Composting

The Region Chaouia-ouardigha produces approximately 200.000 tons of chicken litter each year. These wastes present environmental and health risks because of their high content of nitrogen and high density of pathogens. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of composting to stabilise and sanitise the chicken litter. After five months of composting, both physicochemical and microbiological parameters showed a significant change (at significance level p<0.05) of final compost properties: a self heating of the heap was sufficient to destroy or reduce density of 7 types of pathogens: total aerobic mesophilic Flora, fecal coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli), reducing-sulfite Anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeasts and molds. As for Salmonella, it was absent in all the samples analyzed. Also, the final compost recorded a Slight acidification to reach neutral value; a decrease in content of nitrogen, carbon and organic matter; an Increase of electrical conductivity and nitrates content.

USM has envisioned &quot; sustainability &quot; as a core development theme of the university in light of global sustainability issues. In becoming a world-renowned university for sustainability, USM facilitates sustainability attainment through i) innovations and technology, and ii) changes in lifestyles. Subsequently, CGSS has launched a project that engages its surrounding communities via the dissemination of USM &quot; s sustainability lifestyle practices – focusing on the areas of recycling and composting involving awareness campaigns at stakeholders &quot; venues. It was initiated by conducting situational analyses with stakeholders, after which specific sustainability awareness/practices campaigns were then devised, encompassing the setting-up and monitoring of composting units and recycling bins at six schools (SMK Bukit Jambul, SMK Bukit Gambir, SMK Dato &quot; Haji Mohd Noor Ahmad, SK Minden Height, SK Sungai Gelugor and SK Bukit Gambir), commercial entities (Giant Superma...

The disposal problem represented by vegetable-tannery sludge is of great and ever-increasing concern in Italy. Such sludge is of a highly polluting nature and therefore, requires a reliable and safe treatment to make it harmless before release into the environment. Vegetable-tannery sludge contains some very toxic compounds, mainly polyphenols (i.e. tannins) and sulphides, that are hazardous to biological systems. This paper deals with experiments evaluating the feasibility of vegetable-tannery sludge management and recycling by an integrated composting process. Static windrow technique with forced air and temperature feedback has been adopted for composting a mixture of vegetable-tannery sludge and organic biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) as bulking agent. Physico-chemical, microbiological and phytotoxicological aspects of this compost production from vegetable-tannery sludge are here emphasized along with some technological details.

Unusually I will start my article with references that have been hiring them: 1. Saad Ahmed Mursi and others: the use of certain agricultural waste "rice straw" as an organic fertilizer (compost.) 2. Saad Ahmed Mursi: The effect of composite cotton stalks and levels of nitrogen fertilization on wheat productivity. Summary of two sheets Bgesatin Mencrtin Third Conference for the marketing of applied research and university services, Mansoura University, from 11 to 12 March 2009. As long as we began sources, we recall the recommendations that concluded their studies: Generally recommended to use organic fertilization in the form of composite cotton stalks or rice straw compost plants in organic matter, and in particular poultry manure, in addition to fertilize wheat plants nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 80 kg nitrogen per acre under Dakahlia province, which has the studies conditions. The use of composite (1) In the first study (rice straw laboratories fertilizer poultry), and composite (1) in the second study (cotton plants fertilizer poultry straw) led to obtain higher values for all traits under study, and in all seasons of the three study, while less values of those qualities resulted from treatment comparison (without the use of compost) in three seasons.

Inhana rational farming (IRF) technology was studied as an organic package of practice in farmers' field using green gram (Samrat: PDM-84-139) as test crop. The study was conducted at Binuria village in Birbhum district of West Bengal during the crop season of 2013-14. The study area lies in 23.66°N and 87.63°E at about 179 ft above MSL, with level to nearly level landscape. The experiment was laid down as per randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments replicated three times. The treatments included local farming practice with chemical inputs, organic package of practice (Inhana Rational Farming [IRF] Technology developed by Dr. P. Das Biswas, Founder, Inhana Biosciences, Kolkata) as well as integrated farming practice (combination of chemical and organic inputs for both soil and plant management). Compost application was an integral part of soil management under the studied organic package of practice (POP) and the same was produced on farm using Novcom composting method (developed by Dr. P. Das Biswas, Founder, Inhana Biosciences, Kolkata). Evaluation of the biodegradation process along with quality analysis of its end product (Novcom compost) indicated that Novcom composting method could serve as an effective alternative for conversion of agro waste into good quality end product. Highest greengram production was obtained under chemical and organic soil input integration @ 75:25 along with organic plant management (Yield: 715 kg/ha) followed by 100% organic (Yield: 699 kg/ha) and chemical farming practice (Yield: 665 kg/ha). At the same time, gross income under organic POP was higher than that that obtained under conventional farming practice. Comparison of value cost ratio (VCR) under integrated management vis-à-vis chemical practice confirmed better scope for economic sustainability when chemical pesticides/growth parameters were replaced by organic plant management inputs; as compared to application of chemical alone. Post harvest soil analysis showed that the plots receiving Novcom compost showed an overall positive trend in soil quality specially in terms of soil biological parameters. The findings indicated that IRF technology as an organic POP can serve as an economically viable option for large scale adoption in farmers' field.

