Construction management (Architecture)

The right selection of implementation system for projects in the construction industry is critical to achieve success. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), is a comprehensive implementation system which has in recent years been seen to play an effective role in projects improved efficiency. Implementing an IPD system to resolve various problems of traditional systems is very important; however there are several barriers to its implementation. In addition, rooting and classifying the barriers is very significant in being able to resolve them. The aim of this study is the identification of barriers to IPD basically extracted from existing case studies. In this research, the meta-synthesis qualitative method is used for identifying and classifying the IPD barriers. The results are presented in a comprehensive table, and then are illustrated as a pattern by using macro concepts. This pattern is useful for presenting barriers to IPD. Identifying the barriers and resolving them are as important as identifying the benefits of IPD in creating motivation for construction industry owners. They also serve to provide the context for required predictions in implementing this approach in the construction industry.

This paper describes the methodology and results obtained after productivity improvement work conducted on two consecutive building construction jobs.  The first one was used to evaluate production rates and productivity, current construction methods, potentials and lacks of construction equipment, current construction planning methodology, and existing tools to asses productivity.  These are briefly discussed in this paper. The second job was preplanned based on the experience and detailed documentation obtained in the first one. Work was conducted in order to “design” construction methods in detail, develop a detailed production planning based on the construction methods developed, select crew components and select their specific tasks, and design communication and control tools. Although the second job’s schedule and budget were originally calculated using standard methods (i.e. historical production rates), new schedule and budget were calculated based on the preplanning effort. Construction performance was measured against these values.

In the last year of the university studies, the architecture student finds himself in direct contact with the profession of an architect by spending a minimum of eight months in a professional internship. By being a part of a team in an architecture studio or company, this internship allows the student to make a transition from the “Academic Architecture” to the “Professional Architecture”. The student learns about the various missions of the architect, all the steps involved in the development of a realistic and coherent project that can be carried out within admissible deadlines and budget limits. As well as learning the familiarization with all the engineers and mainly with the costumer. This experience is essential for the architecture student to build up a global vision about the professional life and to establish himself in the field of architecture after obtaining his “National Diploma of an Architect”.

(English version below)

La perspective de l’accident. Quand la construction défaille…
Dossier thématique coordonné par Robert Carvais et Guy Lambert

LInvariant du cadre bâti et de la construction, l’accident mérite d’être étudié dans une perspective historique plus systématiquement qu’il ne l’a été. Trois axes de questionnement sont privilégiés ici. Le premier concerne le rôle révélateur de l’accident, permettant de saisir une organisation qui ordinairement reste invisible. La deuxième porte sur la gestion, immédiate et différée, des conséquences de l’accident. Le troisième interroge les effets sur la prévention et la culture du risque.

Mots-clés : accident, catastrophe, erreur, défaillance, effondrement, incendie, secours, prévention, dommages, risques.


The prospect of an accident. When construction breaks down...
Thematic issue coordinated by Robert Carvais and Guy Lambert

Accidents are a constant feature of the built environment and construction, and deserve to be studied more systematically than they have been in the past. Three lines 273 of enquiry are highlighted here. The first concerns the role of accidents in revealing an organisation that is usually invisible. The second concerns the management, both immediate and delayed, of the consequences of the accident. The third looks at the effects on risk prevention and risk culture.

Keywords: accident, disaster, error, failure, collapse, fire, rescue, prevention, damage, risk.

EXERCICE : Soit une poutre en béton armé est sollicitée en flexion simple à l'E.L.U.R.. La déformation du béton est maximale. L'axe neutre est situé à une distance y=15 cm à partir de la fibre supérieure la plus comprimée. Déterminer la déformation et la contrainte dans l'acier (FeE400), sachant que la section de la poutre est rectangulaire (20x40) cm² ? L'hauteur utile d=0,9.h.

