultivate majority of apple and earn the lion`s share of income. The apple producers earn 272.89 USD on average per year per household. The chain of apple marketing was long passing through producers, consumers, primary cooperatives, retailers and wholesalers. Cooperatives play critical role in apple marketing and protect apple farmers from exploitation by selfish businessmen. However, mismatch between supply and demand, lack of predetermined demand schedule, smuggling which compromises quality products and unfair competition among cooperatives and absence of transparency are affecting apple marketing. The income proxy measurement of the study revealed that over 82% of the households were food insecure. The study calls for all government and non-governmental organizations to work together to expand and improve apple production and establish apple marketing hub.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been parsimonious, empirically supported, widely cited, most
prominent, most compelling and well established model for predicting intentional behavior. Despite its
comprehensive and valid prediction on behavior, TPB has received many debates and criticism on its narrow
sufficiency of the three original components constructs of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral
control. This article discusses on the empirical support of various authors that recognized other relevant external
factors to be considered in addition to the original model and considerations for future research context to enrich
the existing theoretical contributions.

The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Book Series is for people working in the CSCL fi eld. The scope of the series extends to 'collaborative learning' in its broadest sense; the term is used for situations ranging from two individuals performing a task together, during a short period of time, to groups of 200 students following the same course and interacting via electronic mail. This variety also concerns the computational tools used in learning: elaborated graphical whiteboards support peer interaction, while more rudimentary text-based discussion forums are used for large group interaction.

This research was carried out with the intention of examining the relationship between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in co-operative societies. Various
past literatures supported the relationship between leadership and commitment where leader’s style do have influence on employee’s commitment. 360 samples were collected from various co-operatives located in Peninsular Malaysia. Walk in was done in selective co-operatives to have some guidelines and discussions with employees and leaders.

Apart from Autocratic and Participative Leader’s behaviour, this paper is also intended to examine if nurturant task leadership developed by Sinha (1980) can be applied in cooperative
societies. The nurturant – task has been found suitable for Indian organizations (Ansari, 1986, 1990; Sinha, 1980, 1994) and due to the similarities between Indian and Malaysian organization, the nurturant task can be applied in Malaysia.
The dependent variables of employees commitment was examined using Meyer and Allen’s (1997) Three Component Model of employee commitment (affective, normative
and continuance).

Factor analysis was carried out prior to the analysis to suit the Malaysia setting. Respondents have similar understanding of Nurturant Task and Participative where these two variables are later merged in the analysis part to become one. These variables were name as Nurturant Task + Participative (NTP).8
Regression analysis was analyzed that showed mixed results of leadership style. NTP has inverse relation with Affective Commitment, while autocratic leaders showed no significant relationship. However, NTP and Autocratic leaders both showed positive significant results with normative and continuance commitment of employees.

Tenure was found to be high among new and experienced employees if the leaders adopted high level of NTP behaviour. Experienced employees possessed more stable high commitment regardless of leaders behaviour, however new employees commitment are totally dependent on the leader’s NTP behaviour.

Overall findings from this study suggest, autocratic and NTP do play important roles in determining the levels of employee’s commitment. Leaders should consider in matching
both leadership styles based on the situation of their subordinate. NTP was also found to be significant in promoting new employees commitment. Since no similar research has
been done in co-operatives, this finding may contribute to the understanding and improvement of employee’s commitment in co-operative societies in Malaysia.

