Condominium Property

Dieses Papier untersucht die Entstehung einer Sanierungskultur in Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaften (WEGs) und die sozialen Mechanismen, die deren Verbreitung beeinflussen. Im Zentrum steht der "Häufigkeitsabhängigkeitseffekt", bei dem die Bereitschaft zur Sanierung durch die Anzahl der Befürworter innerhalb der Gemeinschaft beeinflusst wird. Der "Kipppunkt", ab dem eine Sanierungskultur sich selbst verstärkt und eine kritische Masse erreicht, wird als Schlüsselfaktor identifiziert. Das Papier diskutiert die Rolle von Hausverwaltungen als Katalysatoren für diesen Prozess und gibt praxisorientierte Empfehlungen, wie diese gezielt die Entscheidungsträger in der Gemeinschaft ansprechen können. Es wird auch auf die Bedeutung externer Anreize und staatlicher Förderprogramme hingewiesen, die den Sanierungsprozess beschleunigen können.

Schlüsselwörter: Sanierungskultur, Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft (WEG), Hausverwaltung, Häufigkeitsabhängigkeitseffekt, Sanierungsparadoxon, Kipppunkt, kritische Masse, externe Anreize, Förderprogramme, digitale Plattformen.

This paper examines the emergence of a renovation culture in homeowner associations (HOAs) and the social mechanisms that influence its spread. At its core is the "frequency dependence effect," where the willingness to undertake renovations is shaped by the number of supporters within the community. A key factor identified is the "tipping point," beyond which a renovation culture becomes self-reinforcing and reaches a critical mass. The paper discusses the role of property management companies as catalysts in this process and provides practical recommendations on how they can effectively engage decision-makers within the community. Additionally, it highlights the importance of external incentives and government subsidy programs that can accelerate the renovation process.

Keywords: renovation culture, homeowner association (HOA), property management, frequency dependence effect, renovation paradox, tipping point, critical mass, external incentives, subsidy programs, digital platforms.

ÖZET: Günümüz sosyal ve ekonomik koşulları, çevresel etkenler ve imar planlarıyla öngörülen yapılaşma kuralları gereği, özellikle şehirlerde apartman ve site biçiminde toplu yerleşim yerlerinde yaşamak bir tercih değil, bir zorunluluk olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Bu toplu yerleşim yerlerinde ikamet edenlerin, toplu yaşamanın getirdiği birtakım yükümlülükleri bulunduğu gibi; söz konusu toplu yerleşimlerin yöneticilerinin de muhtelif yükümlülükleri bulunmaktadır. Yöneticilerin görevlerine ve sorumluluklarına ilişkin düzenlemelere esas olarak Kat
Mülkiyeti Kanununda yer verilmiştir. Kat Mülkiyeti Kanununda yer alan yönetici yükümlülüklerinden birisi de yöneticinin isim ve adres bilgilerini ana gayrimenkulün girişine, herkesin rahatlıkla görebileceği biçimde asma yükümlülüğüdür.
Kanun koyucu, bahse konu bilgileri asmama davranışını kabahat olarak düzenlemiş ve norma aykırı davranışı para cezası yaptırımına tabi tutmuştur. Ancak uygulamada bu kabahatin nasıl yaptırıma tabi tutulacağı ve yaptırıma karşı hangi hukuki yollara başvurulacağı konusunda tartışmalar yaşanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yöneticinin bilgi asma yükümlülüğü, yükümlülüğe uymamanın sonuçları, norma aykırı hareketin ve yaptırımın niteliği, cezayı kimin vereceği, para cezasına karşı yasal yollara müracaatın mümkün olup olmadığı hususları konunun tarihi seyriyle birlikte incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

ABSTRACT: Due to today’s social and economic situations, environmental impacts and construction rules necessary condition of an zoning plans, living in mass settlements in the form of apartments and sites, especially in cities, is not a choice but a compulsory.
Those who live in these collective settlements have certain compulsory that come with collective living. Also managers of mass settlements also have various compulsory. Regulations regarding the duties and responsibilities of apartment superintendent are mainly included in the Condominium Act. One of the apartment superintendent’s compulsory in the Condominium Act is the obligation to hang the apartment superintendent’s name and address (contact) information at the entrance of the real estate main gate in a way that everyone can easily see.
The lawmaker has regulated the behavior of not posting the information in question as a misdemeanor and subjected the behavior against the norm to a fine. However, in implementation, it is controversial how this misdemeanor will be sanctioned and which legal remedies can be applied against the sanction. In this study; we tried to examine the building superintendent’s imperative to disclose information, the consequences of not complying with the compulsory, the nature of the breach of the law and the sanction, who will impose the fine and whether it is possible to take legal action against the fine, together with the historical course of the issue.

