Communicable deseases

Ticks have an important role in human an animal health. Besides their direct pathogenic role (spoliation of blood, cutaneous lesions), they can inoculate haemolysis molecules, anti-coagulants sometimes toxics and they can also act as vectors of many pathogens (virus, bacteria and protozoa) responsible for potentially serious infections in humans and several animal species. The present study was conducted in the Tiaret region with the aim of determining the frequency of infestation and identifying the tick species encountered in small ruminants. Small ruminants had an overall frequency of 53.73%. By species, goats were more infested with 75% against 48.11% recorded in sheep. The average overall parasite load was 5.51 T/A and 21.64 T/A in sheep and goats, respectively. The preferred attachment site for ticks has been the ears in sheep. In goats, anal localization was predominant. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the most dominant species in sheep in the study region, with a percentage of 66.89%, followed by Rhipicephalus turanicus with a rate of 16.72% and Rhipicephalus bursa with 16.39%. Rhipicephalus bursa was the most dominant species in goats with a percentage of 89.44%, followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus with a rate of 9.9%. However, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Hyalomma lusitanicum recorded only a rate of 0.49% and 0.17% respectively. The rates of infestation and the number of ticks collected are high, which should prompt us to conduct in-depth studies on the diseases transmitted by these ticks and the use of acaricides for the treatment and prevention of infestation by these arthropods.
Keywords: Sheep, goats, ticks, Ripicephalus spp, Hyalomma, Tiaret.

Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) sebagian besar disebabkan oleh virus. Penyebab infeksi yang demikian beragam mengakibatkan berbedanya upaya yang mungkin dilakukan setiap orang, baik untuk mencegah maupun untuk pengobatan. WHO menuturkan, ISPA merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian tersering pada anak di negara yang sedang berkembang. Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut ini menyebabkan empat dari 15 juta perkiraan kematian pada anak berusia di bawah 5 tahun pada setiap tahunnya dan sebanyak dua pertiga dari kematian tersebut terjadi pada bayi. Penyakit ISPA masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama. Hal ini disebabkan masih tingginya angka kematian karena ISPA, terutama pada bayi dan anak balita. Setiap anak diperkirakan mengalami 3-6 episode ISPA. Setiap tahunnya 40%-60% dari kunjungan di Puskesmas ialah penderita penyakit ISPA. Seluruh kematian balita, proporsi kematian yang disebabkan oleh ISPA ini mencapai 20-30%. Kematian ISPA ini sebagian besar ialah oleh pneumonia. Pneumonia yang pada awalnya merupakan ISPA biasa, karena tidak diobati dengan baik akhirnya menimbulkan batuk dan kesulitan bernafas. Sebanyak 150.000 balita meninggal tiap tahun akibat pneumonia karena berbagai kesulitan geografis, budaya dan ekonomi yang dialami penduduk dalam menjangkau fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan. Diperkirakan 11-22% balita yang menderita batuk atau kelainan bernafas tidak dibawa berobat sama sekali. Menurut Dirjen pemberantasan penyakit menular dan

There were 57 infectious diseases notifiable at the national level in Australia in 2002. States and territories reported 100,278 cases of infectious diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), a fall of 4 per cent compared to the number of notifications in 2001. In 2002, the most frequently notified diseases were, sexually transmitted infections (31,929 reports, 32% of total notifications), gastrointestinal infections (26,708 reports, 27% of total notifications) and bloodborne infections (23,741, 24%). There were 11,711 (12% of total) cases of vaccine preventable diseases, 3,052 (3% of total) cases of vectorborne diseases, 1,155 (1% of total) cases of zoonotic infections, two cases of quarantinable diseases (Vibrio cholerae O1) and 1,980 cases of other bacterial diseases, notified to NNDSS. Compared to 2001, notifications of sexually transmitted infections increased by 16 per cent and gastrointestinal infections by 2 per cent while bloodborne infections...

The studies of medieval and early modern hospitals and leper houses in Thuringia have so far, if at all, only been reflected in literature about local history. When reading edits of the sources one gets the impression that the sources have only been edited superficially. This however does not coincide with the actual density and diversity of the sources themselves within Thuringian archives. The entire archive spectrum of state, city, small town, community and church archives offers a variety of source categories for hospitals.