This study aims to improve fertilization management of artichoke in organic farming. Four fertilization program treatments based on compost and compost tea have been experienced: Control Treatment (T0): 100% compost needs are made in solid form before planting (BP);Treatment 1 (T1 ): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP , 25% are made in solid form at 22 weeks after planting (WAP) and 25% are applied as compost tea sprayed on the leaves weekly for 26 weeks from 12 WAP, Treatment 2 (T2): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP and 50% in the form of compost tea applied by fertigation weekly for 26 weeks from 12 WAP and Treatment 3 (T3 ): 50% compost needs are made in solid form BP , 25% in the form of compost tea applied as a foliar spray and 25% in the form of compost tea applied by fertigation. T3 provides better plants supplied with nitrogen, higher dry matter content and higher phosphorus potassium and calcium levels that reached 8.8%, 11% and 16% respectively for P, K...

Background Over the years, the use of organic materials in farming has reduced due to the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers which are rich in readily available plant nutrients. Intensive use of inorganic fertilizers may have depressing effect on yield of watermelon. Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Kwara State University Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria, to study the effects of different rates of Organomineral fertilizer Grade A, un-amended compost Grade B and NPK mineral fertilizer on the growth and yield of Citrullus lanatus. Results There were significant differences (P \ 0.05) among the treatments in relation to vine length, number of leaves, average weight of fruits and yield. NPK at 200 kg/ ha had the highest vine length of 294.67 cm followed by organomineral fertilizer Grade A applied at 2.5 t/ha which had the value of 268.0 cm. Un-amended compost Grade B at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 t/ha had vine length values of 257.7, 259.0 and 259.7, respectively. All the fertilizer treatments significantly (P \ 0.05) had higher number of leaves than control. The highest fruit yield of watermelon (36.7 t/ha) was obtained from organomineral fertilizer Grade A at 2.5 t/ha and NPK. Conclusion From this study, the use of organomineral fertilizer in the cultivation of watermelon could be used as alternative to mineral fertilizer, although cost effective but difficult to procure and cannot substantially redress the physical fragility of the soil. It is recommended that organomineral fertilizer Grade A at 2.5 t/ha be adopted for watermelon cultivation in the study area.

This chronology provides an overview of the lengthy fight about the infamous proposal to convert the Adams Mine - an open pit iron ore mine near Kirkland lake - into a mega dump for Toronto's garbage. The idea first was seriously proposed in 1989. In 1992, the Ontario government enacted the Waste Management Act, 1992 which was intended to ban waste export and promote local waste disposal in the Greater Toronto Area. By the late 1990s, the project had also been rejected by most of the municipal governments in Toronto, but was kept "alive" by a private sector promoter, Gord McGuinty (second cousin of current Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty). In addition, the project also was supported by Premier Mike Harris and the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) after they were elected to power in 1995. Harris, also was the Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) for North Bay-Nippissing, and he and all the other PC candidates who ran for the PCs in Northeastern Ontario in 1995 were staunch supporters of the project and on the public record, in the media and at public meetings, declaring that support. Accordingly, the project was pushed through, subject to the first and only scoped environmental assessment hearing in Ontario's history and approved, despite fierce local opposition. In 2004, the Adams Mine Lake Act, 2004 was passed, making the abandoned iron ore mine off-limits as a dump for solid waste, at least until the AMLA is amended. The AMLA revoked all existing approvals for the Adams Mine site as a landfill issued prior to 2004 and is intended to prevent development of the site as a land fill. The legislation also amends the Environmental Protection Act to prevent the use of other lakes that are larger than one hectare in size as landfill sites. This book provides support for the argument that garbage export is not sustainable or sensible as we attempt to move towards a sustainable society.