Condominium maintenance is a critical issue in Albania. After the fall of communism, the ownership and maintenance responsibilities of hundreds of thousands of flats that were constructed and owned by the state was transferred to their occupants. In the capital, Tirana, there was also a huge wave of new condominium construction after 1990. A new law on the management and maintenance of condominium building was recently adopted and is in the early stages of implementation. This article discusses how residents of condominiums actually manage the maintenance of their buildings in Tirana. It reveals that condominium laws have had little impact and that the performance of maintenance tasks is based on informal and often ad-hoc agreements, in keeping with the cultural norms of the society and the actual financial situation of the residents.

This article analyses competition legislation through the lenses of national constitutions, given that these constitutions establish the foundational structures of national legal systems to which competition laws inherently belong. Building on existing constitutional literature, it posits that competition laws should be construed in accordance with the values promoted in national constitutions. The analysis is situated within the contemporary discourse surrounding the ongoing 'just transition' towards a carbon-neutral economy, i.e., a process in which socioeconomic values (pertaining to the right to work, right to healthcare, and right to food) and environmental values (pertaining to a clean environment, biodiversity, and reducing emissions) constitute guiding tenets. Such a context invites the question of whether competition laws should be built and interpreted in a manner that facilitates the enhanced integration of socioeconomic and environmental values enshrined in national constitutions. These contemplations are pivotal, since law plays a constitutive role in designing socioeconomic structures, with the structuring of competitive markets being no exception. In light of this, the paper conducts a review of how national constitutions across the world safeguard competitive markets, socioeconomic values, and environmental values. Specifically, the article categorizes the regulatory frameworks identified within all 52 national constitutions that explicitly protect competitive markets alongside socioeconomic and environmental values. Subsequently, the paper transitions to an examination of two countries-Poland and South Africa-to elucidate how national competition laws reflect constitutional choices. It demonstrates that their constitutions and competition laws were shaped in a manner that offers a different space for incorporation of socioeconomic and environmental values in the interpretation of competition laws. The article relies on an analysis of the texts of national constitutions and competition statutes, as well as selected case law of constitutional courts and ordinary courts. Overall, the article seeks to incite an academic discourse regarding the significance of national constitutions in the realm of antitrust. At the same time, it expands upon the literature concerning economic constitutions, especially regarding the European Union and its Member States.

Nel 2024 le Sezioni Unite della Corte di Cassazione hanno ribaltato l’orientamento giurisprudenziale tradizionale, ammettendo la possibilità di costituire una servitù prediale di parcheggio. Tale pronuncia rappresenta un significativo revirement rispetto al passato, in cui la giurisprudenza negava l’ammissibilità di tale tipo di servitù, ritenendo che la mera possibilità di parcheggiare un’autovettura su un fondo altrui non potesse configurare un’utilità inerente al fondo dominante.

This paper foresees a critical analysis and development of a legislative proposal for the effective implementation of blockchain technology in Civil Mediation in conflicts in condominiums. This paper provides a legal analysis of personal, property rights and condominium disputes, applying blockchain technology for the purpose of self-executing civil mediation. This paper provides several solutions for conflicts in condominiums: Condominium Statute in blockchain, telematic attendance and voting systems, the self-execution of civil mediation agreements in conflicts in condominiums and Tokenization and IoT for property remote control in condominiums. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that, based on the experience of civil mediation in conflicts in condominiums, foreseen in US States and in other States such as Canada, Spain, the regulation is adapted for the correct application of blockchain technology for mediation in conflicts in condominiums.

Durante el segundo semestre de 2018, en el contexto del paro universitario en puesto educativo, quienes formamos parte de equipo de investigación “Antropología de la noche” radicado en el CIFFyH y de la cátedra de “Teoría Antropológica III” del Departamento de Antropología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades nos abocamos a leer “Belleza y violencia: una relación aún por entender” de Michael Taussig. El texto publicado originalmente en inglés en 2012 por the University of Chicago Press con el título “Beauty and the Beast” fue traducido al castellano y editado por la Universidad del Cauca (Colombia) en 2014.
Como un modo de dar cuenta de esas lecturas y discusiones proponemos este ejercicio de escritura que no pretende desenmascarar la mitología depositada en consignas como “paro activo” sino convivir con ella. Antes que una reseña o un análisis crítico del libro, la siguiente colección de palabras e imágenes debe entenderse como un conjunto de “imágenes dialécticas” (Benjamin, 2003 [1935]) que procuran detener el flujo del pensamiento y atraer la reflexión.