Sustainable sanitation has got a very significant role in day-to-day life in the present day scenario, especially for women and girls. Good dignity practices for gross domestic products are an order of the day. What
is Sustainable sanitation and its components focused on this paper? What are the problems faced by women and girls like snake, scorpion and insects bites during the open defecation in the agricultural fields or bank of canals and roadsides were emphases? Multi-dimensional benefits like economic, health, education, increase school attendance and retention and tourism development. Every $1 spent on water and sanitation will generate a $4.3 return in the form of reduced health care costs. To making open defecation free- society for health, dignity and well-being of the people and freedom from violence.

Despite Kenya having experienced reduced childhood mortality rates over the years, this decline in mortality has not been sufficient enough to enable the attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4).  About 47% of U-5 deaths are as a result of pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria whose causes can largely be attributed to environmental risk factors.  Much emphasis nonetheless is placed on immunization programs and administration of effective drugs, ignoring levels of exposure to environmental health risks. 

In this study, we investigate the effects of environmental risk factors on infant and U-5 mortality using data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS).  We use survival models to determine the correlates of childhood mortality and then conduct simulations using measures of Population Attributable Risk (PAR) and Potential Impact Fractions (PIF).  Model diagnostics reveal that the empirical estimates are in error.  The tests of proportional hazards suggest that the hazard rate is not constant across the time of analysis.  Likelihood ratio tests point to differences in the sampled children that have an effect on survival probability.  Further tests of model adequacy indicate that the survival estimates are misleading since the hazard rate depends on the values of the covariates and the elapsed time. 

To account for these estimation issues, we adopt appropriate corrective strategies.  Generalized parametric models are used to correct for state dependence, frailty models to control for unobserved heterogeneity and Piecewise Constant Exponential (PCE) models to deal with non-proportional hazards.  The following inferences are made: first, sub-optimal breastfeeding, use of firewood for cooking, use of non-improved sources of drinking water, residing in houses with wooden floors and low socio-economic status of households are significantly associated with reduced child survival. Second, the effects of environmental risk factors have generally remained the same over the  19 year period from 1989 to 2008.  Third, for all risk factors except use of non-improved sources of drinking water, reduced exposure levels promise greater gains in infant mortality than U-5 mortality and fourth, environmental health risks have a huge impact on childhood mortality as modest reductions in exposure translate to substantial gains in mortality. 

We therefore recommend the adoption of less polluting cooking fuels, e.g. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), electricity and biogas among others, the use of clean and safe sources of drinking water and exclusive breastfeeding of infants for their first six months of life.  We also urge policy makers to first address environmental risk factors before embarking on other risk factors.

Obat Kencing Nanah Dijual di Apotik - Apakah Anda sedang menderita penyakit kelamin menular seksual?

Jikalau iya, Anda wajib tahu nama obat kencing nanah tradisional di jual di apotik umum terdekat yang ampuh menyembuhkan penyakit gonore sampai ke sumber penyakit, agar tidak kambuh lagi dikemudian hari.

Bagi Anda telah mencari berbagai macam obat kencing nanah yang dijual di apotik umum k24 atau di kimia farma, baik itu obat kencing nanah yang sesuai resep dokter maupun obat kencing nanah di apotik tanpa resep dokter.

Tetapi masih saja mengalami gejala dari penyakit gonore kerap kambuh kembali.

Penyebab Penyakit Gonore Kambuh

Berikut penyebab seseorang menderita penyakit kelamin disebakan oleh bakteri Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, yang mengakibatkan penyakit gonore kambuh lagi, dikarenakan:

Seks Bebas

Salah satu faktor yang sering terjadi baik pria maupun wanita terkena penyakit merugikan tersebut ialah karena seks bebas, penularan penyakit seksual melalui kontak seksual tidak sehat. Dimana pada saat melakukan hubungan seksual ke lawan jenis tidak memprioritaskan kesehatan.

Perlu dipahami tanpa menggunakan alat pengaman konstrasepsi (kondom), sangat berisiko sekali mengakibatkan penyakit gonore kembali lagi.