For further information, see the 2012 edited collection of materials: D. McRobert (ed.), There Is No Place Called Away: Why Exporting Garbage Is Not Sustainable or Sensible Paperback – Apr 1, 2012.
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This study aims to examine the effect of zeolites in optimizing the process of food waste composting. A novel method of sequential hydrothermal was introduced to modify the natural zeolite and apply to in-vessel compost bioreactors. Raw and modified natural zeolites were applied at 10 and 15% (w/w) of the total waste and compared with un-amended control trial. Both raw and modified zeolites affected the composting process, but the notable results were observed for modified natural zeolite. The results for compost stability parameters were prominent at 15% modified natural zeolite concentration. The rapid and long-term thermophillic temperature and moisture content reduction to the optimum range was observed for modified natural zeolite. Furthermore, the total ammonium (NH 4 +) and nitrate (NO 3 −) concentration in modified natural zeolite were increased by 11.1 and 21.5% respectively as compared to raw zeolite. Compost stability against moisture contents (MC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matters (OM), total carbon (TC), mineral nitrogen, nitrification index (NI) and germination index (GI) was achieved after 60 days of composting that was in accordance with the international compost quality standards. The findings of this study suggested the suitability of modified natural zeolite addition at 15% to the total waste as the optimum ratio for the composting of food waste in order to achieve a stable nutrient-rich compost.

This chapter seeks to historicize composting in Israel, and to characterize composting as a ‘waste regime’ (Gille, 2007), in the sense of a particular constellation of materials, practices, institutions and narratives mutually organized with a type of trash.
Agrarian settlement and symbolism have always been central to Zionist culture, and composting, in itself, is nothing new. As a policy measure, however, the household source-separation of food scraps is a novel Western environmental import which entered into a unique context. One aspect is that Israeli garbage, compared to other industrialized nations, is especially ‘wet,’ or rich in organic content. Another is the manner that source-separation has animated social-national aspirations. Food scraps are framed symbolically as a ‘gift’ to the land, but in practice, the gift has been crowded out of its market by older, if less charismatic, competitors, including the compostation of agricultural byproducts and sewage. In the discussion section I draw parallels between the iconic and central status of food scrap composting in Israel, to the regime of metal recycling in Hungary.

This paper aims to examine the influence of biochar produced from lawn waste in accelerating the degradation and mineralization rates of food waste compost. Biochar produced at two different temperatures (350 and 450 °C) was applied at the rates 10 and 15% (w/w) of the total waste to an in-vessel compost bioreactor for evaluating its effects on food waste compost. The quality of compost was assessed against stabilization indices such as moisture contents (MC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matters (OM) degradation, change in total carbon (TC) and mineral nitrogen contents such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). The use of biochar significantly improved the composting process and physiochemical properties of the final compost. Results showed that in comparison to control trial, biochar amended compost mixtures rapidly achieved the thermophilic temperature, increased the OM degradation by 14.4–15.3%, concentration of NH4+ by 37.8–45.6% and NO3− by 50–62%. The most prominent effects in term of achieving rapid thermophilic temperature and a higher concentration of NH4+ and NO3− were observed at 15% (w/w) biochar. According to compost quality standard of United States (US), California, Germany, and Austria, the compost stability as a result of biochar addition was achieved in 50–60 days. Nonetheless, the biochar produced at 450 °C had similar effects as to biochar produced at 350 °C for most of the compost parameters. Therefore, it is recommended to produce biochar at 350 °C to reduce the energy requirements for resource recovery of biomass and should be added at a concentration of 15% (w/w) to the compost bioreactor for achieving a stable compost.

Chicken manure is one of the popular organic fertilizers used in vegetable farming in Malaysia. Chicken manure is divided into two types, namely broiler chicken manure (BCM) and layer chicken manure (LCM). The effectiveness of these chicken manures is often questionable due to the different method of raising broilers and layers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of the broiler and layer chicken manures on the growth of choy sum (Brassica chinensis L. var. parachinensis), a common farmed leafy vegetable in the country. This study was carried out in the Agricultural Park of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (Perak Campus), Malaysia from February to May 2019. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) methods were used in this study. The chicken manures were composted for roughly 2 months before the experiment. There was no significant difference in the dry weight, plant height and root length of the choy sum treated with either BCM or LCM. Although the choy...

