Conditional Cash Transfer

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participants. Survey participants were predominantly Latinx (87%) and women (65%). The most common reported uses of the $1000 were food and rent. Most participants (79%) reported that without the $1000 cash transfer they would have had difficulty paying for basic expenses or making ends meet, with specific positive effects reported related to food, housing, and ability to work. The majority of survey participants reported that receiving the cash assistance somewhat or greatly improved their physical health (83%) and mental health (89%). Qualitative interview results generally supported the survey findings.

Social security is rooted in the need for solidarity and risk pooling by the society given that no individual can guarantee his or her own security. Every human being is vulnerable to risks and uncertainties with respect to income as a means of life sustenance. To contain these risks, everyone needs some form of social security guaranteed by the family, community and the society as a whole. Such socioeconomic risks and uncertainties in human life form the basis for the need of social security. This paper therefore examines the role of social security in achieving millennium development goals as well the challenges facing social security system in Nigeria. In the course of this work, secondary data were used throughout, and it was recommended, among other things, government should encourage and integrate the informal social security system with the formal system.

foram concebidos no Brasil e no México, respectivamente, para o combate à pobreza e extrema pobreza. Por serem focalizados, questiona-se para os dois casos: em que medida os mecanismos de elegibilidade empregados nos programas e seus respectivos processos de coleta de dados comprometeriam o alcance da boa efetividade na focalização? A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral compreender tal interferência e, especificamente, analisar a forma como ocorre o cadastramento das famílias e também avaliar os mecanismos de verificação da elegibilidade na cobertura dos programas e na possibilidade de vazamentos. Para a realização desta pesquisa, adotou-se o método comparativo a partir de dados coletados por meio de estudo bibliográfico e documental, assumindo caráter descritivo e exploratório. A análise dos dados indicou que ambos os programas carecem de ampliação orçamentária e apresentam problemas de focalização, os quais resultam em vazamentos de recursos. Como forma de redução desses vazamentos, Brasil e México devem aprimorar seus cadastros; promover sistemas de avaliações externas eficientes e imparciais; e melhorar o cruzamento de dados em fontes formais de renda.

This paper estimates the impact of Familias en Acción, the largest Colombian conditional cash transfer program, on household income. It uses a Quantile Regression methodology and Difference-in-Difference estimators to capture the impact of the program on household income at different quantiles of the income distribution. The estimations show that the program has a positive impact on household income, and that this impact is larger for the households at the lower quantiles of the income distribution. Additional analyses examine whether these results stem from changes in labor market participation or increases in non-labor income. There is some indication that for program participants there was a decrease in labor income, while there was an increase in subsidies or non-labor income. Implications of these findings for conditional cash transfer programs are discussed.

At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

This study examines the impact of conditional cash transfer scheme on poverty alleviation in the rural communities of Cross River State, Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was adopted and three hypotheses were formulated in this study. The instrument for data collection was a thirty (30) item structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. The population of the study comprises 2940 beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer in the eighteen local government areas of the state, from 2010 to 2017. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 1176 respondents. The hypotheses were analysed using Pearson product moment correlation. The findings revealed that conditional cash transfer scheme have significant relationship with poverty alleviation in terms of increase school enrolment and had tremendously helped in improving health services utilisation as most of the beneficiaries of this programme were able to access health facilities better than before the scheme. This intervention has equally helped beneficiaries to acquire requisite entrepreneurial skills that helped them to transform their lives and standard of living. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that the government should increase the number of household beneficiaries for wider coverage and spread as well as establish more health facilities in the rural areas. More so, the government should increase the number of people enlisted for entrepreneurial training and skills acquisition. (Word Count 222

Utilizing development project impact analysis and evalutation methods, based on the Red de Protección Social (RPS- Social Safety Net) program, this paper will further examine its influence on the health care and education for children during the time and the improvement of the well-being of beneficiary households in 2000-2002 based on selected indicators in the survey, which will be further illustrated in section three “Data and Methods”. By doing this evaluation, this paper aims to evaluate the following three key hypotheses:
Ho(A): RPS improved the health care of children ages 0-2.
Ho(B): RPS improved schooling outcomes for children in the target population (ages 7-12).
Ho(C): RPS improved the well-being of beneficiary households.

