Contemporary security issues for developing countries

International migration has been progressively perceived as a security issue and so it has been included in the discipline of Security Studies. Focusing on state actors, International Relations and Security Studies scholars have dealt with Migration as a security threat in the aftermath of the Cold War, specifically after 9/11 and the rise of International Terrorism.
In this work, I will address two main issues: “why” and “how” migration has been understood as a security issue. I will consider three different schools of thought (Samuel Huntington’s theory on the Clash of Civilisations; the Copenhagen School of International Relations; the Paris School of International Relations), and I will view migration to be a matter related to the concept of what these scholars defined as “societal security”.
I would take as the initial cornerstone the notion that migration has become a security issue because of the social construction of the migrant as a threat. Through a couple of case studies, I seek to prove why migrants have been included into the security sphere of the state, so providing the distinction between the locals (i.e. the “us”) and the external threat (i.e. the “them”). So, I will firstly consider the cases of “vigilantism” in the Mexico – US border and secondly the case of the Mexico – Guatemala border.
This discussion would supply the answer to the first question (the question of the “why”) which I expect to prove throughout the first part of this work.
Differently, answering the “how” problem entails an explanation of the process of securitisation. In this context, to be selective is a must, since opting for broader examples could result in vagueness. Thus, I will confront the securitisation process within the European Union.
Jeff Huysmans interprets the securitisation of migration in the European Union as a spill-over effect from an internal economic need to a security threat.
In fact, after the European Enlargement of 1973, Member States started to put limits on migration flows, taking advantage of the fact that Migration Policy had stayed in the sphere of national prerogatives, so denying the possibility of a supranational, centralised response to the Migration Crisis as we had later (2011). Member States’ inadaptability in responding to the challenge has turned Migration into a security threat. To prove this, I wish to focus on two specific factors: Welfare Chauvinism and the Paradox of the Schengen Agreement.
The literature defines “Welfare Chauvinism” as the fear of the migrant as a threat to the locals’ economic advantages provided by the State.
Instead, the Schengen paradox is the purely European pattern of closing external borders while eliminating internal barriers.
The Operation Mare Nostrum and its suspension is the final example to illustrate how South-North Migration has been securitised in the European Union.

— The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of human rights and economic development in the developing countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study. A random sampling method used, where almost all participants will have equal chances of being selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between human right and economic development in developing countries, according the research hypothesis was found to be supported which stated that a developed economic in developing country will have a positive relationship with the protection of human rights.

Why do partitioned successor states engage one another in armed conflict? We explore the drivers of war between successor states by comparing two border crises that followed the partitions of Ethiopia (1993) and Sudan . We argue that the politico-military struggles that give way to partition create important historical memories that shape what successor states think about the utility of military force. While the partition of Ethiopia yielded successor states led by regimes that were victors of the preceding war of partition, the war of partition in Sudan produced successor states that emerged out of military stalemate. This distinction explains why Ethiopia and Eritrea waged a costly border war that Sudan and South Sudan were able to avoid.

What are the similarities and differences between crowdsourcing and sharing economy? What factors influence their use in developing countries? In light of recent developments in the use of IT-mediated technologies, such as crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, this manuscript examines their similarities and differences, and the challenges regarding their effective use in developing countries. We first examine each individually and highlight different forms of each IT-mediated technology. Given that crowdsourcing and sharing economy share aspects such as the use of IT, a reliance on crowds, monetary exchange, and the use of reputation systems, we systematically compare the similarities and differences of different types of crowdsourcing with the sharing economy, thus addressing a gap in the current literature. Using this knowledge, we examine the different challenges faced by developing countries when using crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, and highlight the differences in the applicability of these IT-mediated technologies when faced with specific development issues.

This paper traces the trajectory of the various Islamist movements in Mali since the outbreak of the crisis in 2012. The paper challenges the monocausal explanations of terrorism that present religion, and in particular Islam, as its main cause. Instead the paper will provide a focus on the local context to highlight multiple cleavages. The historical context provides the background to understand tensions and rivalries within various interpretations of Islam in Mali, between so-called moderate/tradi-tionalists, reformist and salafi jihadists. In addition, the analysis of intra-ethnic, as well as inter-ethnic rivalries in relation to the Sahel-Saharan political economy will be key to understanding the volatile pattern of alliance formation and patterns of amity and enmity that seem counter-intuitive at first glance. Finally, both the state and external actors' responses have reconfigured the Malian political and religious landscape. Mali is still characterized by divergent political orders in the making that defy the state and perpetuate violent extremism in the region.

Resumo Processos de Radicalização no Sahel e a Evolução dos Movimentos de Militantes Islamistas no Mali (2012-2018) O artigo situa a trajetória dos vários movimentos isla-mistas no Mali desde a crise de 2012. O argumento central desafia as explicações monocausais do terrorismo que apresentam a religião, e em particular o Islão, como a sua principal causa. Em contraste, o artigo analisa o contexto local para identificar as múltiplas clivagens que permeiam a sociedade do Mali. O enquadramento histó-rico permanece essencial para entender as tensões e riva-lidades nas várias interpretações do Islão no Mali entre os denominados moderados/tradicionalistas, reformistas e os jihadistas salafi. Uma análise das rivalidades intra-étnicas, bem como inter-étnicas em relação com a econo-mia política da região do Sahara-Sahel é central para compreender o padrão volátil de formação de alianças, bem como os padrões de amizade e inimizade que se afi-guram como inesperados à partida. Finalmente, tanto as respostas do Estado, como dos atores regionais e externos reconfiguraram a paisagem política e religiosa. O pro-cesso em curso de constituição de ordens políticas diver-gentes continua a desafiar o Estado e influencia a perpe-tuação do extremismo violento na região.. Tem integrado e coordenado projetos de investigação no âmbito dos quais efetuou trabalho de campo em diversos Estados do " Corno de África " desde 2003, nomeadamente: na Etiópia, Eritreia e Somalilândia/Somália. Os seus interesses de investigação abarcam igualmente o espaço lusófono africano e a prevenção de radicalização através de sociedades internacionais regionais com estudos de caso Europeus e Africanos.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks consisted of mobile free nodes that can move anywhere at any time without the need to any fixed infrastructure or any centralized administration. In this category of networks existing nodes must rely on each other to play the role of routers or switches instead of using central ones. The self-organized nature of such environments made MANETs vulnerable against many security threats. As a result, providing security requirements in MANETs is one of the most interesting challenges in such a network. In this group of networks, the use of cryptographic solutions is one of the most interesting security issues. The importance of this scientific area in MANETs is more drastic by considering that mentioned schemes must be lightweight enough to be appropriate for resource constrained platforms in such environment. This paper has tried to represent the position of cryptographic issues in MANETs. Moreover, security issues in mobile Ad hoc networks beside of different classes of public key cryptosystems have been introduced.

A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or nodes,maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the vicinity of the node.An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.This paper focuses on various issues, architecture and routing protocols in cellular, adhoc and sensor networks. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.