While 'traditional' cooperatives operating for a long time in fields such as banking, agriculture, or retail, have received important attention in the cooperative literature, much work still needs to be done to understand why and how cooperatives emerge either in fields in which they have not traditionally been widespread (such as health and care, services, etc.), or in 'new' fields or sub-fields (such as fair trade, microfinance or renewable energy). Research is even more needed insofar as 'new' cooperatives tend to differ from traditional ones in several ways, for instance through the involvement of multiple stakeholders (rather than a dominant one such as producers, consumers or workers) or through a stronger orientation towards general interest goals (beyond traditional mutual interest at the basis of most cooperatives). In this article, we analyze the emergence of cooperatives in the field of renewable energy. This emergence has raised a lot of enthusiasm among the supporters of cooperatives and citizen-based renewable energy as well as questions regarding the viability and the replicability of this model. On the one hand, the assets of the cooperative model enable us to understand why this form has been adopted by citizen groups and has developed, although to varying extents, in many countries. On the other hand, the limits or weaknesses of the model enable us to explain why cooperatives are still a minority in the field of renewable energy and why their development is constrained by several obstacles. Die Relevanz des genossenschaftlichen Modells auf dem Gebiet der erneuerbaren Energien Während traditionelle Genossenschaften, die seit langem in Bereichen wie Bankwesen, Landwirtschaft oder Einzelhandel tätig sind, große Aufmerksamkeit in der genossenschaftlichen Literatur gefunden haben, bedarf es noch großer Anstrengungen, um herauszufinden, warum und auf welche Weise Genossenschaften in Bereichen entstehen, in denen sie traditionell nicht verbreitet waren (wie im Gesundheitswesen und in der Pflege, im Dienstleistungssektor usw.) oder in ,,neuen Tätigkeitsfeldern" (wie Fair Trade, Mikrofinanz oder erneuerbare Energien). Mehr * This research has been carried out in the framework of an Interuniversity Attraction Pole funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office under the title "If not for Profit, for What and How?". Our thanks also go to the members of the REScoop.eu federation for their kind collaboration. THE RELEVANCE OF THE COOPERATIVE MODEL 195 les consommateurs ou les travailleurs) ou l'orientation plus marquée vers l'intérêt général (audelà de l'intérêt mutuel comme force motrice de nombreuses coopératives). Dans cet article, nous analysons l'émergence de coopératives dans le secteur desénergies renouvelables. Ce développement coopératif a suscité un enthousiasme important auprès de différentes parties prenantes mais á egalement suscité des questionnements par rapportà la viabilité et le potentiel de diffusion du modèle coopératif. D'un côté, les atouts du modèle coopératif permettent de comprendre pourquoi cette forme aété adoptée par de nombreux groupes de citoyens et s'est développée, bien qu'à des rythmes différents, dans de nombreux pays. D'un autre côté, les limites du modèleéclairent le développement inégal et fragile dûà des obstacles divers.

Islam considers riba as a destructive element of society economically, socially and morally. The rise of Islamic cooperative is their solution for funding the small businesses development. Islamic cooperative is the institution to improve the small business enterprises with based on Islamic principles and the principle of cooperatives. Differentiation is one of the competitive advantages of the company to win the competition. Thorough the implementation of differentiation strategy will be realized the more sustainable Islamic cooperative. The research method was descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The data of this research were primary data, secondary data, observation, interview and documentation. Differentiation strategy for the cooperative as an important Islamic Microfinance Institutions to implement the system so the proliferation of other microfinance institutions. Side implementation of Sharia system are not biased just waiting for the interest of the public but need a mature strategy to gain customers. The result shows this differentiation strategy is a sustainable Islamic microfinance institutions. But researcher get the high problem by the differentiation of human resources. To deliver the best services, human resources place in the main player to direct. But almost in all IMFI’s have the lack management in this division. So, the differentiation does not play clearly.

The paper focuses on Idara-e-Kissan, a vertically integrated cooperative in the dairy sector, which procures fresh milk, processes it and uses the profits earned in urban milk product markets to provide development services to member farmers. The analysis suggests that, compared to a control group of non-members, the cooperative's members had 29% higher net returns per milk animal, 9% more milk buffaloes, 6% fewer dry buffaloes and they used three times more milk fat-enhancing cottonseed cake. The members had better access to animal vaccination, artificial insemination, and visits from livestock extension workers; they were able to secure more animal treatments per year, and reported greater satisfaction with service provision. The cooperative's successes were more modest in areas where the benefits of inputs and services provided were more public, e.g. livestock breed improvement and enhancing fodder productivity, indicating that there is an important role for the government in supplying public goods such as livestock/agriculture R&D.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo de caso da experiência da Cooperativa Potiguar de Apicultura e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável (COOPAPI), localizada no município de Apodi, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O estudo ocorrerá a partir da análise das alternativas de convivência da cooperativa com a seca a fim de promover o desenvolvimento rural sustentável, com geração de trabalho e distribuição de renda para os cooperados. Como metodologia, usou-se os métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. A partir das entrevistas transcritas discorreu-se acerca da história da fundação da cooperativa, além de analisar as ações no campo de alternativas de convivência com a seca. Essas ações desenvolvidas pela cooperativa têm importância no fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, na economia solidária e nos processos de empoderamento das famílias, o que vem a contribuir com a geração de oportunidades de trabalho e renda no campo e conseqüentemente a redução do êxodo rural. A dinâmica da autogestão praticada pelos agricultores familiares sócios da COOPAPI tem construído processos internos de gestão social com agricultura sustentável se apropriando dos princípios de economia solidária em que considera o homem como parte do meio que necessita cuidar do mesmo para ser cuidado. Palavras-chave: Cooperativismo. Agroecologia. Seca. Abstract: This paper aims to conduct a case study of the experience of the Cooperative Potiguar Beekeeping and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI), located in the municipality of Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The study will take place from the analysis of alternative cooperative coexistence with drought to promote sustainable rural development, generating employment and income distribution to their members. The methodology used is the qualitative and quantitative methods. From the interviews transcribed spoke up about the history of the founding of the cooperative, and examine the actions in the field of alternative living with drought. These actions developed by the cooperative are important for the strengthening of family farming, craft economy and the process of empowerment of families, which is contributing to the generation of employment and income opportunities in the field and consequently reducing the rural exodus. The dynamics of self-management practiced by farmers COOPAPI partners have built internal processes of social management with sustainable agriculture appropriating the principles of solidarity economy that considers man as a part of the environment that need to take care of it to be careful.

