Conspicuous Consumption

The trend of utilizing luxury brands among Generation Z in Indonesia is on the rise. The shifting landscape of priorities among young individuals in this evolving era often results in tertiary needs taking precedence as primary necessities. Consequently, a hedonistic mindset emerges when indulging in luxury brand consumption. Furthermore, the inclination towards specific luxury brands goes beyond mere consumption; it fosters the development of a brand-focused lifestyle among the youth. Hence, a research initiative was undertaken to elucidate how Generation Z perceives luxury brands. Employing an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) within a constructivist framework, alongside a qualitative exploratory approach, the study aimed to uncover participants' interpretations of luxury brands. Data were acquired through interviews, subsequently subjected to analysis using methodologies outlined by Smith, Flowers, and Larkin. The research findings underscored that one of the catalysts for this phenomenon lies in Generation Z's aspiration for acknowledgment and acceptance within society. Financial, functional, social, and individual values collectively contribute to shaping the significance attached to luxury brands among this demographic. Generation Z holds the belief that social validation can be garnered by enhancing their standard of living or social status through the adoption of luxury brands, fostering hedonism and brand-conscious behavior.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how envy of others affects the conspicuous consumption and overspending habits of Instagram users. Additionally, the study aims to examine the effect of self-esteem and social norms on conspicuous consumption and overspending. This empirical study used a proposed model, which was tested through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of 346 Turkish Instagram users. Path analyses were performed to validate the research hypothesis. The study findings elicited the effect of Instagram users' envy towards others has a significant and positive effect on both conspicuous consumption and overspending. Additionally, the study found that injunctive norms, which reflect the perceived social approval or disapproval of others, have a direct and positive effect on conspicuous consumption. On the other hand, descriptive norms, representing the perception of others' actual behavior, did not have a direct effect on conspicuous consumption. Regarding selfesteem, the results did not support the hypothesis that self-esteem has a direct and positive effect on conspicuous consumption. Furthermore, the study found a significant and positive relationship between conspicuous consumption and overspending, indicating that individuals who engage in conspicuous consumption are more likely to exceed their budget limits and engage in impulsive buying behaviors.

This paper presents and discusses the results of an empirical research whose objective was to discuss the relationship between the concepts of conspicuous consumption, status consumption and self-expression. For this, we have used the model proposed by , which suggests the existence of three fundamental dimensions in the explanation of conspicuous consumption, setting the discussion under the aegis of lifestyle, brand consciousness, consumption of status and self-expression. An online survey was implemented, which generated a database composed of 398 respondents who had attended a marriage ceremony in the last six months. For data analysis, the modeling of structural equations using the PLS approach was used. The results of the study suggest, among other findings, that there is a relatively strong association between the constructs status consumption and self-expression, it was also possible to verify a significant and positive influence between the dimensions of the construct conspicuous consumption with status consumption. In addition, we found that there is a strong influence between social conformity and status consumption and between status consumption and self-expression. Thus, the article contributes to the studies of consumption by advancing the discussion about the antecedents and consequences of conspicuous consumption and the relationship between conspicuity and status.

Purpose: This study wishes to explore the level of understanding of how consumers in the market perceive conspicuous consumption. Research methodology: A qualitative research process was applied for collecting and evaluating the information, and the data is collected using the Ethnographic and Netnographic approaches to conduct this study. Results: Customers buy luxury things based on aesthetic value, originality, social standing, desired states, and money use. For social standing, people purchase premium products. The desire to consume luxury items and services also encourage their conspicuous purchase, according to the research. People use luxury things to maximize their fortune. Limitations: This research is conducted within Bangladesh. If it is broader research and there is available time, the study can be performed in different regions of the country. Core data can be obtained if observing each respondent for a long time is possible. Contribution: According to this study, Bangl...

Recent scholarship in the history of modern interior design has moved beyond the rhetoric of the avant-garde to recognize the enduring importance of style as an expression of social identity and taste as a mediator between design and broader cultural trends. This shift highlights the complex interplay between aesthetic choices and socio-cultural dynamics. As a case study of this interplay, this paper employs a Veblenian perspective-based on the work of economist Thorstein Veblen, notably his 1899 book The Theory of the Leisure Class-to reexamine one of the most iconic examples of modern furniture: Frank Lloyd Wright's highbacked dining chair. Specifically, the paper explores the role of Wright's chair in the context of the formal dining room of one of Wright's largest Prairie-style houses, the Susan Lawrence Dana House in Springfield, Illinois, completed in 1903. Shifting focus from the production to the consumption of furniture, the paper investigates how Wright's dining chairs defined the relationship between what Veblen called the "leisure" and "laboring" classes within this domestic realm. Viewed in situ, Wright's iconic chair reveals a dichotomy deeply embedded within its design. While it was an advertisement for advanced industrial production, it also served as a luxury item created to fulfill the imperative of conspicuous consumption.