This dissertation analyzes the political consequences of the Conditional Cash Transfer program (CCT) in Turkey, The purpose is three-fold: first, to investigate the political incentives and payoffs that motivate policymakers to adopt CCTs; second, to test whether political or technocratic criteria explain the allocation of CCTs in Turkey, and third, to examine whether conditionally transferring cash to the poor empowers poor citizens, or produces/reproduces pressure on the poor to reciprocate by supporting the political party that made the cash transfer. My research draws on six months of fieldwork conducted in Malkara, Tekirdağ (with Roma beneficiaries) and Diyarbakır (with Kurdish beneficiaries), and on regression analysis of original district level data on the allocation of CCTs. I reach three primary conclusions. First, the adoption of CCTs under the coalition government, influenced and iii pushed by the World Bank, led to a relatively strict formulation of the social assistance scheme in Turkey, which provides a promising attempt to make a transition to programmatic social policy. Second, although on balance, social and economic indicators guide the distribution of funds, Kurdish districts appear to receive favorable treatment. Third, due to the lack of CCTs requirements for increased social participation and active social engagement on the part of beneficiaries, the CCT program does not have a transformative impact on the enhancement of citizenship and the empowerment of women for both the Kurdish and Roma communities. Rather, more politicized groups, such as the Kurdish people, view the benefit as their social right due to state's inefficiency in creating jobs in the eastern part of Turkey and their uneasy relations with the state. Among less politicized groups, such as the Roma people, the program triggers feelings of gratitude and appreciation to the politicians providing this program, especially Prime Minister Erdoğan. iv Acknowledgement I'm deeply grateful to my advisor, Dr. Robert Kaufman for inspring my dissertation topic and honoring me with being my thesis advisor. He pushed me to elaborate my ideas and sharpen my arguments. His timely responses to my emails, his spending time on reading and giving feedbacks on each chapter of this dissertation assured my decision to choose Rutgers and work with him. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Cesar Zucco, who owns my dissertation project from the beginning and gives insightful comments, whenever I urged his intellectual help. He behaves me like a colleague, not a student, which rarely happens in an academic life. I would also like to offer my thanks to Dr. Jan Kubik, for showing an interest on my topic, proofreading the ethnographic chapter, giving useful feedbacks and transforming our Political Science Department into more engaged, active community by being a Chair. I would also like to express my gratitude to Research Council of Turkey, Tubitak and Graduate School of New Brunswick for their financial support during my Ph.D studies. My fieldwork in poor neighborhoods is like an opening door to the new world to me. Listening poor people' problems, their survival strategies, and their struggle with permament poverty left me hopeless at the end of days filled with conducting interviews. However, at the end of each interview, their eagerness to share different local foods with me, our talk about life, children gave me hope about the goodness of humanity, even under difficult living conditions that no one ever deserve. This reminds me one of my favorite poet, Nazim Hikmet's poem, saying "The great humanity has no shade on his 10 AKP's Party Program, , accessed on March 6, 2013. 11 Ibid. 12 AKP 2002 Election Manifesto, , accessed on March 6, 2013.

economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

In Southern Europe youngsters leave their parental home signi…cantly later than in Northern Europe and the United States. In this paper, we study the e¤ect of a monthly cash subsidy on the probability that young adults live apart from parents and childbearing. The subsidy, introduced in Spain in 2008, is conditional on young adults renting accommodation, and it amounts to almost 20 percent of the average youngsters' wage. Our identi…cation strategy exploits the subsidy eligibility age threshold to assess the causal impact of the cash transfer. Di¤erence-in-Di¤erences estimates show positive e¤ects of the policy on the probability of living apart from parents, living with a romantic partner, and chidbearing for 22 year-olds compared to 21 year-olds. Results persist when the sample is expanded to include wider age ranges. The e¤ect is larger among young adults earning lower incomes and living in high rental price areas. This is consistent with the hypothesis that youngsters delay household formation because the cost is too high relative to their income.

economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

The "common effect" model in program evaluation assumes that all treated individuals have the same impact from a program. Does the program have the same effect on everyone? Will some groups benefit more from the program than others? We investigate heterogeneity in program impact for the Mexican social program PROGRESA, which is a means-tested conditional cash transfer program implemented in rural regions of the country. The design of the program provides a theoretical motivation for exploring heterogeneity in program impacts. We examine the program targeting mechanism and find heterogeneity in the eligible population along the criteria used for beneficiary selection. We also investigate the overall heterogeneity of program impacts, which includes both observed and unobserved heterogeneity. Experimental data are sufficient to identify mean program impacts or impacts on subgroups, but do not identify unobserved heterogeneity in impacts. Using a non-parametric technique, we find evidence against the "common effect" model. This result does not rely on any assumption and thus is particularly strong evidence of heterogeneous treatment effects. Additional assumptions allow us to further analyze the distribution of impacts.