Layanan Konsultasi Gratis 24 Jam
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The clinical study on WRULD of 30 cases was undertaken to explore the miasmatic background [Psora, Sycosis, Syphilis and combinations thereof] based on susceptibility, predisposition and totality of symptoms, to find the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies and to arrive at a group of remedies commonly indicated in WRULD.

Eradication of communicable and non-communicable diseases is a major concern of various countries and states globally. This prompts sensitization programmes to be conducted in ensuring objectives and goals of disease treatment and intervention activities it is a big concern that about 88% of the cases of polio are reported in Africa especially in the horn of Africa in which Kenya is part of it. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of community awareness on the implementation of the polio eradication project in Sigor constituency, West Pokot County. The study was guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM). The study did utilize a descriptive survey research design. Target population of the study was 186 individuals from various fields while the sample size calculation was 173 respondents obtained using Yamane formula. The study used simple random sampling technique, and did employ two instruments (questionnaire and interviews). Content analysis and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage, and frequencies) were used to analyze data which were presented in the form of frequency tables and statements. The study finding showed that occasionally shows that; community awareness contributes to implementation of the polio eradication programme.

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In 2002 three separate outbreaks of dengue were detected in north Queensland, including the first documented outbreak of dengue 4 in Australia. Molecular analyses identified Thailand and Indonesia as the likely origin of two of the outbreaks. Investigations during 2002 also included a suspected dengue outbreak in the Torres Strait which proved to be a false alarm, and a number of imported cases of dengue in north Queensland.

In August 1996, an outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis occurred among south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales residents over a four week period. Ninety-two of the 97 cases detected were confirmed as having consumed raw oysters within three days prior to developing the illness. No other food items or beverages were significantly associated with the illness. Environmental investigations indicated the Terranora Broadwater, Tweed Heads as the origin of the contaminated oysters. However, the primary source of Norwalk virus could not be verified. Oysters and other shellfish appear to be a common vehicle for transmission of this virus. This outbreak and the more recent hepatitis A outbreak associated with Wallis Lake oysters, highlight the susceptibility of oysters to environmental contamination and the urgent need for stricter quality control procedures. This report details the epidemiological, microbiological and environmental findings from an outbreak investigation conducted jointly by the Queensland and New South Wales health authorities. Comm Dis Intell 1997;21:317-320.

In 2006, 66 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. States and territories reported a total of 138,511 cases of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System: an increase of 10.4% on the number of notifications in 2005. In 2006, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (57,941 notifications, 42% of total notifications), gastrointestinal diseases (27,931 notifications, 20% of total notifications) and vaccine preventable diseases (22,240 notifications, 16% of total notifications). There were 19,111 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 8,606 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 1,900 notifications of other bacterial infections; 767 notifications of zoonoses and 3 notifications of quarantinable diseases. Commun Dis Intell 2008;32:139-207.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen, with eggs and egg-containing foods being frequently implicated in causing outbreaks of disease. In April 2012, an investigation was commenced after a number of cases of salmonellosis were linked to a Canberra café. The investigation sought to identify the cause of illness and to introduce public health measures to prevent further disease. A case control study was undertaken using the café's booking list to identify potential cases and controls. A structured questionnaire was developed using the café's menu, with information collected via telephone interview or email. A case was defined as any person who ate at the implicated café on 25 April 2012 and subsequently developed gastroenteritis. A total of 20 cases and 22 controls were recruited into the study. All 20 cases had faecal cultures positive for Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 135a (STm 135a). Eating eggs Benedict (odds ratio 63.00, 95% confidence interval 6.08-2771.66 P ...

This book chapter explores the sociological nature of Health and Illness in the Nigerian context.
Abosede Rufus and S. Akinmayowa Lawal (2013). “Health and Illness” in Aborisade, R, Omobowale, O and Akanle, O (Ed). Essentials of Sociology. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan.

In 2004, 60 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. States and Territories reported a total of 110,929 cases of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS): an increase of 4 per cent on the number of notifications in 2003. In 2004, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (46,762 cases; 42% of total notifications), gastrointestinal diseases (25,247 cases; 23% of total notifications) and bloodborne diseases (19,191 cases; 17% of total notifications). There were 13,206 notifications of vaccine preventable diseases, 6,000 notifications of vectorborne diseases, 1,799 notifications of other bacterial infections (includes, legionellosis, leprosy, meningococcal infections and tuberculosis) and 877 notifications of zoonotic diseases.

