Comparative Criminal Law

The discourse on the 'Islamization' of laws in the legal systems of post-colonial Muslim states is dominated by two conflicting narratives. The dominant Western narrative views the Islamization of laws as the reincarnation of narrow and archaic laws embodied in discriminatory statutes. In contrast, the dominant narrative of political Islam deems it as the cure-all for a range of social, political and economic ills afflicting that particular Muslim state. This Paper presents a deeper insight into the Islamization of Pakistan's law. Pakistan has three decades of experience with incorporating shari'a law into its Common Law system, an experience which has been characterized by a constant struggle between the dominant Western and Islamist narratives. Pakistan's experience helps us deconstruct the narratives and discourses surrounding Islamization and understand that the project of incorporating Islamic laws in a modern Muslim society must be based upon indigenous demands and undertaken in accordance with the organically evolving norms of recognition, interpretation, modification and enforcement in that society. Furthermore, substantive law cannot be understood or enforced outside of a legal system, its legal culture(s) and professional discourse(s), and of the broader socio-political dialectics that give context and relevance to it. Therefore, we need to shift focus to the systemic problems deeply ingrained in Pakistan's legal system that allow law and legal processes to be used to prolong disputes and cause harassment. Islamic legality can, in fact, play a significant role in breaking down the resistance that vested interests may offer to such a restructuring of the legal system along more egalitarian lines.

Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung.

Gesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein Wächter am Leben und als ein Mit-Schöpfer weiter geniessen.
Es gibt Möglichkeiten der natürlichen Heilung auch für Geimpfte zur Entgiftung.

Auf Grund der 500% Steigerung von Sportlern die plötzlich im Kampfsport , bewusstlos umfallen, wird von jeder weiteren Giftaufnahme in den direkten Leib und Blutkreislauf abgeraten.

Die Anmerkungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Infektion und hochgradiger Ansteckung bei Lachen und Freude.
Es ist der selbe Effekt mit der Resonanz, was Heilung und Gesundheit regeneriert, bewirken Dissonanzen das Gegenteil.

Bitte informiert euch und gebt diese wichtigen Informationen weiter.

L'Istituto ha lo scopo di: a) Studiare e dibattere, collaborando anche con altri Enti ed Istituti Internazionali, la soluzione dei problemi che interessano la legislazione di tutti i popoli, in un piano mondiale, attraverso l'organizzazione di convegni, conferenze e manifestazioni culturali al fine superiore della elaborazione dei principi fondamentali comuni. Tale attività si esplica anche a mezzo di pubblicazioni, di raccolte bibliografiche e di informazioni. b) Favorire gli studi di diritto comparato, facilitando le relazioni e gli scambi fra gli studiosi di diritto del mondo intero, docenti universitari, magistrati e avvocati. c) Realizzare programmi e corsi di formazione, autonomamente o d'intesa con altri Enti ed Istituzioni pubbliche e private. d) Effettuare ricerche e studi sulla cooperazione giuridica europea ed internazionale. e) Curare la pubblicazione della Rivista della Cooperazione Giuridica Internazionale. f) Pubblicare i risultati di ricerche ed attività svolte dall'Istituto in singoli volumi o periodici similari. Sommario: 1. Introduzione.-2. Il potenziamento della normativa di contrasto alla pirateria nell'Unione Europea: il Parere del Comitato Economico e Sociale Europeo e le attività del Consiglio dell'Unione Europea.-3. Il sistema italiano antipirateria alla luce delle recenti sentenze della Cassazione nel caso Montecristo: verso un pieno riconoscimento della complessità dell'actus reus?-4. Il processo di adattamento della disciplina francese antipirateria al diritto internazionale.-4.1. Segue. Gli illeciti penali «lesivi della libertà delle persone» sui mezzi di trasporto: profili di comparazione del Code pénal français con la disciplina italiana.-4.2. Segue. L'adozione di uno strumento normativo specifico per la lotta alla pirateria: loi n. 2011-13 du 5 janvier 2011.-5. La tutela della navigazione marittima nell'ordinamento tedesco: l'elemento psicologico della leichtfertigkeit nei casi di attacco in mare aggravato dall'omicidio.-6. Il sistema normativo spagnolo di contrasto alla pirateria alla luce della Ley Orgánica 5/2010: la pirateria marittima come «delito complejo».-7. Il contrasto alla pirateria nei sistemi africani: dall'influenza del diritto coloniale all'effettività della disciplina internazionale.-7.1. Segue. La disciplina somala antipirateria tra diritto coloniale italiano e principi della Sharī'a.-7.2. Segue. La realizzazione della disciplina antipirateria internazionale in materia concorsuale nel Somaliland.-7.3. Segue. La repressione della pirateria in Kenya: dall'esperienza coloniale britannica all'attuazione della politica onu.-8. La pirateria marittima nei sistemi asiatici: il ruolo centrale degli ordinamenti statali nella Strait of Malacca Formula.-8.1. Segue. Le problematiche del ricorso alla pena corporale ed alla death penalty per gli atti di pirateria nell'ordinamento di Singapore.-8.2. Segue. La tripartizione della pirateria in base al locus commissi delicti nel codice penale indonesiano. La nuova petro-piracy nel sud-est asiatico: le oil/fuel siphoning operations.-9. Conclusioni.