Thorstein Veblen was one of the great scholars of the twentieth century. Indeed, his most famous concept has entered the realm of cliché: conspicuous consumption. Yet the density of his prose has meant that his wider arguments about waste, class and capitalism have not travelled well into the 21st century. Therefore, this article combines the great scholar of the 20th century with one of the oddest products of the 21st century: the iPad. Exploring why the iPad emerged – in multiple versions – through the global economic crisis, Veblen’s theories of waste gain both renewed effectiveness and application.

Using the example of Grand Marshal of Lithuania Jan Stanislaw Sapieha (1589–1635), the author of the article examines the subject of magnates’ consumption in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the basis of the marshal’s revenue and expense ledger, register of correspondence and property inventories, the author presents the financial basis of the magnate’s power, analyses his revenues where possible, and discusses the structure and size of his expenses. The expenses stemmed from the need to maintain a large court corresponding to the status of the family and the offices held by Sapieha.

The surviving sources make it possible to discuss the marshal’s consumption in the run-up to the 1632 Election Sejm, during the Sejm and over the course of several months after the election of the king, when Sapieha and his family as well as his entourage returned to their everyday activities. The author of the article characterize the court, which was ‘growing’ during the Sejm deliberations, of one of Lithuania’s most powerful magnates. Soon after the election of the king, the court returned to its ordinary functioning, and in the following weeks it is possible to notice the commotion associated with preparations for the funeral of the marshal’s wife.

Sapieha spent most of his money on his entourage and remunerations, debt repayment, textiles, wine and overseas spices. His consumption habits, despite his health problems and limited activity in public life, did not differ from the norm in his milieu in terms of the type of spending and its proportion. What was also characteristic of the period was the strategy of building a lordly image, expressed primarily in the size of consumption. In most cases spending was also correlated with revenues, meaning that the money that flowed into the magnate’s treasury was very quickly spent on prestige-related purposes.

In times of rapid change, experience teaches that good management involves doing two things simultaneously: performing at a high level in the current environment and preparing for the future -a future that may differ from the present in significant ways. This dual focus on present performance and looking ahead was a hallmark of our work in 2004 -in economic analysis and monetary policy, in bank supervision and regulation, in financial services, and in all aspects of our organization. Economic conditions in 2004 highlight the challenge of managing in the present while preparing for the future. On balance, 2004 was a good year for the U.S. economy and the near-term outlook is promising. Economic conditions also brightened in New England. Longer term, however, our economy faces serious challenges. The U.S. economy performed quite well in 2004, both in comparison with the rest of the industrialized world and in light of our own recent record. Real GDP was up 4.4 percent from the previous year, a rate of growth above the average for the past 50 years or so and, even after recent surges in productivity, above what some would view as sustainable over the long run. Employment finally began to increase after several years of stagnation, and the unemployment rate drifted down. Moreover, the outlook for 2005 is encouraging. Relatively vigorous job growth should sustain consumption, even though fiscal and monetary policy have become less accommodative. Businesses enjoyed very strong profits in 2004, and balance sheets are in excellent Letter from the President Federal Reserve Bank of Boston our seventh decade, the Bank moved into its current home at 600 Atlantic Avenue, and the Reserve Banks began nationwide processing of Automated Clearing House electronic payments. Today, we are doing things like serving the U.S. Treasury with stored-value-card services for soldiers in far-flung places like Qatar, running internet firewall services for the entire Federal Reserve System, contributing to supervision policy nationally and internationally, and organizing economic conferences on issues ranging from the effectiveness of fiscal policy to the workplace challenges facing high-achieving women. We also are refurbishing the property surrounding our building, creating a beautiful and secure setting that will serve us many decades in the future. Last but far from least, I must acknowledge all the officers and staff who made these achievements possible. We will miss the many valued colleagues and friends who retired in 2004. I am also grateful to all those who served on the Bank's advisory groups; their insights have been most helpful in discerning the course of the economy and identifying emerging issues. The Bank's board of directors has been a valuable source of guidance, support, and energy in these challenging times. We especially thank Larry Fish, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Citizens Financial Group, who completed his three-year service as a director. The Bank has always played a crucial role in the financial and economic fabric of New England and the nation. By continuing to assess and improve our present policy contributions and services, and looking out towards the future, we are confident that we will meet the present and future needs of the public we are here to serve.

This paper aims to demonstrate the level to which Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) can be used for spatial analyses and, more specifically, Least-Cost-Path-Analysis (LCPA). To do this, ground-truthed routes which connected major Mycenaean hubs in the Argolid, such as Mycenae and Tiryns, were compared to generated least-cost-paths (LCPs) using both the FOSS platform QGIS and the proprietary software ArcGIS. There were two available options to generate LCPs in QGIS and one in ArcGIS. Different routes were produced in all three cases with the ones generated in QGIS appearing to be following the contours of the landscape and being closer to the surveyed paths. In the end the study shows that advanced spatial analyses can be conducted by employing FOSS. Additionally, thanks to their transparency and the provided tools being easy to understand, the methodologies are reliably replicable and reproducible, resulting in making the archaeological landscapes accessible to all. The research carried out for this paper falls under the SETinSTONE project, funded by an ERC consolidator grant (nbr 646667), under the direction of prof. Ann Brysbaert, and conducted

CONSUMER 5.0. Summary: The article examines from historical and comparative perspective the changes in final consumption as a result of transformation of technologies used in production, distribution, exchange and consumption during the First industrial revolution, the Second industrial revolution when consumption gradually assumes a leading role in the production process and gives birth to the "mass consumer" phenomenon, and the Third industrial revolution which gives rise to the niche consumer. Today, as the Fourth industrial revolution unfolds, a targeted and personalized consumer develops. The main features of this new type of consumer, related to the phenomenon of "prosumerism", as well as the factors that determined its emergence, are outlined, based on analysis of relevant specialized literature.

