Controllers

As soon as the first videogame was invented, its creators had to imagine a way to interact with their virtually composed world, a way to make it playable for all and not just for avid programmers. Even though, the game could be functional by itself (AI versus AI), the activity of human play could only take place if and only if an individual could properly interact in-game through a virtually human controlled thing. Whether it was a virtual character, vehicle, animal, human, society, robot or else. Our means to its control and enjoyment of its use in a playable universe takes often place via a videogame controller. Therefore, we would tend to argue that the gaming experience is essentially the result formed through interactions between the use of control and their repercussions in-game.

    Today, we are interested in explaining how videogames controllers and in particular the GameCube one became a culturally symbolic object throughout the evolution of the gaming industry and its physical/virtual use. We will study in what ways this culturally significant object was shaped in the gaming culture by its supporters and developers. In other words, we are going to study how the interactions between players and their controllers have been influenced by an evolution in the cultural and practical knowledge of gaming. Hopefully, we will prove that the controller is the key towards a unique play experience as well as a way of understanding the sociological and cultural significance of gaming. However, our main focus will be to try to sketch the evolution of the social and cultural use of controllers and study the reasons behind the ‘unique’ design of the GameCube controller...

This thesis consists of an ethnomusicological approach to the development of Controllers as musical instruments, and conceptualizes Controllerism as a musical practice. I make a case for a revision in organology that includes Controllers, and other instruments of the computer society, by seeking out commonalities and providing comparative analyses between historical instruments and modern Controllers. I then provide definitions of the term Controllerism; by discussing its origins, history, musical logics, strains of musical practice, and current technological explorations. By situating the Controller and Controllerism in a cultural and historical timeline, I have traced informing logics that have led to the development of this new instrument and musical practice. Ethnography has been undertaken with informants from Europe, America and Japan in order to ascertain generalized understandings of the instrument and musical practice; and participatory action research undergone in three separate artist residencies with the intent of determining common perspectives and concerns of international Controllerists. A Portuguese case-study has provided a unique glimpse, by comparison, of this emerging art-form and growing mind-set in modern music.

Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colourless liquid with the structural formular CH3CH2OH. It is often refered to as alcohol or spirits. Synthetic ethanol which is produced by hydration of ethylene has purity of 95-96%, this method is followed by all modern industries having a yield of about 95-97% of ethanol, this is a catalytic gaseous reaction where approximately about 5-6 kg of phosphoric acid is used. Commonly kieselguhr is selected as support for phosphoric acid deposition on their surface.
Ethylene and water are pumped from the spheres and storage tanks respectively to the stream of the recycling pipe line which is fed to the effluent pre heater shell side and then it heated to 2800C in furnace, the pressure about 70atm is maintained by the pressure controllers. The reactor is fixed bed and converts reactant to product with a conversion of 14%.
Main reaction:
CH2=CH2 + H2O →H3PO4→ C2H5OH at 2800C and 70atm
The outlet vapor mixture of the reactor is separated into products and unreacted reactants in high pressure separator. Unreacted reactants present in the separator top outlet are scrubbed with water to dissolve the ethanol carry over into the recycle stream. The vapors are recycled having 80-85% concentration of ethylene in such way so that the molar ratio of water to ethylene is 0.75:1 is maintained. The bottom of separator and scrubber is fed to the mixer for firther mixing of the ethanol and water stream from the separators and scrubbers. The product stream from the mixer is sent to the distillation column where 95% of ethanol is recovered.

— In the present days many immoral activities are taking place in ration shop, which are meant to distribute the commodities to the people who are in below the poverty line, as the distribution process is manually operated and due to which it consumes a lots of time. To overcome this problem we one can use RFID technology. In this report RFID tags are introduced, the RFID card are used instead of ration cards, which consists of all the details about the card holder like family details, type of card and its validity etc. In this report we are going to discuss different types of automatic ration distribution system implemented for the automatic ration distribution.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

Parallel development of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mechanical hardware and electronic control system can be effectively carried out if the control system can be independently developed from the mechanical hardware. Real time simulation using personal computer (PC) could be an alternative for fast development of 'control system. This paper describes an approach to design the electronic control system for UTM-AUV. Analysis of the designed control system has been done in real time simulation by using Real-Time Workshop. The generic real time has been selected as system target file to provide real time simulation environment. This concept used a stand-alone PC running the designed control system, which can be assumed as the actual AUV. At the same time another PC, which running the Simulink is connected to the stand-alone PC via TCP/IP connection to view the behavior of the control system.