The effect of various additives such as fly ash, phosphogypsum, jaggery, lime, and polyethylene glycol on green waste composting was investigated through assessing their influence on microbial growth, enzymatic activities, organic matter degradation, bulk density, quality of finished compost including gradation test, heavy metal analysis, etc. A perusal of results showed that addition of jaggery and polyethylene glycol were helpful to facilitate composting process as they significantly influenced the growth of microbes and cellulase activity. The quality of finished compost prepared from jaggery and polyethylene glycol added treatments were superior to other composts, wherein reduction in C/N ratio was more than 8% in jaggery treatment. All other parameters of compost quality including gradation test also favored jaggery and polyethylene glycol as the best additives for green waste composting.

Topraklarımız için çok değerli kompost malzemesini israf edip çöpe atıyoruz. Oysa bunları apartmandan bahçeye, otellerden fabrikalara, sanayiden tarlalara kadar kuracağımız basit ve ucuz sistemlerle ileri dönüştürebilir yani kompostlaştırabiliriz. Böylelikle çok kıymetli ve toprak için yaşamsal gübrenin en kalitesini elde edebiliriz.

Kent bahçecileri, çiftçiler, belediyeler, sanayi tesisleri, oteller atıklarınızı kompostlaştırın, gezegene onarıcı bir katkı verin, üstelik gübreye verdiğiniz para cebinizde kalsın. Tükenmekte olan doğayı koruyun ve yaşamsal önemdeki fakirleşmiş toprağımızı geri kazanın.

Bu kitap işte bunların tamamını yapabilmeniz için hazırlanmış tam bir uygulama kaynağı ve pratik kitabıdır.

Kompost hakkında gerekli bütün bilgileri bu kitapta bulabilirsiniz. Kompostun kurulması, soğuk, sıcak kompost ve diğer yöntemlerin hepsi. Evsel atıklarınızı nasıl kompost yapabilirsiniz, nelere dikkat etmelisiniz, tek tek hepsini anlatan eşsiz bir kaynak. Kompostun nemini ve sıcaklığını kontrol etmek için hem bilimsel değeler veriliyor hem de basit ve elle yapılan kontroller anlatılıyor. Her neyi kompostlaştırmak istiyorsanız, elinizin altında bulunması gereken bir eser.

Tablolar, grafikler ve görsellerle desteklenen anlatımda, ayrıca ihtiyaç duyulacak bütün değerler, kompostun bileşenleri, toprağın en çok ihtiyaç duyduğu azot, fosfor ve potasyum miktarları da ayrıntılarıyla yer alıyor.

Büyük oranda arıtılmadan çeşitli su kaynaklarına bırakılan insan dışkısı da çok önemli bir kompost kaynağıdır. Müstakil evlerden çok katlı apartmanlara, kırsaldan kente kadar her yerde uygulanabilen kompost tuvaletler için dünyada gittikçe büyüyen bir ilgi mevcut. Örnekler hızla artıyor, uygulamaya katılan şehirler birbirini kovalıyor. Çevreye zarar değil yarar sağlayan, bunu yaparken bir de üstüne gelir getiren bu müthiş uygulamanın bütün detaylarını, resimlerle ve çizimlerle örneklerini bulacağınız kitabımız, yarınları anlatıyor.

Önyargılarınızı tekrar gözden geçirin, geleceğin dünyasına ilk adımı küçük bir kompost kutusu edinerek atın. Arkası kendiliğinden akıp gelecektir.

Paper presented the International Conference Herbert Marcuse Society 9th Bienal, on November 8, 2021, at the Feminist Futures  session.

Composting feminism aims to add life to degraded spaces, acting for regeneration of life for humans and more-than-humans. Composting feminism also is guided by an expanded political subject. In its sense, it can help us to involve feminism and ecology with the struggle of the peoples linked to the Earth: because the fight against the degradation of nature for the standing Forest is also the fight for the permanence of people in their own ways of life in their territory. Starting from the reading of letter "Defense of the Amazon and Mother Earth, against the Invasions of Capital, Extreme Violence and Green Scam'' collectively written during the pandemic in 2021 as a report about the meeting who gathered more than 50 entities, people and community leaders from original/ indigenous peoples, rubber tappers, riverside dwellers and quilombolas in Brazil, this paper aims to show how Marcuse can help us to think and to act by a radical critique of ecology as deep implicancy (Denise Ferreira da Silva). For that, we will follow two movements. First, we will recuperate the notions of autogestion and self-determination proposed by Marcuse on the text "The Radical Transformation of Norms, Needs, and Values" ([1977] 2017) and its correlation with the struggle of peoples against State interference in their ways of life, as we can see in the Letter. Furthermore, we will see that the ecological struggle, as Marcuse proposes in "Ecology and Revolution" ([1972] 2019), implies a radical transformation of relationship between human and nature(more-than-human) that I believe can be developed with Marcuse and beyond Marcuse. From specific knowledge about the way of being of tropical forests based on Anna Primavesi studies of agroecology, and mobilizing the notion of compost, we will follow the path opened by Marcuse and move towards envisioning some effective possibilities of Great Refusal. Here the cosmopoetic dimension of the feminism of compost emerges as a refusal to modern/colonial discourse, epistemologies and dichotomies, becoming an effective re-imagination in the construction of new words as new worlds.