L’immagine più diffusa della pirateria è forse quella legata ai
romanzi di Emilio Salgari o di Robert Louis Stevenson, ed in
tempi più recenti a pellicole e serie televisive americane di
grande successo. Denominatore comune, sono le avventure in terre lontane ed esotiche e la sostanziale simpatia nutrita dal lettore o spettatore nei confronti dei personaggi di queste opere, quasi sempre
fuorilegge, ma (spesso), pure paladini della giustizia (seppur con tendenze anarcoidi e ribellistiche).
Vero è, che tale fenomeno è stato invece per lungo tempo endemico nel Mediterraneo ed ha interessato per oltre un millennio il nostro Mezzogiorno, ed è ancora (purtroppo), estremamente attuale in altre aree del pianeta a noi contigue o prossime.

Analysis of the 2018 Polish "memory law", the amendment to the Act on the Institute of the National Remembrance. The article presents legal and political context behind the law and situates it among similar legislation passed in Russia and Turkey, intended to protect reputation of the state and nation and presenting state approved version of key historical events as official narrative.

U poslednjih pet godina, tačnije od avgusta meseca 2009. godine, svedoci smo postepenog uvođenja i popularizacije zaključivanja sporazuma između javnog tužioca i okrivljenog u krivičnom postupku Republike Srbije. U početnoj fazi razvoja ovog instituta javni tužilac i okrivljeni mogli su da se sporazumeju samo o krivici okrivljenog, dok je danas polje zaključivanja sporazuma znatno prošireno, tako da se okrivljeni posle zaključenja sporazuma može pojaviti i kao svedok, ali ovaj sporazum sa javnim tužiocem mogu da zaključe i već osuđena lica.
Značaju sporazuma koje zaključuju javni tužilac i okrivljeni u krivičnom procesnom pravu Republike Srbije, doprinosi i činjenica da se broj sporazuma iz godine u godinu povećava, samim tim znatno se ubrzava krivični postupak, krivično pravni sistem postaje efikasniji, a postupak jeftiniji. Okrivljenom je ostavljena mogućnost da priznanjem krivičnog dela izbegne redovan tok krivičnog postupka, a isto tako već osuđenim licima se pruža mogućnost da iskoriste ustupke javnog tužioca u zamenu za svedočenje koje u nekim situacijama može biti presudno za otkrivanje izvršilaca i dokazivanje krivičnog dela. Međutim, pitanje je da li je brz krivični postupak de facto i pravičan.
Predmet razmatranja ovog rada je detaljna i celovita analiza sporazuma javnog tužioca i okrivljenog u koje po Zakoniku o krivičnom postupku spadaju sporazum o priznanju krivičnog dela, sporazum o svedočenju okrivljenog i sporazum o svedočenju osuđenog, sa kratkim prikazom rešenja prihvaćenih od strane zemalja u okruženju, kao i prikaz zakonodavnih i praktičnih rešenja evropskih zemalja koje su Srbiji do sada bile uzor u zakonodavnoj teoriji i praksi.
Cilj istraživanja rada je analiza specifičnosti i efikasnosti zaključivanja sporazuma u krivičnom procesnom pravu Srbije, prednosti i nedostaci pozitivnih zakonskih rešenja, potpuni prikaz svih karakteristika sporazuma, njihova teorijska obrada i praktična analiza.

In recent years it has spread increasingly in international criminological and legal studies the expression "penal populism", indicating by this formula a number of distortions in the functioning of the judicial institutions because of political dynamics based on the logic of consensus. From a scientific point of view, the penal populism implies a dual-depth perspective. On the one hand it repeats the classic question of the limitation of political power to protect the rights of the individual. On the other side it raises the issue of how the logic of political consensus alters the normal functioning of the judicial system, as - for example - in the ideological and manipulative use of crime data in election campaigns. For these reasons penal populism can never be a strictly political issue, much less a merely juridical one. In this book, from different disciplinary perspectives, the authors propose a first analysis of the Italian context from an introductory exposure to major theoretical issues on penal populism.