The biggest cooperative in Korea, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) changed its governance structure for the farmer members. This restructuring was officially publicized as the first innovation of the NACF since its establishment so as to improve global competitiveness. However, some believe that it is just a political rhetoric and the first step toward demutualization. This research aims to understand the relationship between the cooperative identity and the organizational identity of cooperatives. Focusing on restructuring process of the NACF, controversy and decision making among stakeholders is examined based on organizational identity theory. This research adopts an intellectual tradition called 'narrative turn' due to the awareness of positivist limitation to explain the complex realities. We identified four different identity narratives --'greed,' 'incompetence,' 'adaptation,' and 'scapegoat.' Various stakeholders strategically narrate organizational identity to protect their own interests. It is not rational behaviors but power relations that determine the governance structure. Cooperative identity does not determine organizational identity of NACF.

The study assesses the role played by cooperative societies’ loans services on members’ economic condition through household income generation in rural areas where there is no bank or other formal financial providers. Using a questionnaire technique, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water, and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data are analysed using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and effect size. The study found that participation in a cooperative is associated with increase in household income, while membership duration, house ownership, and marital status are the three variables that contributed significantly to the increase in household income reported by members in addition to the program loan. The result indicates specifically that being a cooperative member for a longer period of time and living in rented houses were signif...

Knowledge management plays an important role in the software architecting process. Recently, this role has become more apparent by a paradigm shift that views a software architecture as the set of architectural design decisions it embodies. This shift has sparked the discussion in both research and practice on how to best facilitate sharing of so-called architectural knowledge, and how tools can best be employed. In order to design successful tool support for architectural knowledge sharing it is important to take into account what software architecting really entails. In this paper, we define the main characteristics of architecting, based on observations in a large software development organization, and state-of-the-art literature in software architecture. Based on the defined characteristics, we determine how best practices known from knowledge management could be used to improve architectural knowledge sharing. This results in the definition of a set of desired properties of architectural knowledge sharing tools. Finally, we highlight the design and implementation of EAGLE, an architectural knowledge sharing portal that implements those properties.

This paper aims to shed light on the validity of previous studies by reconstructing in detail the Lami's historical development from its beginning to the 1990s. The Lami is a cooperative group in Fiji whose main characteristic has been radically changing its members' lives. Lami people not only abolish or simplify some parts of Fijian customs such as wedding and funeral ceremonies; they also abstain from luxuries such as kava and tobacco. Previous studies take for granted (1) the relationship between characteristic activities of the Lami and its members' sterile land and unstable land rights, and (2) the Lami's relationship with Melanesian cargo cults such as the Viti Kabani movement in Fiji. In this paper I would like to use archival and ethnographic studies to question these assumed relationships.

This study has been carried out within the framework of the Minor Field Study (MFS) Scholarship Programme and the Travel Scholarship funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The MFS Scholarship Programme gives Swedish university students the opportunity to carry out fieldwork in low-and middle income countries, or more specifically in the countries included on the DAC List of ODA Recipients, in relation to their Bachelor's or Master's thesis. Sida's main purpose with the Scholarships is to stimulate the students' interest in, as well as increasing their knowledge and understanding of development issues. The Minor Field Studies provide the students with practical experience of fieldwork in developing settings. A further aim of Sida is to strengthen the cooperation between Swedish university departments and institutes and organisations in these countries.

