Cognitive Framing

This study investigates the use of environmental metaphors in shaping public perception and enhancing engagement with ecological issues in Pakistani media. Metaphors play a critical role in framing complex environmental concepts in relatable ways, yet limited research has been conducted in the context of Pakistani English newspapers (Hussain et al., 2025). Using a qualitative approach, the researcher analyzed environmental news articles from five major newspapers including Dawn, The Express Tribune, The News International, The Nation, and Pakistan Observer and collected data systematically throughout 2024. Data were thematically arranged into ten categories, and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) and Ecolinguistic Analysis were applied to uncover cognitive and cultural frames. The researcher found that crisis-driven metaphors effectively highlight urgency, while optimistic metaphors inspire hope and action, creating a balanced narrative. These metaphors enhance readability and engagement by making abstract ecological issues tangible and emotionally resonant, appealing to a wide range of audiences. The study concludes that environmental metaphors are essential for fostering public awareness, empathy, and sustainable behaviors. It is recommended that journalists undergo training in ecolinguistic techniques to better employ metaphorical framing, while media organizations collaborate with environmental researchers to create culturally relevant narratives. Policymakers and educators should also utilize metaphorical language to promote environmental awareness and inspire actionable change among the public.

Events are temporal "figures", which can be defined as identifiable segments in time, bounded by beginnings and endings. But the functions and importance of these two boundaries differ. We argue that beginnings loom larger than endings by attracting more attention, being judged as more important and interesting, warranting more explanation, and having more causal power. This difference follows from a lay notion that additions (the introduction of something new) imply more change and demand more effort than do subtractions (returning to a previous state of affairs). This "beginning advantage" is demonstrated in eight studies of people's representations of epochs and events on a historical timeline as well as in cyclical change in the annual seasons. People think it is more important to know when wars and reigns started than when they ended, and are more interested in reading about beginnings than endings of historical movements. Transitional events (such as elections and passages from one season to the next) claim more interest and grow in importance when framed as beginnings of what follows than as conclusions of what came before. As beginnings are often identified in retrospect, the beginning advantage may distort and exaggerate their actual historical importance.

Previous research has focused on what internal and external cues influence metacognitive judgment, but has failed to thoroughly explore the impact of the question itself. Framing is known to influence judgments such as product quality (Levin & Gaeth, 1988) and confidence in trivia answers (Koriat, Lichtenstein, & Fischhoff, 1980). In these experiments, students were asked to estimate their amount of learning and improvement, with either positive or negative frames, or estimate average learning and improvement of students in a hypothetical learning situation. The results were that framing influences judgments of learning in a learning situation, but not in a hypothetical scenario, suggesting a selfenhancement bias.

Being able to assess one's own learning rate is essential for optimal learning. Can students accurately assess their learning rate, and is the timing of judgments of improvement important? In this experiment, students were to estimate their learning rate on each trial, either before the trial, or immediately after. If students typically make these judgments before embarking on further study, accuracy might be greater in the predictive judgment condition. No evidence was found that students could accurately judge improvement, in either condition. Implications for models of self regulated learning are discussed in light of these findings.

Traditional economic theory presents the problem of consumer utility/well-being maximization as a preference over labor/leisure mix (Nicholson & Snyder, 2012). Behavioral economists have not yet addressed the maximization of well-being through individual behavior and choice from a holistic perspective. This inquiry utilizes life domain task switching behavior in the relatively autonomous circumstances of remote work as an indicator of preference over labor/leisure mix. Using grounded theory methodology, the researcher interviewed 32 individuals who work
remotely at least two days per week to arrive at a process model of decision-making and choice in the pursuit of work-life balance, which was viewed as an overarching, well-being-related goal. The researcher found that, regardless of work location, individuals harbor work and non-work
mindsets that impact their choices over life domain task switching. In addition, mental energy account management and anticipated reward are factors in task switching. Flexible work arrangements that include remote work provide opportunities to achieve higher levels of well-being by making higher-reward task options more available. The overarching model of well-being maximization is presented as a production function with mental energy and externally controlled work flexibility as constraints on well-being. The researcher concluded that mental energy management is a problem of self-regulation with well-being maximization implications.
Employers offering flexible work arrangements that include hybrid and fully remote work may enjoy greater worker engagement, well-being, and productivity based on the findings.

