Collective Intelligence

The importance of monitoring information that serves to assist in decision-making and to anticipate changes has been increasingly recognized in the organizational context because of the growing complexity of the environment. However, the more the strategic importance of the information in organizations is acknowledged, the more difficult it becomes to perceive the difficulties associated with the search and productive use of information. The issues of this research were therefore set up to investigate two points: is there an association between the difficulties perceived by managers in the management of weak-signal anticipative information and the level of entrepreneurial orientation of organizations? And is there is an association between the perceived difficulties and the dimensions of uncertainty perceived by organizations? To achieve this, we propose to conduct this research from the perspective of Intelligence, given that this view covers the steps involved in the search, identification, classification, storage, dissemination and use of information. This structure will make it possible to associate the main difficulties in the management of weak signals, which were identified in previous studies, according to their nature with the classic steps of the Intelligence process. In turn, this will enable an analysis of the relationship between the most significant difficulties perceived by organizations with the degree of entrepreneurship they employ, as well as with the dimensions of uncertainty perceived.

The aim of the research is to analyse how digitalization and the opportunities of new media effect film industry and audience by analysing some specific examples of films which are supported financially by crowds. As Mc Luhan and Harold Innis clearly state; the culture is shaped according to the way we communicate. It has been widely accepted that the developments and convergence in new media also have some effects on the methods, the content and the disturbution of movies. In the same vein, Chuck Tryon also argues that film culture is being redefined by digital media. In other words, it can be claimed that audiences and social practises of watching and making films have also changed in recent years. The new audience named as 'prosumers' demands to be eligible to have an influence on the films that are going to be released. Crowdfunding which is a type of crowdsourcing, first described by Jeff Howe as a social revolution, is believed to be a remarkable way to analyse this new audience who wants to have an influence on both the content and the production of films. Some people believe that, using crowdfunding to produce films, is not only a way of getting financial support but also a way of creating communities who support the film during the production and distribution processes. The main question is that; can crowdfunding create an alternative and more independent way of doing films or is it just a new marketing tool for producers? This research attempts to find out the advantages, disadvantages and possible differences of the films that are made by crowdfunding and the ones that are made using the traditional ways of film making. The data will be collected through direct interviews with the producers of the selected films and quantitative analysis will be used to analyse the collected data. While doing the research; Alvin Toffler's definition of prosumer and Pierre Levy's collective intelligence are going to be taken into consideration and also the relation between democracy and new media is going to be discussed according to two different approaches; liberal and critical theory.

Musicians' drive to be productive on the Internet led to the development of practices that can inform popular music education. Expanding the concept of popular music education to include online participatory culture practices provides inspiration for musicking online relevant not only in times of uncertainty (like during mandated quarantines experienced during the COVID outbreak in 2020), but also during times of prosperity when practices can be explored in classrooms and during leisure time. In this article, the author discusses three dispositions towards online musicking: DIY-disposition (do-it-yourself), DIWO-disposition (do-it-with-others) and DIFO-disposition (do-it-for-others). The development of these dispositions leads to online and musical literacies that help develop the skills needed for online musicking and performance. This text offers a creation theory about approaching online musicking that can be applied to new technologies and media as online platforms appear and fade on the Internet.

This book, the first in American history to be subjected to prior
government censorship began making news even before it was written. From the time it was no more than an outline to the present, the Central Intelligence Agency has been trying to prevent its publication. To a degree, the agency has succeeded. Legal proceedings and injunctions delayed publication for close to a year. One hundred and sixty-eight passages actually censored by the agency continue to be unavailable and are thus missing from the text as published here (although nearly 200 more, first cut and then yielded up by the CIA following insistent demands by lawyers for the authors and the publishers will be found
printed in boldface type). Ironically, however, in a broader sense the agency has failed. In recent months, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence has become more than a book, it has become a public issue of great symbolic importance —as a test of free speech and as a valuable and effective challenge to a peculiarly odious concept: the idea that any government body—even the CIA—should be permitted to exist beyond the reach of the Constitution and public control.

Many animal species live as a group and must therefore move as such. Several authors have suggested that the mechanisms underlying collective movements in primate species appear to rely on complex cognitive skills, given their high level of cognitive abilities. However, recent studies have highlighted the fact that complex patterns do not necessarily imply complex mechanisms. We used a modeling approach to investigate the patterns of collective movement in a semi-freeranging group of brown lemurs. We recorded via digital video cameras the order and joining latencies of the 11 individuals of the group during the departure time of spontaneous group movements. We then assessed whether mimetic mechanisms or the existence of a leader were underlying conditions for the joining process by testing 5 computer models relying respectively on 5 hypotheses: the independence of individuals, an anonymous mimetism, a mimetism according to kinship, a mimetism according to affiliation, and eventually the existence of a leader. We found that departure latencies, associations, and the order of individuals at departure time could all be explained by the mimetism according to affiliation model. Thus, an individual's decision to join the collective movement or not depended on the decision taken by its preferred social partners. These results show the importance of social parameters in primate decision making and that the high cohesion displayed