Youths under 18 years get trapped into the Juvenile Justice System after being suspected of committing a delinquent or criminal act. The United States tops in Juvenile arrests in the world. States like West Virginia, Alaska, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wyoming have the highest number of juveniles. However, an estimated 2.1 million youths under 18 years were arrested in the United States during a single year. This paper aims to address the current racial differences that exist within the criminal justice system. By addressing challenges like youths of color are more likely to be committed than white youths into the juvenile system will assist in curbing racial disparity. Statistics reveal that 42% of youths in the placement holdings are black youths, even though black youths make up for 16% of youths all over the United States. In California alone, African American juveniles take 27.5% while whites take up 15%. Even though the system's laws contain no racial bias, research shows that discrimination can occur where the system allows criminal justice officials discretion in handling offenders. Black youths take up for 15% of the total number of youths in the USA get they have the highest juvenile detentions of 42%, but it is difficult to deny these records since there is evidence like arrest and imprisonment records to back up this claim. The racial disparities exist from targeting the blacks, arrest, sentencing, imprisonment, and release. These actions promote discrimination among the black youths, and black youths are likely to get significant sentencing compared to whites for the same crimes committed. Different states in the United States have different racial disparities, California and Texas, blacks serve long sentences, unlike the whites. There are various causes of racial disparities like; some black residences are known for crime, and they have huge offence rates, unequal access to resources, judicial decisions, and racial prejudice. After the research, it was evident that racial disparity exists, and it can only be corrected by looking at the root cause of the problem widely, which is discrimination. Race plays a significant role when it comes to juvenile detentions. Youths of color are four times more probable to be detained, unlike white youths. The research designed a method of tracking racial disparities via a hypothetical juvenile jurisdiction criminal justice system. The paper will extensively dive into juvenile population characteristics, juvenile justice system structure, law enforcement, juvenile crime, juveniles in court, juveniles on probation by the state, juveniles in the correction by the state and foreign nations, and an analysis of all the findings. The extensive research will be able to answer all the questions to the problem of racial disparity.

ss.; G. VITALI, Imprese e integrazione economica europea: una lettura di lungo periodo , in Comunità internaz., 2005, p. 37 ss.; cfr. anche V. DONATI-VI, Concorrenza e mercato nel prisma dell 'ordinamento giuridico: appunti per una ricostruzione storica, in Riv. dir. ind., 1992, I, p. 352 ss. dott. ALESSANDRO CORDA dottorando di ricerca in Giustizia penale, Giustizia internazionale e Diritti fondamentali nell'Università di Pavia LEGISLAZIONE ANTITRUST E DIRITTO PENALE: SPUNTI PROBLEMATICI IN AMBITO EUROPEO SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: oggetto e traiettoria dell'indagine. -2.

ITA:  Il presente lavoro, esaminando le scelte operate dalla l. n. 190 del 2012 alla luce delle pulsioni riformatrici degli interpreti interni e delle organizzazioni internazionali, oltre che di un’analisi comparata con gli ordinamenti esteri, propone di interpretare la nuova fattispecie di induzione indebita a dare o promettere utilità secondo l’attuale logica clientelare, e non semplicemente mercantile, che caratterizza i fenomeni corruttivi. Su queste basi, e tenendo in considerazione l’attuale affinità con il sistema di cui agli artt. 318 ss. c.p., passa ad analizzare la struttura del delitto, da intendersi come fattispecie plurisoggettiva bilaterale.

ENG: The Halting Restyling of “Concussione” (Extortion By A Public Official) and the Structural Problems of “Induzione Indebita a Dare O Promettere Utilità” (Undue Induction).
The paper, evaluating the choices made by l. n. 190/2012 in the light of the reforming tendencies of italian interpreters and international organizations, as well as of a comparison with foreign legal systems, proposes to interpret the new crime of undue induction in the actual crony perspective of corruption. On these grounds, and
according to the affinity to bribery, the Author concludes for the configuration of the induction as a bilateral plurisubjective crime.

There is growing consensus that the insider-trading regime in the United States, the oldest in the world, is in need of reform. Indeed, three reform bills are currently before Congress, and one recently passed the House with overwhelming bipartisan support. As the U.S. considers paths to reforming its own insider trading laws, it would be remiss to ignore potential lessons from global experimentation and innovation, particularly in light of the fact that so many insider trading regimes have been recently adopted around the world.

Any such comparative study should, however, be cautious in drawing its conclusions. Reformers should pay close attention to the political, social, and economic motivations that might explain the recent trend toward near-universal adoption of insider trading regulations around the globe. Evidence suggests that at least some countries have adopted their insider trading regimes ritualistically. Regulatory ritualism occurs where great attention is paid to the institutionalization of a regulatory regime without commitment to or acceptance of the normative goals that those institutions are designed to achieve. If countries' insider trading regimes are adopted only ritualistically (e.g., to receive geopolitical carrots or to avoid geopolitical sticks), then comparative analysis should account for the fact that these regimes may not reflect its citizens' (or markets') lived experience or normative commitments.