According to various economists, a main reason for a so-called demonstrative (conspicuous, ostentatious) consumption is a signaling of economic wealth, i.e. the aim to demonstrate a social status of the individual, or the aim to pretend so. The latter mentioned behavior generates a base for counterfeit (fake) goods consumption that imitates consumption of well-known brands and trademarks. We build a discrete choice model with binary dependent variables, which employs the data from the omnibus research in the Czech Republic and determines a probability of a certain action by certain individuals with common characteristics. Our results indicate that measures age, household income, size of community people live in and opinion about noxiousness of the market with counterfeits influence the probability of counterfeit goods purchase.

Consumers associate luxury with being expensive. But where do they perceive expensiveness to begin? Based on large representative samples from seven major countries this research reveals an extreme dispersion across consumers in their perceived minimum price of luxury, with a large majority citing very low price thresholds. This structure appears consistently for 21 different luxury products in all seven countries. This apparent contradiction between defining luxury as expensive and the prevalence of low price thresholds should not be seen as paradoxical but likely results from decades of "trading down" by luxury brands and "trading up" by consumers. Rather than grouping luxury consumers into distinct classes, these results suggest a continuum from the "happy few" to the less privileged. The findings contribute to academic research on luxury, as well as offer promising implications for luxury managers.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the moderating role of organizational agility (OA) between dynamic capabilities (DC) and market performance (MP) in SMEs in Turkey and Malaysia. The data was collected from 198 managers in both countries. The data was analyzed by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The research has found that there is a significant relationship between organizational agility and market performance, dynamic capabilities and market performance. The finding also reveals that organizational agility has a moderating role between dynamic capabilities and market performance. This research contributes to boosting scientific research, particularly in terms of testing the model content, as well as the variables and the factors affecting them. In addition, this research pointed to the need for organizations to practice organizational agility and dynamic capabilities in order to improve market performance. Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility vary according to environmental dynamism for a firm's market performance and high levels of dynamic capabilities may lead to upper market performance, as market performance is often more directly tied to SMEs organizational agility. Moreover, managers should account for dynamic capabilities while assessing the effects of it on organizational agility and firm performance.

Impulse buying shows purchasing behavior without thinking, and contains cognitive and affective dimensions.
There were many factors that affect impulse buying tendency in literature. In this research, it was aimed to analyze how
store environment factors such as ambient and design, and conspicuous consumption orientation impact impulse buying
tendency in the apparel industry in Turkey. Within this aim, face-to-face survey technique was used, and the field study
was conducted in the third biggest city of Turkey, Izmir, with convenience sampling. Total 226 questionnaires were held.
Data were analyzed via structural equation modelling. It was found out that store environment only influenced affective
impulse buying tendency whereas conspicuous consumption orientation affected both cognitive and affective impulse
buying tendencies. It was advised to apparel retailers that they should improve store environment factors that lead to
impulse buying, and also, they should be careful about the features of conspicuous consumption to support impulse buying
tendencies.

The conspicuous consumption among young generation consumers is a general trend in sport goods. The purpose of the study is to reveal the dimensions of conspicuous consumption related to sport products and to analyze the effects of conspicuous consumption on consumer happiness. Self-administered questionnaires were collected with 680 university students in a city of Eskisehir in Turkey. The results of analyzes reveal four valid dimensions (happiness and wellbeing, status, prestige, and symbolic product characteristics) and indicate significant relationship between conspicuous consumption dimensions and happiness and wellbeing as dependent variable. As a conclusion, the three factors, underlying conspicuous consumption, plays a critical role in the marketing and consumer behavior context, and that the managers of sport products should pay attention the larger part of young generations.

This research investigated how the use of a prominent versus subtle branding strategy and status consumption affect consumers' intention to buy luxury products across emerging and mature markets. To this end, an experimental study with consumers in India (emerging market) and the United States (mature market) was conducted. The results suggest that Indian (but not U.S.) consumers with a higher status consumption tendency are more willing to purchase prominently branded luxury products than subtly branded ones. On the other hand, U.S. (but not Indian) consumers with a lower status consumption tendency are more willing to purchase subtly branded luxury products than prominently branded ones. The paper discusses these findings, highlights their contribution to luxury research, and illustrates their practical value for luxury companies interested in targeting mature and emerging markets.