The purpose of this paper is to comment on issues relating to autonomy and empowerment of women based on a survey conducted in 2010, entitled "Participation of women in programs of conditional cash transfer in Brazil: advances and contradictions to a feminist project of empowerment". The research, qualitative, was carried out in Londrina/PR and Uberlândia/MG, in large cities, with women living in the urban area. Were interviewed, 102 women holders of the Family Grant Program (PBF), 51 and 51 in London in Uberlândia. With the same intention of deepening, also conducted three focus groups with women holding the program.

With the introduction and implementation of social protection programmes in Uganda and Katakwi district being one of the beneficiary districts. This paper presents and discusses the role social protection initiatives in the context of transforming and empowering vulnerable households to poverty and explores the opportunities they present for promoting a gender-equality agenda and women's empowerment. The paper begins with a brief introduction on the emergence of social protection (SP) and how it is linked to economic and social policy. Next, it reviews the context, concepts, and definitions relevant to SP policies and identifies gender-specific social and economic risks and corresponding SP instruments, drawing on country-level experiences. The thrust of the paper is to explore how SP instruments can help or hinder the process of altering rigid gendered roles, and offers a critical evaluation of SP interventions from the standpoint of women's inclusion in economic life. Conditional cash transfers and employment guarantee programs are discussed in detail.

This paper investigates the impact of the Bolsa Familia program, a conditional cash transfer program focused on Brazilian poor families, on children‘s nutritional status in a context of low monitoring of conditionalities. The analysis is carried out using data from a baseline survey conducted in 2005, the “Bolsa Família” Impact Evaluation Research. The evaluation is made using the Propensity Score Matchingtechnique. Besides considering observational differences between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Bolsa Família Program, our empirical strategy also addresses some concerns about informational issues in order to take into account potential endogeneity of the decision to participate in the Program. Our final results show a positive effect of Bolsa Família Program on children nutritional status only whencontrolling for the informational bias and for those children fulfilling educational requirements; however, this positive impact on nutritional status is restricted to BMIfor-ag...

This paper investigates the impact of the Bolsa Família Program on the immunization of children from 0 to 6 years of age in Brazil and its regions. The Bolsa Família program is a conditional cash transfer program. One of its conditionalities is the compliance of children with the immunization schedule ordered by the Ministry of Health. The evaluation was performed using the Propensity Score Matching technique. We used data from a survey conducted in 2005 evaluating the program -Pesquisa de Avaliação de Impacto do Programa Bolsa Família. The main findings suggest that the Bolsa Família Program does not affect the immunization status of children.

This paper studies the effect of welfare programs on work incentives and the labor supply of adults in developing countries. The document builds on the experimental evaluations of three programs implemented in rural areas: Mexico's PROGRESA, Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social (RPS) and Honduras' Programa de Asignación Familiar (PRAF). The impact of welfare on labor supply has been widely studied in developed countries, where most recent initiatives attempt to mitigate negative effects on work incentives. The programs under study are conditional cash transfers (CCT), which combine monetary benefits with incentives for curbing child labor and fostering the accumulation of human capital. Unlike their counterparts in developed economies, however, they do not account for potential impacts on the labor supply of adults, and there is little systematic evidence on this aspect despite a wealth of empirical studies on their intended outcomes. Comparable results for the three countries indicate mostly negative but small and non-significant effects of the programs on the employment of adults, no reallocation of labor between agricultural and other sectors, and a reduction in hours worked by adults in eligible households in RPS. Moreover, PROGRESA had a positive effect on beneficiaries' wages. The programs did not imply major disincentives to work, despite substantial transfers, but they had some effects on local labor markets. This mechanism is related to recent findings on the indirect impact of CCTs on ineligible households, and implies that future evaluation studies and designs should account for the equilibrium effects of the interventions.

Poverty in the Philippines remains a challenge. In a recent nationwide self-rated survey of the Social Weather Station, more Filipino households consider themselves poor despite the positive feedback on one of the government’s poverty alleviation programs, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS). This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach to explore the reasons behind this claim. It explored the experiences of poverty from the lower class status, particularly the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries. The study revealed that norms and practices in the family might contribute to their claim of poverty, such as poor lifestyle choices, difficulty prioritizing needs, lack of parenting style, and extended family. Parents’ low education and lack of financial literacy are seen as another factor of poverty. Likewise, religion plays a part in responding to poverty. Participants assert that there is psychological comfort in experiencing poverty because...