This Article aids the effort of reforming our insider-trading laws here in the United States by considering lessons that can be learned from the global experience. Part I makes the case that the insider-trading regime in the U.S. is in need of reform. Part II charts the global rise of insider trading regulation in the twentieth century. Part III summarizes important features of representative regimes around the globe (e.g., in Japan, Europe, China, Russia, India, Canada, Australia, and Brazil). Part IV notes the trend toward universality in insider trading regulations and considers some of the moral and economic conclusions scholars and regulators have drawn from this trend. Part V identifies the problem of regulatory ritualism, and its implications for global enforcement and compliance. Part VI then turns to the constructive exercise of determining what can be learned from the global experience of regulating insider trading with an eye to reforming the American regime.

Nell’ambito di un lavoro orientato a comprendere il ruolo della rule of law sull’equilibrio fra sicurezza e libertà nell’ambito di sistemi democratici di qualità, il presente capitolo si propone principalmente di offrire una panoramica, comparativa e diacronica, sull’andamento di quelle che sono le minacce alla sicurezza che gli stati (Italia, Francia, Spagna, Germania, Regno Unito, Polonia) devono affrontare.
L’obiettivo non è meramente descrittivo, ma chiama in causa una prima ricognizione, che sarà poi sviluppata nei capitoli successivi, sul ruolo della rule of law, correlando le variazioni riscontrate negli indici di criminalità con possibili contemporanee variazioni su due fronti che potrebbero agire quale variabile indipendente sull’andamento dei crimini: da un lato le trasformazioni nelle condizioni ambientali (cambiamenti
culturali, ma soprattutto economici), dall’altro i mutamenti di carattere politico-istituzionale. All’interno di quest’ultimo caso, un’ulteriore distinzione importante è quella fra gli interventi che mirano a influire sulle condizioni ambientali (politiche sociali) e gli interventi che mirano a
influire direttamente sull’impianto istituzionale (politiche di sicurezza).

1. Misurare le minacce alla sicurezza per valutare la qualità democratica
2. L’evoluzione del tasso di criminalità
3. Criminalità comune
3.1. Reati contro il patrimonio
3.2. La reazione non istituzionale al crimine: legittima difesa e giustizia sommaria
3.3. Reati contro la persona
4. Criminalità organizzata
4.1. Il problema di una definizione comune
4.2. Le nuove frontiere tra criminalità organizzata e criminalità finanziaria
4.3. La prostituzione
4.4. I reati legati agli stupefacenti
5. Criminalità politica
5.1. Violenza politica, scontri di piazza e repressione
5.2. La minaccia terroristica
6. I crimini d’odio: razzismo, xenofobia e omofobia
6.1. Pregiudizio e violenze fino al 2008
6.2. Dopo il 2008: la crisi economica e il capro espiatorio
7. Conclusioni

The internet has given birth to new concepts in various fields, such as in the field of trade (e-commerce), education (e-learning), government (e-government), business (e-business) and politics (e-democracy). This new concept certainly brings positive benefits for efficient and effective performance. This also happened to court performances that also experienced changes using the internet. Post the Supreme Court issued MA Regulation (PERMA) Number 3 of 2018 concerning administration in court electronically. With the enactment of Supreme Court Regulation No. 3 of 2018, this became an initial milestone in the revolution in the case administration in court. Then is it only in the case administration revolution in court, what about other systems? and how the criminal justice system in Indonesia responds to the challenges of the 4.0 revolution.

Schedule 17 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 introduced Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) into the English legal system. On the 30th of November 2015 the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited entered into the first-ever deferred prosecution agreement in the U.K. with the Serious Fraud Office. It represents a historic turning point for the English legal system as well as an innovation that has the potential to revolutionise the approach to corporate criminal liability traditionally adopted in the United Kingdom. This paper analyses the legislative provisions under Schedule 17 of the 2013 Act dealing with its most problematic aspects and drawing comparisons with the corresponding legal instruments developed in the U.S. It also investigates the reasons behind the DPA implementation in England and Wales focusing on the growing pressure that was exerted on the authorities to carry out successful investigations against corporations involved in criminal activities. Finally, the paper offers an analysis of the first-ever DPA concluded in the U.K. highlighting the most controversial legal issues arising from such an agreement. This can be considered a landmark decision not only because the SFO's first application for a DPA was approved by the judiciary, but also because it was the first time in which a legal entity was charged in England and Wales with the offence of "failure of commercial organisations to prevent bribery" as provided by section 7 of the Bribery Act 2010.