Este libro articula escenas del trabajo de campo etnográfico en diferentes contextos, buscando mirar con mayor profundidad las investigaciones de las cuales se desprenden. Los relatos focalizan aspectos relacionales y emocionales presentes en toda investigación, y se proponen transparentar aquello que los/las investigadores/as hacen y experimentan en el trabajo de campo, así como dotar de sensibilidad y simplicidad a la escritura. Esta publicación forma parte del cierre del proyecto de investigación Experiencias de la temporalidad, memorias y espacialidades. Abordajes etnográficos e interdisciplinarios: (SECyT-UNC 2014-2015), que dio origen al equipo de trabajo: Derivas del tiempo y experiencias urbanas (IDACOR-CONICET-UNC); ambos coordinados por la Dra. Graciela Tedesco (IDACOR-CONICET-UNC) En Cuando no es como espero. Primera experiencia de campo, sorpresas y nuevas preguntas, María Victoria Díaz Marengo reflexiona a partir de sus primeras entradas a un complejo cerrado de torres residenciales, aquellas sorpresas, incomodidades y diferentes sentimientos que en el inicio de su trabajo, le generaron nuevas preguntas e inquietudes.

When this matter was taken for the argument on 25/05/2023, the both parties urged and agreed that the matter be disposed solely on the written submissions. Thus, parties were allowed to file written submissions as directed by this court. It is seen though, the Plaintiff-Respondent Bank has filed written submission before hand, despite several dates were given to the Petitioners, the Petitioners had failed to file written submissions. Thus, this court, now, considers this leave to appeal on merits.

In Hungary, private international law was traditionally based on international customs and principles of customary law derived from the case law of national courts and arbitral tribunals. 1 This characteristic of private international law was also mirrored in the national sources thereof. Private international law legislation started to appear in the mid 19 th century in Hungary, which at that time was very fragmented and directed to specific issues of private international law. This method of law-making created not only a 'chaotic' legislation but also an 'uncertain and unsystematic state of the sources of private international law' which situation inevitably called for a comprehensive codification. 2 After several attempts and proposals, 3 in 1979 the fruit of the codification process, the so-called Code 4 was adopted. The Code when it was adopted was already a very complex and comprehensive law in the sense that it aimed to regulate not only conflict of laws issues, but all three areas of private international law: jurisdiction, conflict of laws and recognition and enforcement. 5 The 1 For an overview on the evolution of sources of Hungarian private international law see:

This revision application filed against the judgment dated 28/08/2020 of the learned Additional District Judge of Kandy. The revision is bit peculiar as it has to be considered that the impact of the partition Law and the effect of Condominium Property Act, No. 12 of 1970 and Apartment Ownership Law of No. 11 of 1973 on it. 2] The Backdrop of this case is as follows; the extent of land sought to be partitioned is 27.75 perches, namely "Moragiriye Galagawa alias Galwalagawa hena". This land was registered in Land Registry of Kandy under the folio H 364/27 as Lots 2, 5 and 8. The first owner of the land was one Rajapakse Gedara Charles. This fact was admitted in admission No 2. The said Charles by deed 4398 dated 31/07/1963 attested by L.B.S. Jinasena, Notary Public, gifted

che assegna al giurista contemporaneo il compito delicato di «mediare tra vecchiume cartaceo ed esperienza, o addirittura inventare, nel senso […] di trovare una soluzione e colmare il vuoto: trasfigurazione di remoti istituti, conio di nuovi e novissimi». Ed ancora, è sempre Paolo Grossi ad affermarlo, in risposta a G. Alpa (a cura di), Paolo Grossi, Roma-Bari, 2011, 254, «Il diritto del futuro è in basso, dove, nella grezza fattualità economico-sociale, si coniano istituti nuovi che i Codici troppo vecchi non prevedono e che la sordità del legislatore speciale tarda a percepire. E il diritto si mescola inestricabilmente con il fatto, e la prassi trionfa. Ma anche quello è diritto, e-per giunta-nuovo di zecca, anche se ancora non categorizzato in leggi né raffinato dalla sapienza degli scienziati».

L’emergenza climatica ha influito notevolmente sulle politiche adottate a livello nazionale, europeo ed internazionale nonché sulle iniziative di autonomia privata. La inevitabile doverosità ecologica è, dunque, destinata a permeare ogni aspetto della realtà socio-giuridica. In linea con questa evoluzione, il presente volume traccia un percorso finalizzato ad orientare consumatori, imprese, enti pubblici e locali verso la necessaria conformazione eco-sostenibile dei mercati. Il lavoro espone i risultati dell’indagine condotta dal gruppo di ricerca ESCOP4 (Green Enhancing Sustainable Consumption and Production for the Green transition) mediante l’elaborazione del questionario sulla sostenibilità e delle video-interviste relative a pratiche green nel settore energetico e della carta. Lo studio procede con un’analisi ragionata in chiave sistematica ed assiologica dell’attuale scenario normativo italo-europeo in materia di transizione ecologica ed energetica e con l’esame di prassi applicative italiane e straniere, quali esempi virtuosi di sviluppo sostenibile. Il volume presenta anche una selezione di casi di giustizia climatica commentati. L’effettività della tutela richiede, difatti, una partecipazione attiva, anche degli organi giurisdizionali, al processo di transizione ecologica.