This study aims to analyze the brand personalities of new generation virtual influencers such as
Aypera and Alara in Turkey's rapidly evolving digital marketing environment. These rising
virtual influencers on social media platforms have become an important marketing tool for
brands. In line with the criteria of the brand personality scale created by Aaker, the Instagram
posts of two virtual influencers were analyzed in terms of brand personality by using content
analysis method. As a result of the study; 98 posts in Aypera's account were coded according
to Aaker's brand personality dimensions and sub-dimensions and it was revealed that brand
personality has five dimensions. The distribution of the dimensions; 51% sincerity, 37.75%
excitement, 8.33% sophistication, 1.85% masculine. As a result of the coding of 108 posts in
Alara X's account, it was determined that the brand personality has 4 dimensions. The
distribution of the dimensions; 36.11% sophistication, 34.25% excitement, 27.77% sincerity,
1.85% masculinity. Brand personality dimensions and sub-dimensions were also visualized by
creating a word cloud in the study. This study sheds valuable light for marketers, academics
and business professionals who want to understand the brand personalities of Turkey's first
virtual influencers Aypera and Alara X on social media and develop strategies in this area.

Instagram günümüzde en yaygın kullanılan sosyal medya platformlarından
birisidir. Daha çok görsel paylaşımına imkân sunan Instagram’da her kesimden kullanıcı diğer kullanıcıların fotoğraflarını, videolarını beğenebilmekte, yorum yapabilmekte ve kendileri de aynı şekilde paylaşımlar yapabilmektedirler. Kişiler Instagram’daki paylaşımlarıyla kendilerini gösterebilme, onaylanma ve yeni kimlikler edinebilmektedir. Diğer sosyal medya platformlarından farklı olarak Instagram’ın kullanıcılarının fotoğrafları paylaşmadan önce çözünürlüklerini ve rengini değiştirmeye, rötuş yapmaya olanak tanıyan bir dizi filtre özelliğine sahiptir.
Tüm bu özellikleriyle Instagram diğer sosyal medya platformları içerisinde gösteriş alanı olma ve gösterişçi tüketime özendirme konusunda öncü rol oynamaktadır.
Gösterişç i tüketimin sosyal medya platformlarından; Instagram üzerinde
sergilenmesini inceleyecek bu çalışmada öncelikle tüketim ve gösterişçi tüketim olgusu ele alınacak, ardından sosyal medya kavramı ve Instagram sosyal medya aracı incelenerek gösterişçi tüketim ile arasındaki ilişki ortaya koyulacaktır.
Çalışmanın sonunda Instagram kullanıcılarının Instagram’ı gösterişçi tüketim mecrası olarak kullanıp kullanmadıkları ölçümleyebilmek ve kullanıcıların demografik özellikleriyle gösterişçi tüketim eğilimleri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olup olmadığını tespit etmeye yönelik uygulanan anketin sonuçları nicel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilecektir.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how envy of others affects the conspicuous consumption and overspending habits of Instagram users. Additionally, the study aims to examine the effect of self-esteem and social norms on conspicuous consumption and overspending. This empirical study used a proposed model, which was tested through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of 346 Turkish Instagram users. Path analyses were performed to validate the research hypothesis. The study findings elicited the effect of Instagram users' envy towards others has a significant and positive effect on both conspicuous consumption and overspending. Additionally, the study found that injunctive norms, which reflect the perceived social approval or disapproval of others, have a direct and positive effect on conspicuous consumption. On the other hand, descriptive norms, representing the perception of others' actual behavior, did not have a direct effect on conspicuous consumption. Regarding selfesteem, the results did not support the hypothesis that self-esteem has a direct and positive effect on conspicuous consumption. Furthermore, the study found a significant and positive relationship between conspicuous consumption and overspending, indicating that individuals who engage in conspicuous consumption are more likely to exceed their budget limits and engage in impulsive buying behaviors.

Amaç - Bu çalışmanın amacı, modern-kapitalist toplumu mülkiyet-kültür ilişkisi
bağlamında analize tabi tutmak ve Sosyolojik bir bakış açısıyla yeniden tanımlamak,
betimlemek ve bir toplumsal tipoloji kavramsallaştırması yapmaktır.
Yöntem - Bu çalışma mevcut literatürün sunduğu sınırlı ve dağınık verilerin, genel bilgi,
gözlem ve tecrübelerle yoğrulması sayesinde yapılmış teorik bir çalışmadır.
Bulgular - Bu çalışma, günümüz toplumunu bir Özenti Toplumu olarak
nitelendirmektedir. Özenti Toplumu analizi içinde kendisiyle birlikte dört tabaka
mevcuttur. Bunlar sırasıyla Haddini Bilen Fakirler, Özentiler, Sonradan Görmeler ve Kültürlü
Zenginler şeklinde sıralanmaktadır.
Sonuç – Bu çalışmanın iddiasına göre, günümüz modern-kapitalist toplumu, Özenti
Toplumu diye nitelendirmek ve kavramsallaştırmak mümkündür. Özentiler kendisi
olamayıp, başkası gibi olmaya ve davranmaya çalışırlar. Özentilerin oluşumunu sağlayan
tabaka ise Sonradan Görmelerdir. Sonradan Görmelerin paranın gücüne dayanarak kısa
zamanda sosyal prestij elde etmeye çalışmaları ve her bakımdan orantısız harcam a
yapmaları toplumun geri kalan çoğunluğunu özenti durumuna düşürmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Modern-Kapitalist Toplum, Kültür-mülkiyet İlişkisi, Kültürel
Taşıma Kapasitesi, Kültürel Gecikme, Özenti Toplumu.