We report on three nursing home outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Brisbane in 1999. The presence of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) genogroup 2 was demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all three outbreaks. Common findings of these investigations were rapid spread of the illness within the institutions and difficulties in identifying a common source. Nursing home populations are vulnerable and it is important for each institution to have infection control policies in place so outbreaks can be managed promptly. This includes the exclusion of ill staff for 48 to 72 hours after recovery from illness. Genogrouping of NLV by RT-PCR can take several days so control measures will generally have to be instituted before results become available.

This first-of-its-kind volume traces rarely explored links between public policy, the state of the environment, and key issues in public health, with recommendations for addressing longstanding intractable problems. Experts across diverse professions use their wide knowledge and experience to discuss hunger and food sustainability, land use, chronic and communicable diseases, child mortality, and global water quality. Interventions described are varied as well, from green technology breakthroughs to regulatory accountability, innovative urban planning and community policing programs. Chapters build and expand on each other's themes inspiring deeper understanding and critical thinking that further prompts readers to develop practical solutions leading to improvements in planetary and population health outcomes.

Included in the coverage:

- The challenge of implementing macroeconomic policy in an increasingly microeconomic world
- Green aid flows: trends and opportunities for developing countries

- Planning healthy communities: abating preventable chronic diseases
- Foundations of community health: planning access to public facilities

- International changes in environmental conditions and their personal health consequences

Translating National Policy to Improve Environmental Conditions Impacting Public Health is developed for educators, students, and policymakers to generate awareness and review options to help create change in their communities. Federal agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, the EPA, and Housing and Urban Development will also find it salient.

The Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC) database collates notifications of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) from across Australia. The data were analysed for vaccines received between 1 January 2000 and 30 September 2002. Dose-based AEFI reporting rates were calculated using denominator data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and annual national influenza vaccination coverage surveys. The majority of the 2,409 AEFI records analysed described non-serious events, principally injection site reactions; 10.5 per cent (n = 253) described AEFIs with outcomes defined as 'serious'. Ten deaths were recorded but only one, following yellow fever vaccine, was causally related to immunisation. The average annual population-based reporting rate was 4.5 per 100,000 population. Vaccine dose-based AEFI reporting rates were 2.2 per 100,000 doses of influenza vaccine for adults aged 40 years and over and 14.6 per 100,000 doses of all scheduled vaccines for children aged less than 7 years. The most frequently reported type of adverse event was injection site reaction following receipt of an acellular pertussis-containing vaccine, particularly among children in the age groups scheduled to receive their fourth or fifth doses of the vaccine (overall reporting rate 67 per 100,000 doses). The data highlight the safety of vaccines in Australia, and illustrate both the utility of available immunisation coverage data to estimate dose-based AEFI reporting rates and the value of the ADRAC database as a surveillance tool for monitoring AEFIs nationally.

Entre la peur de la maladie et la peur du vaccin, il faut choisir. Bizarrement, les deux peurs se construisent en parallèle et semblent reposer sur les mêmes mécanismes de défense et de fuite. L'article examine sous un angle "déologique" (l'étude des peurs) les situations épidémiques et pandémiques depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à la Covid-19.

Giriş: Hekimlerin bulaşıcı hastalık bildirimine karşı tutumları yetersiz raporlamada önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ikinci ve üçüncü basamak sağlık kurumlarında bulaşıcı hastalıklarla sıklıkla karşılaşan hekimlerden olan infeksiyon hastalıkları ve klinik mikrobiyoloji asistanı, uzmanı ve öğretim görevlilerinin, bildirimi zorunlu bulaşıcı hastalıkların bildirimi ile ilgili tutum ve davranışlarının saptanmasıdır.