Resumen El trabajo de investigación titulado "Producción de fertilizantes orgánicos tipo compost, biol y abono líquido, para huertos caseros", realizado en cada uno de los hogares de los estudiantes, ubicados en las provincias, Tungurahua, Cotopaxi, Napo; con el propósito de desarrollar fertilizantes orgánicos, permitiendo incrementar la producción y productividad de los cultivos caseros. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal desarrollar abonos orgánicos de la basura orgánica de los hogares por biodegradación para ser aplicada en los huertos caseros; realizando ensayos comparativos de tipos de compost, biol y abono líquido, para el tratamiento de los cultivos de papas se aplicaron los fertilizantes cada 7 días, junto con el riego e inspección de los brotes de papa. Además, se efectuó un análisis económico de los productos a través de la metodología de Perrin, haciendo énfasis en los costos variables de la producción de Biol. Se logró obtener un beneficio neto para cada tratamiento, observando diferencias casi nulas como B1A1, B1A2, B1A3, el de mejor rendimiento fue B2A3, seguidamente B3A3 y B2A2, con los precios de 12,7, 9,7 y 9,2 $ respectivamente, perfilándose a los mejores tratamientos en la ejecución del proyecto. En función del análisis de varianza (ADEVA) con un nivel de significancia del 5%, se obtuvo los dos mejores tratamientos que fueron B2A2 y B1A3 al tener 46,67 y 42 kg/ha respectivamente; los tratamientos B1A1 y B3A3 tuvieron rendimientos mucho menores ocupando el rango bc, mientras que el tratamiento B3A1 ocupo el rango c, en el último rango se encontró varios tratamientos que mostraron un rendimiento demasiado bajo, estos son B1A2, B2A1, B2A3, B3A2 y el control que no llega ni al valor de 1 kg/ha, ocupando todos el rango d; además se aplicó la prueba de TUKEY de los cuales que el tratamiento B1 se obtuvo mayor rendimiento, luego le sigue el tratamiento B3 y por último el B2 con 39,67, 22,54 y 11,93 kg/ha respectivamente, mencionando que el tratamiento B2 es el menos recomendado en su uso de empleo. La elaboración de estos fertilizantes orgánicos genera una alternativa edáfica que suplen las necesidades biológicas del suelo, poseen propiedades fisicoquímicas que mejoran e incrementan la producción de cultivos, generando resistencia a enfermedades y plagas en los mismos; son de fácil elaboración que pueden ser producidos a pequeña escala, de esta manera representando precios menores en cuanto a fertilizantes químicos.

Increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an ever challenging concern to mitigate global climate change. Governments and corporations across the world have introduced innovative strategies to reduce steadily rising GHG emissions. Some of these strategies are carbon taxes, energy efficiency strategies, command and control policies and market-based pollution trading mechanisms. This review highlighted the concept of carbon cap and trade program, GHG emission from compost, mitigation strategies, and carbon credit opportunities in the developing countries.

Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease  ammonia levels. Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the N in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated with PLT (acidifying additive), Barn Fresh (adsorbent additive) and Impact-P (digestive additive) during the poultry production process. In general, no significant differences were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH, EC, ash and moisture content when compost or the headspace air was sampled during all stages of compost preparation. Nor were mushroom yields, the amino acid contents of the substrate or of the mushrooms significantly affected by these ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended with PLT, Impact-P and Barn Fresh at the recommended rates.