Drug prohibition allows us to study over a significant period of time how penal provisions framed at a supranational level flow, settle and unsettle across different countries. At a time of growing doubt about the benefit of criminalisation of drug use, it also provides a case study as to how epistemic communities may rely on comparative research to identify best practices and promote them as normative alternatives in the face of a long entrenched legal dogma. In order to explore these issues, this article looks at the UN drug control system from the perspective of comparative law. It shows how the concept of legal transplant provides a useful tool to understand the limits of transnational criminal law designed on a global scale to tackle the ‘drug problem’, and it clarifies the various types of legal comparison that might contribute to addressing this failed transplant.

This paper represents the second part of a work that thoroughly analyses the common law offence of conspiracy. This second paper deals with the structure of the offence. In particular, it focuses on its definition and juridical nature (inchoate offence); the actus reus (the agreement and the overt act); the mens rea; the necessity of a criminal collaboration, aiding and abetting (with a specific reference to the Pinkerton rule); the U.S. Federal Conspiracy Law.

Вред является одной из центральных, системообразующих категорий, находящейся в центре основных понятий и институтов уголовного права. Вместе с тем сущность данного социально-правового явления далеко не всегда подвергается детальному анализу и воспринимается учеными как априорно понятное, не вызывающее критики положение. В большинстве случаев вред ассоциируется с преступлением. Однако в уголовном законе предусматривается и вред, не являющийся преступным. Предлагается общее понятие категории вреда в уголовном праве, дается его классификация. В зависимости от материального и формального критериев вред делится на преступный и непреступный. Анализируются формы преступного вреда. Делается вывод о том, что понятие «вред» является родовым и включает в себя несколько более узких по своему содержанию категорий, таких как ущерб, убытки и тяжкие последствия. Указывается на связующую роль вреда между деянием и объектом преступления. Разграничиваются преступные последствия как признак объективной стороны состава преступления и преступный вред правоохраняемым отношениям. С позиции причинения вреда рассматриваются формальные и усеченные составы преступлений, неоконченное преступное посягательство, действия соучастников. Особое внимание обращается на виды и значение вреда, не являющегося преступным. Последний, в свою очередь, в зависимости от материального критерия делится на общественно опасный вред, а также на общественно полезный или социально допустимый (правомерный). Особое внимание обращается на ситуации правомерного причинения вреда, которые предусмотрены в оперативно-разыскном законодательстве. Приводится классификация норм о деяниях, причиняющих правомерный вред, помимо Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации, еще в четырех группах нормативных актов. Проводится анализ правового регулирования общественно полезных (социально допустимых) деяний, причиняющих вред объектам уголовной охраны, но правомерность которых не предусмотрена уголовным законодательством. Рассматривается возможность применения аналогии уголовного закона в подобных ситуациях. С учетом тенденций в законодательной практике предпринята попытка уголовно-правового прогнозирования о нормативном закреплении правомерного причинения вреда.

The article considers damage as one of central, systematically important categories that is located in the center
of major concepts and institutions of criminal law. The essence of this social and legal phenomenon is not always subjected
to detailed analysis and is perceived by scholars as a priori clear, not drawing any criticism provision. In the majority of cases
damage is associated with a crime. However, the criminal law provides for damage that is not criminal. The author offers
a general definition of the category of damage in criminal law and gives its classification. Depending on the material and formal
criteria damage is divided into criminal and not criminal. The author analyzes the forms of criminal damage. The author
concludes that the notion of "damage" is generic and includes a number of slightly more narrow in their content categories,
such as injury, losses and grave consequences. The paper is indicative of the adhesive role of damage between the act and the
object of a crime. The author distinguished criminal consequences as an indication of the objective side of a crime and criminal
damage caused to protected relations. From the standpoint of inflicted damage the author considers formal and inchoate
crimes, inchoate criminal trespass, acts of accomplices. Particular attention is drawn to the types and value of damage that is
not criminal. The latter, in turn, depending on the material criterion is divided into socially dangerous harm, as well as socially
useful or admissible (legitimate). Particular attention is drawn to the situations of causing legitimate harm that are set forth
in investigative legislation. The paper contains the classification of rules regarding acts causing legitimate harm that are set
forth in four more groups of regulatory acts in addition to the Criminal Code of the RF. The author carries out the analysis of
legal regulation of socially useful (socially admissible) acts that cause harm to the objects of criminal protection, but their
legitimacy is not provided for in criminal legislation. He also examines the possibility to apply criminal law analogy in such
situations. Taking into account trends in legislative practice, the author attempts to predict within the frames of criminal law
normative consolidation of causing legitimate harm.