Concerning political and social reform of Korean society after the ‘Candle revolution’ and impeachment of a president, the civil society and the political sphere show different approaches to the problem. The people (or citizens) assembled and marched with candles in their hands on the square longing for constitutional government and better society, and consequently, the head of government who lost the people’s trust was removed from the office. This brought our society an opportunity to discuss the new constitutional order – in other words, we encountered a ‘Constitutional momentum’. The Special Committee on the Constitution, which was constituted in the Parliament at the end of last year, tried to proceed a quick process of constitutional amendment whereas most citizens are not in agreement. So the history of ‘revolution by the people’ and ‘constitution-making without the people’ is about to repeat itself. Constitutions in democratic countries are people’s documents and therefore gain legitimacy by people’s participation in the constitution-making process. Moreover, constitution-making in accord with the constitutional momentum driven by the people should be accomplished by the people and for the people.
This paper introduces the Iceland’s constitution-making case after an economic crisis in 2008. Confronting unprecedented financial crisis and inefficient action by government, Icelandic people were deeply disappointed with political elites and looked back on the ground of the society, and then they decided to make a new constitution for re-establishment of social values. Many people participated in the process of constitution-making, from the very first step to decide what were the most important values in the country and should be included in a new constitution and then they participated also in the next step to produce a draft. The most innovative and revolutionary point in democratic perspective in the process was that the draft for a new constitution was written with direct participation of its people for the first time in history. The internet and social media made it possible to make a crowdsourced constitution. The Iceland’s constitutional experiment, which combines the trust of collective wisdom with internet communication technology for constitution-making, is full of suggestion concerning current discussion of constitutional amendment – without citizens – in Korea.

The subject of the presented comparative case study is the phenomenon of collective intelligence (CI) in the online public sphere. Intelligence that appears in online communities is understood as a form of a distributed ability, which arises from the collaboration and competition between many individuals in the Internet. The purpose of the presented study was an analysis of group cognitive processes specific for the manifestations of CI, appearing in the 8 selected online projects implemented in the Central-Eastern European countries. Additionally, 2 projects from Western Europe, considered in the scientific literature as valuable examples, were selected for comparison purposes. In these projects, we evaluated the 4 main cognitive processes specific for collective "thinking": perception (collective sensing), problem-solving, decision making, and collective memorization (including learning and gaining feedback). The results revealed, that most cognitive processes in the analyzed projects are working satisfactorily, with the exception of collective memory, which works only to a very limited extent. A presented guideline for future policymakers is to develop a shared memory system, to which all community members should have access.

Understanding what motivates participation in online innovation communities is now a high priority given the recent interest in  crowdsourcing as an approach to increasing diversity and creativity in innovation. This article reports on the results of a survey of participants in an online innovation community to characterise and find correlations between motivation and participation styles. An analysis of the survey results show: the majority of participants were contributors or collaborators, not readers or leaders; reasons for joining collective innovation communities can be different to the reason for continuing to participate; primary motivations for participation are fun and challenge; intrinsic motivations rated higher than extrinsic; and the participants that are passionate about the online community are either new members, < 1 month, or long standing members, > 6 months.

The popular Samoan adage 'o le ala i le pule o le tautua' (the pathway to leadership is through service) is commonly understood by Samoans around the world as an important life value. Writings about tautua (service) have chronicled traditional understandings of the term (Tavale 2009, Tavale 2013) and more recently with personal experiences of tautua in Samoa (Filisi, 2018) and transnational matai in their communities (Falaniko 2020, Fetui 2020). Being able to trace the links between these understandings of tautua leads to considering ways in which tautua is enacted and enabled in Samoa and transnational societies. Tavale's four stages of tautua (Tavale, 2013) and his collection of proverbial expressions that focus on tautua (Tavale, 2009) form a natural foundation for its application in Samoa and internationally. Through the eyes of matai with Samoan language fluency, we use our multiple service roles with the intent of privileging interdisciplinary Pasifika research. We introduce the three intergenerational spheres of service-tautua ia tautua (serve to serve), tautua ia pule (serve to lead) and pule ia tautua (lead to serve)-that show what tautua looks like in a lifecycle. Samoan indigenous knowledge pertaining to service foregrounds the shared experiences of tautua by the authors. The oscillation of the spheres speaks directly to service, positioning our own individual experiences as matai, as Pasifika tertiary students (Pilisi, 2020) and how we negotiate our journey of tautua within our collective contexts through the conceptualisation of the "tautua lifecycle" model-to explore the pathway to leadership through service.

Social visualization systems have emerged to support collective intelligence-driven analysis of a growing influx of open data. As with many other online systems, social signals (e.g., forums, polls) are commonly integrated to drive use. Unfortunately, the same social features that can provide rapid, high-accuracy analysis are coupled with the pitfalls of any social system. Through an experiment involving over 300 subjects, we address how social information signals (social proof) affect quantitative judgments in the context of graphical perception. We identify how unbiased social signals lead to fewer errors over non-social settings and conversely, how biased signals lead to more errors. We further reflect on how systematic bias nullifies certain collective intelligence benefits, and we provide evidence of the formation of information cascades. We describe how these findings can be applied to collaborative visualization systems to produce more accurate individual interpretations in social contexts.

