Community-based Conservation

It is good for us, too, to touch the earth. We, and our children, need the chance to walk upon the sacred earth, this final abiding place of all that lives. We must preserve our sacred places in order to know our place in time, our reach to eternity.

The current and projected impacts of climate change make understanding the environmental and social vulnerability of coastal communities and the planning of adaptations important international goals and national policy initiatives. Yet, coastal communities are concurrently experiencing numerous other social, political, economic, demographic and environmental changes or stressors that also need to be considered and planned for simultaneously to maintain social and environmental sustainability. There are a number of methods and processes that have been used to study vulnerability and identify adaptive response strategies. This paper describes the stages, methods and results of a modified community-based scenario planning process that was used for vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning within the context of multiple interacting stressors in two coastal fishing communities in Thailand. The four stages of community-based scenario planning included: (1) identifying the problem and purpose of scenario planning; (2) exploring the system and types of change; (3) generating possible future scenarios; and (4) proposing and prioritizing adaptations. Results revealed local perspectives on social and environmental change, participant visions for their local community and the environment, and potential actions that will help communities to adapt to the changes that are occurring. Community-based scenario planning proved to have significant potential as an anticipatory action research process for incorporating multiple stressors into vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning. This paper reflects on the process and outcomes to provide insights and suggest changes for future applications of community-based scenario planning that will lead to more effective learning, innovation and action in communities and related social–ecological systems.

Community-conserved areas are popular in the Philippines. The bulk of studies on community-conserved areas in the Philippines focuses on marine protected areas (MPAs).  This paper addresses the question of effectiveness in community-conserved freshwater areas. Qualitative and quantitative research in 10 different barangays with community-conserved fish sanctuaries in the municipality of San Mariano, Isabela province has led to an evaluation of effectiveness in general. Based on community perceptions of success and the evaluation of management processes, this paper analyses to what extent the fish sanctuaries in San Mariano have the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in its widest definitions. The analysis shows that social and political context-factors are the most important ones for effective fish sanctuaries: a strong political will from barangay leaders to be involved with the fish sanctuary and clear communication to community residents are keystones for increased chances of success. Although fish in San Mariano is usually valued as a ‘casual catch’ - meaning that the practice of fishing is considered additional to farming -, community perceptions about the effectiveness of the fish sanctuaries are positive. However, there is still much room for improved management strategies. Continuing advice from external organisations and better co-management with higher political institutions is suggested to ensure better overall effectiveness and to increase community benefits.

I studied the Contribution of Community Based Anti-poaching Unit (CBAPU) in Wildlife Conservation in Meghauli Buffer Zone (BZ) of Chitwan National Park (CNP) to understand Conservation initiatives of the CBAPU as well as its motivation and orientation. Semi-structured questionnaire survey with CBAPU members (n=71), a focus group discussion, Key informants interview (n=10) & review of the documents related to CBAPU were done. Data were entered and analyzed through Microsoft-Excel Spreadsheet. The study revealed CBAPU's success in detecting illegal activities and even reducing the poaching threat of mega-fauna as shown by official records. Spreading of Conservation awareness has been the major activity performed by CBAPU. Most of the CBAPU members (87.3%) are concerned of 'Securing Eco-balance' (Which they understood as a environment preferable to both human beings and adjoining components). Around half of total members (52.0%) are involved because of their interest in wildlife conservation. Majority (77.0%) believe that other agencies (i.e. I/NGOs and Govt. agencies) need to support them for their effectiveness. Majority (75.2%) believe, it will sustain voluntarily even without financial assistance in the form of salaries or allowances but they would doubtlessly need financial support for effectively conducting conservation-related activities. More than half of total respondents (64.8%) had been directly involved in tackling human-wildlife conflict too. Half of the total respondents (50.7%) are unsatisfied as their effort in conservation has not been properly recognized. If morale of CBAPU members is boosted through various schemes including incentives, proper guidance, anti-poaching trainings, promoting wildlife-based tourism, proper equipments, security assurance & reward/award, optimum achievements in conservation can be obtained.
Keywords: Community-Based Anti-poaching Unit, Wildlife, Conservation, Buffer Zone