In this paper I focus on the institutional implications of the EU Unfair Terms Directive (93/13) in Poland in the broader context of the welfare state model prevalent in that post-socialist EU Member State. I depart from the assumption that there is, in principle, a link between the intensity of the welfare state and the level of consumer protection, as evidenced e.g. by the traditionally high level of both in the Nordic countries. Such a view is supported by the fact that both policies are the expression of the desire to promote social justice. Hence, I argue that there is a close link between the currently experienced atrophy of the welfare state in capitalist Poland and stances towards consumer protection. Therefore, in section 2, I depart from a brief account of the evolution of the Polish welfare state from the pre-1989 state-socialist model to the current model within the framework of Poland's new capitalism, which can be described on a theoretical plane as marginal or residual, if not simply atrophic. In section 3, I discuss the evolution of consumer protection in Poland, indicating its initial lack during the state-socialist period and its emergence in the early 1980s, before moving on to the post-socialist period and the impact of European integration. Having presented the background information on the welfare state and consumer protection, in section 4 I discuss in detail the institutional impact of the Unfair Terms Directive. My analysis encompasses such aspects as the definition of a consumer, the substantive scope of protection and the available means of protection (incidental and abstract control). I will also discuss the newly introduced group actions (comparable to class actions) which are specifically tailored for consumer cases, including those where the rules on unfair terms are involved. In section 5, I present my concluding remarks.

This research proposal investigates the feasibility of future condominium development in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. The rapid growth of condominium projects in recent years has raised the need to assess their viability and success factors. The objectives of this study include examining the current state of condominium development, analyzing factors contributing to project success or failure, evaluating potential demand, and proposing recommendations for successful development. The literature review explores trends, challenges, and opportunities in the industry, drawing upon theories and models for analysis. The expected outcomes include a comprehensive understanding of the industry's current state, identification of key players, analysis of success factors, evaluation of potential demand, and practical recommendations for stakeholders. The findings of this research will benefit developers, investors, and policymakers, aiding informed decision-making and promoting sustainable condominium development in the Western Province.

Nonostante il diverso avviso di una recente sentenza delle Sezioni Unite della Cassazione (Cass. civ., sez. un., 17 dicembre 2020, n. 28972), la clausola in forza della quale un bene condominiale risulti gravato da un “diritto di uso esclusivo e perpetuo” in favore di uno solo dei condomini, assai diffusa nella prassi, deve ritenersi valida ed efficace. L’effetto della clausola in esame, infatti, non è che quello di conformare, o comunque di regolamentare, la comproprietà condominiale; effetto che non deve ritenersi precluso all’autonomia privata, dacché né viola norme
imperative né impinge contro i principi del numerus clausus e di tipicità dei diritti reali.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the legal position of the consumer in the event of a lack of conformity of the goods in Croatian and Serbian law The national regulations governing this issue in both states are influenced by the legislation of the European Union. More specifically, Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees influenced the Serbian Consumer Protection Act, while the said Directive and the new Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods influenced the Croatian Act on Obligations. However, both legislators preserved certain specific rules, most notably the ones pertaining to the rescission of the contract Given the fact that Serbia has not yet harmonized its Consumer Protection Act with Directive (EU) 2019/771, its regulation is to be assessed taking into account only Directive 1999/44/EC In comparing the two legal orders, the paper discusses several issues in relation to consumer sales, such as the sources of law in this field and their application, basic definitions and the notion of conformity of the goods with the contract and consumers' rights in the event of a lack of conformity, with the aim to identify differences, similarities, and specificities. It can be inferred that the main differences concern the regulatory approach, the definition of the notion of conformity of the goods with the contract, and certain specific rules relating to the rescission of the contract. On the other hand, the main similarities regard the hierarchy of the rights at the disposal of the consumer and the time limit during which the seller may be held liable

Si afferma giustamente che nelle servitù è essenziale l’utlitas rei, ossia un vantaggio per il fondo dominante, che provenga dal fondo servente (v. l’art. 1027 c. c). Questo è certamente vero. Ma tutti i diritti sono tali in quanto arrechino un vantaggio ad un soggetto, non ad una cosa. Nelle servitù si ha questo di particolare, che l’utilità per il proprietario del fondo dominante deve provenire, indirettamente, dal fondo servente. Illustriamo questo (ovvio) concetto con fattispecie tratte dal diritto attuale e da ipotesi (che oggi chiameremmo di servitù industriali) tratte dal diritto romano.

