Content and Textual Analysis

In order to find solutions in the current panorama of “post-truth” and “anti-intellectualism,” a recent report from the Science and Technology Committee of the House of Commons has suggested a move towards more direct communication from experts. Since some historical examples have shown that experts’ excessive confidence and patronisation of the public resulted in breaking trust between Science and Society, my study focuses on the possible pitfalls of direct communication from experts. I took the TED Talks format as a case study, as its core feature is precisely a direct popularisation of any topic from the most authoritative experts in any field. My quantitative and textual analysis of TED Talks on Artificial Intelligence (AI) highlighted that the tone of the majority of the talks given by experts in the field is overly optimistic and patronising, and that AI is depicted through a discourse of unchallengeability and inevitability. My analysis has also shown that the only talks which present less commanding tones, and tackling issues, are those given by non-experts. With non- experts I mean speakers whose expertise is not strictly related to the research and development of AI. My study emphasised the potential dangers of seeing the developers of a technology also as the most authoritative communicators about that technology. I concluded that, if we want to build a long-lasting bond of trust between Science and Society, we need to provide different angles, which require voices from people who are not directly touched in their work by public discussion. This necessity ultimately reaffirms mediators as key-figures in the communication between experts and the public.

Twitter has become a convenient, cheap and effective beat for journalists in search of news and information. Reporters today increasingly aggregate information online and embed it in journalism discourse. In this paper, we analyse how tweets have increasingly been included as quotes in newspaper reporting during the rise of Twitter from 2007 to 2011. The paper compares four Dutch and four British national tabloids and broadsheets, asking if tabloid journalists are relying more on this second-hand coverage than their colleagues from quality papers. Moreover, we investigate in which sections of the paper tweets are included and what kinds of sources are quoted. Consequently, we present a typology of the functions tweets have in news reports. Reporters do include these utterances as either newsworthy or to support or illustrate a story. In some cases, individual tweets or interaction between various agents on Twitter even triggers news coverage. We argue that this new discursive practice alters the balance of power between journalists and sources.

The Italian community in Finland is relatively small
compared to other larger Italian communities abroad.
Despite the quantitatively restricted dimensions,
there are multiple reasons to study the phenomenon.
First of all, the two countries represent the geographical
extremes of the European Union as well as two
very diff erent realities in terms of historical, cultural
and social background. These two member states
of the EU in fact are very diff erent in terms of multiculturalism
/ multiethnicity and for their role in the
European unifi cation process. Studying the migration
fl ows between the two countries is therefore important
not only to understand the bilateral relationship
between Finland and Italy but it can also off er a more
general perspective on how the European integration
process is actually proceeding. This essay examines
the decision-making process of Italians planning to
move to Finland through a semantic analysis of the
posts (or web messages) sent to the message board
of web newsmagazine La Rondine by Italians looking
for a relocation in Finland. The collection and analysis
of the semantic universe provide the list of motivators
at the basis of Finland as chosen destination and an
outlook on how Finland is perceived by Italians. As
a conclusion of the semantic analysis on the source
material, a map on the opportunities and threats that
Italians attribute to Finland, will be drawn.

Key Words: emigration, immigration, Italy, Finland,
expectations.

En este trabajo se analizan tres formas de integrar los tres relatos que componen la carta de Plinio el Joven sobre los fantasmas, poniéndolas en relación con el papel narrativo que desempeña cada uno de ellos en la argumentación del autor a favor de la existencia de fantasmas.

Since the nineteenth century, more kinds of news outlets and ways of presenting news grew along with telegraphic, telephonic, and digital communications, leading journalists, policymakers, and critics to assume that more events be-came available than ever before. Attentive audiences say in surveys that they feel overloaded with information, and journalists tend to agree. Although news seems to have become more focused on events, several studies analyzing U.S. news content for the past century and a half show that journalists have been including fewer events within their cover-age. In newspapers the events in stories declined over the twentieth century, and national newscasts decreased the share of event coverage since 1968 on television and since 1980 on public radio. Mainstream news websites continued the trend through the 2000s. Instead of providing access to more of the “what”, journalists moved from event centered to meaning-centered news, still claiming to give a factual account in their stories, built on a foundation of American realism. As journalists concentrated on fewer and bigger events to compete, audiences turned away from mainstream news to look for what seems like an abundance of events in digital media.