In the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), local communities are increasingly assuming responsibility for inshore marine resources either on their own or through collaborative management arrangements with governments or non-state actors. In this paper, we trace the evolution and expansion of community management in the WIO and present the first ever inventory and assessment of the region's locally managed marine areas (LMMAs). We compare the key attributes of these areas to those under government stewardship and assess their relative contributions to progress towards the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) target of 10% of marine and coastal ecological regions to be effectively conserved by 2020. We also explore the legal frameworks that underpin locally managed marine initiatives in Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania to assess the potential for future expansion. A principal finding is that whilst LMMAs protect more than 11,000 square kilometres of marine resource in the WIO, they are hampered by underdeveloped local and national legal structures and enforcement mechanisms. In our recommendations to improve local management, we suggest establishing a network of LMMA practitioners in the WIO region to share experiences and best practice.

Mangrove forests are valuable and vulnerable ecosystems covering the liminal area between sea and land. According to Forest Department data, Sri Lanka has 15,670 hectares of mangroves which are mainly concentrated in the Puttalam, Jaffna, Trincomalee, and Batticaloa districts. Mangroves have been diminished by shrimp farming, construction, tourism, industry, and the civil war, especially over the last decades.
This paper gives an overview of mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka and evaluates existing projects to restore and protect mangrove ecosystems with a focus on community participation and the usage of local knowledge.
On paper, mangroves ecosystems are protected in Sri Lanka. There are, however, very few dedicated areas for them to grow undisturbed, mainly one terrestrial protected area and a handful of sanctuaries. As seen in other countries, marine protected areas can be a useful tool to protect mangroves, but their effectiveness depends on active management and enforcement. Legislature is in conflict with the interests of local communities that depend on mangrove ecosystems for their livelihoods, especially in the face of progressive climate change. Protection efforts are also opposed by commercial interests and coastal development, especially in the tourism and industrial sector, and pollution coming from inland sources.
After the 2004 Tsunami, a surge of donor-driven mangrove reforestation projects attempted to improve coastal protection. 14 years later, the results are sobering: out of 1,000-1,200 hectares of restoration efforts, only 200-220 hectares survived. The main reasons for this comprise inappropriate locations, unsuitable mangrove species, and a lack of post-planting monitoring and care.
The paper tries to extract lessons learnt and best practices in mangrove conservation. It recognizes that mangrove conservation cannot happen without local communities, and that it has to take their developmental problems and poverty, often exacerbated by climate change, into account. Awareness creation as well as the engagement of local communities are integral to the success of preservation measures. Successful projects all use an inclusive approach that relies as much on technical expertise as it does on local knowledge, sustainable cooperation, and the empowerment of coastal communities.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global recession and mass unemployment. Through reductions in trade and international tourism, the pandemic has particularly affected rural economies of tropical low-and middle-income countries where biodiversity is concentrated. As this adversity is exacerbating poverty in these regions, it is important to examine the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime in order to better anticipate and respond to the impact of the pandemic on biodiversity. To that end, we explore the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime, and its relevance in the context of a global pandemic. We examine literature from conservation, criminology, criminal justice, and social psychology to piece together how the various dimensions of poverty relate directly and indirectly to general criminal offending and the challenges this poses to conservation. We provide a theoretical framework and a road map for understanding how poverty alleviation relates to reduced wildlife crime through improved economic, human, socio-cultural, political, and protective capabilities. We also discuss the implications of this research for policy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that multidimensional poverty and wildlife crime are intricately linked, and that initiatives to enhance each of the five dimensions can reduce the poverty-related risks of wildlife crime.

The facilitators guide provides all the necessary information, required tools, and steps involved in the preparation of community-based forest management and development plan. The guide was expected to help both the facilitators and local communities to prepare CBFMPs in a collective and participatory manner with active participation of different stakeholders associated with community-based forests and their resources. We hope that users of this CBFM facilitator’s guide will find it practical, applicable, realistic and useful in the field situations.