Using only simple rules for local interactions, groups of agents can form self-organizing super-organisms or “flocks” that show global emergent behavior. When agents are also extended with memory and goals the resulting flock not only demonstrates emergent behavior, but also collective intelligence: the ability for the group to solve problems that might be beyond the ability of the individual alone. Until now, research has focused on the improvement of particle design for global behavior; however, techniques for human-designed particles are task-specific. In this paper we will demonstrate that evolutionary computing techniques can be applied to design particles, not only to optimize the parameters for movement but also the structure of controlling finite state machines that enable collective intelligence. The evolved design not only exhibits emergent, self-organizing behavior but also significantly outperforms a human design in a specific problem domain. The strategy of the evolved design may be very different from what is intuitive to humans and perhaps reflects more accurately how nature designs systems for problem solving. Furthermore, evolutionary design of particles for collective intelligence is more flexible and able to target a wider array of problems either individually or as a whole.

This essay reflects on the rhythmic and performatic dimension of the archipelago in order to use it as a heuristic tool to understand the “intelligence” of the Smart City. Recognising the “smart ideology” which has brought to the actual “algorithmic governmentality”, and to the image of the network as keyword for describing any kind of relation in the present, the aim is to propose the idea of the archipelago, through Caribbean authors Antonio Benítez Rojo and Edouard Glissant, as an alternative orientation which gives place to a new understanding of collective intelligence.

Resumo -Diante do aumento na utilização dos guidelines (diretrizes clínicas), um grande esforço faz-se necessário para sua elaboração com qualidade e a possibilidade de torná-las compartilháveis entre diferentes instituições e utilizáveis em diferentes aplicações computacionais. Este artigo apresenta um modelo e protótipo para gestão e modelagem de guidelines cujas contribuições serão avaliadas por agentes computacionais e distribuídas através do conceito da Web Semântica.

By looking at collective intelligence (CI) through four distinct lenses, this paper draws on recent research in organizational design, evolutionary economics, cognitive sciences, knowledge ecology and political economy to built a twin path forward: collective intelligence and collective leadership. It lays out elements of a framework for building this twin path beyond chaos. It is our intent to invite conversations designed to engage questions surrounding this interdependent evolutionary path. How might we develop criteria for a design capable of supporting a large range of collective intelligence phenomena in an integrated way? Will the emergent socio-economic life forms be strong enough to balance the destructive power of our global crises if and when &quot;the perfect storm&quot; hits? When everything goes worse and worse, and better and better, at the same time, and they do it faster and faster, how do we deal with the ensuing chaos? In order to bring forth desirable futures, we...

Today, the development of territories relies largely on collective intelligence. The following comments aim to highlight the existence of a specific mode of regulation of collective action, strategic territorial management. One of its main characteristics is precisely to rely on the articulation of a series of cognitive processes in the design and implementation of territorial development projects. The framework of this approach is the elaboration of strategic projects which are both the melting pot of the synergy of regional players and the result of this collective dynamic. This elaboration is an essentially cognitive and transactional process, the effectiveness of which is directly dependent on the degree of collective intelligence of the territory.

Résumé
Aujourd'hui, le développement des territoires repose largement sur l'intelligence collective. Les propos qui suivent s'attachent à mettre en lumière l'existence d'un mode spécifique de régulation de l'action collective, le management territorial stratégique. Une de ses principales caractéristiques est précisément de s'appuyer sur l'articulation d'une série de processus cognitifs dans la conception et la mise en œuvre de projets territoriaux de développement. Ce processus a pour cadre la démarche de projet qui est à la fois le creuset de la mise en synergie des acteurs du territoire, dans leur diversité, et le résultat de cette dynamique collective. Son élaboration est un processus essentiellement cognitif et transactionnel, dont l’efficacité est directement fonction du degré d'intelligence collective du territoire.

This paper shows how the two virtues of collective intelligence – cognitive diversity and large crowds – turn into perils in crowdsourced policymaking. That is because of a conflict between the logic of the crowds and the logic of policymaking. The crowd’s logic differs from that of traditional policymaking in several aspects. To mention some of those: In traditional
policymaking it is a small group of experts making proposals to the policy, whereas in crowdsourced policymaking, it is a large, anonymous crowd with a
mixed level of expertise. The crowd proposes atomic ideas, whereas traditional policymaking is used to dealing with holistic and synthesized proposals. By drawing on data from a crowdsourced law-making process in Finland, the paper shows how the logics of the crowds and policymaking collide in practice. The conflict prevents policymaking fully benefiting from the crowd’s input, and it also hinders governments from adopting crowdsourcing more widely as a practice for deploying open policymaking practices.

Toronto School of Communication Theory is not only a success story, but it is a vision and practice of how to create and build the country's intellectual future. For decades, scholars at Canada's leading university have contributed to the completely original development of their home-land, choosing the paradigm of orientation between economy and history, different from the development paths of the United States and Europe. Finding one's niche in the world of ideas and innovations is a result born of the need to overcome the challenges faced by society. For this purpose, the collective intellect is one of the efficient tools that the illustrious representatives of the School of Communication Theory in Toronto offer. Multidisciplinarity, as a working method, has profoundly influenced the evolution of the concept of communication in the university environment, which, for its part, contributed to the growth of contemporary political thought (and not only) as well as in Canada and abroad.