This book gives a brief history of education in Romania over the last decade. The text is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides a background report, whereas part 2 presents the results of an Orcianisation for Economic Co-operation and Development review team's analysis of recent trends and reform initiatives. The first section describes the administrative architecture and responsibilities of the education system and includes vocational education, governing boards, and teachers ' unions. The regulatory and legal framework and informal rules, as well as the practices, of the education system are also described, including personnel, curriculum, textbooks, equipment, school infrastructure, student enrollment, quality control, financial administration, and control. The second part provides concrete and pragmatic advice on directions for policy, taking into account the present and emerging context of the country and stressing a more strategic role for education authorities at ...

On 12 October 2002, two bombs went off in the tourist resort of Kuta, Bali leaving more than 200 people dead. With many of the victims being holidaymakers enjoying Indonesia's premier tourist destination, this was an international tragedy that affected people all over the world. Less well appreciated is the way in which this event, followed by the war in Iraq and the outbreak of SARS in East Asia, affected Bali's tourism-dependent economy. This report is the outcome of more than four months work by the UNDP and World Bank. It assesses the socioeconomic impacts of the impact of the bombings on Bali's economy and people, and the associated impacts that have been felt in the nearby areas of East Java and Lombok. The report aims to provide: (i) an independent assessment of the current condition of the tourism and tourist-related business sectors and how the crisis is affecting social welfare, (ii) an overview and analysis of government and international donor responses, and (iii) recommendations for short-term recovery and longer-term sustainable development in Bali and beyond. We hope that these findings will be used by government, donors and other stakeholders in understanding the nature of the current problems faced by Bali and associated areas and in promoting a more prosperous future for all those affected by events since October 2002. The study is complimented by ongoing work to facilitate the interface between research and policy development and to enhance to the consultative nature of the study and its findings in order to engage stakeholders in developing responses. This study was made possible through the contributions of a wide range of organizations and people. The report was written by the UNDP-World Bank assessment team of Nick Mawdsley (UNDP), Eugenia Piza-Lopez (UNDP) and Kai Kaiser (World Bank). Monica Tanuhandaru (UNDP) led the assessment in East Java, I Putu Widhiantara Sri Bangun (UNDP) contributed greatly to the Bali assessment, and Michael Bak (USAID), Ketty Kadarwati (USAID), Sofyan Lubis (USAID), Laurie Pierce (USAID) provided valuable assistance during the preparation of the assessment, as did Jennica Larrison. Much of the information is based on primary surveys and studies conducted by the University of Udayana (Bali), Yayasan Manikaya Kauci (Bali), East Java Women's Cooperative Centre / Pusat Koperasi Wanita Jawa Timur (East Java), University of Mataram (Lombok), ISAI and Gravitasi (Lombok). Significant contributions to these studies were provided by DR. IGW. Murjana Yasa (Assessment Coordinator), Dra. Aain. Marhaeni (Schools survey), Drs. Made Suyana Utama (Key Respondents survey) and Drs. Ketut Djayastra (Traders survey) from the Faculty of Economics at Udayana University; the team at Yayasan Manikaya Kauci; Ibu Hj. Joos Lutfi and Shahputra Waworuntu and the team at East Java Women's Cooperative Centre; Pak Hj. Busaini and the team at the University of Mataram; Bimo Nugroho and Agus Sudibyo at ISAI; Munzirin and the team at Gravitasi. Menno Pradhan and Melanie Moechtar provided invaluable assistance in the finalization of the survey instruments. George Soraya and Bert Hofman (World Bank) and Paul Hulshoff (UNDP) provided helpful comments on early drafts of the report. Nina Herawati and Christina Sukmawati (World Bank) processed the report for printing, under guidance of M ohamad Al-Arief (World Bank). The team extends its gratitude to those mentioned above and the numerous other people who made this study possible through collection and processing of the data presented, and the many people in Bali, East Java and Lombok who committed time to participate in the assessment.

"Following models in Britain and France, Germany began to develop her own models of community-based business and cooperatives. The cooperative movement grew in strength, anchored in both liberal and socialist traditions. Connected to 1848 revolutionaries, coops were considered a dangerous political force, or even an enemy, by restaurative governments. It took a long political campaign, and a coalition with nationalism, to bring about useful and protective legislation for cooperatives. Once attached to power, however, internecine fighting began, as some coops lobbied the government for aid against competition.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH - Genossenschaften: Vor 150 Jahren kämpfte eine Volksbewegung für die staatliche Anerkennung der modernen Selbsthilfe-Firma.
Schlagwörter: Bewegung, Darlehensverein, Frankreich, Genossenschaften, Genossenschaftsgesetz, Großbritannien, Interessenvertretung, Lobby, Nationalismus, Raiffeisen-Bewegung, Reichstag, Sozialisten, Verbände, Volksbanken
Organisationen: Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (ADAV), Fortschrittspartei, SPD
Personen: Otto von Bismarck, Walter Koch, Ferdinand Lassalle, Karl Marx, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch
Publikationen: Die Gartenlaube"