Purpose - The aim of this study is to analyze modern-capitalist society in the context
of the property-culture relationship, redefine, describe, and conceptualize a social
typology from a Sociological approach
Methodology - This study is a theoretical work that has been developed by synthesizing
the limited and scattered data presented in the existing literature with general knowledge,
observations, and experiences.
Findings - This study characterizes contemporary society as a Wannabe Society. Within
the analysis of the Wannabe Society, there are four strata. These are, in order: Modest
Poors, Wannabees, Nouveau Riches, and Cultured Riches.
Conclusions – According to the claim of this study, it is possible to characterize and
conceptualize modern-capitalist society as a Wannabe Society. Wannabees are those
who cannot be themselves and try to act and be like others. The stratum that facilitates
the formation of Wannabees is the Nouveau Riches. The Nouveau Riches' efforts to
quickly gain social prestige through the power of money and their disproportionate
spending in every respect cause the majority of the rest of the society to fall into a state
of wannabeism.
Keywords: Modern-Capitalist Society, Property-Culture Relationship, Cultural Carrying
Capacity, Cultural Lag, Wannabe Society.

Kuşaklar arası farklılıklar, bireylerin hem çalışma hayatında hem de günlük hayatında farklı yönde karar almalarına neden olabilmektedir. Öyle ki bir bireyin lüks bir mal veya hizmeti satın alırken, onu işlevselliğine göre mi yoksa statü kazandırmasına göre mi satın aldığını belirlemek için ait olduğu kuşağın özelliklerine bakmak yararlı olacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra yaşanan teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte Y ve Z kuşağının teknolojiye ve online platformlara olan bağımlılık düzeylerinin farklılaşması, "Çok kanallı satın alma davranışlarından showrooming ve webroomingi bu iki kuşak arasında farklılaştırabilir mi?" sorusunu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın temel amacı, Y ve Z kuşağının lüks marka ürünlerini satın alma sürecinde showrooming ve webrooming yönelimlerinin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığının incelenmesidir. Buna ek olarak Y kuşağı ve Z kuşağı katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine (yaş, cinsiyet, aylık gelir, medeni durum, meslek) göre showrooming ve webrooming yönelimlerinin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı da araştırmanın diğer hipotezlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Türkiye'de yaşayan 251 Y ve Z kuşağı bireyin showrooming ve webrooming tercihleri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; Y ve Z kuşaklarının lüks marka ürünlerini satın alma sürecinde showrooming ve webrooming yönelimlerinin farklılaşmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Demografik özelliklere göre showrooming ve webrooming yönelimleri analiz edildiğinde ise sadece eğitim durumlarına göre Y ve Z kuşağı webrooming davranışlarının gruplar arası farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

The notion of conspicuous consumption (Veblen 1899) suggests that consumers spend lavishly on goods to that symbolize status and visibly communicate wealth and status to others. Analysis of multiple product categories, however, indicates an inverted-U relationship between price and the presence of logos or brand names: High-end products are actually less likely to contain such clear brand markers. Further, experimental studies show that high-end products which use more subtle markers are harder for observers to recognize, more likely to be perceived as cheaper generic equivalents, and less likely to be perceived as status symbols. This research explains this seeming inconsistency through social identity and distinction. Mainstream consumers prefer explicitly marked products which are widely recognizable symbols of prestige. Consequently, insiders prefer subtle markers that differentiate them from the mainstream and thus facilitate communication with others in the know. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the communication of identity, brand management, and the success of cultural products.

Emotional antecedents of schadenfreude—joy experienced when observing another's downfall—were investigated in a status consumption context. Across 3 studies, status product failure produced schadenfreude and led to intentions to spread negative word‐of‐mouth (studies 1, 2), and increased negative affect and overall negative attitudes toward the status brand (study 3). Furthermore, studies 1 and 2 suggest that envy (particularly of social attention) can lead to schadenfreude by transmuting into hostile emotions. Finally, these studies suggest that schadenfreude in a consumption context can be precipitated by factors such as degree of target advantage and flaunting of the status product.

Consumer behavior and sociological research have recognized early on the negative externalities of exposure to conspicuous consumption: anxiety, debt and wasteful consumption. This article contributes to political economy by incorporating the costs of exposure to wealth-signaling consumption into the materialist self-interest model of social policy preferences. The argument is that exposure to conspicuous consumption reduces support for social spending and increases demand for lower income taxes. Tax cuts impact purchasing power directly, allowing individuals to keep up with consumption standards and to avoid looking poor by comparison. Two USA-based analyses using fine-grained data on consumption and individual attitudes at the zip code and county level support the argument. Importantly, less-affluent citizens are more likely to prioritize cuts to social spending over tax increases, at higher levels of conspicuous consumption. Additional analyses rule out alternative explanations l...