The current inundation situation in urban areas of Vietnam is becoming more and more complicated and unpredictable, especially in urban areas with rapid urbanization rates and high population density such as Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, etc. In Ho Chi Minh City, many drainage and flood control projects have been implemented. However, inundation caused by rain still occurs, even during times of the low tide. Flooding is a factor hindering the sustainable development of the city, seriously affecting the quality of life of the people. This study focuses on analyzing the flooding situation in Ho Chi Minh City, from which proposing solutions to limit flooding in Ho Chi Minh City in the future.

Traditional construction scheduling approaches have proved not to have the capacity to produce and make it easily and timely available the information needed for a latter effective and efficient construction control and execution reflected in a high Percentage of Planned Activities Completed. nD poses barriers and opportunities associated to big transformations which for example could lead to relegate traditional construction scheduling approaches like the CPM in which the critical path has become a bottleneck, a constraint of a project. The big change of working with a nD construction schedule can lead to lose less time on the critical path itself but exploiting this constraint and subordinating everything else to it. Most problems that impact the critical path do not occur on the critical path itself, then subordination is not a nicety, it is a must (Goldratt, 1997). Another big change is that using nD Modeling it is possible to alter the order in which the different level of detail schedules are developed for a construction project. Using nD and CAVT it is possible to develop first the more detailed schedule and then obtaining the master schedule grouping activities in this more detailed schedule. The master schedule can then be adjusted to project requirements and the detailed schedule reviewed in an iteratively process. This opposes to the way scheduling is carried out today in which the detailed schedule follows the master schedule development effort and rarely one goes back to review the master schedule deeply, but makes the maximum effort to adjust the detailed schedule to the master schedule. And finally a very important change is that Visualization, Planning, Analysis and Communication capabilities embedded in a new nD construction scheduling development process can improve the traditional scheduling process to the extent that this schedule could finally be used as a real production control mechanism that could lead to tackle problems proactively and re-schedule the project as necessary.

Information Technologies being used by the AEC industry are numerous. From fax machines to internet communications, from office automation software to advanced CAD applications, from laser sensors to automated data acquisition; all these technologies deal with information within the AEC industry. All these technologies reduce or replace human efforts, either physical or mental and have a profound effect on the AEC industry. The study of IT applications in construction is however, still a young field of research, still struggling to define its place within the large family of academic disciplines (Bjork, 99). This paper presents results of research about IT in construction. The focus of the paper are CAVT applied to the design and construction planning processes at the project operational level. Within the AEC industry we need to represent not only the visual animation information, but also the underlying information about facility components and activities (Kunz et al, 99). In that sense CAVT definition involves more than graphical representation features. A wider definition of CAVT is presented, involving their ability to visualize information regarding the ends (Product Models) and means (Process Models) for AEC project process development. Computer Graphics issues, central to CAVT in the AEC industry are overviewed and briefly discussed in this paper. Demand for higher quality displays and limitations of existing interfaces, powerful and affordability of new processors and software capabilities, and interoperability needs are discussed. Information Technology for the AEC industry involves the integration of all product development processes and the management of the information flow between them, irrespective of the data models chosen in the different implementations of one and the same process (Scherer, 94). Product and Process Modeling are the main topics related with the former approach, that have gained more attention in the last years within IT research in the AEC industry. Central to Product Models is the visual representation of the project product, commonly associated to some 3D CAD modeling effort. Different approaches have extended the "physical" representation of the project product, to include not only geometric information within it, but also the relying data which support the different activities during the several phases involved in an AEC project. This paper extends this approach to what will be defined as the Digital Reality. Process Modeling has been trying to represent the detailed tasks and transformation of specific entities among simultaneous activities oriented to complete a design into a constructed facility within AEC industry. Construction process modeling in form of 4D models is presented in this paper as the technology that will trigger the major changes expected from CAVT impact. The research is mainly based in the application of CAVT to a real project by an Engineering and Construction company which design stage is currently near 70% advanced. Three main processes were studied in the case project during the design phase: (1) 3D Modeling Design, (2) Constructability and (3) Construction Planning and Scheduling. The description of the impact of CAVT to these processes is described in this paper, and it is the main source from which insights presented in this paper come from.