Die Konvergenz von mobilen Medien, Sensornetzwerken, digitalen Datenvisualisierungen und den Anwendungen des Social Web hat dazu geführt, dass sich Erfahrungen des Urbanen in einem radikalen Wandel befinden. Die Stadt der Zukunft entwickelt sich heute mehr denn je an der Schnittstelle von mobilen Medienpraktiken, digitalen Infrastrukturen und webbasierten Netzwerken. Deren Bildung stellt daher eine entscheidende Grundlage für die nachhaltige Entwicklung der informationellen Stadt dar. Die digitalen Informations- und Kommunikationsnetzwerke, die geolokalisierenden Navigationssysteme und die Konnektivität und Navigation in Echtzeit verändern die Stadt und schaffen einen medieninduzierten Raum sozialer Erfahrung und des kommunikativen Austauschs. In diesem Zusammenhang verstehen zahlreiche Gesellschaftsdiagnosen mobile und plattformbasierte Vernetzungsmedien als einen richtungsweisenden Indikator zur Bestimmung des urbanen Wandels. Folgende Fragen stehen im Zentrum der Untersuchung: Welchen Stellenwert hat der Aufbau der informationellen Stadt bei der Herausbildung neuer Formen der sozialen und kulturellen Interaktion in einer digitalen Gesellschaft? Inwiefern kann die Digitalisierung des Urbanen als gesellschaftlicher Gradmesser verstanden werden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Problemstellungen möchte ich mich eingehend mit den technisch-medialen Infrastrukturen und ihren möglichen Anwendungen auseinandersetzen, um schließlich ihre Wirkungsweisen für alle beteiligten Akteure herauszuarbeiten.

Пользователи (фанаты) и медиа – два полюса, которые не могут существовать друг без друга. Читатель фанатских текстов не просто участвует в интерпретации продукта массовой культуры, он продолжает эту цепочку сотворений и создает новые смыслы. В условиях реальности фандома хорошо видно, что сетевой гипертекст является самоорганизующимся культурным пространством с мобильным авторством. Но фандомный автор – в первую очередь читатель, и оценивать его творчество следует на уровне прочтения оригинального произведения. С целью измерения авторского присутствия в фанатском тексте разработана уникальная шкала оценки текста по его формальным признакам (на примере однородного блока фантекстов, созданных в рамках сообщества поттероманов). На шкале Автор — Интерпретатор в результате проведенного контент-анализа предлагается расположить любой фантекст, в зависимости от большего или меньшего присутствия в нем создателя протослова. Данная работа, таким образом, не только способствует более глубокому пониманию фандомов и их места в системе новых медиа, но также предлагает уникальный способ оценки фанатских текстов по степени их приближенности к оригинальному автору.

The Fifth Dimension of Conflictuality: The Rise of Cyberspace and Its Effects on In- ternational Politics
Cyberspace has become a crucial element for political, social, financial and individual activities. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced the human interactions and have contributed to “reinvent” classical concepts such as political participation, political debate, decision-making. However, their all-encom- passing, ubiquitous nature and their growing use for political and military purposes poses significant risks to international peace, stability and security. The low barrier of access to ICT capabilities, the speed of technological advances and the complexity of the cyberspace environment with regard to traditional legal definitions of borders have presented new challenges to States (the main actors of international relations) such as the inherent complexity of accurately attributing cyber-attacks. It is both this complexity and the frequent insistence of parties to attribute cyber-attacks and incidents “beyond a reasonable doubt” that gives one the ability to deny responsibility and frustrate attempts to build trust and political rapport in cyberspace. The purpose of this research is to analyze how cyberspace affects the international politics. The nature of the topic dictates the use of qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources such as official reports, declarations and policy documents, and academic analysis, in order to understand effects and dynamics carried out by the cyber domain on classical concepts such as war, peace and international relations. The main idea of this research is that the development of Information and Communication Technolo- gies (ICTs) and the related (r)evolution of warfare have produced relevant effects on the dynamics of the contemporary international system highlighting, at the same time, how the militarization of the cyber domain has posed consequences on interna- tional security, peace and stability. However, the lack of specific research related to “cyberspace’s effects on international politics” highlights the need to devote more attention on this topic bearing in mind that, more extensive and enduring analysis on cyberspace’s dynamics might allowed policy makers the opportunity to improve
awareness related to cyber threats in order to governing challenges emerging from the digital sphere.