TAB TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1-39

1.1 STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA IN GENERAL
1.2 STATUS OF TRIBAL WOMEN
1.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
1.4 MAIN FACTORS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
1.4.1 Income
1.4.2 Education
1.4.3 Occupation
  1.5 THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE STUDY
  1.6 LITRATURE REVIEW
1.6.1 Status Of Women In General
1.6.2 Family Status
1.6.3 Decision Making Capacity
1.6.4 Health Status
1.6.5 Socio-economic status
  1.7 REFERENCES

CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 40-56

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2.2.1 Social Objectives
2.2.2 Economic Objectives
2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
2.4 METHODOLOGY
2.5 STRUCTURE OF SURAT
2.6 PROCESSING OF DATA
2.7 MAHATMA GANDHI AND HIS IDEOLOGY
2.7.1 Ideal Village
2.7.2 Swadeshi
2.7.3 Self-Sufficiency
2.7.4 Village Industries
2.7.5 Women
REFERENCES
CHAPTER-3
CONCEPT OF EXCLUSION  AND TRIBES IN GUJARAT 57-115

3.1 CONCEPT OF EXCLUSION
3.1.1 Exclusion : A Conceptual Framework
                  3.1.2 Inequality , Poverty, Social Exclusion In India
  3.2 SOCIAL INCLUSION
3.3          DEFINITIONS OF  TRIBE
3.4 CONDITION    OF    TRIBALS IN INDIA
3.4.1 Working Status
3.4.2 Demographic Aspects
3.5   TRIBES IN GUJARAT AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN GENERAL

3.5.1 Tribes in Gujarat
3.5.2 Population, Size and Distribution of Scheduled Tribes
3.5.3 Sex ratio
3.5.4 Work Participation Rate (WPR)
3.5.5 Category of Workers
3.6 SURAT DISTRICT
3.6.1 Location and Area
3.6.2 History
3.6.3 Population (General, Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe)
3.6.4 Geography and Physical Features
3.6.5 Rivers, Canals and Waterways
3.6.6 Towns and Villages
3.6.7 Amenities
3.6.8 Agriculture and Irrigation
3.6.9 Animal Husbandry
3.7 VALOD  TALUKA
3.7.1 Geographical, Social and Economic Condition of  Valod Taluka
3.7.2 Villages of  Valod
3.7.3 Population of  Valod
REFERENCES




CHAPTER-4
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES IN TRIBAL WOMEN IN VALOD — ROLE OF THE INSTITUTIONS 116-161


4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2
VEDCHHI  PRADESH SEVA SAMITI (VPSS) –  VALOD

4.2.1 Objectives of The Activities
4.2.2 Various Programs of VPSS
4.2.3 VPSS’S Women Section
4.2. 4 Objectives of the Women’s Section
4.2.5 Work Done By VPSS

4.3 LIJJAT  PAPAD  GRIHAUDYOG





4.4 VEDCHI ASHRAM - VEDCHI
4.4.1 Vedchhi  Ashram - Today



4.5 SAMPOORNA KRANTI VIDYALAYA and  GANDHI VIDYAPITH- VEDCHHI
4.6 INTRODUCTION 
4.6.1 SMT. DASHERIBA CHAUDHARI
4.6.2 SHRI. BABUBHAI SHAH
4.6.3 SMT. SAVITABEN CHAUDHARI
4.6.4
SMT. ESHMATJAHANBEN  &
SMT. LAXMIBEN PARMAR
4.6.5 SMT. SAGUNABEN DHODIA-PATEL
4.7 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

4.7.1 BANK OF BARODA, VALOD
4.7.2 STATE BANK OF INDIA
4.7.3 DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT BANK
4.7.4 RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
REFERENCES

CHAPTER-5
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TRIBAL WOMEN
OF VALOD TALUKA 162-210

5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
(A) Age of Women (village-wise)
(B) Marital Status
(C) Village and Community
 Important Features and Occupational Structure of the Tribal Communities
 Culture and Kinship
(D) Education
(E) Educational Status of Women (Village-wise)