Письменные источники - это документы, с которыми связана история как наука. Документы истории и история документов тесно переплетены. Автоматический контент-анализ и компьютерная обработка исторических текстов обрели свое собственное место в мире методов источниковедения и конкретно-исторического анализа.

This paper investigates how British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution framed the protest movement that led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak as the President of Egypt. Previous studies examining Western media coverage of domestic protests indicate that news media often covered movements and protesters with the expectation of violence occurring, or whose motivations, aspirations, and actions were trivialised and marginalised, while Western media coverage of the Middle East and North Africa often contextualised the region's nations, peoples, and politics in ways that promoted negative stereotypes. In analysing British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, this paper demonstrates the opposite to be true through a content and framing analysis of relevant news stories (n=611). Results from British and American newspaper samples offer strong evidence for not only reassessing the dominance of the reportorial paradigms by which the news media covers political and social dissent, but also normative Western media portrayals of the nations and people within Middle East and North Africa.

‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺬهﺐ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫أﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻥﻈﺎم‬ ‫وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ -‫اﻟﻨﺎﺵﺮ‬ ‫دار‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮع‬ ‫آﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب‬ ْ ‫َﻮ‬ ‫َﻟ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫َﺎع‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺵﻴﺌﺎ‬ ً ‫َﺔ‬ ‫َﺤ‬ ‫َاﺑ‬ ‫ُﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ْ ‫إن‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ُ ‫َﻦ‬ ‫ﱠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِﻴ‬ ‫ْﻠ‬ ‫ِﺜ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ِ ‫ِﻴﻞ‬ ‫َﻜ‬ ‫ْﻤ‬ ‫َﺎﻟ‬ ‫آ‬ ِ ‫ُون‬ ‫ْز‬ ‫َﻮ‬ ‫ْﻤ‬ ‫َاﻟ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫َﺎز‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ُ ‫ْﻊ‬ ‫َﻴ‬ ‫ْﺒ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫َا‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ُ ‫ْﺢ‬ ‫ﱢﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬ ‫ُﻮﻣ‬ ‫ْﻠ‬ ‫َﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ٌ ‫َاء‬ ‫َﻮ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ُ ‫ْﺢ‬ ‫ﱢﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ِ ‫ْﺲ‬ ‫ِﻨ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ِ ‫َﻦ‬ ‫ﱠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺜ‬ ِ ‫ﱠل‬ ‫َو‬ ‫ْﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ْ ‫َم‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ْ ‫ُﻦ‬ ‫َﻜ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ْ ‫ِن‬ ‫َإ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ْ ‫ُﻦ‬ ‫َﻜ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِﻴ‬ ‫ْﻠ‬ ‫ِﺜ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ِ ‫ُوض‬ ‫ُﺮ‬ ‫ْﻌ‬ ‫َﺎﻟ‬ ‫آ‬ ْ ‫إن‬ ُ ‫َﻪ‬ ‫َﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ً ‫َﺔ‬ ‫َﺤ‬ ‫َاﺑ‬ ‫ُﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ْ ‫ﱠﻦ‬ ‫ِﻤ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫َﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ُ ‫ِﻚ‬ ‫ْﻠ‬ ‫َﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ َ ‫ْض‬ ‫َﺮ‬ ‫ْﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫َﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ُ ‫ُﻮز‬ ‫َﺠ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ْ ‫ِن‬ ‫َإ‬ ‫و‬ ُ ‫َﻪ‬ ‫َﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ِﻤ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ْ ‫ﻦ‬ ُ ‫ِﻚ‬ ‫ْﻠ‬ ‫َﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ َ ‫ْض‬ ‫َﺮ‬ ‫ْﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ْ ‫إن‬ ُ ‫َﻪ‬ ‫َﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ِ ‫ْض‬ ‫َﺮ‬ ‫ْﻌ‬ ‫ِﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ِ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫َﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ َ ‫ِﺢ‬ ‫َﺑ‬ ‫َر‬ ‫و‬ ً ‫َة‬ ‫َﺮ‬ ‫َﺸ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ َ ‫َﺎز‬ ‫ﺟ‬

This volume offers an academic guide for research and pedagogical methodologies in cultural studies. It proposes practical tools and instruments in the illustration of such a guide, mainly supported by a series of commentaries on selected typical pedagogical materials commonly covered in cultural studies classes.