Food waste has significant environmental, economic, and social costs. The majority of food waste occurs at the point of household consumption in the developed world. This chapter explores the literature on the determinants of household food waste generation, redistribution, and reuse. I use urban metabolism as a conceptual framework with the household as the unit of analysis. The household food metabolism is characterized by inputs (e.g., food from gardening or retail), metabolic processes (e.g., food preparation, storage, eating, reuse), and outputs (e.g., donation of uneaten food, disposal of spoils and human waste). I present factors contributing to the negative environmental effects of food waste as external and internal to the household, as well as demographic, behavioral, and social factors. Previous scholars have identified food waste-relevant behavior as planning, shopping, storing, cooking, eating, managing leftovers, and assessing edibility. Using the metabolic framework illuminates overlooked 'output' processes contributing to the environmental impact of household food waste including food sharing and food waste diversion. Existing and proposed solutions at all three stages of household food metabolism are discussed.

Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical issue around the world, especially in South Asia where waste generation is expected to double by 2050. Closing the food-nutrient cycle through composting biodegradable MSW has the potential to meet human needs, including sanitation and food security, while protecting the environment. We use an interdisciplinary case study approach including systems thinking to assess Sri Lanka&#39;s national MSW composting system, which primarily receives residential and commercial food waste. We embed quantitative compost quality analysis and interviews at 20 composting facilities within a broader qualitative assessment informed by ~60 stakeholders in total. This approach yields insights on how institutional, economic, social, and biophysical aspects of the system are interrelated, and how challenges and solutions can create undesirable and desirable cascading effects, respectively. Such dynamics can create risks of composting faci...

APV - Agriculture | Permaculture | Vermiculture ile solucan yetiştiriciliği ve solucan gübresi üretimi hakkında merak edilenler, bilinmesi gerekenler ve kısa adı MeyveDer olan Meyve Üreticileri Derneği üyeleri ile paylaşılanlar. Kısaca #vermikültür | #vermiculture, #vermikompost | #vermicompost, #vermikasting | #vermicasting hakkında önemli konu başlıkları, daha fazlası  www.APVfarm.com sayfamızda ve uzmanlık kütüphanemizde

Chandigarh is a green city which hosts numerous evergreen and deciduous trees with the green cover of 33%. The Municipal Corporation, the house owners and the residents wanted dried leaves to be removed from the streets and public spaces. The fallen leaves were seen as a waste, a nuisance and burden. The Municipal Corporation collected the dried leaves and dumped them into the truck for landfill site. This was such a short sighted strategy. Leaf litter needed to be treated with much more respect. Leaf litter should not be sent to landfill as well as these should not be burnt but it must be composted. Soil microorganisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungide composed organic matter. When key ingredient like moisture, aeration, temperature, pH were given in right condition, the mother nature cooked up a miracle. Leaf composting was simple to manage and produced good quality manure when performed in the campus of Post Graduate College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh, with the help of pure culture of isolated Bacillus sp., Sacchromyces sp. and Paenibaecillus sp.

Introduction Vermicomposting could increase nutrients availability including phosphorus. During vermicomposting, a decomposition of organic substrates leads to the production of several organic acids, such as malonic, fumaric, succinic acids. Microorganisms both in the intestinal organ of the worms and the organic waste have the ability to convert insoluble P into soluble forms. Little information exists about the effects of vermicomposting on rock phosphate (RP) solubilization. Present study was conducted to evaluate the solubilization of powdered RP during vermicomposting. Results Vermicomposting and RP application increased NaHCO 3-P i. Rock phosphate application in vermicomposting significantly increased NaHCO 3-P o. Vermicomposting significantly increased NaOH-P i in all of the treatments. RP application and vermicomposting increased HCl-P i in both organic sources. Generally, vermicomposting increased HCl-P o. Vermicomposting decreased pH but its effect was more evident in the presence of RP. Vermicomposting increased EC in both organic sources. Conclusion Present study showed that vermicomposting helps to enhance the transformation of P from RP into various organic or inorganic P forms, which would be readily or moderately available, thus, increase the availability of P from both RPs.