This issue of Anthropological Mathematics is about the interconnected realms of Lacanian psychoanalysis, linguistic associations, biblical references, and mathematical concepts to shed light on the complex nature of symbolic as impotence . Drawing from Freudian and Lacanian theories, we examine the notion of unary trait as an absent originator, transcending the symbolic order. Building upon this foundation, we explore the biblical story of Onan, uncovering parallels between his act of interrupting the procreative act and the absent potency symbolized by the phallic "Er." Additionally, we jump into Freud's "Tussis Nervosa" and its linguistic connection to the contemporary connotation of "Tussi," offering intriguing associations within the realm of sexual taboos. Finally, we integrate Lacan's drive graph, illustrating the unavailability of the object petit a, while drawing a metaphorical link to the rim as a condom and the condemned nature of interrupted procreation. This abstract presents a multidimensional examination of these concepts, inviting readers to contemplate the complex interplay between desire, language, absence, and the human condition as forsaken.

Tebligat kavramı, yazılı bildirimi ifade eden tebliğ sözcüğünün çoğulu olup, bir bilgi veya haberin ilgilisine bildirimi veya ulaştırılması anlamına gelir 1. Hukuki anlamda tebligat ise, hukuki işlemlerin kanunda öngörüldüğü şekilde muhatabına veya muhatap adına kabule kanunen yetkili şahıslara yazılı olarak veya ilan yoluyla bildirimi ve bu bildirimin yapıldığının, kanunda öngörüldüğü şekilde belgelendirilmesi işlemidir 2. Bir hukuki işlemin tebligat olarak nitelendirilmesi için, iki unsura ihtiyaç vardır. Bu unsurlar, kanunda öngörüldüğü şekilde yazılı bildirim ve belgelendirmedir 3. Bu iki unsurun veya birinin mevcut olmaması halinde tebligatın usulsüzlüğü değil, yokluğu söz konusudur 4. Tebligat, sadece muhatabın bir hukuki işlemden haberdar edilmesi değildir. Aynı zamanda bu işlemin kanunda belirtilen koşullara uygun olarak yerine getirildiğinin belgelendirilmesi işlemidir. Yani tebligat, bilgilendirme yanında belgelendirme özelliği de bulunan bir usul işlemidir 5 .

The paper aims at analysing the role of law in systemic transformation on the example of Poland’s move from Actually Existing Socialism (1944–1989) to capitalism. For this purpose four case studies are analysed: the lex Wilczek liberalizing economic activity, the privatization laws of 1987 and 1990, the Round Table agreements of April 1989 and, finally, the establishment of the Constitutional Court (1986). On the basis of each case study, a certain order of causation is established. Drawing on similarities identified between the four case studies, the paper advances the conclusion that in the first phase of transformation, the law was instrumentalised by political decision- makers, motivated by economic factors, in order to bring about changes in the social reality. However, once the law was put into motion, a new dynamic emerged in which the law started to play an independent role. Referring to recent research by Bruno Schönfelder, the paper concludes that this growing autonomy of the law can be seen as the essence of post- socialist transformation as such.

prawa wlasnosci nieruchomosci (1994) (Katowice Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego). 2 See Kalus Rechtsvera¨nderungen im Bereich gesonderten Eigentums an Wohnungs-und Gescha¨ftsra¨umen in Polen in Ogris & Rechberger (ed) Geda¨chtnisschrift Herbert Hofmeister (1996) (Wien Manzsche Verlags-und Universita¨tsbuchhandlung) 311-320. 3 See Nowakowski Prawo rzeczowe zarys wykadu (1980) (Warszawa PWN) 128-133. 4 See further Wolter, Ignatowicz & Stefaniuk Prawo cywilne zarys czesci ogolnej (1998) (Warszawa PWN) 42-49. 5 See Cioch & Witczak ''Zasada superficies solo cedit w prawie polskim'' 1999 Rejent no 5 29. 6 See Tatarkiewicz ''Mieszkania na wlasnosc'' 1925 Gazeta Sdowa Warszawska 409 as cited by Watarkiewicz ''Charakter prawny umowy o ustanowieniu odrebnej wlasnosci lokalu'' 1999 Przeglad Sadowy no 3 94.

J'examine les changements récents démographiques de deux villes, le Havre et Naples, pour adresser la question s'il existe deux modèles d'urbanisation, un qui décrit les rythmes de croissance, décroissance et déplacements dans le nord, et un deuxième qui s'appliquerait à des villes méditerranéennes. À la différence des villes du nord, les chercheurs ont souvent considéré les villes 'méditerranéennes' comme des exceptions au modèle standard, qui voit la ville comme un centre de pouvoir étatique et financier. Les villes du sud sont généralement marginales dans le système mondial. Elles sont plus distantes des centres de pouvoir au nord, et donc les effets des traditions locales sont plus marqués, menant à des stéréotypes que le sud est 'arriéré' et marqué par une absence de la rationalité mercantile et par la présence de l'individualisme censées être typiques du nord. Pour examiner l'hypothèse selon laquelle le nord et le sud forment deux aires culturelles distinctes, je cible surtout la façon que chacune a fait face aux pressions récentes du système commercial mondial. Les différences ne sont pas spécifiquement dues à une 'culture française' ou à une 'culture méditerranéenne'. J'identifie deux facteurs : 1) qu'en effet il existe deux systèmes politiques qui affectent l'urbanisation, et 2) la mondialisation croissante des dernières décennies a tendance à aplatir les différences entre le nord et le sud : les deux zones sont également touchées par la fragilisation des économies nationales et régionales.