The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of attitudes towards travel influencers on social media on conspicuous consumption and the fear of missing out (FOMO) and to present the accumulated knowledge and recommendations expected to create a widespread impact on tourism businesses. In this context, the population of the paper consists of individuals aged 18 and over living in Türkiye who use Instagram as a social media channel, and the sample consists of a total of 388 people selected through the convenience sampling method. According to the findings, influencer credibility, consumption interest, and personal image representation have a positive effect on both personal and social FOMO. These findings indicate that trust in influencers increases participants' fear of missing out on things both personally and socially. Additionally, it is stated that individuals who tend to purchase branded products for increased consumption and to stand out increase their concerns when they are not active on social media.

The article examines from historical and comparative perspective the changes in final consumption as a result of transformation of technologies used in production, distribution, exchange and consumption during the First industrial revolution, the Second industrial revolution when consumption gradually assumes a leading role in the production process and gives birth to the "mass consumer" phenomenon, and the Third industrial revolution which gives rise to the niche consumer. Today, as the Fourth industrial revolution unfolds, a targeted and personalized consumer develops. The main features of this new type of consumer, related to the phenomenon of "prosumerism", as well as the factors that determined its emergence, are outlined, based on analysis of relevant specialized literature.

Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.

Consumption involves acquiring cultural signs and symbols so that the symbols' meaning gets associated with you and your identity -this is also called consumerism Consumption also about the aspirations and desires for our lifestyle that we post on social media, not just the products we already own

This research explores the dynamics of masculinity and the concept of the female gaze through the lens of the iconic Barbie and Ken relationship in Barbie (2023). Contrary to conventional narratives surrounding the male gaze, this study delves into the less-explored territory of the female gaze and its implications on men, as represented in the Barbie franchise. The premise centers around Barbie's perception of Ken's existence, arguing that initially his identity is intricately tied to her gaze. However, the female gaze analyzed here is a pressure that Ken's patriarchal mindset puts on himself. In the movie, Ken has to learn that his identity formation based upon the gaze of the subject of attraction essentially lacks a healthy coherence. This perspective offers a unique angle to dissect the power dynamics and implications of the female gaze on masculinity.

In the digital era, social media platforms play a vital role in shaping the self-image and consumption behaviors of individuals, making it essential to investigate the relationships between these variables. This study seeks to determine how Social Media Usage (SMU) and Self-Image Congruity (SIC) influence Online Conspicuous Consumption (OCC) among young adults. Using a cross-sectional survey methodology, a purposive sample of 262 individuals was recruited. The questionnaire contained four sections: Demographic information, SMU, SIC, and OCC questionnaires. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Findings revealed a significant impact of social media usage and self-image congruity on online conspicuous consumption. The findings of this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the psychological and behavioral effects of social media and have significant implications for a wide range of stakeholders, such as individuals, marketers, legislators, and academics. Despite its limitations, this study provides the groundwork for future research into the complex interaction between SMU, SIC, and OCC in diverse cultural and geographic contexts. The findings can be used to inform marketing strategies, policy formulation, and ethical use of social media in the digital age, thereby enhancing individual and societal well-being.

Social media refers to the platforms that were introduced during the advent of Web 2.0. These platforms permit users to create and manage their own content. Additionally, social media has been instrumental in transforming our understanding of identity. It has become mandatory for social media users to demonstrate and authenticate their identity to others. This responsibility has spurred some users to cultivate a new persona or augment their current one by sharing unrealistic content with the intention of receiving recognition, adoration and esteem. Moreover, social media has a significant impact on consumption patterns. Historically, consumption was solely about fulfilling basic needs, whereas today it has taken on more of a symbolic meaning. Two examples of this phenomenon include conspicuous consumption and status consumption. The research aims to identify distinctions in social media usage, conspicuous and status consumption trends, and holiday preferences between generations as potential tourists, with the purpose of creating a desirable image. The study analyzed data derived from 697 potential tourists and concluded that there are variations in the use of image-centric social media, conspicuous consumption, and holiday preferences across X, Y and Z generations. No differences in terms of status consumption were found. However, these variances do play an important role in the consumption habits of various generations and the technological opportunities available during their formative years. Marketers can positively affect the effectiveness of their marketing activities through careful analysis of generational consumption patterns and the development of targeted marketing approaches for specific generations.

We study real estate purchases by major company CEOs, compiling a database of the principal residences of nearly every top executive in the Standard & Poor's 500 index. When a CEO buys real estate, future company performance is inversely related to the CEO's liquidation of company shares and options for financing the transaction. We also find that, regardless of the source of finance, future company performance deteriorates when CEOs acquire extremely large or costly mansions and estates. We therefore interpret large home acquisitions as signals of CEO entrenchment. Our research also provides useful insights for calibrating utility based models of executive compensation and for understanding patterns of Veblenian conspicuous consumption.