1.3 Tujuan dan Sasaran Penelitian:

Tujuan
Sesuai dengan permasalahan yang dibahas, maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan utama yaitu terindentifikasi faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua Jakarta sebagai destinasi pariwisata urban di Jakarta sebagai berikut :
• Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi potensi pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua sebagai destinasi wisata urban dilihat dari potensi daya tarik utama, pendukung & tambahan guna menjadikan produk pariwisata di Kawasan Kota Tua.
• Mengetahui faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi masyarakat untuk terlibat dalam pengembangan kegiatan heritage tourism di Kawasan Kota Tua pada masa kini & mendatang.
• Mengetahui persepsi masyarakat terhadap heritage tourism di Kawasan Kota Tua.
• Mengetahui partisipasi masyarakat dalam melestarikan warisan budaya untuk pengembangan kegiatan pariwisata urban.
• Mengetahui stakeholder yang berpengaruh didalam pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban di Kawasan Kota Tua.

Sasaran
Untuk mencapai tujuan diatas, maka sasaran yang dilakukan meliputi:
• Pendalaman teori :
- Defenisi pariwisata, Perencanaan pariwisata.
- Jenis pariwisata, Potensi pariwisata, Produk pariwisata, Pasar pariwisata dan Destinasi pariwisata.
- Proses pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban.
- Manfaat pengembangan destinasi bagi masyarakat, Pemda dan Penyedia jasa.
• Identifikasi potensi Kawasan Kota Tua dan kemungkinan pengembangan menjadi produk wisata.
• Identiikasi ketersediaan pasar (eksisting demand).
• Identifikasi langkah-langkah pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua sebagai destinasi pariwisata urban.
• Menyusun usulan konseptual (branding) pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban dan langkah-langkah mengantisipasi masalah yang akan muncul.

This article supports a concept of convivial conservation, here conceived as efforts to establish vital interdependencies among humans and ecosystems, toward the mutual regeneration of both. Building from ethnographic research we have carried out among subaltern Latin American communities, indigenous and otherwise, we focus on rural Brazilian squatter communities that arose in the 1990s in opposition to plantation economies that have degraded both human and non-human life. In discourses and writings of conservation and environment workers, members of such squatter communities who do not identify as indigenous are sometimes marked as ignorant, if not hostile, adversaries of nature, and their reliance upon slash-and-burn techniques condemned as destructive. As these families redress long-standing distributive injustices that have injured their lives, we find novel commitments to conserving nature, as expressed through squatters' efforts to cultivate native tree species within their agroforests. These non-utilitarian commitments to conserve native trees defy presuppositions of an ideological field informing diverse approaches to nature conservation-whether "fortress," "participatory," or "development"-oriented-which variously renders different human populations into either quasi-natural "guardians" or "enemies" of nature. Seeking to move beyond this ideological field, we examine possibilities of nature conservation outside of formal conservation areas. We argue that redressing long-standing distributive injustices can foster human practices that jointly reproduce sociocultural and biophysical processes.

By supporting creation of protected areas, conservation projects are known to bring economic prosperity to the local communities, but also incite criticism. A common theme in the critique of conservation organizations is the proximity to neoliberal agencies seeking to capitalize on environment, which disadvantage the local communities. Community participation has been proposed as a panacea for neoliberal conservation. However, conservation efficacy is not always contingent on the community involvement and reliance on ‘traditional’ practices in protected areas has not always benefitted biodiversity. Simultaneously, critique of conservation ignores evidence of indigenous activism as well as alternative forms of environmentalism which provide a broader ethical support base for conservation.  This article highlights the challenges and contradictions, as well as offers hopeful directions in order to more effectively ground compassionate conservation.

Peace parks provide a land ethic that transcends borders and seeks to stabilize tensions between bordering States, honoring the unity of biosphere systems in its efforts to achieve peace, conservation and cooperation. In theory, peace parks recognize that humans and the biosphere are one and that natural resources, just as cultural resources, must be collaboratively protected. In the cases of inhabited border regions, peace park principles of holistic conservation, cooperation and peace require that local communities be incorporated into park management. I posit that this is all the more true for frontier communities in regions of conflict, weak governance or political instability. This paper examines legal frameworks for instituting peace parks by local communities themselves, when action on the part of their governments is absent or counter-productive. In doing so, I will comparatively analyze transboundary protected areas in different regions of the world, extracting useful legal mechanisms that best reflect peace park principles. I focus this study on transboundary mountain regions because they demonstrate many valuable attributes, such as forests or watershed tributaries, and are oftentimes inhabited by marginalized communities. Degraded environments and disenfranchised peoples are particularly vulnerable to conflict and border strife (they are difficult to defend or reach), making such areas particularly interesting for a study on cross-border collaborative conservation.