This chapter offers the concept of embedded property as a way of thinking about and understanding condominium property, and of explaining how ownership of land within condominium is changing the character of ownership. It does so by describing property within condominium as spatially embedded, politically embedded, and temporally embedded, and then by demonstrating how these different, albeit overlapping, modes by which condominium embeds property are forcing courts and legislatures to reconsider long-accepted and well-understood incidents or attributes of land ownership. In identifying the spatial embedding of condominium property and its impact on understandings of ownership, the chapter reviews the judicial responses in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia to the chronic anti-social behaviour of individual owners. To consider the political embedding, it turns to the legislative framework and judicial decisions from several Australian states and Canadian provinces involving disputes over the capacity of condominium corporations to restrict rentals, particularly short-term rentals. Finally, it describes and considers the temporal embedding of condominium property through a discussion of the shift in many statutory condominium jurisdictions away from a presumption that the dissolution of condominium requires the unanimous consent of owners, to a presumption that dissolution, and thus the termination of private property interests within condominium, may proceed on the basis of a super-majority vote. The analysis reveals that the spatial, political, and temporal embedding of property is straining accepted understandings of land ownership, and judges and legislators are responding to this pressure by changing the character of ownership in land.

Condominium is a form of ownership that produces separate parcels of land and a structure of local government within multi-unit developments. As one form of common interest community, condominium packages private property with a co-ownership interest in common property and rights to participate in the governing organisation. A statutory innovation, the condominium form has been adopted in jurisdictions around the world and has quickly become the dominant form of land ownership for new-build housing in many cities. As an increasingly prominent feature of urban real estate, condominium is changing the nature of ownership and of local government, and is one of the defining institutions of our time.

Il commento illustra gli orientamenti della Suprema Corte, consolidatisi negli anni, relativamente alla nozione di decoro architettonico. L’ordinanza in esame si pone in continuità con quanto precedentemente espresso dalla costante giurisprudenza di legittimità circa l’ampiezza della nozione di innovazione lesiva del decoro architettonico del fabbricato condominiale, la quale comprende le alterazioni delle linee architettoniche e le modifiche che si riflettono negativamente sull’aspetto armonico del fabbricato, a nulla rilevando la visibilità delle innovazioni e la presenza di pregresse modifiche non autorizzate. La Cassazione si conferma così interprete esclusivo delle definizioni fornite dal legislatore, il quale, nonostante l’intervenuta riforma in materia di condominio attuata con la L. n. 220 del 2012, si limita a fornire un impianto normativo caratterizzato prevalentemente da accorgimenti tecnici provenienti dai suggerimenti della giurisprudenza e dalla vaghezza delle definizioni.

 RESUMO: Entrevista com a Professora Ana Lúcia de Lyra Tavares, professora assistente da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil ABSTRACT: Interview with Ana Lúcia de Lyra Tavares, assistant professor at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 

For the first time, this book parallels the works of Góngora and Tirso, analyzing their different involvement in the expressive modalities of the Baroque that both interpret and value in a hyperbolic way. With efficiency and originality, the renowned hispanist Laura Dolfi studies the style of Soledades, Panegírico, and Cigarrales, and the artifices of fiction that, in Las firmezas de Isabela and La fingida Arcadia, guide the desenlace, underlining the position of its author with respect to the literary precepts of the time (rejection or acceptance of new art and culteranismo). In addition, Góngora’s role as a playwright is valued, and his plays are studied from less accustomed points of view: the dramatic characteristics, the importance of the rhythm that his verses scanned, the diffusion and the possible corruption of the text.

Gated residential communities are commonly portrayed as a negative phenomenon, leading to social segregation. However, given gated condominiums are commonly located in older residential areas of cities, it has been argued they have greater potential for social-tenurial mix. Bangkok is now seeing a proliferation of condominium building by transit in such areas. The aim of this research is to establish the extent to which this development results in social segregation. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with gated and non-gated residents in a case study area and the theories of Schutz and the lifeworld were drawn upon to understand the data collected. Findings reveal limited social interactions between the populations and significant physical, social, and symbolic divisions, accentuated by the transient character of the condominiums. Thus, condominiums built in residential areas do not appear to encourage social-tenurial mix. Exploring the subjects' lifeworlds has also revealed how subjective meanings are constructed and embedded within a particular culture, which is critical to understanding social segregation.