Keywords:  judgment, decision-making, choice problems, well-being, self-regulation, mental frames, work mindset, non-work mindset

We performed three experiments to examine the effects of repeated study-judgment-test sessions on metacognitive monitoring, and to see if better students (those with higher SAT scores) outperform low-SAT students. In all experiments, mean metacognitive accuracy (bias scores and Gamma correlations) did improve across sessions. In addition, students with high SAT scores recalled more items, were less overconfident, and adjusted their predictions more effectively.

This paper describes the investigation of meanings and collectively shared social knowledge contents of the German expression Willkommenskultur. It uses an approach based on discourse linguistics within the framework of a linguistic discourse analysis. First, I will examine in a corpus-based analysis the conceptualisation of this word in the German media discourse about refugees between January 2015 and March 2016. Furthermore, I will analyse the dominant thought-and assessment patterns in discourse in connection with this German word. The corpus analysis is based on quantitative (KWIC, co-occurrences) and qualitative discourse analytic methods

, 1947), humans should have stable preferences that do not vary with context (i.e., the relative preference between A and B should not change when a new option C is made available) or with task framing (the preference between A and B should not depend on whether the decision maker is asked to select or reject one of them). Nevertheless, a variety of such choice-bias effects was reported in decision-making studies that used multiattribute alternatives (Berkowitsch, Scheibehenne, & Rieskamp, 2014; Simonson, 1989; Tversky, 1972) or choices between sequences of differently framed or temporally correlated payoffs (Pachur & Scheibehenne, 2012; Shafir, 1993; Tsetsos, Chater, & Usher, 2012). Choices between sequences of payoffs or evidence samples are encountered in many real-life situations, such as selecting a stock on the basis of fluctuating returns or deciding on the culpability of a defendant in a legal case on the basis of sequential pieces of evidence. Moreover, a number of prominent decision theories have suggested that even for decisions between static alternatives (in the domain of risk or multiattribute decisions), the decision mechanism operates by dynamically integrating sequences of internally generated samples (decision field theory: Busemeyer & Townsend, 1993; Roe, Busemeyer, & Townsend, 2001; associativeaccumulation model: Bhatia, 2013; leaky competing accumulators: Usher & McClelland, 2004). Here, we focus on choices between externally controlled potential payoff sequences, which allow us to control the objective properties of the alternatives and measure their impact on risk preferences (Tsetsos et al., 2012; Zeigenfuse, Pleskac, & Liu, 2014). Do people prefer an alternative that is characterized by a broader (riskier) distribution of payoffs over a narrower (safer) one, or the other way 803643P SSXXX10.

This article examines the determinants of public support for the use of military force. It puts forward a Framing Theory of Policy Objectives (FTPO), which contends that public support for military engagements depends on the public's perception of the policy's objective. However, it is difficult for the public to judge a policy's objective because they cannot directly observe a policy's true intention and influential political actors offer competing frames to define it. This framing contestation, carried out through the media, sets the public's decision-making reference point and determines whether the policy is perceived as seeking to avoid losses or to achieve gains. The FTPO predicts that support will increase when the public perceives policies as seeking to prevent losses and decrease when the public judges policies to be seeking gains. I operationalize and test the theory using content analysis of national news coverage and opinion polls of U.S. intervention...

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit entstand im Wintersemester 2016/17 an der philosophischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel. Ausgangspunkt war das diffuse Gefühl von Herabsetzung und Negativität, das in der öffentlichen Diskussion um den Ausdruck Flüchtling heraufbeschworen wurde, dabei aber empirische Belege vermissen ließ. Mit einer Kombination aus Korpusanalyse und Fragebogenstudie bzw. Semantischem Differential werden die geäußerten Argumente hier quantifizierbar gemacht, um die komplexen kognitiven Wirkungszusammenhänge sprachlicher Abwertungsmechanismen offenzulegen, die bereits auf der Wortbildungsebene zutage treten, darüber hinaus aber mit allen sprachlichen Ebenen bis hin zur Diskurssemantik eng verwoben sind

The 2015 Paris Agreement has fueled debates about how the international bureaucrats driving international organizations' engagement with climate adaptation ought to address adaptation challenges. While previous research has predominantly focused on the structural constraints in adaptation governance, this paper develops a distinct argument about the cognitive frames through which international bureaucrats view climate risks. The evidence comes from a survey among bureaucrats in three organizations that have engaged with adaptation to different extents: United Nations Environment, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Health Organization. The results suggest that the majority of the surveyed bureaucrats view climate risks as a multidimensional problem. The evidence indicates that bureaucrats are more likely to view climate risks through multiple than through single issue frames, the more certain they perceive the knowledge about climate impacts in their issue area to be. By way of conclusion, the paper sketches broader implications for adaptation and international bureaucracy research.