O Comunicado da Presidência nº 30 dá início a uma série de análises do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada sobre a PNAD 2008 e aborda os temas da desigualdade, pobreza e qualidade dos domicílios e acesso a bens. Analisando os dados de 2008 da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), um grupo de técnicos de Planejamento e Pesquisa da Diretoria de Estudos e Políticas Sociais (Disoc) do Ipea mostra que, em 2008, houve uma queda da pobreza e uma diminuição da desigualdade de renda dos domicílios brasileiros. No que se refere às condições de vida da população, houve também um crescimento dos domicílios com acesso a bens duráveis e serviços públicos, resultando em um aumento nos domicílios caracterizados como de boa qualidade. Para isso, o presente Comunicado encontra-se constituído por três partes, sendo: Seção 1: mostra a evolução do nível e da desigualdade de renda dos domicílios e decompõe os fatores que mais contribuíram para a evolução da desigualdade. Seção 2: mostra a evolução da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda e analisa os fatores que mais contribuíram para a evolução da pobreza. Seção 3. mostra a evolução da qualidade dos domicílios, caracterizada pelo acesso a bens e serviços públicos relativos à moradia. O Comunicado é o primeiro de uma série de cinco volumes sobre os estudos da PNAD. As próximas publicações tratarão sobre mercado de trabalho, previdência e mudança social; demografia, gênero, migração e desenvolvimento agrário; educação, juventude e raça; habitação e saneamento. A Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios mais uma vez trouxe boas notícias no que se refere à distribuição de renda no país. Apesar de o Brasil continuar um dos países mais desiguais do planeta, é claro que há uma tendência de queda continuada desde 1999 ou 2001. Melhor que isto, de 2007 a 2008 houve crescimento na renda de todos os centésimos, revertendo a queda registrada na renda dos cinco por cento mais pobres de 2006 a 2007. Uma decomposição fatorial do Coeficiente de Gini aponta para a desconcentração da renda do trabalho como responsável pela maior parte deste movimento, embora as transferências públicas -aposentadorias, pensões, o Benefício de Prestação Continuada e o Programa Bolsa Família -continuem aportando uma forte contribuição. Conforme mostra o Gráfico 1, o Coeficiente de Gini da Renda Domiciliar per Capita continuou sua trajetória de queda rumo a uma sociedade mais justa. O ritmo de queda também se mantém, e a redução de 0,82 pontos (x100) de Gini entre setembro de 2007 e setembro de 2008 é um pouco superior à redução média desde 2001, de 0,7 pontos (x100).

O Comunicado da Presidência nº 30 dá início a uma série de análises do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada sobre a PNAD 2008 e aborda os temas da desigualdade, pobreza e qualidade dos domicílios e acesso a bens. Analisando os dados de 2008 da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), um grupo de técnicos de Planejamento e Pesquisa da Diretoria de Estudos e Políticas Sociais (Disoc) do Ipea mostra que, em 2008, houve uma queda da pobreza e uma diminuição da desigualdade de renda dos domicílios brasileiros. No que se refere às condições de vida da população, houve também um crescimento dos domicílios com acesso a bens duráveis e serviços públicos, resultando em um aumento nos domicílios caracterizados como de boa qualidade. Para isso, o presente Comunicado encontra-se constituído por três partes, sendo: Seção 1: mostra a evolução do nível e da desigualdade de renda dos domicílios e decompõe os fatores que mais contribuíram para a evolução da desigualdade. Seção 2: mostra a evolução da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda e analisa os fatores que mais contribuíram para a evolução da pobreza. Seção 3. mostra a evolução da qualidade dos domicílios, caracterizada pelo acesso a bens e serviços públicos relativos à moradia. O Comunicado é o primeiro de uma série de cinco volumes sobre os estudos da PNAD. As próximas publicações tratarão sobre mercado de trabalho, previdência e mudança social; demografia, gênero, migração e desenvolvimento agrário; educação, juventude e raça; habitação e saneamento. A Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios mais uma vez trouxe boas notícias no que se refere à distribuição de renda no país. Apesar de o Brasil continuar um dos países mais desiguais do planeta, é claro que há uma tendência de queda continuada desde 1999 ou 2001. Melhor que isto, de 2007 a 2008 houve crescimento na renda de todos os centésimos, revertendo a queda registrada na renda dos cinco por cento mais pobres de 2006 a 2007. Uma decomposição fatorial do Coeficiente de Gini aponta para a desconcentração da renda do trabalho como responsável pela maior parte deste movimento, embora as transferências públicas -aposentadorias, pensões, o Benefício de Prestação Continuada e o Programa Bolsa Família -continuem aportando uma forte contribuição. Conforme mostra o Gráfico 1, o Coeficiente de Gini da Renda Domiciliar per Capita continuou sua trajetória de queda rumo a uma sociedade mais justa. O ritmo de queda também se mantém, e a redução de 0,82 pontos (x100) de Gini entre setembro de 2007 e setembro de 2008 é um pouco superior à redução média desde 2001, de 0,7 pontos (x100).