In this paper, the phenomenon of virtual idol Hatsune Miku will be analyzed in the context of critical theory, emerging technologies, and theory of digital art practices. The first part focuses on the phenomenon of the virtual celebrity seen as Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of ‘body without organs.’ The second part examines how the state-of-the-art technologies have enabled the existence of Hatsune Miku who is simultaneously a corporate software product, a pop icon, a performance artist, and a collaborative multimedia artwork. Based on the reading of Hatsune Miku as a hybrid product emerging from the fusion of arts and IT, the last part revolves around the concept of ‘aura’ (Benjamin) generated by virtual idol’s presence. Finally, the notion of hyperterminality is introduced not only to differentiate between entities/identities appearing on the surface of the screen and those virtual constructs co-existing with us in the spaces of physical reality, but also to explore how these newly emerging “phygital” entities transform the existing conceptions of body and identity.

Admittedly this is a presumptuous title that should never be used when reporting on individual research advances. Wisdom is just not a scientific concept. In this case, though, we are reporting on recent developments on the web that lead us to believe that the web is on the way to providing a platform for not only information acquisition and business transactions but also for large scale knowledge development and decision support. It is likely that by now every web user has participated in some sort of social function or knowledge accumulating function on the web, many times without even being aware of it, simply by searching and browsing, other times deliberately by e.g. adding a piece of information to a Wikipedia article or by voting on a movie on IMDB.com. In this paper we will give some examples of how Web Wisdom is already emerging, some ideas of how we can create platforms that foster Web Wisdom and a critical evaluation of types of problems that can be subjected to Web Wisdom.

This study explores the effectiveness of a game-based mobile learning model for children living in underdeveloped regions with significant contextual variations. Data for this study came from a total of 210 children between the ages of 6–14 years old from six marginalized communities in India. The findings reveal that children with little or no previous exposure to technology were able to not only figure out the given mobile learning technology, but also solve a series of incrementally challenging problems by playing math games without specific intervention or instruction by adults. The study also found that various factors, including gender and group size, do affect children's ability to adopt and learn while presenting a unique set of learning interaction patterns. This paper concludes with specific recommendations for future ICT4D (Information and Communication Technology for Development) projects for educational development particularly targeting developing regions.• We implemented mobile math learning games in underserved communities in India. • We examine various patterns of mobile learning behaviors among underserved children. • Socioeconomic strata significantly influence technology adoption and learning pace. • Gender and group formation also affect children's ability to learn with technology.

In an effort to carve a distinct place for social facts without lapsing into a holistic ontology, John Greenwood has sought to define social phenomena solely in terms of the attitudes held by the actor(s) in question. I argue that his proposal allows for the possibility of a “lone collectivity” that is (1) unpalatable in its own right and (2) incompatible with the claim that sociology is autonomous from psychology. As such, I conclude that the relevant beliefs need to be held by more than one person.

Abstract
In school systems the innovative paradigm described in this book means that adult- child ratios in classrooms can be reduced effectively to 5:1 (a learning group is made up of ten students with two guiding adults), as available and trained community adults are infused into the schools. It also means that the long-running vacillation between ‘individualized’ approaches and ‘grouping’ approaches to configuring educational systems for students will be translated into a dualized form. This transformative system of forming learning contexts means that the latest and most refined knowledge regarding composing, configuring, managing and sustaining small groups replaces outdated approaches to classroom management.

The author suggests that within ten years most educational, institutional and corporate systems will be dualized in a fashion similar to that described in this short book. This means that educators and trainers will break up class, team and work groups into small learning or performance groups of 3-5 pairs, place students (or employees) into dyads that regularly shift who is paired with whom, carefully consider the gender apportionment and sequence of pairing students, systematically facilitate skill development regarding individual balance, pair harmony, and group synchrony while maintaining content focus within instruction, concentrate and enhance paired-cognition (dyadic intelligence) as a method to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of student learning, utilize adult volunteers and other staff to insure that two mature/trained adults are always guiding each small learning group of 6-10 learners/workers/trainees (3-5 dyads), focus learning facilitator-pairs (teachers) on modeling for and mentoring paired-learners, optimize small group knowledge and skill acquisition within a small learning group through pair-sharing, and engage inter- group sessions to extend and expand skill acquisition and application, knowledge storage and retrieval (transactive memory, socially distributed cognition) across all participants.

After a concise description of the paradigm and its relevant methods, extensive appendices that review the scholarly literature regarding associated constructs and methodologies (with bibliographies) are included.

Par cette proposition, nous voudrions interroger deux actes que l'on pense rarement ensemble ; l'acte d'éduquer de la recherche en éducation et celui de gouverner propre aux décisions politiques. Nous nous proposons d'étudier ces deux actes ensemble pour mettre à jour un véritable problème pour la pratique éducative : ces deux actes sont eux-mêmes pensés à partir de la même conception de l'intelligence : une intelligence individuelle. Le problème est alors le suivant : est-ce que les acteurs de l'éducation, en ne cherchant à éduquer leurs élèves qu'à partir d'une conception individualiste de l'intelligence, ne les rendent-ils pas en posture de se laisser gouverner par n'importe qui ou n'importe quoi ? Nous souhaitons montrer que ce problème fut particulièrement sensible à John Dewey et qu'il traverse son œuvre de recherche pédagogique et politique tout au long de la première moitié du XXème siècle pour formuler un projet politico-pédagogique original et aux pratiques innovantes.