The formation of attitudes or preferences for alternatives that consist of rapid numerical sequences has been suggested to reflect either a summation or an averaging principle. Previous studies indicate the presence of two mechanisms, accumulators (that mediate summation) and population-coding (that mediate averaging), which operate in preference formation tasks of rapid numerical sequences, and are subject to task-demands and individual differences. Here, we test whether participants can flexibly control the preference mechanism they deploy as a function of the reward contingency. Towards this aim, participants in two studies ( N1 = 21, N2 = 23) made choices between the same sequence alternatives in two task-framing sessions, which made the reward dependent on the sequence-sum or sequence-average, respectively. The results demonstrate that although participants show an overall bias in favour of averaging, they are also remarkably flexible in deploying an averaging or a summation ty...

Die wissens-bzw. frame-semantische Analyse der Ausdrücke, wie sie im untersuchten Diskursausschnitt in Pressetexten gebraucht werden, zeigt: Steht der Ausdruck Geflüchtete r in einem engen konzeptuellen wie sprachlichen Verhältnis zu dem zwar nicht unproblematisierbaren, jedoch zukunftsorientierten sowie konstruktiven Themenkomplex der Integration, kennzeichnen Flüchtling eine stärkere Passivität der bezeichneten Personen sowie, in Verbindung dazu, der Umgang politischer Akteur_innen mit ihnen. Die Analyse zweier politischer Reden zeigt jedoch, dass Flüchtling nicht per se eine negative Konnotation zugeschrieben werden sollte. So perspektiviert etwa Heiko Maas das Konzept hinsichtlich Chancen und Perspektiven in der Aufnahmegesellschaft und verbindet dies mit (einem Aufruf zu) politischen Handlungen. Ein zentraler Unterschied zwischen Geflüchtete r und Flüchtling besteht darin, dass mit ersterer Bezeichnung weitaus häufiger auf Personen verwiesen wird, die sich bereits in Deutschland befinden. Migrant in gleicht sich hinsichtlich des kognitiv-semantischen wie epistemischen Gehalts und auch quantitativ stark an Flüchtling an. Dies ist u. a. an dem Umstand zu erkennen, dass-trotz seinem Dasein als Sammelbegriff-der Ausdruck im Gros der Fälle auf Menschen referiert, deren Fluchtbewegung noch andauert. Dieses sich im Diskurs zur sog. Flüchtlingskrise sprachlich manifestierende Wissenin der vorliegenden Studie evoziert durch die jeweiligen instantiierten oder Ergänzende Information Die elektronische Version dieses Kapitels enthält Zusatzmaterial, auf das über folgenden Link zugegriffen werden kann

Die Analyse zeigt: Steht der Ausdruck Geflüchtete r in einem engen konzeptuellen wie sprachlichen Verhältnis zu dem zwar nicht unproblematisierbaren, jedoch zukunftsorientierten sowie konstruktiven Themenkomplex der Integration, kennzeichnen Flüchtling eine stärkere Passivität der Bezeichneten sowie, in Verbindung dazu, der Umgang politischer Akteur_innen mit den Bezeichneten. Migrant in gleicht sich hinsichtlich des kognitiv-semantischen wie epistemischen Gehalts und auch quantitativ stark an Flüchtling an. Der Nutzen von Frames als Analyseinstrumente als auch Veranschaulichungsmodelle von Wissen wird insofern dargelegt, als an sprachlichen Beispielen deutlich wird: Frames sind zu betrachten als gebrauchs-und erfahrungsbasierte Netzwerke, deren epistemischer Gehalt (d.h. die Beschaffenheit ihrer Leerstellen inklusive der Bedingungen, die diese an die Beschaffenheit der Füllwerte stellen, und die Beschaffenheit der Füllungen selbst) aus der Interaktion mit der Welt und Wahrnehmung der Welt durch die Sprachteilhaber_innen emergiert. Abschließend sollen die zentralen Unterschiede zwischen den drei untersuchten Ausdrücken zusammengefasst werden: Geflüchtete r bezeichnet zumeist eine Person mit Fluchterfahrung, die bereits in Deutschland angekommen ist. Die (physische) Nähe an der Lebenswelt wurde insofern über eine Frame-Analyse ermittelt, als Prädikationen extrahiert wurden, die jeweils Ausdruck einer selektiven Näherbestimmung / Perspektivierung / Fokussierung des Frames, den dieser Ausdruck evoziert, sind. Zugleich wurde durch die Bildung von Prädikationsklassen aus formalen Prädikationsmustern das Konzept Integration als das zentrale Konzept, von dem dieser Ausdruck