Center Discussion Papers are preliminary materials circulatErl to stinw.ate discussion and critical cament. References in plblications to Discussion Papers should be cleared with the author to protect the tentative character of these papers. The use of cross-sectional data to estimate models of consumer or household behavior or to evaluate public programs has a long and continuing tradition in economics (e.g., Feldstein (1978), ). The treatment of cross-sectional or area-specific variation in prices or program characteristics as exogenous would appear, however, inconsistent with the Tiebout hypothesis ( ) that agents,hetetogenous in preferences or endowments,locate in response to and/or select local program levels according to those preferences. If so, cross sectional correlations between the observed behavior of agents and relative prices or program levels will not correspond to true price or program effects for any individual agent. While some studies have shown that local laws reflect the preferences of local populations ), such studies appear to assume that interregional differences in population preferences are exogenous. Heterogeneity and selective-migration imply, however, that site-specific changes in prices or programs, whatever their source, will alter endogenously the char acteristics and size of the population at the site, possibly inducing conse quences unanticipated by the law-makers. Todaro's classic article (1969) presents a theoretical example in which non-selective migration thwarts the intended effects of an urban job creation~ minimum wage program. A local program altering relative prices, however, may also induce countervailing £hanges in the population via migration selectivity; e.g., a locality initiating a program subsidizing health care might attrac•t low-health households. • Lack of attention to selective migration thus makes inferences about the effectiveness of a program to be implemented nationally based on local program initiatives potentially misleading.

Targeting and Self-Targeting in a New Social Assistance Scheme * The analysis of targeting of cash benefits is typically silent on whether any success is due to encouraging claims from the poor or to the decisions of administrators on the claims they receive. By contrast, the paper models the probabilities of households' knowledge of a new social assistance scheme, of a claim conditional on knowledge, and of an award conditional on knowledge and claim. It uses household survey data from Uzbekistan where a new social assistance benefit is administered by community organisations. The paper therefore also illustrates problems of design of decentralised social assistance schemes in developing countries.

Resumo Os programas de transferência condicionada de renda têm se disseminado nos países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento como forma de aliviar a pobreza (transferência de renda) e fornecer investimento em capital humano para levar as famílias a atingirem melhores condições de vida no longo prazo, através das condicionalidades. Esses programas, no entanto, podem também afetar a alocação do tempo dentro da família beneficiária. Usando dados da PNAD de 2003, mediu-se o impacto do programa Bolsa Escola no trabalho das crianças e dos pais nas famílias beneficiadas. Utilizando como grupo controle as famílias elegíveis, mas não beneficiadas, e estimando-se um modelo probit, observa-se uma redução do trabalho de crianças de 6 a 15 anos e aumento da freqüência escolar. Ademais, ocorre aumento da participação dos pais no mercado de trabalho. Esses resultados são confirmados ao se utilizar a técnica de propensity score matching.

The paper reviews the current National Policy of Social Welfare in Brazil and the work developed with families within the Brazilian social protection approach. It describes the Unified System of Social Welfare and explores the relationship of the Basic Social Protection to the Bolsa Família Program, the Brazilian program of conditional cash transfer to vulnerable families. It discusses the principles of the methodology for working with vulnerable families in the Unified System of Social Welfare and analyzes examples of social interventions. It argues that the work developed with families must be based on participatory and dialogical approaches, including follow-up methods, group dynamics, action-research, and other interventions. The paper concludes with questions regarding the use of a socio-educational methodology as a component of policies for vulnerability reduction, social development and the promotion of citizenship.