A partir del caso del Pirineo catalán, nos interesa analizar la emergencia de un discurso crítico inédito hasta este momento en la región que se opone abiertamente a lo que cada vez más se denomina como “monocultivo turístico”. En el marco de una serie de proyectos no necesariamente coordinados pero que se reconocen como parte de una lucha colectiva por modelos contrahegemónicos de desarrollo social, opuestos a las lógicas de explotación dominantes del capitalismo y que hemos denominado como “resistencias rurales”, se consolida un discurso crítico que organiza nuevos imaginarios de lucha y propone formas alternativas. Se constata, en este contexto, el surgimiento de un paisaje de movilización social que responde a intereses y perspectivas compartidas y permite avistar, en muchos casos, un horizonte de exploración de alternativas que tiene el potencial de promover nuevos debates.

Self-financing courses are the need of the hour, not only to meet the requirement of educated labour force for attaining higher growth in the economy but also toreap the benefits of "demographic dividend". In India, the prices of these courses vary widely; so do their quality.The presence of informational asymmetry' makes it more difficult to ascertain quality. This informational asymmetry alsoactsasa boonto privateproviders. Promotion of competition by way of giving a 'level playing field' to

Cette thèse propose de construire une ethno-poïétique, questionnant notamment la complémentarité opératoire entre la poïétique et l'ethnographie. La première, centrale dans cette étude, est considérée comme science et philosophie de l'instauration créatrice, attentive au caractère dynamique unissant l'homo faber à sa mise en oeuvre. La seconde, complémentaire, s'attache autant à l'enquêteur, lorsqu'il est aux prises avec le « terrain », qu'aux singularités de l'ethnos qu'il rencontre, motivé par le désir de comprendre une diversité en constante transformation et faite de divergences. Aussi l'ethno-poïétique pose-telle la question de la conception cartographique en tant que représentation dynamique. Celleci se donne comme objectifs de traduire des « effets-mondes » comme modélisations structurantes (incluant des chemins de traverse) et les fictionnalisations actives de l'« enquêteur-concepteur » (jouant avec le hasard). Mais aussi de concevoir des paysages chromatiques de cultures matérielles singulières, considérant les relations unissant le teinturier, le matériau colorant et le lieu de sa ponction. Pour trouver les matériaux utiles à l'invention, une étude sera menée sur les pratiques tinctoriales japonaises et sur la conception de tendances (design management). Celle-ci s'employant à combiner des « lieux images » et des énoncés performatifs pour des processus d'identification, la question de l'articulation entre mémoire et imagination sera posée à différents niveaux de l'analyse. In fine, des « pratiques-usages », des symbolisations et des techniques traditionnelles seront appropriées pour une pratique artistique contemporaine. Ainsi, une pensée de la relation va s'instaurer, en filigrane de l'étude.

Using nationally representative data on consumption, we show that Blacks and Hispanics devote larger shares of their expenditure bundles to visible goods (clothing, jewelry, and cars) than do comparable Whites. We demonstrate that these differences exist among virtually all sub-populations, that they are relatively constant over time, and that they are economically large. While racial differences in utility preference parameters might account for a portion of these consumption differences, we emphasize instead a model of status seeking in which conspicuous consumption is used to reflect a household's economic position relative to a reference group. Using merged data on race and state level income, we demonstrate that a key prediction of our model-that visible consumption should be declining in mean reference group income-is strongly borne out in the data separately for each racial group. Moreover, we show that accounting for differences in reference group income characteristics explains most of the racial difference in visible consumption. We conclude with an assessment of the role of conspicuous consumption in explaining lower spending by racial minorities on items likes health and education, as well as their lower rates of wealth accumulation.

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston our seventh decade, the Bank moved into its current home at 600 Atlantic Avenue, and the Reserve Banks began nationwide processing of Automated Clearing House electronic payments. Today, we are doing things like serving the U.S. Treasury with stored-value-card services for soldiers in far-flung places like Qatar, running internet firewall services for the entire Federal Reserve System, contributing to supervision policy nationally and internationally, and organizing economic conferences on issues ranging from the effectiveness of fiscal policy to the workplace challenges facing high-achieving women. We also are refurbishing the property surrounding our building, creating a beautiful and secure setting that will serve us many decades in the future. Last but far from least, I must acknowledge all the officers and staff who made these achievements possible. We will miss the many valued colleagues and friends who retired in 2004. I am also grateful to all those who served on the Bank's advisory groups; their insights have been most helpful in discerning the course of the economy and identifying emerging issues. The Bank's board of directors has been a valuable source of guidance, support, and energy in these challenging times. We especially thank Larry Fish, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Citizens Financial Group, who completed his three-year service as a director. The Bank has always played a crucial role in the financial and economic fabric of New England and the nation. By continuing to assess and improve our present policy contributions and services, and looking out towards the future, we are confident that we will meet the present and future needs of the public we are here to serve.