The proposition Extended Semantic Network is an innovative tool for Knowledge Representation and Ontology construction, which not only infers meanings but looks for sets of associations between nodes as opposed to the present method of keyword association. The objective here is to achieve semi-supervised knowledge representation technique with good accuracy and minimum human intervention. This is realized by obtaining a technical co-operation between mathematical and mind models to harvest their collective intelligence.

L'approche Big Data induit d'importants risques pour les territoires et, par extension, pour nos sociétés. La « norme statistique » et la croyance aveugle dans les algorithmes peut, comme nous tentons de l'analyser dans cet article, condamner les organisations territoriales via une approche réductionniste inadaptée à la complexité croissante. Notre recherche porte sur le développement d'un nouveau genre de système territorial, que nous nommons Magitopie. Celui-ci repose par design sur une approche intégrative de données Big – Thick Data, qui place au cœur des organisations territoriales la capacitation et l'inspiration des citoyens. L'objectif est de favoriser le développement ouvert d'une « réalité sociale créative ». Cette réalité se nourrit des histoires et de l'imagination des citoyens. La finalité est la construction d'organisations territoriales capables d'appréhender efficacement la complexité, en opérant un changement de paradigme de « prédiction algorithmique du futur » à « imaginierie de futurs eutopiques ».

Through various platforms enabled by Web 2.0 technologies, citizens can collectively create public information, provide service, and take part in policy processes. Pushed by the Open Government Directive of the Obama administration, citizen-sourcing may be a new mode of government operations in the U.S. This paper suggests two frameworks to examine the emerging mechanism. The first framework provides three dimensions of citizen-sourcing initiatives: purpose (image-making or ideation), collective intelligence type (professional knowledge or innovative ideas), and strategy (contest, wiki, social networking, or social voting). Second, the paper presents a framework for assessing current citizen-sourcing initiatives. Its categories include design evaluation, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation. The performance of citizen-sourcing primarily depends on the appropriateness of the platform design. The effectiveness of the process needs to be evaluated in terms of the Open Government Directive's three pillar goals of transparency, participation, and collaboration. Evaluating the impact of citizen-sourcing will reveal whether citizen-sourcing is rhetorical or if it actually exerts significant effects on society.

Abstract: This study explores the leadership actions-oriented behavior of school principals in Finland. Actions-orientated behavior
enables the leader to appropriately articulate relations and task orientation to meet the immediate contextual demands and
to accommodate followership toward change and development. The leadership actions-orientated behavior of Finnish school
principals were studied in three schools. In-depth interviews with school actors (principals, vice principals, teachers, special
educators, and nonteaching staff) were conducted to triangulate the analyzed data. It was found that leadership actions-oriented
behavior enabled school leaders to articulate appropriate behavioral patterns to generate motivation and commitment. The
results suggest that actions orientations toward high-on relations enabled leaders to achieve leadership success, while actions
orientations toward high-on task enabled leadership effectiveness. Actions-oriented behavior toward high-on task enables
leadership flexibility with greater leadership elasticity. The results suggest that school actors anticipated a relational approach,
whose actions orientations were high-on task. The results also suggest that relations-oriented behavior is rationally applied by
school leaders who have remained in the organization for a longer time to strengthen the systematic approach. It was found
that leaders’ actions orientation with high-on task were more effective, while leadership actions orientation with high-on
relations generated social harmony. The results suggest that leadership actions-oriented behavioral flexibility and mobility can
be maintained by articulating high relations to low relations and high task to low task, not necessarily from task to relations or
relations to task alone. In doing so, a leader’s personality is prevented from distortions and behavior dysfunction.

Keywords: leadership behavior, actions-oriented behavior, relations-oriented behavior, task-oriented behavior, contextual variation,
leader’s case study, behavioral articulation, Finland, Skills, Ability, Competences and Intelligence (SACI)

With the United States becoming a maritime nation, massive budget deficits, and increased Congressional Oversight, many question the validity and necessity of equipment, programs, and even entire agencies as a whole.  The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is one such agency being questioned for its potential redundancy within the Intelligence Community (IC).  Despite similarities with multiple other members of the IC, the DIA has a unique role to fill in our IC, even in maritime and facing ever-tighter budget constraints.

The four sections of this essay that serve as contexts for outlining the meaning, conditions and practices of “collective awakening” are: What Brings Me to We; Collective Buddha; Wisdom-Driven Enterprise; and Awakening to a Wiser Society. Exploring and unleashing the synergy of transformative work across all four domains call for an action research.