As historical events, sociological phenomena, and political aspects are all at once of prime interest to cultural studies, so are the methodological approaches adopted in the corresponding academic disciplines. The solution to such a complex methodological problem lies therefore in the adoption of a common analytical procedure applicable to most tutorial texts in cultural studies classes. The objective is to develop hybrid, interdisciplinary anchors whereby to gain scientific recognition.

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the notion of local urban policy hybridity in Manchester, England. It presents the findings of qualitative research set in the context of the parallel entrepreneurial city and sustainable regeneration debates. The research objective was to examine the extent of Manchester’s conversion to the politics of the entrepreneurial city on the assumption that this signals a departure from efforts towards the city’s achievement of sustainable regeneration and social equity goals. Manchester was selected because it has been held up as an iconic entrepreneurial city. The continuing entrepreneurial city debate, instigated by David Harvey in the 1980s, runs alongside that of sustainable egeneration in ways that are seen as sometimes complementary but usually contradictory. The software package NVivo 7 was used to assist with data analysis. The methodological approach was based loosely on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin: the approach of the analysis mainly followed the qualitative interpretive approach of discourse analysis. Key community strategy documents are found to
interweave elements of the entrepreneurial and managerial governance discourses and also incorporate conceptual elements that have emerged recently such as a concern with crime, sustainability and community nvolvement. The paper provides valuable insights into the hybrid nature of Manchester’s actually existing local community strategies which feature a robust adherence to the managerial mode of local urban policy.

In this work we implement and evaluate a methodology to classify multi-labeled web documents into large-scale taxonomies, using their text content. Multi-label hierarchical classification using large-scale taxonomies is a hard task due to problems of scarcity of training data in many nodes of the hierarchy, overlapping of content and complex decision surfaces. We propose a novel feature extraction model called Multilay-ered Class Discrimination (MCD), which reduces the dimensions of the text-content features of the web documents along the different levels of the hierarchy, helping to discriminate each class from other classes in the same level and reducing the effects of the mentioned problems. The results of categorizing web documents from the DMOZ directory show that our model improves the accuracy of the categorization when compared with the use of word features, and that the results are competitive with the ones presented in the Second LSHTC Challenge.