The hereby presented thesis work - still unpublished - deals with the problem of supervision in the context of corporate criminal liability, particularly with the profile of compliance programs. The main question is: can the compliance officer be regarded as a bearer of a guarantor position? This topic was focused by the German Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) in his decision BGHSt 54, 44 (17.7.2009): this decision underlines the need of a better definition of the aims and the attributions related to this peculiar role and reasons and mechanisms of his eventual criminal liability.

Il volume esamina il concetto di consumazione del reato, dal duplice punto di vista dogmatico e politico-criminale.
Dopo avere dato conto delle attuali tendenze in tema di consumazione, l'Autrice analizza la teoria "formale" e quella "materiale", adoperate rispettivamente in Italia e in Germania per regolare la fase conclusiva dell'iter criminis. L'insoddisfazione nei confronti di entrambe le costruzioni è alla base del ripensamento della categoria concettuale della consumazione: premessa la distinzione fra la nozione di integrazione della fattispecie e quella di consumazione del reato, il lavoro si sofferma sulla individuazione del momento consumativo di ipotesi paradigmatiche come l'usura, la truffa e la corruzione, per approdare infine alla formulazione di alcune proposte di riforma del codice penale.

Rights of women in prison have been addressed in the Bangkok Resolution in 2011 and later in 2015 by the Mandela Rules. Nevertheless, with more than 700 000 women in prison around the world it is appalling to witness the lack of measures enforced in practice.
This research aims to give a comparative study of how women and more specifically pregnant women and young mothers are treated in French and Norwegian prisons.

The paper focuses on the review of material criminal law provisions of European legal systems regarding defamation and libel. As such, it covers statements (passing on statements) and acts that injure, or are capable of injuring, the dignity and/or honour of individual persons, as well as the position of various legal systems regarding such statements and actions. The paper concludes that Europe has a long-standing tradition of using the means of criminal law to protect human dignity, and this tradition is still kept by most European legal systems. Out of the 29 European countries (28 EU Member States and Switzerland) reviewed, a total of 24 countries apply civil law damages and solatium doloris in combination with penal sanctions against persons who violate the dignity or honour of other natural persons by asserting or disseminating true or false statements of fact, or by other acts that violate the protected legal subjects mentioned above. Nevertheless, an opposite trend also seems to emerge in the last ten to fifteen years, more and more countries cease to apply criminal law to sanction such actions. This abolition process is not taking place at the same speed throughout Europe; it is most apparent in the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (with the two exceptions being the United Kingdom and Ireland; the countries rejecting criminal sanctions include Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus, Georgia, Estonia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Tajikistan, Armenia, Romania, and—standing for partial abolition— Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, and Serbia), while the traditional punitive approach is more common—at least at the level of legislation—in the Central, Southern, Northern, and Western parts of Europe. The latter observation needs particular emphasis, because the courts of various countries make use of the theoretically available means of criminal law to rather varying degrees; harsher punishment is (or has been so far) more prevalent in German, French, and Italian territories, including prison time to be served by the defendant, while the Northern countries (Finland, Sweden, and even Norway) tend not to apply a guilty verdict or to impose a lenient fine or other sanctions not involving the restriction of liberty in such criminal proceedings. It seems certain that criminal law is to remain a fundamental means of protecting the honour and dignity of individuals in the long run, but the prevalence of making use of such means is apparently decreasing in the abolitionist countries as well as other countries. However, the general European trend of reducing the application of prison sentences, the available statistics, the example of some countries otherwise following a rigorous approach (especially Italy), as well as the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights indicate that imprisonment may be replaced, slowly and gradually during the following years and decades, by other forms of punishment—especially fines—that do not involve the restriction of liberty.

Following the highly publicized deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown at the hands of white local law enforcement officers, along with the subsequent failure of the justice system to address this repugnant state of affairs, it has become essential for left-legal activists and advocates of social justice to begin crafting a model of criminal justice that is capable of withstanding the bias of perceived class, gender, and racial supremacy.  Further, it seems necessary to express these ideas in a manner that is amenable to implementation, rather than conveyed in the abstract terms of bourgeois ideology.  Such a design of legal structures and procedures can be deduced from the concepts provided by Karl Marx and the various leftist practitioners and theoreticians that have followed in Marx’s footsteps.