This paper presents a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for load protection based on output sensing control. All MPPTs are based on input sensing and there is a drawback in applications which load protection is essential. This drawback can be addressed by applying two more sensors at the output. However having two sensors at input side as well as two more at output will increase the size and cost of the controller. To address this drawback without the need to increase the number of sensors, a novel control system and tracking algorithm based on the output sensing control and P&O algorithm is proposed. The main difference of the proposed control system with existing systems is, moving the control sensors from input side to output side of controller and consequently, apart from providing MPPT algorithm, controller is also able to do load protection at the same time. To demonstrate how the system operates in normal MPPT mode as well as how it operates for the load protection, the system is tested with different resistive loads and the simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6147400

This paper describes comparative study of various controllers on Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP). PID,
LQR, FUZZY LOGIC and H∞ controllers are tried on RIP in MatLab Simulink. The same four controllers
have been tested on test bed of RIP system the controllers are compared from various aspects. The
controllers in simulink are compared with the controllers in real time.

In this paper three electronic controllers are designed and implemented. A model for a two axes gimbal is revised. Their performance, in front of the external perturbation, is presented for a PD controller, a fuzzy logic controller and a model reference adaptive controller. A robotized gimbal system is designed and implemented in which real and practical experiments are performed. Its dynamic performance, in front of external perturbations, is analyzed, evaluated, and the results are presented.

An effective scheme of induction motor control without using stator sensor is proposed in this paper. The effective scheme consist of speed calculation algorithm and voltage/frequency control. The speed calculation algorithm is achieved by sensoring the current of stator and compared with the prospective speed then calculation by DSP. The principles of constant voltage/frequency (V/Hz) control for AC Induction motor and sine wave generation of PWM technique are used. The control system has been tested at the real time operating conditions and the experimental results have shown that the system has good characteristic in steady state and during transient as well.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04795975

This thesis consists of an ethnomusicological approach to the development of Controllers as musical instruments, and conceptualizes Controllerism as a musical practice. I make a case for a revision in organology that includes Controllers, and other instruments of the computer society, by seeking out commonalities and providing comparative analyses between historical instruments and modern Controllers. I then provide definitions of the term Controllerism; by discussing its origins, history, musical logics, strains of musical practice, and current technological explorations. By situating the Controller and Controllerism in a cultural and historical timeline, I have traced informing logics that have led to the development of this new instrument and musical practice. Ethnography has been undertaken with informants from Europe, America and Japan in order to ascertain generalized understandings of the instrument and musical practice; and participatory action research undergone in three separate artist residencies with the intent of determining common perspectives and concerns of international Controllerists. A Portuguese case-study has provided a unique glimpse, by comparison, of this emerging art-form and growing mind-set in modern music.

Purpose. We examine the extent to which a controller’s involvement in project functions (viz. definition and scope, organization, constraints management, and risk management) cascades down to project performance.
Design/methodology/approach. We test our framework using survey data from a sample of project leaders in German and Swiss firms. Responses were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) technique.
Findings. We find that controllers contribute to project success via the previously described project  functions.  Further,  the  study  reveals  the  crucial  role  of  controllers  in  managing uncertainty and project risks.
Originality. We add to the literature by examining the role of controllers in highly knowledge-intensive, highly pressured, task-driven, interdependent, and dynamic operational settings, thus contributing to a better understanding of how controllers function at an operational level. We also strengthen a broader role of controllers in project management that goes beyond their historical controlling activities to include more modern functions, extending previous studies analyzing their professional identity.
Research limitations. Although the arguments used in this research were not country-specific and suggest that the findings of this study also apply to the controller professional in general, this study clearly acknowledges that further research is needed to address the effects of this role in different jurisdictions given the specific characteristics of controllers acting in German-speaking countries.
Practical implications. We provide insights on the role of controllers at an operational level, like project management, highlighting the need for controllers to support an effective project governance.

The interactions between primary life molecules, people and social organisations build complex architectures that often result in desired behaviours. The theoretical calculations, assisted by computer simulations and an evaluation of real-world networks offer a promising framework to control complex architecture of networks. Understanding of network structures over the decades has helped achieved in the controllability of real-world networks. An analytical framework to address the controllability of networks still attracts attention. The dominating set (DS)-based approach to network controllability that identifies the topologies to control with the minimum number of driver nodes.