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) related to protected areas (PAs) originated in the 1980‟s in Zimbabwe, Africa, in the buffer zone communities of Africa‟s National Parks. CBNRM attempted to address the problems associated with colonial,
protectionist style „fence and guns‟ conservation management approaches, which excluded resource-based communities from conservation areas.

CBNRM attempts to meet the biodiversity conservation objectives of conservation areas, and the sustainable development and livelihood
objectives of neighbouring communities. While CBNRM initiatives have been well documented internationally over the past decades, little is known about the status of CBNRM within Canada.

In order to bridge this knowledge gap and to link trends in conservation and protected areas management internationally to Canada and to British Columbia (BC), this thesis examines the potential for community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) affiliated with BC's
Protected Area System. “Potential” is determined by comparing the situation in BC to the international CBNRM experience.

The study draws on a sample of Conservancies from the categories of the BC Protected Area (PA) System, focusing particularly on the nine Sea-to-Sky Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) Area Conservancies and neighbouring First Nations communities: Squamish,
L‟il‟wat and In-SHUCK-ch. Information has been obtained through interviews (guided by semistructured questionnaires) conducted with BC government informants and First Nations
representatives, supplemented by key documents. The questionnaire examined the potential for CBNRM according to a.) the community's perspective: potential (costs and) benefits of the protected area, including goods and services, cultural and social benefits and sustainable economic development opportunities provided by the protected area; and benefits of community involvement in natural resource management and protected area governance; and b.) the
conservation perspective: benefits through community cooperation in biodiversity conservation within the targeted protected area.

Other factors that have been identified through the
international experience to affect CBNRM initiatives, such as use regulation; tenure; policies and legislation; awareness of and support for the protected area; and community capacity were
thoroughly examined across all sources of information.
This study finds that there is potential for CBNRM affiliated with the BC PA system in protected area designations such as „Conservancies‟.

Potential relates to the role of CBNRM in biodiversity conservation, meeting the aspirations of BC‟s First Nation communities, and in
recognizing First Nations as legitimate stakeholders in protected areas and conservation management. As in the international experience, numerous social, political, economic and other
factors present opportunities and challenges to the adoption of CBNRM in BC.

This thesis
concludes with key recommendations for protected areas and conservation management in BC
and Canada and identifies opportunities to further explore key topic areas that arose from the research findings.

Increasingly, natural resource conservation programs refer to participation and local community involvement as one of the necessary prerequisites for sustainable resource management. In frameworks of adaptive co-management, the theory of participatory conservation plays a central role in the democratization of decision-making authority and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens. We observe, however, that the institutions of state, society, and economy shape the implementation and application of participation in significant ways across contexts. This paper examines the political ecology of participation by comparing and contrasting discourse and practice in four developed and developing contexts. The cases drawn from Central Asia, Africa, and North America illustrate that institutional dynamics and discourse shape outcomes. While these results are not necessarily surprising, they raise questions about the linkages between participatory conservation theory, policy and programmatic efforts of implementation to achieve tangible local livelihood and conservation outcomes. Participation must be understood in the broader political economy of conservation in which local projects unfold, and we suggest that theories of participatory governance need to be less generalized and more situated within contours of place-based institutional and environmental histories. Through this analysis we illustrate the dialectical process of conservation in that the very institutions that participation is intended to build create resistance, as state control once did. Conservation theory and theories of participatory governance must consider these dynamics if we are to move conservation forward in a way that authentically incorporates local level livelihood concerns.