In order to fully understand what envisioning a Marxist model would entail, it is necessary to lay the foundation of the Marxist legal tradition in its historical context, and then in explicitly Marxist terminology as such terms may relate to crime and criminal justice.  We will journey first through a brief history of Marxism as it relates to law and the legal systems purported to have existed in the name of Marx, particularly the Soviet legal system.  Following this historical analysis, we will consider the specific tenets of Marxism and how those concepts may guide us in constructing an authentic Marxist model of criminal justice.  Next we will implement these tenets in laying out a critique of each of the three phases of the American criminal justice system: 1) the police, 2) the courts, and 3) the prisons.  Finally, we will conclude with an attempt at providing brief recommendations for constructing a Marxist criminal justice system. What follows is intended to be an introductory overview of these concepts and systems.

Sosiologi pemidanaan merupakan diskursus alternatif diantara dua tradisi diskursif yang cukup mapan dalam memahami pemidanaan, penologi dan filsafat. Artikel ini memperkenalkan secara singkat beberapa pemikir yang membahas peran pemidanaan dalam masyarakat yaitu, Émile Durkheim, Rusche dan Kirchheimer serta Michel Foucault.

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English translation of excerpts from Paul Johann Anselm Feuerbach's influential criminal law textbook, a foundational text in German criminal law. The first edition of the textbook appeared in 1801; this translation is based on the 13th edition of 1840.

Due to the development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the computer has become host for the perpetration of all sorts of crime. The advent of communication technologies has allowed for terrestrial forms of interpersonal victimization to move into cyberspace. The traditional claw of crimes and punishment has proved ineffective in arresting these crimes, hence there was a need to enact laws to curb the vices. Cyberstalking is a serious predatory behavior that arrives from the evolutionary need for control in the pursuit of resources and reputation. Cyber-harassment involves engaging in an act or behavior that torments, annoys, terrorizes, offends, or threatens an individual via email, instant messages, or other means with the intention of harming that person. While stalking basically is not prohibited by the Nigerian criminal law statutes, some of the legislations criminalised harassment. Stalking with the aid of a computer network (cyberstalking) and harassing a person with the assistance of a computer device (cyber-harassment) were never criminalised in Nigeria until the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc) Act was enacted in 2015. Similarly, the Interstate Anti-Stalking Punishment and Prevention Act was enacted by the United States Congress in September of 1996 to punish cyberstalking while the English counterpart enacted the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 to deal with the issue of stalking. Considering the myriad of crimes being committed in the cyberspace, the primary objective of this research work is to assess the adequacy of the laws which makes up of cyberstalking and cyber-harassment from a comparative lens, focus being on Nigeria, the United States and England. The paper finds that despite the enactment of these legislations, online stalking and harassment continues to be on the increase. It is the recommendation of this paper that an independent governmental body be established to enforce the provisions of the laws relating to cybercrime in all the jurisdictions of focus.

A meno di tre anni dalla riforma "di sistema" del 2012 (l. n. 190), la l. n. 69 del 2015 ha ulteriormente irrobustito l'apparato repressivo delle patologie lato sensu corruttive, avvertite nel nostro Paese come sempre più dilaganti e corrosive del tessuto economico e politico-democratico. L'intervento è contrassegnato da tre direttrici politico-criminali: inasprimento sanzionatorio in funzione di deterrenza, recupero coattivo del vantaggio illecitamente ottenuto dai pubblici agenti, incentivazione della collaborazione processuale di corrotti e corruttori. Pur presentando elementi di novità degni di apprezzamento, anche questo nuovo sforzo legislativo non è immune da difetti che complicano il lavoro dell'interprete e potrebbero ostacolarne l'esito positivo.



SOMMARIO: 1. La ricognizione. La legge 27 maggio 2015, n. 69. - 2. La focalizzazione. Le innovazioni al regime dei reati contro la p.a. - 2.1. Il "ritorno" dell'incaricato di pubblico servizio tra i soggetti attivi della concussione. - 2.2. I nuovi quadri edittali di pena. Ricadute su prescrizione e strumenti di indagine. - 2.3. L'induzione ex art. 319-quater c.p.: acquisizione di una fisionomia anche edittalmente "intermedia". - 2.4. Il "recupero" del vantaggio illecito quale fondamentale obiettivo della l. n. 69/2015. - 2.5. La nuova attenuante della collaborazione post delictum. - 3. I profili problematici. - 3.1. La "riparazione pecuniaria": incerta natura e difficile coordinamento con la confisca dei proventi illeciti. - 3.2. Incongruenze normative non emendate. - 3.3. Disarmonie linguistiche. - 3.4. La leva della prevenzione amministrativa.