Does Cash for School Influence Young Women's Behavior in the Longer Term? Evidence from Pakistan * The Punjab Female School Stipend Program, a female-targeted conditional cash transfer program in Pakistan, was implemented in response to gender gaps in education. An early evaluation of the program shows that the enrollment of eligible girls in middle-school increased in the short term by nearly 9 percentage points. This paper uses regression discontinuity and difference-indifference analyses to show that five years into the program implementation positive impacts do persist. Beneficiary adolescent girls are more likely to progress through and complete middle school and work less. There is suggestive evidence that participating girls delay their marriage and have fewer births by the time they are 19 years old. Also, girls who are exposed to the program later-on, and eligible for the benefits given in high school, increase their rates of matriculating into and completing high school. The persistence of impacts can potentially translate into gains in future productivity, consumption, inter-generational human capital accumulation and desired fertility. Lastly, there is no evidence that the program has negative spillover effects on educational outcomes of male siblings.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Bu makalenin temel amacı "Şartlı nakit transferi sağlık için ne anlam ifade ediyor?" sorusuna yanıt vermektir. Bu açıdan sağlık politikası, sağlık ekonomisi, etik yaklaşımlar ve adalet ilkesi gibi temel kavramlar ile ilgili ve alan yazında çok az işlenmiş bir konu olan "şartlı nakit transferi" konusunun dünya ve Türkiye'deki yansımaları ortaya konulacaktır. Şartlı nakit transferi, yoksul insanlara hedeflenen davranış şartlarını yerine getirtmek amacıyla onlara nakit desteği sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu şartlar çocukların okul kaydından, aşılama ve hamile kadınların sağlık hizmetlerinden düzenli faydalanması gibi durumları kapsamaktadır. Bu program öncelikli olarak yoksulluğu azaltma amaçlı yeni bir sosyal program türü olarak görülmektedir. "Şartlı nakit transferi" konusunda bütün paydaşların (Hükümet, vatandaş, çalışanlar, yöneticiler, politikacılar ve konu ile ilgili diğer paydaşlar) yararlanabileceği temel bir metin hazırlamak üzere hazırlanan bu çalışma derleme metodolojisi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.

Bu makalenin temel amacı "Şartlı nakit transferi sağlık için ne anlam ifade ediyor?" sorusuna yanıt vermektir. Bu açıdan sağlık politikası, sağlık ekonomisi, etik yaklaşımlar ve adalet ilkesi gibi temel kavramlar ile ilgili ve alan yazında çok az işlenmiş bir konu olan "şartlı nakit transferi" konusunun dünya ve Türkiye'deki yansımaları ortaya konulacaktır. Şartlı nakit transferi, yoksul insanlara hedeflenen davranış şartlarını yerine getirtmek amacıyla onlara nakit desteği sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu şartlar çocukların okul kaydından, aşılama ve hamile kadınların sağlık hizmetlerinden düzenli faydalanması gibi durumları kapsamaktadır. Bu program öncelikli olarak yoksulluğu azaltma amaçlı yeni bir sosyal program türü olarak görülmektedir. "Şartlı nakit transferi" konusunda bütün paydaşların (Hükümet, vatandaş, çalışanlar, yöneticiler, politikacılar ve konu ile ilgili diğer paydaşlar) yararlanabileceği temel bir metin hazırlamak üzere hazırlanan bu çalışma derleme metodolojisi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.

Worldwide, 1.6 million girls are “missing” at birth every year. One policy tool to improve the sex ratio is a conditional cash transfer that pays parents to invest in daughters, but existing evidence on their effectiveness is sparse. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we evaluate the Dhanlakshmi scheme, an Indian CCT program that strongly encouraged girl births without restricting fertility. Dhanlakshmi improved the sex ratio at birth, with only a small fertility increase. The girl-birth effect was concentrated among the first two parities and partially persisted after the program was discontinued. Post-birth outcomes like immunization and education also improved.

Background Conditional Cash Transfer Programs have been developed in Latin America in response to poverty and marked social inequalities on the continent. In Brazil, the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP) was implemented to alleviate poverty and improve living conditions, health, and education for socioeconomically vulnerable populations. However, the effect of this intervention on maternal and child health is not well understood. Methods We will evaluate the effect of BFP on maternal and child outcomes: 1. Birth weight; 2. Preterm birth; 3. Maternal mortality; and 4. Child growth. Dynamic retrospective cohort data from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2001 to 2015) will be linked to three different databases: Live Birth Information System (2004 to 2015); Mortality Information System (2011 to 2015); and Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (2008 to 2017). The definition of exposure to the BFP varies according to the outcome studied. Those who never received the benefit until the outco...