De plus en plus, les programmes de conservation des ressources naturelles disent que la participation et l'implication de la communauté locale sont des préalables nécessaires à une gestion durable des ressources. Dans les cadres de la co-gestion adaptative, la théorie de la conservation participative joue un rôle central dans la démocratisation de l'autorité sur la prise de décision, et de la répartition équitable des bénéfices. Nous observons, cependant, que les institutions de l'État, la société et l'économie façonnent la mise en oeuvre et l'application de la participation d'une manière significative à travers les contextes. Cet article examine l'écologie politique de la participation dans quatre contextes développés et en développement, et il comparant et contrastant ses discours et des pratiques. Les cas sont tirées de l'Asie centrale, en Afrique et en Amérique du Nord et montrent que les dynamiques institutionnelles et les discours sont les facteurs plus important de façonner les résultats des projets. Bien que ce ne sont pas nécessairement surprenant, les études de cas soulèvent des questions sur les liens entre la théorie de la conservation participative, la politique et les efforts de mise en oeuvre programmatiques. Les projets cherchent à atteindre des résultats tangibles sur «livelihood outcomes» et le conservation. Mais l'utilisation de la participation doit être comprise dans l'économie politique plus large, dans lequel les projets locaux de conservation se déroulent. Nous suggérons que les théories de la gouvernance participative ont besoin d'être moins généralisée et plus situés dans les contours des histoires territorialisées des institutions et l'environnement. Nous illustrons le processus dialectique de conservation, où les institutions mêmes que la participation est destiné à construire créer une résistance, tout comme le contrôle de l'État a fait autrefois. La théorie de la conservation, et les théories de la gouvernance participative, doivent tenir compte de ces dynamiques si nous voulons aller de l'avant dans la conservation d'une manière qui intègre authentiquement les préoccupations de «livelihoods» au niveau local.

Cada vez con más frecuencia, los programas de conservación de recursos naturales establecen la participación comunitaria como elemento necesario de la sustentabilidad. En el marco conceptual del "co-manejo adaptivo", la idea de conservación participativa juega un papel central en la democratización de la autoridad para la toma de decisiones y la distribución equitativa de beneficios y responsabilidades. Sin embargo, observamos que las instituciones del estado, sociedad y economía dan forma a la manera en que las ideas sobre participación están implementadas en una variedad de contextos. Este artículo examina a la ecología política de la participación, comparando su discurso y practica en cuatro lugares, tanto desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Estudios de caso en la Asia Central, África y América del Norte ilustran como estas dinámicas y discursos institucionales condicionan sus resultados. Aunque no sorprende, esto llama la atención a los vínculos entre la teoría de conservación participativa, la política pública, y los esfuerzos para lograr resultados concretos en el ámbito de economías locales y conservación. Sugerimos que teorías de gobernanza participativa deberían ser menos generales y mejor ubicadas dentro de historias institucionales y ambientales locales. De esta manera señalamos el carácter dialéctico del proceso de conservación, según lo cual las mismas instituciones que la participación construye crean resistencias, similar a lo que paso anteriormente al control ejercido por el estado. La teoría de la conservación tiene que considerar estas dinámicas si espera realmente lograr las prioridades locales de sustento socioeconómico.

This edited collection of papers on Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania is the outcome of a collaboration between the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka and researchers – mostly geographers – at Brigham Young University in the United States. Following a foreword by the Rector of Mweka, Professor Jafari R. Kideghesho, the volume is introduced with a brief overview of Tanzania’s protected area system and its history by Jeffrey O. Durrant and Rebecca Formica. This introductory chapter is followed by eleven more on different aspects of protected area and natural resource management in northern Tanzania.

In order to give potential readers a fair idea of this book’s varied contents, the following paragraphs are taken from the summary that is tacked onto the end of the opening chapter:

“Chapter 2 illustrates some of the real costs of population growth and modern society’s move toward mass production of agriculture, such as at coffee plantations. While cavity-nesting birds have done well in protected areas, [Hamadi] Dulle et al. found the birds are facing some irreversible forces through population growth and changes in land use outside of protected areas. Dulle et al. found that heavy losses of deadwood near coffee plantations are negatively impacting cavity-nesting birds. Dulle et al. examined the effects of providing artificial nesting boxes and suggest them as one option to address losses of these nesting birds that is seen as irreversible.
[Leslie] Hadfield takes a historic look at how Africa’s colonial past is impacting current tourist interaction with the porters and guides on Mount Kilimanjaro (Chap. 3). Hadfield examines how some attitudes from the use of porters in colonial expeditions have evolved to modern-day tourism. Even with current porter organization efforts to prevent colonial-type practices that require constant service to outsiders with little regard for the health and well-being of the local porters and guides, challenges such as heavy loads, poor equipment, and inadequate food and safety remain.
Looking at Arusha National Park, [Obeid] Mahenya [and Naomi Chacha] (Chap. 4) study how the individualized impacts to those living nearby affected their attitudes toward the Park. Mahenya et al.’s [sic] study found that the attitudes of locals were more positive toward Arusha National Park in relation to giraffes, since giraffes present few problems to the residents and are associated with the positive benefits of tourists. However, more negative attitudes resulted from interactions with more destructive animals such as baboons or when people had been fined for domestic livestock grazing in the Park.
Similarly, [Kokel] Melubo et al. (Chap. 5) found that having personal experiences in protected areas contributed to better attitudes and ability to manage protected areas. Melubo et al. studied students at CAWM who had been involved in a wilderness training program that involved at least a short overnight experience in a protected area. Students who participated in these programs were found to be better equipped to operate and manage protected areas in their future careers.
Extending the theme of effective protected area management, [Rehema Abeli] Shoo evaluates the impact of having an effective management structure in place on the success of ecotourism (Chap. 6). Shoo found that a sound management plan can help managers avoid obstacles that often prevent successful ecotourism, such as environmental deterioration and inequitable development among the local communities. Shoo studied Lake Natron, which has a high potential for ecotourism development However, Shoo found that without a sound general management plan, Lake Natron suffered from inadequate funding at the operational level, lack of mechanisms to secure a fair distribution of ecotourism benefits, and poorly developed tourism infrastructure and facilities that reduced the potential for successful ecotourism at the park.
[Alfan] Rjia and [Jafari] Kideghesho examined nine poacher’s strategies used in the Serengeti ecosystem (Chap. 7). They argue that increased enforcement of wildlife crimes has influenced adaptability in poacher’s strategies. Field rangers and wildlife managers can use the nine strategies they described to more effectively combat wildlife crimes, and the authors provide three recommendations to help inform field patrols and other mitigation efforts.
In Chap. 8, [Alex] Kisingo and [Professor] Kidegheso present findings from previous community governance studies using a V3 model. They found some changes in community governance with regard to conservation, livelihood improvement, and social benefits. They also note some setbacks in community governance that need to be addressed. Several chapters examine biophysical characteristics of protected areas in northern Tanzania.
[Emmanuel] Martin et al. (Chap. 9) used temporal remote sensing data to study land use and land cover change near the Kwakuchinja Wildlife Corridor in northern Tanzania. They found that while a paved road provided better connections between two towns, it also impacted animal movement between two national parks by providing a physical obstacle and bringing in more settlement. Satellite remote sensing data showed that over time, the most significant changes were from bare ground to “savanna with some agriculture” and “agriculture with some grassland.”
[Gideon] Mseja et al. used transect lines in Mkomazi National Park to count wild animals as ground reference information for the population density (Chap. 10). A total of 22 species were estimated, and African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) was the most common species, while Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) was the least. Mseja et al. suggest other methods be used to count more elusive species. For example, camera traps could be used to estimate carnivores and dung counts for elephants. The combination of these methods can give a benchmark for future population estimates.
In Chap. 11, [Emmanuel] Martin et al. used MODIS land cover data and scripts in Google Earth to examine vegetation change within Mkomazi National Park in northeastern Tanzania both before and after it became a national park in 2008. The data showed relatively subtle changes and most likely reflect that only subtle changes in land management policy have occurred since its conversion from two separate game reserves.
Finally, in Chap. 12, [Professor] Kideghesho et al. review the challenging dynamics between wildlife conservation and human population growth and urbanization. The authors provide recommendations on the best manner to minimize the negative impacts of human population growth on large mammals.”

As this summary indicates, this is very much a mixed bag of papers, and there isn’t a very strong or even coherent theme to the volume. The nature of the collaboration between the two institutions involved is not explained, and the book appears to have been assembled hastily and without proper proofreading. A paragraph introducing the above summary of chapters is repeated word for word, except that the first time round (on p. 11) it states that the book has eight further chapters, and the next time (on p. 12) it says ten, when there are actually eleven more chapters.

This is not good enough for a publisher of Springer Nature’s status and such a costly volume. No doubt many researchers will find something of interest in this collection, but I suspect that most would rather consult it in a library than dig into their purses and wallets.