Materyal ve Metod: Kesitsel tipteki bu çalışmaya yedi coğrafi bölgeye göre ağırlıklandırılarak 251 hekim dahil edilmiştir. Bulaşıcı hastalık bildirimiyle ilgili tutum ve davranışları belirlemek için hazırlanan 26 sorudan oluşan "on-line" anket uygulanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistik-lerin yanı sıra çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin 12 soruluk bulaşıcı hastalık bildirimiyle ilgili tutum ve davranış sorularına verdikleri cevaplar puanlanarak bildirim tutum ve davranış puanı (BTDP) hesaplanmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin yaş ortalaması 37.9 ± 8.4 olup, %69.7'si (n= 175) kadındır. Çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin %47.0'si (n= 118) uzman doktor, %14.7'si (n= 62) araştırma görevlisi, %11.2'si (n= 28) doktor öğretim üyesi, %9.2'si (n= 23) doçent ve %8.0'i (n= 20) profesördür. Katılımcıların %71.3'ü (n= 179) bulaşıcı hastalık bildirimi ile ilgili eğitim almadığını belirtmiştir. Hekimlerin sadece %62.5'i (n= 157) bildirilmesi gereken tüm bulaşıcı hastalıkları bildirdiğini ifade etmiştir. Hekimlerin %26.2'si bil-dirim formu doldurmamak için başka bir hastalık/tanı girdiğini belirtmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin %53.4'ü (n= 134) bildirim yapmanın fazla zaman aldığını, %52.2'si (n= 131) bildirim yapmanın pratik olmadığını ifade etmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan hekimlerin %42.0'si (n= 105) bildirim sonrası süreçte neler yapıldığını bilmediğini belirtmiş ve %55.2'si (n= 138) bildirim sonrası yapılması gereken incelemelerin yapılmadığını düşünmektedir.

Sonuç: Türkiye'deki infeksiyon hastalıkları ve klinik mikrobiyoloji asistanı, uzmanı ve öğretim üyelerinin büyük çoğunluğu bulaşıcı has-talık bildirimi konusunda eğitim almamıştır. Hekimler bildirim yapmanın pratik olmaması ve bildirim yapmanın fazla zaman alması gerekçeleri ile bildirim yapmamakta, yaklaşık dörtte biri de bildirim yapmamak için farklı tanı girmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bulaşıcı hastalık; Bildirim; İnfeksiyon hastalıkları uzmanı; Tutum; Davranış.

In 2004, 60 diseases and conditions were nationally notifi able in Australia. States and Territories reported a total of 110,929 cases of communicable diseases to the National Notifi able Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS): an increase of 4 per cent on the number of notifi cations in 2003. In 2004, the most frequently notifi ed diseases were sexually transmissible infections (46,762 cases; 42% of total notifi cations), gastrointestinal diseases (25,247 cases; 23% of total notifi cations) and bloodborne diseases (19,191 cases; 17% of total notifi cations). There were 13,206 notifi cations of vaccine preventable diseases, 6,000 notifi cations of vectorborne diseases, 1,799 notifi cations of other bacterial infections (includes, legionellosis, leprosy, meningococcal infections and tuberculosis) and 877 notifi cations of zoonotic diseases. Commun Dis Intell 2006;30:1-79.

In north Queensland the vector of dengue fever (Aedes aegypti) is present; hence any viraemic individual importing dengue has the potential to transmit the disease locally. In early 2000 approximately 2,000 personnel returned from East Timor to Townsville, north Queensland. Seven importations of dengue occurred and individual cases were viraemic for up to 6 days in Townsville. No subsequent local transmission occurred. There were 3 cases each of dengue type 2 and dengue type 3. One case could not be serotyped. A response, including mosquito control measures, was initiated in another 18 cases in which dengue fever was clinically suspected but which subsequently proved not to be dengue. The planning and processes undertaken to prevent local transmission of dengue in Townsville during an intense period are described.

The population of the Top End of the Northern Territory has a high incidence of several infections of particular significance in the immunosuppressed. The following protocol for evaluation and treatment of patients prior to immunosuppression was developed in order to reduce the incidence of serious opportunistic infections. The infections discussed are Strongyloides stercoralis, tuberculosis, scabies, chronic hepatitis B, melioidosis and other bacterial infections. We recommend that all patients planned to receive more than 0.5 mg/kg/day of prednisolone for >14 days, or any more potent immunosuppressive drug, be evaluated and treated according to this protocol. Details of the rationale, evidence base, and proposed investigations and therapy for such patients are discussed.