Twelve Oaks is a three-storey, 30-unit strata property complex located near the general hospital in the City of Vancouver (Figure 1). The residential, wood-frame building was constructed in 1973 on several lots that had been occupied by a gas station, a small apartment building, and a house.' The developer built the complex to sell the individual units, and in 1974 it finalized the property arrangements with the deposit of Strata Plan VR140 (the "plan") in the land title office (Figure 2). The plan created separate, fee simple interests in each of 30 strata lots, established the owners of those strata lots as tenants-in-common of the common property, and allotted each owner a vote in the strata corporation that governed the complex. Twelve Oaks was among the early strata property developments in Vancouver. In 1966, British Columbia had become the first province in Canada to enact a statute-based template for condominium propertywhen it passed the Strata Titles Act. 2 At first, the template was little used, but by the early 1970s developers, financers, and purchasers had become increasingly comfortable with strata property as a legal architecture for t Professor and Nathan T. Nemetz Chair in Legal History, The University of British Columbia, Peter A. Allard School of Law. I thank Peter Roberts, Tanner Doerges, and Stephen Hamilton respectively for providing access to the petitions and orders in the Twelve Oaks, Brandywine, and Bel-Aire Villa court actions, Eric Leinberger for editing the sheets of Strata Plan VR140 in Figure 2, and Ozgecan Yazar for her research assistance. I also thank Nicole Gilewicz, Mike Mangan, Ellen Pond, Graham Reynolds, Carol Rose, Kevin Zakreski, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this article.

Statutory condominium regimes facilitate massive increases in the density of owners. The courts are responding to this spatial reorganization of ownership by reconstructing what it means to be the owner of an interest in land. This article analyzes the ten cases over eight years (from 2008 to 2015) in which Canadian courts grant eviction and sale orders against owners within condominium for antisocial behaviour. The expulsion orders are new. Until these cases, ownership within condominium in Canadian common law jurisdictions was thought to be as robust as ownership outside condominium such that owners could not be expelled from condominium for antisocial behaviour. In addition to describing a new development in Canadian property law, the analysis reveals that some form of mental disorder appears to be a contributing factor in the majority of the cases. The article then argues that eviction and sale orders are not only reconstructing ownership, but also redistributing property. This is because the orders, although diminishing the security of property for some, enhance ownership for a great many more by providing a remedy-the physical and legal expulsion of an owner for chronic antisocial behaviour-that is not available to those outside condominium. Finally, the article argues that the judicial willingness to reconstruct ownership is a function, at least in part, of the spatial reorganization of owners. What it means to be an owner of land emerged from a context where owners were dispersed over the surface of the earth. Under statutory condominium regimes, owners can now be stacked in a vertical column many stories high. The article concludes by asking whether the judicial reconstruction of ownership is an appropriate response to the spatial reorganization of owners and the resulting challenges posed by antisocial behaviour when the behaviour is frequently attributable, at least in part, to some form of mental disorder.

Introduction: Unprotected sexual intercourse is the most common mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and other STIs in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of health interventions on the knowledge, accessibility and condom use in an African rural community Methodology: This is a quantitative survey that used a structured questionnaire among a representative sample of the general population aged 15 – 49 years. The data obtained include the demographics; age, sex, education, occupation, marital status, and information related to condom use. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The baseline survey comprised 1021 (53.3%) males and 895 (46.7%) females while the final survey comprised 659 (54.2%) males and 556 (45.7%) females. Just 5.1% and 5.0% of the respondents in the baseline survey said female condoms are accessible and affordable but the values rose to 23.0% and 33.0% in the post-intervention survey. The overall usage of male condoms in ...

Introduction: Unprotected sexual intercourse is the most common mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and other STIs in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of health interventions on the knowledge, accessibility and condom use in an African rural community Methodology: This is a quantitative survey that used a structured questionnaire among a representative sample of the general population aged 15 – 49 years. The data obtained include the demographics; age, sex, education, occupation, marital status, and information related to condom use. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The baseline survey comprised 1021 (53.3%) males and 895 (46.7%) females while the final survey comprised 659 (54.2%) males and 556 (45.7%) females. Just 5.1% and 5.0% of the respondents in the baseline survey said female condoms are accessible and affordable but the values rose to 23.0% and 33.0% in the post-intervention survey. The overall usage of male condoms in ...

Strata schemes present real difficulties in relation to discrimination law that have not been sufficiently thought through in Australia, either by legislatures or by some tribunals. There are some activities of a strata scheme that are irrefutably captured by discrimination legislation. For example, members of executive committees are prohibited from sexually harassing their strata or building manager or engaging in racial discrimination when employing a tradesman. However, there are many activities of strata schemes that are not captured, or it is unclear if they are captured.