5.3 FAMILY STRUCTURE
5.4 ASSETS OF THE FAMILIES
(A) Land
(B) Trees
(C) Live-stock
(D) Houses
5.5 FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE TRIBAL WOMEN
(A) Agricultural Activities
(B) Selling Fodder
(C) Papad Udyog
(D) Spinning
(E) Dairy Production or Milk Co-operatives
(F) Anganwadi Activities / Government Jobs / Others
(G) Training
5.6 MONTHLY INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIBAL WOMEN
(A) Agricultural Activities
(B) Selling Fodder
(C) Papad Udyog
(D) Spinning
(E) Dairy Production or Milk Co-operatives
(F) Anganwadi
(G) Government Sector
(H) Other Occupations
5.7 NUMBER OF YEARS ENGAGED IN OCCUPATION
5.8 SELF HELP GROUPS
5.9 DECISON MAKING
5.10 SOCIAL FACTORS
(A) Basic Necessities
(a) Food
(b) Clothing
(c) Houses
(d) Water

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... contd. P.4

Title Page No.

(B) Infrastructural Facilities .
(a) Energy
(i) Electricity
(ii) Non-conventional sources of energy
(b) Transport
(c) Communication
(d) Banks
(e) Social overheads
(i)  Health
(ii)  Family planning
(iii)  AIDS/HIV : 
(iv)  Education : 
(f) Inter-Community Marriages 
5.11 TRADITIONAL SKILL/WORK
5.12 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP AND TOTAL VILLAGE PANCHAYAT
REFERENCES

CHAPTER-6
SUMMARY, FINDINGS , CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 211-218

BIBLIOGRAPHY 219-232

ANNEXURES 233-275

The study assesses the role played by cooperative societies’ loans services on members’ economic condition through household income generation in rural areas where there is no bank or other formal financial providers. Using a questionnaire technique, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water, and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data are analysed using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and effect size. The study found that participation in a cooperative is associated with increase in household income, while membership duration, house ownership, and marital status are the three variables that contributed significantly to the increase in household income reported by members in addition to the program loan. The result indicates specifically that being a cooperative member for a longer period of time and living in rented houses were signif...

Cooperative learning according to Johnson et al (1998) is the "instructional use of small groups so that students' work together to maximise their own and each other's learning." Within cooperative situations, students seek outcomes that are beneficial not only to themselves but also to the members of their group. By adopting a

In this Article, I propose a novel law and economics explanation of a deeply puzzling aspect of business organization in market economies. Why are virtually all firms organized as capital-managed and-owned (capitalist) enterprises rather than as labor-managed and-owned cooperatives? Over 150 years ago, J.S. Mill predicted that efficiency and other advantages would eventually make worker cooperatives predominant over capitalist firms. Mill was right about the advantages but wrong about the results. The standard explanation is that capitalist enterprise is more efficient. Empirical research, however, overwhelmingly contradicts this. But employees almost never even attempt to organize worker cooperatives. I critique the explanations of the three leading analysts of the subject (N. Scott Arnold, Henry Hansmann, and Gregory Dow), all of whom offer different transactions cost accounts as logically defective and empirically inadequate. I then propose an explanation that has been oddly neglected in the literature, that the rarity of cooperatives is explained by the collective action problem identified by writers such as Mancur Olson. Labor management is a public good that generates the nperson prisoner's dilemma that gives rational actors the incentive to create it in suboptimal (or no) amounts. I support this by reference to the empirical facts about the origin of existing cooperatives and show that this explanation requires no strong version of a questionable rational choice theory. My account points advocates of labor management towards solutions such as institutional changes in incentives, which, however, themselves involve public goods issues.

A study was conducted in Adarsha Milk Producer Dairy Cooperative, Mahuli, of Saptari district to find out socio-economic impact of dairy cooperative during May 2008 to Dec.2008. Response from 224 milk producing farmers were randomly collected, stored and analysed using Microsoft excel program. Different sources of income have been recorded and analysed with major category as main crop, cash crop, dairy goat farming and service in organizations. Among them, dairy was found to be the highest income contributor (55%) to the rural farmers. Moreover, dairy was found to be the symbol of pride, prestige and religious priority for the studied community.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11859Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 15 & 16 No. 1-2, pp. 15-23

Mentoring is an effective method of helping inexperienced individuals develop and progress in their profession. Extension staff have many opportunities to mentor volunteers and other community partners. The keys to establishing a successful mentoring relationship include creating a relationship of trust, clearly defining roles and responsibilities, establishing short-and long-term goals, using open and supportive communication, and collaboratively solving problems.