The minimum rule base Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) with application to spherical motor is presented in this research. The popularity of PID Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller can be attributed to their robust performance in a wide range of operating conditions and partly to their functional simplicity. The process of setting of PID Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller can be determined as an optimization task. Over the years, use of intelligent strategies for tuning of these controllers has been growing especially in nonlinear and uncertain systems. Proportional Integral Derivative methodology has three inputs and if any input is described with seven linguistic values, and any rule has three conditions, we will need 343 rules. It is too much work to write 343 rules and have lots of problem to design embedded control system e.g., Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this research the PID-like fuzzy controller can be constructed as a parallel structure of a PD-like fuzzy controller and a conventional PI controller to have the minimum rule base and good trajectory follow disturbance to control of spherical motor. However Sliding Mode Controller is work based on cancelling decoupling and nonlinear terms of dynamic parameters for each direction of three degree of freedom spherical motor, this controller is work based on motor dynamic model and this technique is highly sensitive to the knowledge of all parameters of nonlinear spherical motor"s dynamic equation which caused to challenge in uncertain system. This research is used to reduce or eliminate the Sliding Mode Controller problem based on minimum rule base fuzzy logic theory to control of three degrees of freedom spherical motor system and testing of the quality of process control in the simulation environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK Simulator.

The aim of this study is to perform an analysis of the different ANN methods employed to detect the saturation level in the magnetic core of a welding transformer. The magnetization level detector is a substantial component of a middle-frequency direct current (MFDC) resistance spot welding system (RSWS). The basic circuit of a resistance spot welding system consists of an input rectifier, an inverter, a welding transformer, and a full-wave rectifier which is mounted on the output of the welding transformer. The presence of unbalanced resistances of the transformer secondary windings and the difference in characteristics of output rectifier diodes can cause the transformers magnetic core to become saturated. This produces spikes in the primary current and finally leads to the over-current protection switch-off of the entire system. To prevent the occurrence of such a phenomena, the welding system control must detect and maintain the magnetic core saturation within certain limits. Previously, an Artificial Neural Network based detector was proposed to detect the saturation level. In this paper, we will take an in depth look at the different ANN methods that can be employed, analyze them and then decide which is the best method based on factors such as computational time, algorithm complexity, root mean square error and the gradient obtained. Three algorithms in total are evaluated including Resilient-Back propagation, Levenberg-Marquardt, Gradient-Descent. Based on the results obtained, the Levenberg-Marquardt and the Resilient Back propagation were found to be the best algorithms but the Resilient Back propagation is preferred due to reasons such as computational time and algorithm complexity. In terms of RMSE both gave almost the same values. It is also shown that the Gradient Descent algorithm cannot be employed for this purpose.

All the sensors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure used in industry provide analog outputs as inputs for their control units. Wireless transmission of the data has advantages on wired transmission such as USB port, parallel port and serial port and therefore has great importance for industrial applications. In this work, a new wireless asynchronous data communications module has been developed to send the earth magnetic field data around a ferromagnetic material detected by a KMZ51 AMR sensor. The transmitter module transmits the analog data obtained from a source to a computer environment where they are stored and then presented in a graphical form. In this design, an amplitude shift keying (ASK) transceiver working at the frequency of 433.92 MHz which is a frequency inside the so called Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM band) used for wireless communications. The analog data first fed into a 10-bit ADC controlled by a PIC microcontroller and then the digital data is sent to the transmitter. A preamble bit string is added in front of the data bits and another bit string for achieving synchronization and determination the start of the data is used. The data arriving at the receiver is taken by the microcontroller and sent to a LCD display as well as the serial port of a computer where it is written in a text file. A Visual Basic based graphics interface is designed to receive, store and present the data in the form of graphical shapes. In the paper, all the work has been explained in detail.

Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) show variability in their output power as a result of changing their main engines (wind speed). This introduces a new grid uncertainty factor and poses many challenges to electricity system designers and utilities in terms of grid network integrity, ie power system security, power system stability and power quality. This paper discusses the various challenges of wind energy when integrated into the grid and identifies different mitigation strategies for its smooth integration.

Now a day's renewable energy sources became an interesting area of research of which fuel cells are emerged as an alternative source for producing electricity to meet the energy crisis. This led to a research on power conditioning systems through which fuel cell is interfaced to the utility. Of the different converter topologies Isolated full bridge boost converter (IFBC) topology is most suitable for fuel cell applications. In this paper a Predictive Switching Modulator (PSM) Control is proposed for the converter topology and its performance is compared with Linear Peak Current Mode control (LPCM), Non-Linear Carrier Control (NLC).