La lombricultura es una de las labores más importantes de la agricultura en la actualidad en México fue introducida en la década de los 80’s, siendo establecida por primera vez en 1996. El presente proyecto tiene como finalidad evaluar los parámetros físico-químicos de producción de lombricomposta con Eisenia foetida así como su reproducción en 4 sustratos o dietas orgánicas distintas con tres repeticiones, empleado un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (BCA). El experimento se realizó en la comunidad Laguna Larga, del municipio de Irapuato. Los materiales usados para elaborar las dietas fueron: estiércol de ovino (100%), alfalfa seca (25%), desechos de jardinería y residuos vegetales verdes (control), estos fueron previamente compostados y posteriormente introducidos dentro de recipientes plásticos en volúmenes de 5 kg, a los cuales se les adicionó 150 individuos tanto jóvenes como adultos, para un total de 1800 individuos. El proceso de lombricompostaje abarcó un período de 21 días desde su establecimiento, llevando a cabo un marco de mediciones de humedad, mismas que tuvieron un promedio de 80% las cuales se realizaron dos veces por semana; el pH con un promedio de 7.2. Las medidas de temperatura fueron de 22.7 ° C. Salvo por el pH, en todas las variables (Temperatura, Humedad, Número de individuos y Peso de la población) el tipo de sustrato influyó en los valores obtenidos. La reproducción de los individuos fue diferente en la mayoría de los tratamientos, siendo el de estiércol de ovino 100 % el que presentó los mayores valores en la población final (273 individuos promedio). Se concluye que los parámetros físico-químicos, y en el número y peso de los individuos, se ven afectados por el tipo de sustrato empleado para la producción de lombricomposta.

Abstract
A pot trial was conducted in the screen-house of Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
during 2014 to examine the influence of organic, mineral and organomineral fertilizers on
growth, yield, and soil properties in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) as well as
residual effects. The treatments comprised of Aleshinloye Grade A (Organomineral
fertilizer), Aleshinloye Grade B (Un-amended compost), Sunshine Grade A
(Organomineral fertilizer), Sunshine Grade B (Un-amended compost), NPK and control.
The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four
replicates. All the treatments (except the control of no soil additive) were applied at the
rate of 90 kg N ha-1. Pre and post cropping analysis of soils used in screen house were
done. Measurements of agronomic parameters were taken and data collected were
subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical analysis system (SAS).
The parameters assessed were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the applied fertilizer
types.The results show that dry shoot weight values of Amaranthus cruentus were 2.3
and 2.1g respectively with Sunshine Grade A and Aleshinloye Grade A and these were
significantly (p< 0.05) higher than that of NPK treatment (1.8g) after the first cropping.
Residual effect of Amaranth fresh shoot weight values obtained from Sunshine Grade A
and Aleshinloye Grade A were also significantly (p< 0.05) higher than that of the NPK
tratment. Sunshine Grade A and Aleshinloye Grade A had a significant and additive effect
on soil nutrients after harvesting of Amaranthus cruentus when compared with NPK in the
first and second croppings. Thus organic fertilizers fortified with mineral fertilizer have
great potential in the production of amaranth and could also be used effectively in
increasing soil fertility for amaranth production.
Keywords: Organic fertiliser, organomineral fertiliser, Amaranthus cruentus, soil fertility,
NPK, yield, Nigeria.

This paper aims to (1) examine the challenges in the compost facilities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), (2) optimize the composting techniques using indigenous natural zeolite and locally produced biochar from agricultural residues and (3) evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of optimized food waste composting. In KSA food waste is the most abundant stream of municipal solid waste that contribute up to 50% of the total waste. The landfill disposal of this waste results in several environmental and public health issues. Resource recovery through composting is one of the best approaches for treating such nutrient-rich organic waste. There exist several facilities in KSA for the conversion of food waste to compost using conventional methods of compost piles and trenches. However, none of the produced compost is capable of improving the quality and fertility of sandy soils and the growth of the crops due to limited values of organic matter, nutrients and water holding capacity along with high moisture contents, nitrification index, weed seed contents and ammonia emissions. In KSA, vast reservoirs of natural zeolite are available near to Jeddah city. Similarly, in KSA the most cultivated tree is date palm with more than 22 million date trees that would provide sufficient feedstock for biochar production. Therefore, diverting food waste from landfills to optimized composting facilities using natural zeolites and biochar could benefit the KSA economy with a total net savings of about US $70.72 million per year.

Urbanisation and economic development generally coincide with an increase in per capita waste production as well as food consumption. Therefore it is imperative to implement, especially in the African cities, a solid waste management system that could match the preoccupations of urban and periurban agriculture development. This research book has two principal objectives: to analyse the limits of the solid waste management public service organization in Yaounde and to appreciate the relevance of composting in an
alternative solid waste management system in Cameroon. From a global perspective, evidence from our analyses points the public service of solid waste management in Yaounde is not efficient. In view of this, we proposed an alternative solid waste management system that comprises recollection, composting, collection and transportation, landfilling and treatment of leachate and biogases. This system has the advantage to take in account the preoccupations of socioeconomic and environmental development of the city of Yaounde. Solid wastes produced in Cameroon are very rich in organic matters. It therefore appears that composting has a major role to play in our new solid waste management system. The physical and chemical analyses of organic product coming from solid waste and used by the Cameroonian farmers allowed us to hypothesize that in the long term, the resulting organic products can truly improve the
organic statute of soils. However, it is not only sufficient to produce organic manures but it is necessary that these organic manures are used by the farmers. The estimation of two models (Binomial Logit and Ordered Logit) bearing on a sample of 288 farmers shows that several socio-economic and technical variables, like the distance between the household of the farmers and their farms, influence the use of organic waste in urban
and periurban areas in Cameroon.
Key words: Solid waste, Urban and periurban agriculture, Composting, Logit model, Ordered Logit model