اين مقاله به رابطه تحليلي بين اصول آكادميك و رشته ي مطالعات فرهنگي و نسبت آن با مطالعات انسان شناختي از جمله سفرنامه ها و بازمانده هاي توليدات تاريخي قرون گذشته‏، از يكسو،‏ و مسائل روش شناختي بازسازي شواهد تاريخي از سوي ديگر، مي پردازد تا جنبه هاي بافتارشناسانه زندگي روزمره در گذشته را آشكار كند.  لازم به توضيح است كه منظور از بافتار همان جزئيات زندگ روزمره است كه اغلب در تاريخ نگاري مورد غفلت واقع شده است.  بر اين اساس، هدف من در اين مقاله اين است كه نشان دهم فهم بسياري از قواعد حاكم بر زندگي روزمره در ايران امروز، از جمله شكل گيريهاي اجتماعي و خرده فرهنگها در مطالعات فرهنگي ايراني، در گرو فهم تاريخ و نحوه گذران حيات در تاريخ گذشته ايران مي باشد.  درست است كه توليدات تاريخي فراواني درباره گذشته ايران موجود است اما اين توليدات براستي نمي توانند تمامي ابعاد گذران حيات در گذشته ايران را بر شمارند و به قول هيدن وايت (1990) آنچه گفته مي شود بيشتر” گفتماني “ است تا ”بازنمايي گذشته“.  نكته اينجاست كه چنين فقداني از فهم درباره گذشته، بازتابي معرفت شناسانه بر فهم ابعاد زندگي در ايران معاصر دارد.  بنابراين، در اين مقاله اولا تاكيد مي شود كه رشته ي مطالعات فرهنگي ايراني توانايي پر كردن اين خلا را دارد چرا كه براي احياي خودش به مثابه علمي بومي بايد مطالعات بافتار شناسي انجام دهد.  دوم اينكه روش شناساسي تاريخي انسان شناسي كه بر مطالعه اسناد براي تهيه اتنوگرافي زندگي روزمره تاكيد دارد مي تواند اجزاي اين بافتار را فراهم آورد.  من به عنوان بخشي از اين تكليف تاكنون روايت شناسي زندگي روزمره را بر اساس تذكره الاولياء عطار نيشابوري كه مربوط به قرن ششم و هفتم خورشيدي است، انجام داده ام.  اما در اين مقاله قصد دارم با همان روش تحليل متن، به مطالعه زندگي روزمره مردم ايران در عصر ماقبل صفوي (قرن هشتم خورشيدي) يعني عصر مغول و تيموريان و از منظر سفرنامه كلاويخو نماینده پادشاه اسپانیا و جهانگرد اسپانیایی، بپردازم.  تفاوت اين دو تحليل در اين است كه عطار نيشابوري مشاهداتش را با توجه به تجربه زيسته اش تنظيم كرده بود، در حاليكه كلاويخو ايراني نبود و تجربه زيسته ايراني نداشته است و صرفا مشاهده گر مشارکت کننده بوده است.  در عين حال مشاهداتش براي فهم بافتار و بستر زندگي روزمره ايراني در زمان ماقبل صفويه اهميت فراواني دارد.  اين مطالعه را با تاكيد بر خوراك، پوشاك و مسكن از يكسو و فرهنگ سياسي مردم و دولت از سوي ديگر انجام خواهم داد.  در پايان مقاله رابطه بين ساخت قدرت و زندگي روزمره را بحث مي كنم تا روايتي جديد را از زندگي روزمره در عصر مغول و تيموريان ارائه كنیم.
This paper will examine a package in which, on one hand, there is the academic and disciplinary principles of cultural studies and how they relate to anthropological studies including studying Clavijo's journey to Iran that took place between 1403 and 1406.  On the other hand, there is an assumption about presence of a link between the above-mentioned historical reports and cultural studies, and the methodological problems surrounding construction of historical evidence, on the other.  The claim here is that these methodological considerations will allow us to construct the contextual aspects of everyday life in the period in which this journey took place.  By 'context' I mean the details of everyday life in that period, as issues that were often neglected in historiographic reports. Taking this framework into consideration, the objective of this paper is to indicate that understanding many norms and regulations that conduct our everyday life in Iran today, is subject to understanding history and how life took its shape in the history of Iran.  It is a fact that there are abundant materials about history of Iran; nevertheless it still is a problem that these materials fail to cover all dimension of the experienced life.  White (1987) refers to this as discursive history as opposed to real history.  The problem with this lack of proper understanding of the past has some epistemological reflections on how scholars come to understand the contemporary life in Iran.  Accordingly, in this paper we will first emphasize that the discipline of cultural studies is able to fill this vacuum since it needs to launch a number of contextual analyses to revive itself as an indigenous science.  Second, we will indicate that historical methodology of anthropology which relies mainly on studying documents that can be used to account for ethnographic aspects of everyday life can provide the bits and pieces of such contextual analysis.  So far and in my previous studies, I have provided a narratology of everyday life in Iran of the 12th century based on textual analysis of the book titled "Tazkiratul Awliya" by Attar Neyshabouri.  However, my objective in the current paper is to use the same textual analysis but to study everyday life of Iranians during Mongols and prior to Safavid period, i.e. 13th an 14th centuries.  I will use Clavijo's journey reports which available as text both in English and Farsi.  The difference between these two analyses is that Attar Neyshabouri introduced it observations in accordance to his lived experience while Clavijo was a political and Spanish figure who had no previous touch on life in Iran.  Nevertheless as will be explained, his observations are very useful that can be used to provide understanding about the context of everyday life at that time.  I will offer this study with an emphasis on observing elements such as housing, food, and clothing, on one hand and political culture of people and state, on the other.  At the end of the paper I expect to be able to offer an argument on the power structure and everyday life.  The objective of this argument is to provide a new narrative about how life took its shape during Mongols and Timurids.

As communications go faster, has daily news followed suit? Journalists say yes, technology made cutting texts easier, but news articles have been growing longer for more than a century in U.S. newspapers, newscasts, and websites. Why? Economics can explain the growing containers — pages, programs — but not the increasing words. As journalists gained status, the occupation rewarded longer stories on important topics. Long news freed reporters from menial labor but made them elites whose longer stories grew less accessible and popular. In the Internet era, faster-paced news creates an illusion of speed, hiding the long journalism trend that discourages citizen-audiences and brings legacy media into crisis.