En este artículo se intenta contribuir a la comprensión
de los colectivos mediáticos siguiendo la línea de trabajo
iniciada por Eliseo Verón y continuada por Mario
Carlón. En primera instancia, se sintetizan las propiedades
con que Verón caracterizó a los colectivos mediáticos
diferenciándolos de otros tipos de colectivos.
Luego, se trabaja en la apropiación del concepto que
hizo Carlón al ocuparse del nuevo sistema mediático.
Finalmente, se distinguen algunas cualidades de los
colectivos hipermediáticos halladas en las investigaciones
realizadas sobre los youtubers y lo risible en las
redes. Entre ellas se destacan la individuación de los
integrantes del colectivo y una interacción entre ellos
y el enunciador de la cuenta factible de ser planteada
como un sistema de producción discursiva.
PALABRAS CLAVE: colectivo, hipermediatización, redes
sociales mediáticas, circulación, Verón.
ABSTRACT
In this paper we try to contribute to the understanding
of the media collectives following the work initiated by
Eliseo Verón and continued by Mario Carlón. In the
first instance, we synthesized the properties with which
Verón characterized the media collectives differentiating
them from other types of collectives. Then, we
go into the appropriation of the concept that Carlón
did when dealing with the new media system. And, finally,
we made our contribution distinguishing some
qualities of hypermedia groups found in research on
youtubers and the laughable in the networks. Among
them we stand out the individuation of the members
of the collective and an interaction between them and
the enunciator of the account that can be proposed as a
discursive production system.

A ascensão da cibercultura (cultura digital), um resultado da convergência entre a socialidade contemporânea e as tecnologias de informação e comunicação microeletrônicas digitais (TICs), baseadas no ciberespaço, como um paradigma social, econômico e cultural, vem trazendo desafios importantes para a sociedade e para as diversas áreas das organizações. A gestão da inovação também vem sendo impactada. O presente artigo visa apresentar uma discussão teórica de como as características essenciais da era da informação e da cibercultura estão impactando a gestão da inovação. Para tanto, três pontos característicos da sociedade cibercultural são apresentados, a saber: interconexão (pessoas, através das ferramentas TICs, buscam conexão umas com as outras), comunidades virtuais (agregações sociais que emergem das redes de computadores onde as pessoas formam redes de relacionamentos no ciberespaço) e inteligência coletiva (construção de conhecimento e da especialização dos membros de comunidades, através da discussão e da colaboração coletiva, coordenada em tempo real). Por fim, apresentam-se cenários e temáticas de inovação nas organizações que são resultantes da influência dos três pontos citados. São quatro cenários, a saber: Redes de Inovação, Open Innovation, os Nativos Digitais e o colaboracionismo ou Crowdsourcing. Colocam-se ainda implicações acadêmicas e gerenciais da cibercultura e destes cenários para a gestão da inovação.

The rise of cyberculture (digital culture), a result of a convergence between contemporary sociality and digital information and communication technologies based on cyberspace (ICTs), as a social, economic and cultural paradigm, has brought important challenges for society and for several functional areas of the organizations. Innovation management is also being impacted. This article presents a theoretical discussion of the essential characteristics of the Information Age and Cyberculture, and their impact on the management of innovation. To this end, three characteristic points of cybercultural society are presented: interconnection (people connecting each other, using ICTs gadgets), virtual communities (social aggregations where the people build relationship networks on cyberspace) and collective intelligence (construction of knowledge and community member specialization, through discussion and colective collaboration, in real-time). Finally, scenarios and themes of innovation in

A new trend that will change the dynamics of the intelligence industry? In the Knowledge Age, traditional intelligence organisations have been disenfranchised from holding the monopoly over their core intelligence function: forewarning. In fact, the intelligence "space" has expanded with stakeholders and role-players like NGOs, transnational organisations and companies, private knowledge broker firms, as well as interest and pressure groups representing communities, concepts and ideologies… This "democratisation" of intelligence will have a profound impact on the way intelligence is conducted. Dalene Duvenage (2010) need2share W hen one looks at the landscape of intelligence analysis the last few years, it seems as though the lone analyst in her cubicle is gradually replaced by teams of analysts to provide either operational or strategic analysis support to intelligence functions. The trend is definitely more evident in the US and Europe where intelligence problems have forced disparate agencies to collaborate, than here in Africa where most organisations agencies have not yet matured to that extent. Team analysis is more the exception than the rule and many agencies still rely on the expert advice of the individual analyst. This is especially evident in law enforcement intelligence and in other national security agencies with minimal analytical resources. Since 2008, analysts in the US had the privilege of collaborative opportunities and tools like A-space and Intellipedia. The rest of the world is sadly trailing far behind. We are all well aware of the cognitive and bias challenges faced by these lone analysts, in addition to the overwhelming deluge of information. Collaborating with other analysts might lighten some these burdens, but the team effort can also fail if the associated complex dynamics and inherent challenges are not managed effectively. The main obstacle to collaborative intelligence remains tight production schedules and the prevailing secret organisational culture. The following few pages take a snapshot of what intelligence organisations are doing to exploit the collective "wisdom of the crowds". 1 First we glance over what these terms might mean in an intelligence context, before we look at different examples of the two main components of collaboration in intelligence namely collaborative collection or sourcing and collaborative analysis. Collective intelligence has developed in a distinctive discipline with proponents and critics in the last few years with numerous applications in natural sciences, psychology, economy, digital media, software development etc. Our focus here will be a very shallow but hopefully engaging perspective on developments and possible applications in the intelligence analysis realm. The graphic on the next page depicts the fluidity of collaboration modes within intelligence analysis. I have used some creative license with Dave Snowden's Cynefin model and a previous model of mine to create this continuum. Of course, this framework is not absolute and only attempts to provide a provisional framework. There is limited collaboration in the knowable domain. Those of you familiar with the puzzle and mysteries analogy, would understand that in this space, the analyst would seek for missing puzzle pieces to complete his understanding of an intelligence problem that many of us are familiar with: election results of a stabile country with few role players, an organised crime syndicate involved in human smuggling, a patent analysis of a competitor or an analysis of a new weap-