This report proposes a waste disposal system which includes integrated informal recycling, small scale biomethanation, MBT and RDF/WTE.
Informal recycling can be integrated into the formal system by training and employing waste pickers to conduct door-to-door collection of wastes, and by allowing them to sell the recyclables they collected. Waste pickers should also be employed at material recovery facilities (or MRFs) to increase the percentage of recycling. Single households, restaurants, food courts and other sources of separated organic waste should be encouraged to employ small scale biomethanation and use the biogas for cooking purposes. Use of compost product from mixed wastes for agriculture should be regulated. It should be used for gardening purposes only or as landfill cover. Rejects from the composting facility should be combusted in a waste-to-energy facility to recover energy. Ash from WTE facilities should be used to make bricks or should be contained in a sanitary landfill facility.
Such a system will divert 93.5% of MSW from landfilling, and increase the life span of a landfill from 20 years to 300 years. It will also decrease disease, improve the quality of life of urban Indians, and avoid environmental pollution.

Plastic items are a critical part of modern society and they are used in almost every aspect of our lives.  One of the values of plastics for packaging and manufacturing articles is the strength and durability of the material, however, after use this durability means that the plastics remain after use and continue to accumulate in the environment indefinitely. This means that as we use more and more plastic, we will also discard an ever growing amount of plastic that will last for centuries.
Today, plastics are disposed of in several ways including recycling, landfilling, incineration, composting and littering. In the US, recycling captures approximately 9% of plastics, we incinerate (burn) nearly 1% and we litter or compost less than a fraction of a percent. This leaves nearly 90% of plastic being discarded into landfills. Sustainability managers must be able to identify the most sustainable method for handling plastics after use.
To be truly sustainable, we must understand what is the most environmentally and economically beneficial thing to do with plastic and embrace methods that will address the 90+ percent of plastic discarded in the landfill each year. Only by addressing these issues can we maximize our success in reducing plastic waste by creating value in the process; a system known as “Zero Waste”.

Agricultural production is the concept of food sufficiency in every country, from the early 80's when there was an increase in the investment in organic production systems in response to this global consumption. This thesis proposed organic production of Microgreens. We have to, because they represent current and further economic development in international market inside the food sector.
In the course of this work process it proves implementing an efficient production system of low cost and with possibilities of intensive production during the growth capacity of seeds. The selected seeds were appointed at the request of the potential market where germination was obtained in soil (S) and vermicompost (L) observing differences outbreak quantified and averaged days time: radish (S) 5.25 d, radish (L) 5 d, corn (S) 3.75  d, corn (L) 3.75 d, melón (S) 3.5 d, melón (L) 4.25 d and rucola (S) 5 d, rucola (L) 3.75 d, it improved the level of agricultural productivity in protected conditions. To produce commercial size requested by potential customers is reported: radish (S) 10.25 d, radish (L) 8.75 d, corn (S) 24.25 d, corn (L) 23 d, melón (S) 25 d, melón (L) 25.25 d and rucola (S) 11 d, rucola (L) 10.75 day. Differences in crop development were observed.
The development of infrastructure in the pilot plant generated a change in production systems per m2, this led to the standardization of the production system to write off investment costs and improve product quality.
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The development of infrastructure in the pilot plant generated a change in production systems per m², this led to the standardization of the production system to write off investment costs and improve product quality.

As a developing country with such a huge population, India faces a lot of issues in managing the daily waste. Popular cities are expanding their boundaries but Municipal Corporations do not have the technology to handle the waste generated. Looking at this, the need of technological development is a must. Hence to cope up with these issues, the aim was set to develop household waste treatment bin, which can help to reduce the harm caused by garbage on the environment as well as on humans. In this project design of household waste treatment bin is carried out using simple techniques and design methodology to convert waste into biologically stable compost in an effective way so as to cope up with problems faced during handling daily household waste.