The benefits of digital modeling in the production of new buildings has been studied and discussed among researchers. However, considering the large number of existing buildings in need of modernization, it is appropriate to evaluate the potential of BIM platform (Building Information Modeling) for this use. In this sense, this paper presents an experience where BIM platform is being used to model an existing building aimed at its modernization (retrofit), incorporating the environmental quality requirements set by AQUA certification (High Quality Environmental - Brazilian certification based on the French method HQE). A case study has been conducted with the design team that is modeling the headquarters of a major Brazilian company, located at Rio de Janeiro City, whose project was the result of a national competition held by the Institute of Architects of Brazil (IAB) in 1967. The modeling of the existing building creates a database that can aid in facilities management. The results obtained so far through the coordinating team indicate the need to review the current information management system in order to guarantee efficiency during the process of exchanging information among team members, enabling compatibility between design decisions. Anyway, it showed the potential of the platform in the facilities management.

This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal are based on some known architectural organization. The goal is to develop a basis for using fractals to suggest architectural forms.

During 2007 one-fifth of the world’s GDP was made up of project based work (Bredillet 2007: 3). Even functional organisations are experiencing a shift towards project-based management due to the fact that many repetitive activities
are being replaced by processes such as automation. On the other hand organisations are flatter in their structure with wider spans of control where teamwork is more prominent (Burke & Barron, 2007: 223).

There is in other words an overall shift towards project-based work around the globe which emphasises the need for proper project management and project leadership competencies to ensure project success (Thomas & Bendoly 2009:70).

This shift is altering the job requirements of management and leadership. As an example, instead of supervising repetitive activities, management in these organisations now often make use of projects to improve production or quality aspects which in the past would have been part of routine tasks. Managing
these projects demands a completely different skill set (Dinsmore 1999: 12; Wills 2010: 98).

Project management is especially prominent in the property development and construction industry and is also often influenced by this industry (Han, Yusof, Ismail & Aun 2011: 90). Property development projects are complex endeavours
as it involves numerous stakeholders and span over long periods of time, leaving it susceptible to the fast changing environment during the span of the project life cycle (Chan, Scott & Chan 2004: 153; Bauer 2006: 13).

Most professionals now agree that different projects require different managerial and leadership approaches and that the human factor related to these projects, influenced through leadership, is especially critical in the success of property
development and construction projects (Chan, Scott & Chan, 2004: 154; Muller & Turner 2007: 298; Han, Yusof, Ismail & Aun 2012: 91).

Several studies suggest that different leadership competency profiles better suit certain project types or even project phases and result thus in higher efficiency and successful outcomes if matched accordingly (Crawford, Hobbs & Turner 2005, as cited by Muller & Turner 2006: 21; Dulewicz & Higgs 2005: 106; Randeree & Chaudhry 2007: 220; Geoghegan & Dulewicz 2008: 58; Muller & Turner 2010: 85). These findings corresponds with literature on general management within an organisational context (Turner and Muller 2005: 49; Muller & Turner 2006: 21).

Efficiency, the process where lowest amount of input creates the highest level of output, is a necessity in this industry to render projects feasible and successful. Budget, time and cost constraints, which are known as the iron triangle of project management, are not the only criteria for project success, especially when it comes to the sustainability of the development company. Project leadership also focus on aspects such as self-leadership and stakeholder relationships (Burke & Barron 2007: 20) which is required for a sustainable existence of any development company.

Thus, to be an efficient leader in project environments certain competencies are required throughout the lifespan of a project.

The construction industry due to
characteristics such as the dynamic work
environments, the use of heavy equipment, and the
seemingly unavoidable worker-hazard interactions
which contribute to the disproportionate injury and
illness rates is one of the most hazardous industry
growing concern for safety has intensified regarding
this industry over the past decades. Following the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
contractors began implementing safety programs and
tools to reduce occupational safety and health hazards
on construction sites or even prevent it in design
stage. One new tools which may be used is building
information modeling (BIM). This article introduces
readers to the concept of BIM, its uses and benefits,
particularly with respect to construction safety.