This paper presents a case study of the origins of Progresa-Oportunidades, the conditional cash transfer program for which Mexico has gained an international reputation. The main argument is that, though Mexico is held up as a leader in this area, this is little more than a façade. Rather, Mexico is used by the World Bank to propel its favoured policies and NAFTA has limited its ability to engage in autonomous policymaking. Furthermore, it is shown that the alleged role of Mexico as an emerging power is misleading and that we can best characterize it as a sinking middle power.

Latin American countries have been pioneers in the use of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) as a means of combating poverty. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, at least twenty-two developing countries have had at least one type of CCT program in place; and some having more than one. Over half are found in Latin America.1 Other countries are planning their own schemes based on the Latin American experience, including developed countries. In 2007, New York introduced “a program, which is based on a similar effort in Mexico,”2 whereby poor families would receive cash for family members meeting any of a series of criteria. Thus, CCT use is expanding, and it is useful to review the evidence of whether, where and how they are likely to succeed.

decision to seek less rather than more information and influence on therapeutic decisions. In his accompanying Comment (p 1383), 4 Jason Karlawish suggests that this study validates the standard cut-off of 24 or lower for the minimental state examination (MMSE), and that such low scores indicate mild cognitive impairment. MMSE scores are affected by many factors, including age and, particularly, education, and cut-offs should be adjusted accordingly. 5 Furthermore, whether the ascertainment of capacity in the study could have been biased by prior access to the MMSE score is unclear. Karlawish's comment about using the results of the study "to regulate the freedom to decide, especially in elderly people with mild stages of cognitive impairment" is chilling. The fact that many people have difficulty contributing to medical decisionmaking represents a challenge to doctors to improve their communication skills and to develop better educational aids. If patients are at risk of losing their right to participate in decision-making on the basis of tests such as the MMSE, they would be well advised to practise skills such as drawing intersecting pentagons before they go near a doctor. I declare that I have no conflict of interest.

To analyze the effects of the Mexican Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program on school attendance and household income distribution, this paper links a microeconometric simulation model and a general equilibrium model in a bidirectional way, so to explicitly take spillover effects of the program into account. Our results suggest that partial equilibrium analysis alone underestimates the distributional effects of the program. Extending the coverage of the program to the poor increases school attendance, reduces child labor supply, and increases the equilibrium wages of children who remain at work. With a relatively low fiscal cost, Mexican social policy could further reduce income inequality and poverty.

The paper examines the growth of antipoverty transfers in Brazil and their role in securing inclusive growth. Since the turn of the century, Brazil has managed to combine improvement in its growth performance, by the standards of recent decades, with substantial, and arguably unprecedented, reductions in poverty and inequality. There is considerable interest in the mix of economic and social policies responsible for inclusive growth in Brazil, including from countries in Africa. Since the mid-1990s, the emergence of large scale programmes providing direct income transfers to household facing extreme poverty and vulnerability have provided a focus for poverty reduction strategies in Brazil. They include non-contributory pensions, like Previdência Social Rural and the Benefício de Prestação Continuada, and human development conditional transfer programmes like Bolsa Escola and Bolsa Família. Antipoverty transfers are credited with a sharp reduction in extreme poverty and with having contributed to a reduction in inequality and social exclusion. Arguably, they have also strengthened political support for pro-poor policies. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the role of antipoverty transfers in securing inclusive growth. It examines their design, implementation, outcomes, and sustainability. It also sketches their potential relevance to African countries.

To analyze the effects of the Mexican Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program on school attendance and household income distribution, this paper links a microeconometric simulation model and a general equilibrium model in a bidirectional way, so to explicitly take spillover effects of the program into account. Our results suggest that partial equilibrium analysis alone underestimates the distributional effects of the program. Extending the coverage of the program to the poor increases school attendance, reduces child labor supply, and increases the equilibrium wages of children who remain at work. With a relatively low fiscal cost, Mexican social policy could further reduce income inequality and poverty.

Familias en Acción (FA) is a welfare programme that was designed to enrich a number of constituents of human capital. The targeted components include health, nutrition and education, and the targeted population comprises individuals living in the poorest 20% of households in selected ...

This working paper is the first component of a series of materials on cash transfer programmes and women's empowerment that also includes the five country studies published separately as stand-alone working papers. The complete set of papers provides the comprehensive analysis called for in the ILO Programme and Budget for 2012-13.