This paper is an empirical examination of the process of 'super-gentrification' in the Brooklyn Heights neighbourhood of New York City. This intensified regentrification is happening in a few select areas of global cities like London and New York that have become the focus of intense investment and conspicuous consumption by a new generation of super-rich 'financifiers' fed by fortunes from the global finance and corporate service industries. This latest resurgence of gentrification can be distinguished from previous rounds of revitalisation and poses important questions about the historical continuity of current manifestations of gentrification with previous generations of neighbourhood change.

To shed further light on the correlation between consumer product involvement and consumer product knowledge, the authors examined such correlation by treating product type and product knowledge type as moderating variables. The results show that the correlation between a consumer's product involvement and objective product knowledge is higher in a utilitarian product than in a hedonic product. On the contrary, the correlation between a consumer's product involvement and subjective product knowledge is higher in a hedonic product than in a utilitarian product. The implications of these results are discussed.

Veblenci tuketim yapisinin 21. yuzyilda da gecerli oldugu soylenebilmekte, esitsizlik artisiyla birlikte bireyler gelirlerindeki artisla orantisiz bir tuketim harcamasi duzeyini surdurebilmektedir. Benzer sekilde Nispi Gelir Hipotezi de, bireylerin tuketim harcamalarinin kendi gelir duzeylerinin yaninda icinde bulunduklari sosyal statu gruplarinin gelir ve tuketim duzeylerine bagli oldugunu kabul ederek gosterisci tuketime isaret etmektedir. Bu calismada amacimiz Turkiye'de gelir esitsizligi ve gosterisci tuketim arasindaki olasi baglantinin yonunu iktisadi perspektiften ele almaktir. Calismada Gini katsayisi ile secili gosterisci tuketim harcama kalemlerinin toplam harcamalar icindeki payi arasindaki iliski Turkiye'de bolgesel duzeyde panel en kucuk kareler tahmincileri araciligiyla konmaya calisilmaktadir. Analiz kapsaminda 2006-2014 periyodu esas alinmaktadir. Bulgular, esitsizligin gosterisci tuketim harcamalarini genel olarak pozitif etkiledigini ortaya koymaktadir. Esd...

We are writing as contributors to, and editors of, the volume Conspicuous Consumption in Africa (WUP, 2019), to express our deep concern at a review of this book which was published in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44/8, 2021, pp. 1445–1447. Milazzo’s overall line of argument in her review is that our book provides “a twenty first century version of this white supremacist argument: Black people should not own anything because they will squander whatever they have” (1447). The book, she alleges, “silences white dominance and white ‘material excess’; and ‘pathologizes Black people as being simply unfit for freedom’” (1447). These are serious allegations, and one assumes that they would not be made lightly. Coming in the form of an academic review, in a leading academic journal, one imagines they would be grounded in careful analysis and argument, engaging substantively with the text of the volume and demonstrating a careful and full reading thereof. We are struck, however, by the apparen...

L'endossement des célébrités par les marques de luxe s'étend désormais à des célébrités quelque peu inattendues au vu de l'histoire de ces marques et de leurs égéries. Historiquement tournées vers des stars du grand écran, des mannequins, ou des sportifs, les marques de luxe se dirigent aujourd'hui aussi vers des stars des réseaux sociaux et du monde de la musique, rap notamment. Dans ce contexte perturbé, notre recherche vise à apporter une réflexion sur l'utilisation d'égéries incongruentes par les marques de luxe et sur l'impact de ces nouveaux endosseurs sur la perception de la personnalité. A ce titre, nous menons une expérimentation intra-sujets (condition neutre vs condition incongruente) en utilisant des artistes rap-Kaaris et Eddy De Pretto-associés à des marques de luxe, respectivement Dior et Hermès. Nos résultats montrent que l'incongruence joue un rôle important à travers la perception de la personnalité de la marque en modifiant significativement quatre de ses cinq dimensions.

Religion is part of culture that helps explain shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors of a society.Therefore, the key question is how does religion predicts the conspicuous behavior of people towards the purchase of luxury goods? How do the different levels of religiosity shape consumer's decision making process? In specific, we are interested to explore 'religiosity' as one of the predictive factors of a consumerism culture that may help explain why people engage in conspicuous consumption. Our goal in this paper is to shed light on the cultural patterns of conspicuous consumption behavior based on religiosity, i.e. different levels and intensity of their religious values.In specific, we will further discuss and present three propositions based on a general 'value-attitude-behavior' research framework that suggest the effect of religious commitment and affiliation on conspicuous consumption behavior.Finally,we will. conclude the paper with some ...

This paper presents a simple evolutionary model to study the diffusion patterns of product innovations for consumer goods. Following a Veblenian theme, we interpret consumption as a social activity constrained by social norms and equality of opportunity. Societies that allow for more behavioral variety will experience faster adoption of new consumer goods. We also find that the speed of diffusion as well as the saturation levels reached highly depend on the equality of opportunity. Combining these two effects, we conclude that a social structure displaying behavioral variety and equal opportunities dominates any other social setup in terms of the speed of adoption of product innovations.