In 2003, 58 diseases and conditions were notifiable at a national level in Australia. States and territories reported a total of 104,956 cases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System an increase of 3.2 per cent on the total number of notifications in 2002. In 2003, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually acquired infections (38,854, 37% of total notifications), gastrointestinal diseases (24,655 notifications, 24%) and bloodborne viruses (20,825 notifications, 20%). There were 11,113 notifications of vaccine preventable diseases, 6,780 notifications of vectorborne diseases, 1,826 notification of other bacterial infections and 903 notifications of zoonotic diseases.

Background: trachoma is an infectious disease of the eye which is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that may result in blindness after repeated infections. The distribution of trachoma is worldwide but it hyper endemic in many poor countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Middle East. Africa is the continent where the largest prevalence of trachoma found. Ethiopia is one of the most higher prevalence of trachoma found among African countries (40.1%). Trachoma is the second most common cause of blindness in Ethiopia (17.7%).
Objective: to assess the prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among elementary school students in Dejen town, 2016.
Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted among Dejen town elementary school students in 2016. A total of 158 students were included using stratified sampling technique by taking grades as strata then systematic random sampling to select sample within each strata proportionally. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire which was pretested, observation, and eye examination using binocular loop (2.5 ×). Descriptive statistics was used to analyze and interpret the collected data.
Results: From a total of 158 elementary school children, the overall prevalence of active trachoma in among elementary school students in Dejen town was found to be 32.28%, Trachomatous inflammation follicular, TF (10.76%), Trachomatous inflammation Intense, TI (19.62%) and both TF and TI (1.9%). In this study measure of association (odds ratio, OR) was calculated manually. In this study children whose face was not clean were four times (OR= 4.318, 95% CI; 1.881, 9.912) more likely to develop active trachoma. Those families who spent greater than or equal to 30 minutes to fetch water from the water source were fourteen times (OR= 14.44, 95% CI; 3.064, 68.023) more likely to develop active trachoma than those who spent less than 30 minutes.
Conclusions: The overall prevalence of active trachoma among elementary school students in Dejen Town was higher than WHO threshold prevalence of 20%. Residence, educational status, occupation, soap use, latrine use, squat cover use (utilization), improper solid and liquid waste disposal, facial cleanliness, frequency of face washing and time to fetch water from the water source were independently associated with active trachoma.

In 2006, 66 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. States and territories reported a total of 138,511 cases of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System: an increase of 10.4% on the number of notifications in 2005. In 2006, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (57,941 notifications, 42% of total notifications), gastrointestinal diseases (27,931 notifications, 20% of total notifications) and vaccine preventable diseases (22,240 notifications, 16% of total notifications). There were 19,111 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 8,606 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 1,900 notifications of other bacterial infections; 767 notifications of zoonoses and 3 notifications of quarantinable diseases.

Background: Malaria in Cameroon was previously known to be caused solely by Plasmodium falciparum but today, evidence points to other Plasmodium species including P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The purpose of this study was to identify the Plasmodium species in clinical samples from children residing in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon, so as to advise control policies.
Methods: One thousand six hundred nine febrile children (≤15 years) were recruited from five epidemiological strata of malaria including the Sudano-sahelian (SS) strata, the High inland plateau (HIP) strata, the South Cameroonian Equatorial forest (SCEF) strata, the High western plateau (HWP) strata and the Coastal (C) strata. Malaria parasites were detected by Giemsa microscopy (GM) while a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the Plasmodium species. Statistical analysis performed included the Pearson chi-square test, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: The PCR-adjusted prevalence of malaria was 17.6%. The detection rate of PCR was higher than GM (p = 0.05). However, GM demonstrated a high sensitivity (85.5%) and specificity (100%) and, overall, a perfectly correlated agreement with PCR (97.5%). The prevalence of malaria was significantly higher in children between 60 and 119 months (p < 0.001) and in Limbe (in the Coastal strata) (p < 0.001). Contrariwise, the prevalence of malaria was not associated with gender (p = 0.239). P. falciparum was identified in all (100%) the cases of malaria; P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. knowlesi were all absent. No case of mixed infection was identified.
Conclusions: P. falciparum was the only species causing clinical malaria in the target population, which is contrary to studies that have reported P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale as causing clinical malaria in Cameroon.