Background: Globally, one in every five children remain unvaccinated, and over 2 million children die from vaccine-preventable diseases annually, primarily in resource-poor, low-and middle-income countries. The uptake of immunizations under routine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is low due to limited geographical reach, poorly motivated staff, and parents' poor socio-economic status and opportunity cost associated with taking their child for immunization. Incentive-based approaches have been rigorously demonstrated to increase take-up and completion rates of immunization effectively. However, evidence from programs evaluating the impact of small-scale conditional cash transfers on immunization coverage is scarce. Objective: This program aims to improve both immunization coverage and timeliness through the introduction of small mobile money-based Conditional Cash Transfers (mCCTs) for parents and performance-based incentives for vaccinators through widely available mobile money transfers. The outcome of interest is fully immunized child (FIC) coverage-i.e. a child who has received one dose of BCG and three doses of each OPV, Pentavalent & PCV immunizations, and one dose of Measles vaccines. Outcomes will be compared through a baseline and endline immunization coverage survey to determine the effect of incentives. The two-year program is implemented in a district of Sindh province in southern Pakistan in 34 government immunization centers with 86 vaccinators. Two different incentive schemes (per fully immunized child) are deployed to determine the minimum CCT amount required for follow-up. The total per child incentive for the high-incentive scheme is USD 10.5 and USD 5.0 for the low-incentive scheme. Parents/caregivers of children (0-24 months) visiting the immunization centers for any of the six routine vaccine visits are enrolled into a phone-based digital immunization registry. At enrollment, the child's bio-data and immunization history are recorded and a unique Quick Response (QR)-code sticker for identification is pasted on the child's immunization card. For the follow-up immunization visits, 3 SMS reminders are sent to parents for each immunization. At the follow-up visit, the immunization history of the child is pulled on the phone by scanning the QR-code, and following immunization, the child is randomly enrolled (with a 50% probability) in either of the two incentive schemes. The mCCT is initiated automatically through the Registry which can be encashed through any of the mobile money retailers located in the area.

The Impact of a Cash Transfer Program on Cognitive Achievement: The Bono de Desarrollo Humano of Ecuador * Throughout Latin America, conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs play an important role in social policy. These programs aim to influence the accumulation of human capital, as well as reduce poverty. In terms of educational outcomes, a number of impact evaluation studies have shown that such programs have led to an increase in school enrollment, ensured regular school attendance and led to a reduction in child labor. Theoretically, such cash transfer programs may also be expected to exert a positive impact on students' test scores, but related empirical evidence is scarce. Accordingly, this paper evaluates the impact of a cash transfer program, the Bono de Desarrollo Humano of Ecuador, on students' cognitive achievements. The paper uses a regression discontinuity strategy to identify the impact of the program on second grade cognitive achievement. Regardless of the specification and the sample used, we find that there is no impact of the program on test scores, suggesting that attempts at building human capital, as measured by cognitive achievement, require additional and alternative interventions.

This paper investigates whether the effects of a cash transfer program persist or wear off in the long-run. I study the first two phases of Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) in Ecuador, each of which lasted about five years. I use a regression-discontinuity design and a change in the eligibility rule at the beginning of the second phase of the program to disentangle the effects of a short- versus long-exposure to the program. Most of the gains in enrollment and schooling were achieved in the short-run among children that started treatment when they were about to start elementary school, eleventh grade or Baccalaureate. However, an extended exposure to BDH was not enough to keep raising children’s education. Regarding labor market outcomes, BDH had a negative (not statistically significant) impact on the probability of working among young children but did not increase job opportunities among young adults in the long-run.

Chapter 2 Role of the state: Social policies and the poor An essential concern: how to reduce poverty? Who are the poor? The capability approach Measuring poverty under social policy context 1.2 The role of the State Social Policies and how to help the poor Social Protection as a way to help the poor Chapter 3 Social Policies and Social Protection Policies: Antipoverty policies in Latin-America Poverty in Latin-America: a context for new anti-poverty policies The new set of anti-poverty strategies: Conditional Cash Transfer and the Integration of Social Protection Programs The main differences between CCT and ISPP The design and implementation of CCT and ISPP Main debates that surround CCT"s under ISSP lens Chapter 4 Red Juntos a new strategy to fight extreme poverty in Colombia 26 Background: Poverty in Colombia Social policies confronting the end of the past century Familias en Acción: one answer to poverty thru a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Colombia. Red Juntos: network to overcome extreme poverty Chapter 5: Conclusions Notes 44 Appendices 1 References Figure 2 Red Juntos Coordination Scheme