Bullying is a complex phenomenon, rich of implications. Multiple and complex are its causes as multiple can be its consequences. Several persons are involved in such phenomenon (the bully, the victim, the so-called "non-involved spectators", the parents, the teachers etc.) as several are the types and manifestations of bullying (physical, verbal, direct, indirect, social exclusion etc.).
The increasing episodes of bullying, the social alarm which they create and the media attention led the italian Parliament to present specific law proposals aimed to fight the phenomenon.
By now, though, as a whole phenomenon, bullying is not yet regulated by any "ad hoc" legislation. That does not mean that law does not care about bullying and does not offer any kind of response. Indeed, the many forms of bullying find a satisfactory regulation in the rich and articulated set of measures provided for by the Italian juvenile justice system. Such system could be probably perfected, but it contains all the necessary responses to the need for protection raised by bullying - which, besides, are often the same of juvenile deviance in general.
This paper analyses the several measures of prevention and repression of bullying adopted in Italy, also in a comparative perspective (especially with French and British law)

Deborah W. Denno, Empirical Use of Neuroscientific Evidence in Criminal Justice, in THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BEHAVIOURAL NEUROSCIENCE (2nd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier _ (Sergio Della Salla, ed. 2021) (forthcoming)

The growing influx of neuroscientific evidence in various criminal justice systems has prompted several excellent assessments of the nature and degree of its impact in courtrooms in the United States and other countries.  However, there have been few efforts to conduct a comparative analysis of systematic empirical research on the use of neuroscientific evidence in criminal cases, which is this chapter's goal.  This review breaks new ground by detailing the critical similarities and differences among all seven empirical studies that researchers have conducted up to 2019.  What is the main takeaway?  Across most of the studies, neuroscientific evidence was firmly planted in five different countries' criminal justice systems, and defense attorneys primarily used it for purposes of mitigation.  Research findings documented the extent of its impact at all phases of the criminal justice system, particularly sentencing.  Most studies also reported that the use of such evidence in the courtroom was increasing over time or, if not, it was being more thoroughly discussed.  In essence, neuroscientific evidence has a secure foothold in criminal justice that will only become stronger.  That said, it is critically important to emphasize the studies' limitations and the nuances behind their results.  While the studies employed a common framework and relied on widely accepted legal databases, they also shared deep structural challenges.  Empirical research is showing more accurately how neuroscientific evidence is helping criminal justice systems better assess mental states and assign punishments.  Yet, the legal system's process of collecting and organizing information needs to advance and modernize.

The right to a remedy and remedies are of
fundamental importance for any society. This paper
examines selected issues relating to remedies in
comparative criminal law: evolution, definition, types
and specifics of the remedies in certain legal systems, in
particular accentuating the distinction between the
common law and civil law jurisdictions, keeping in mind
that even a perfect procedure can not guarantee perfect
results.

Although Malaysia and Singapore have been stark holdouts to the Commonwealth-wide trend away from the mandatory death penalty toward discretionary capital sentencing, recent legislative reforms in Singapore and a softening of public opinion in Malaysia have brought these countries closer to conformity with the emerging consensus that not all murders or drug tra cking o enses are equally heinous and deserving of death. is shift is all the more remarkable because both countries have strong state-centered constitutional systems with powerful executives and weak fundamental rights protections, justi ed by communitarian values and wary of outsiders, especially transnational drug and organized crime syndicates. e move away from mandatory capital punishment in Malaysia and Singapore will sharply reduce the size of death row and the number of executions, which will in turn contribute to intraregional pressure to abolish the death penalty as Southeast Asian nations, including Indonesia, are politically sensitive to the treatment of their nationals imprisoned or on death row in foreign countries.

Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, freedom of association has been universally and customarily acknowledged as a fundamental right under international law. The concept of freedom of association in labor relations means that workers can form, join, or belong to a trade union and engage in collective bargaining. Members thus enjoy the right to associate for union purposes and the right to participate in all union activities. With regards to the right of workers to freely associate, several international Conventions, Covenants, Protocols and regional Charters have been adopted by States for the recognition and protection of workers’ and employers’ right of freedom of association.

Factually, the relevant international Conventions on the freedom of association have greatly impacted on the national labor and industrial relations laws and policies of States as the Conventions have bench-marked right of freedom of association of workers and employers as the minimum standard among other best international practices in the regulation of labor in the world.

However, in spite of massive ratification of these international instruments codifying the international labor standards on freedom of association by sovereign States, their implementation or application remains mostly unimpressive considering the practices of some States.

This Seminar Paper examines freedom of association as one of the core international labor standards; the practices of States in relation to the implementation or observance of the principles of freedom of association and; the impact of international Conventions in respect of freedom of association.

The study makes use of secondary information as a means of gathering data while discourse content analysis was used to develop explanation on the subject matter.

The study reveals that the right to freedom of association is a human right which is universally recognized, but often challenged and as such stiff sanctions should be meted out to erring States who violate or acquiesced to the violation of this core international labour standard.