2021 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Charrettes have a long history of use in medical, architectural, and planning professions. An extensive literature search found little application of the charrette model implemented to advance, support, and identify transdisciplinarity (TD) research, transdisciplinary teaming models (TDM), transdisciplinary learning (TDL) supporting transformative learning (TL) among participants. This study highlighted differing approaches among teams as they navigated ideation and proposed solutions advancing comprehension among students of applied disciplines and how each approached, negotiated, and solved community-based problems. I implemented a TDM charrette to address TDL in educational settings. This two charrette case study implemented 1) an exploratory investigation joined a competition to create a high school of the future in underserved Montbello, Colorado, and 2) a proposal to renovate and develop a historic homestead on a working cattle r...

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the ways that could enhance residents’ social interaction in low-rise residential building neighbourhoods of Basra city in Iraq. The lack of social interaction among residents of Basra city prompted the authors to frame a strategy for this case study. Design/methodology/approach – The spatial design characteristics of low-rise residential building neighbourhoods implicated to support the residents in terms of social interactions in comparison to those exhibited by a single home and traditional neighbourhoods. The statistical data demonstrated that by using this strategy, several unique features of secured, collective, responsive and supportive spaces could enhance the residents’ social interaction. Findings – This study found that all collective space factors have a significant influence on social interaction. “Fostering proper proximity and accessibility” factor was ranked first and the most significant factor with an influence on social int...

The Brazilian civil construction industry is growing rapidly, thanks to economic growth, environmental demands and improved technology. The industry became aware of the importance of the project in the production production cycle. At the same time, there is growing interest in environmental certifications. However, it should be noted that the incorporation of requirements related to sustainable design must address the sector's great traditionalism, particularly with regard to the belief that sustainable solutions are necessarily more expensive. In order to verify how this process is being conducted by the construction industry, particularly the marked real estate, an investigation was conducted. The main objective was to identify the impacts of incorporating environmental solutions into the design process. In addition to the documentary research of LEED and AQUA environmental certifications, the architects who participated in the design process were interviewed. The results indicate that, although the construction sector is changing, professionals are just beginning to get used to this new scenario.

In the design of biological research laboratories that deal with pathogens, the architect must incorporate aspects related to other disciplines, considering that the quality of those environments is related to biosafety concept. In order to meet the biosafety guidelines, the project coordinator must attempt to the compatibility among different requirements which are associated to the performance level expected in this kind of facility. Aiming to examine how biosafety guidelines have been incorporated in the design of laboratories that require biosafety level three (BSL3) it was developed a study of cases of facilities using post-occupancy evaluation methods. Through the post-occupancy evaluation it was possible to establish the state of the art of BSL3 laboratories in use in Brazil. The search for indicators of laboratories design proved that some architecture decisions are not constrained by biosafety guidelines. The study was conducted with the intention to contribute for the development of future projects.

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The building sector presents the greatest environmental and urban impacts, due to high energy use, pollution and the high consumption of raw materials, products and soil. In this context, methodologies for sustainable design with high environmental quality have gained prominence in the global scenario. Brazil only recently has taken its first steps towards sustainable construction. This initiative, however, is facing a
barrier in the highly inflated real estate market. Builders and investors are not yet willing to foot the costs of sustainable construction, known to be more costly than conventional one. However, some foreign entrepreneurs are investing in sustainability as a profitable business. This article aims to discuss strategies to obtain a profitable result through sustainable construction. Case studies were conducted in French
companies that have understood "green buildings" as an economic strategy. The results indicate that buildings designed considering the principles of eco-efficiency and high quality environmental can generate profit to those responsible for post-occupancy management. Therefore, the environmental sustainability of the endeavor can ensure the economic sustainability of the investor, which, after the construction, may also act in the post-occupancy phase, with economic benefits from the reduction of the consumption of natural resources.