This text is a result of the reading of the thesis submitted as a doctoral thesis by John Croft, in 1988. Here, my intention was make brief analysis if this huge work to understand the source of Dragon Dreaming, the principal object of my study in my Masters Degree in Gaia University. I will continue work on this subject, so, it is the first part of this analysis. John Croft studied the World Bank funded Non Formal Education Program in Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, using an analysis of community development theory, and the a model of the process of program development, presented as a part of a PhD degree in 1988. After having lived and worked in the country for 4 years as an activist, practitioner and researcher, he found that that the neglected of out-­‐of-­‐school education sector based upon traditional ways of teaching, was possibly more appropriate for the development of the country than was the predominant Western view of formal schooling, which received the vast bulk of education funding. It is interesting that he found in particular, that young male school graduates, who were educated to expect wage employment, face special difficulties fitting back into village life after schooling. The study also presented evidence that formal schooling was also undermining the sustainability of traditional agricultural practices. The study proposed the creation of a national program for non formal education in Papua New Guinea, strongly influenced the by education for liberation ideology of Paulo Freire. Croft discovered that the Non Formal Education (NFE) programs had the advantage that they were more flexible in providing for the real needs of villagers than are the schools. It was the failure to consider within the formal system the culture of place, and the obstacles related to planning, implementation and evaluation of programs that consequently also led to a huge wastage of resources, that offered an opportunity for Non Formal Education to provide the basis for a new approach to community development in the Southern Highlands. It was this approach that led to the chain of thought that would eventually build the Dragon Dreaming process.

En el presente artículo se analizan diferentes estrategias de diseño urbano basadas en el enfoque bottom-up (diseño “de abajo hacia arriba”), describiendo sus principales fundamentos y métodos de trabajo, y demostrando su potencial como alternativa a las técnicas de planificación tradicional. El objetivo será mostrar un nuevo tipo de diseño urbano más abierto y sensible a las dinámicas locales de la ciudad, que posibilite el surgimiento de entornos urbanos con una mayor dosis de espontaneidad, adaptabilidad y resiliencia. Esto obligará asimismo a repensar el papel del arquitecto en el proceso de planificación, sustituyendo la imagen del diseñador clásico por un nuevo rol basado en la promoción y canalización de la inteligencia colectiva.

Para profundizar en la comprensión de este enfoque desarrollaremos un mapeo general de las principales tendencias y vías de trabajo existentes actualmente en el campo del diseño urbano “bottom-up”, agrupando los casos de estudio en tres grandes categorías: las “estrategias algorítmicas”, las “estrategias basadas en plataformas” y las “estrategias basadas en patrones”. El artículo concluirá analizando los rasgos comunes a estos tres enfoques, y reflexionando sobre su posible papel en el futuro de la planificación urbana.

Organizing a classroom into small collaborative learning groups involves pairing students and configuring desks into three small clusters of 3-5 pairs of adjoining desks. This carefully considered arrangement greatly improves coordinating classroom activities, communication between teachers and students, and learning dialogues between and among student pairs within each small group. Shifting who is paired with whom over time optimizes learning, as does facilitating a regular sequence of four specific kinds of learning activities.

The old wisdom that ‘two heads are better than one’ is being validated in widely separated efforts to pair students and trainees in the military, computer programming, medical schools, business and in public education, among many others. Increases in learning efficiency from 20% to 100% have excited trainers and educators, employers and administrators. Maximizing the use and benefits of pairing students can be accomplished by selectively varying eight different relationship positions that may be taken by a learning pair given different sorts of learning tasks.

It is very difficult to enter learning activities well, or effectively enter a collaborative learning relationship with another person and small group, if an individual has too little or too much energy, whether it be physical, emotional or mental. Self-regulating energies within are pre-requisite to harmonizing relationships between one learner and another in an optimal manner.

In summary and review, long-running vacillation between ‘individualized’ and ‘grouping’ approaches to configuring educational systems can be translated into dualized form. Within 8 years most educational, institutional and corporate training systems will be dualized in a fashion that emphasizes the processes of paired-learning and paired-cognition (dyadic- intelligence and entangled-cognition), because of their much greater efficiency, effectiveness and cost- benefits.

Marketers are trying to find new ways to communicate with their customers and adapt rapidly changing consumer behavior which requires implementing new communication techniques. One of these techniques, brand storytelling is evolving to transmedia storytelling or transmedia marketing in a participatory culture. Despite the continuous interest of researchers in transmedia storytelling, few researchers have studied the concept from a marketing point of view. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the concept in a market-oriented context and offers insights on how to use transmedia storytelling in marketing and suggest some marketing strategies to attract transmedia customers.