Condominium maintenance is a critical issue in Albania. After the fall of communism, the ownership and maintenance responsibilities of hundreds of thousands of flats that were constructed and owned by the state was transferred to their occupants. In the capital, Tirana, there was also a huge wave of new condominium construction after 1990. A new law on the management and maintenance of condominium building was recently adopted and is in the early stages of implementation. This article discusses how residents of condominiums actually manage the maintenance of their buildings in Tirana. It reveals that condominium laws have had little impact and that the performance of maintenance tasks is based on informal and often ad-hoc agreements, in keeping with the cultural norms of the society and the actual financial situation of the residents.

A special building is representing the old-stratified scheme occupied before June 1996 or from June 1996 to 11 April 2007 as stated in Strata Titles Act 1985. It is highlighted for the absence of strata title that is resulted from the failure of strata title application. However, even strata title legislation relating to strata title application are improving, the number of strata title applications for special building are still showing deficiencies. Hence, this paper attempts to explain the factors that contribute to the failure of strata title applications for special buildings in Malaysia. Keywords: Special Building; Strata Title Application; Factors; Failures eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researc...

Les articles 32 et 36 du Code des professions (RLRQ, c. C-26) édictent que nul ne peut utiliser un titre professionnel ou une abréviation ni s'attribuer des initiales mentionnés à l'une de ces dispositions ou à celles d'une loi constituant un ordre professionnel s'il n'est pas titulaire d'un permis valide à cette fin et inscrit au Tableau de l'ordre professionnel concerné. En outre, nul ne peut utiliser tout autre titre ou abréviation ou s'attribuer des initiales pouvant laisser croire qu'il est l'un de ces professionnels. Par exemple, les ingénieurs emploient l'abréviation « ing. » en français et « eng. » en anglais, ou les agronomes emploient l'abréviation « agr. ». En conséquence, l'utilisation de l'une de ces abréviations, bien que non spécifiée dans une loi ou un règlement, est également prohibée pour toute personne qui n'est pas membre de l'ordre visé. Pour connaître les usages appropriés, vous pouvez communiquer avec l'ordre visé. TITRES PROFESSIONNELS ET LEURS ABRÉVIATIONS 1 Ordre professionnel Titre français 2 Titre anglais Abréviations 3 Références 1. Ordre des acupuncteurs du Québec Acupuncteur Acupuncturist Article 32 du Code des professions Article 12 de la Loi sur l'acupuncture (RLRQ, c. A-5.1) 2. Ordre des administrateurs agréés du Québec Administrateur agréé, conseiller en management certifié Chartered Administrator, Certified Management Advisor Adm.A., C.M.C., (C.Adm.) Article 36, 1 er al., par. i du Code des professions 3. Ordre des agronomes du Québec Agronome Agrologist Article 32 du Code des professions 4. Ordre des architectes du Québec Architecte Architect Article 32 du Code des professions Article 15 de la Loi sur les architectes (RLRQ, c. A-21) 5. Ordre des arpenteurs-géomètres du Québec Arpenteur-géomètre 4 Land Surveyor Article 32 du Code des professions 6. Ordre des audioprothésistes du Québec Audioprothésiste Hearing-Aid Acoustician Article 32 du Code des professions Article 12 de la Loi sur les audioprothésistes (RLRQ, c. A-33) 7. Barreau du Québec Maître 5 , avocat, conseiller en loi 6 , conseiller juridique 7 8 , membre du Barreau, avocat à la retraite 9 , procureur Advocate, solicitor, legal adviser, member of the Bar, retired advocate, attorney Me, Mtre Article 32 du Code des professions Articles 54.1, 55, 56 et 136 de la Loi sur le Barreau (RLRQ, c. B-1)

Condominium enables the subdivision of buildings into multiple private titles. It does so by combining individual titles with an undivided share of common property, a right to participate in governing the property, and an obligation to contribute to its maintenance. The dissolution of condominium breaks apart this package of rights and responsibilities, and results in the termination of the individual titles. Some common law jurisdictions require the unanimous consent of title holders to dissolve condominium, others permit it with a supermajority vote. All jurisdictions allow for non-consensual dissolution, and thus the termination of titles without consent, with a court order.This paper reviews dissolution rules and reform efforts in several common law jurisdictions and then uses the condominium legislation and case law from British Columbia to argue that non-consensual dissolution of condominium, whether by supermajority vote or court order, should be understood as private takings...

As you know, the language level is one of the main research areas of jurisprudence. The author puts forward the thesis that the adopted language apparatus has a significant influence on the research results in legal sciences. This is particularly evident in the analysis of the application of private law to the public sector. The article indicates the semantic problems faced by the author analyzing the application of private law in the public sector. The source of these problems is the adjective "public" that appears in many terms. In addition, there are problems of comparative nature. There is a phenomenon of non-translation of terms from individual languages. Other problems consist in the fact that the use of certain concepts is associated with the adoption of certain initial assumptions. Not always, the authors who write about the application of private law in the public sector are aware of this. An example of such a situation is the concept of "Fiskus"