La Conservación Basada en Comunidad (CBC) es una estrategia de conservación de la biodiversidad que parte del principio que la gente local – bajo ciertas condiciones de gobernanza - puede contribuir a la conservación de los socio-ecosistemas. De esta forma, la CBC es una de las varias alternativas del portafolio para la conservación biológica existente en México. El marco conceptual de la CBC se basa en la teoría de los Bienes comunes, la cual fue ampliamente desarrollada por la premio nobel de Economía Elinor Ostrom. La teoría económica distingue entre los tipos de bienes y los tipos de propiedad. La propiedad puede ser por ejemplo pública o privada. En contraste, los bienes pueden ser comunes, públicos, privados y tarifa. La biodiversidad, en su sentido amplio, es considerada un bien común, dado que es muy difícil excluir a otros actores de su uso y a que numerosos actores desean sus beneficios. Este artículo pretende hacer una sucinta introducción al tema de la CBC. También se explican cuáles son las condiciones requeridas para que sea una estrategia de conservación eficaz, así como se proporcionan algunos ejemplos exitosos. Además, en el artículo se hace énfasis en que se dispone de una materia optativa sobre CBC que se imparte en el Posgrado en Biodiversidad y Conservación de la UAEH. En esta asignatura precisamente se dan las bases conceptuales y se hacen actividades prácticas para que los alumnos se familiaricen con esta estrategia que permite conservar la biodiversidad y simultáneamente lograr los objetivos de desarrollo. Se espera que este artículo sirva de motivación a muchos alumnos.

Debido a la estrecha relación que existe entre la naturaleza y las sociedades, la denominada “crisis de la biodiversidad” constituye en realidad “crisis socioambientales”. Una de las principales acciones para abordar dichas crisis socioambientales tanto a nivel gubernamental, como no gubernamental (ONG), lo constituyen la creación de áreas protegidas. En este artículo, abordamos el desarrollo de un modelo de área protegida que promueve el uso sostenible de los recursos y la participación comunitaria. Se trata del Sitio Ramsar Jaaukanigás en el río Paraná (Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina), humedal que es poseedor de una diversidad biológica y cultural extraordinaria. En este aporte analizamos y discutimos 13 años de gestión en el Sitio Ramsar Jaaukanigás, como una forma de analizar aciertos, desaciertos, y de transferir una experiencia transdisciplinaria y participativa, que con poca frecuencia se ha desarrollado como modelo de conservación en la Argentina.

It is no doubt that Thailand's precious biodiversity is under threat, but a historical overview of past coercive conservation tactics prove many of these policies to be inhumane and ineffective. The Karen Hill Tribe of northern Thailand has been negatively effected by wildlife conservation for decades, often experiencing a number of financial, health and social costs. However, more recent conservation policies embrace rights-based approaches that encourage more community involvement and local benefits regarding wildlife preservation.

This paper aims to clarify the possibility of community-based cultural landscape management through rural tourism activities in villages surrounding Borobudur heritage site. First, it explains the actual conditions and current policy planning of the site‟s cultural landscape management. We find that conservation policies are present but insufficient to be implemented by the villagers. This is unfortunate because the cultural landscape around the temple should be conserved in an applicable and sustainable way. Despite the lack of strong policy, community initiatives on rural tourism have emerged and prevailed in many villages during the recent years. These activities utilize the villages‟ potentials to attract tourists and thus encourage villagers to maintain the potentials in their respective villages. The villagers‟ efforts can be considered as beneficial to the conservation of landscape elements. Therefore, the paper shows that community-based rural tourism activities are a possible approach of cultural landscape management.

This paper consists of data gathered during the first year of implementation of MPA strengthening and replication project in North Sulawesi Indonesia. Ecologically, among three village targets, Bahoi shows the best environmental condition. It has the best coral reef condition, and the most diverse reef fish. Lihunu has the best mangrove condition, judging from its diversity compared to the other two villages. However, based on sea grass data, Lihunu has the least favourable condition of sea grass, seeing that it lacks one species of sea grass, compared to the other two villages.

Human-Orangutan conflict has become one of the biggest challenges in orangutan conservation in Indonesia. Local community who lives near the orangutan habitat has big roles to mitigate and protect the orangutan. In this paper I proposed Local Community-Based Conservation System scheme as one of the solutions for human-orangutan conflict in Indonesia.