Predicting what we will remember and forget is crucial for daily functioning. We were interested in whether evaluating something as likely to be remembered or forgotten leads to enhanced memory for both forms of information relative to information that was not judged for memorability. We presented participants with lists of words to remember for a later test and on each list, participants were asked to identify some words that they were confident that they would remember and some words that they believed that they were most likely to forget on the test. Relative to words not given a prediction, memory was enhanced for words participants selected as likely to be remembered but also for words participants indicated were most likely to be forgotten. We also examined whether requiring participants to engage in self-cued directed forgetting by selecting a subset of words to be remembered or forgotten produced a memory advantage for these words. Results again demonstrated enhanced memory for selected words regardless of whether they were designated as to-be-remembered or to-be-forgotten. Thus, we demonstrate a reactivity type of effect such that when participants are asked to select certain items, this process can enhance memory regardless of the reason for selecting the item, potentially arising as a result of these words becoming more distinct and/or receiving additional processing. As such, the present results are consistent with the richness of encoding and metacognition modifying attention to cues accounts of reactivity.

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Untersuchung der Fragestellung,welchen Einfluss das meist implizit zu Grunde liegende Begriffsverständnis auf die inhaltliche Erschließung von Texten hat. Ausgehend von der Überlegung, dass Begrifflichkeit auf dem Zusammenhang zwischen Sachverhalten beruht, wird die These verfolgt, dass dieser Zusammenhang auch in der schriftlichen Kommunikation wiederzufinden sei. Darauf aufbauend wir eine Vorgehensweise entwickelt, die Texte hinsichtlich auftretender Kommunikationsmuster untersucht, diese extrahiert und anwendet um neue Bezeichner für Begriffe zu identifizieren. Vorteil dieser Vorgehensweise ist, dass keine linguistische Vorverarbeitung und kaum Trainingsdaten nötig sind.

Self-efficacy constructs could predict students’ practices and affect in learning the sciences. Researchers have pointed at such constructs as predictors of students’ mathematics achievement and performance. Self-efficacy was also studied as predictor of emotions in learning mathematics, though little research has done so regarding self-efficacy as predictor of creative emotions. Another predictor of creative emotions could be curiosity. The present study has a regression-based modelling design, where it examined whether a set of constructs of self-efficacy in creativity or/and a set of constructs of curiosity predict significantly creative emotions in mathematical problem solving. Five hundred Grade 8-10 students participated in the study. Data were collected using three self-report questionnaires that measured the research constructs. Data analysis used SPSS 21. Results from multiple regression indicated that the set of constructs of self-efficacy in creativity explained significa...

Background and Aim: The process of theoretical approaches in explaining crime throughout the history is indicative of various interpretations of crime. In 1980s, in the light of French and German schools of thought, the post-modern movement arouse just because they have a new interpretation of the concept of crime within the domains of criminal justice. It was mainly believed that crime was the outcome of dominating political and cultural systems and hence criticized the inefficiency of modern criminal justice and norm producing systems; so that the post-modern promoters resorted to a different approach in evaluating the concept of crime by discarding assumptions and deliberate concepts in criminal justice, rejecting the etiology and criticizing the legal, spiritual and material principals of cirme. The aim of the present study is to investigate the theoretical paradigms of crime, its nature and objectives in postmodern criminal law and to evaluate the differences and commonalities of this intellectual insight with articles of the Islamic Penal Code in a descriptive-analytical approach. Materials and Methods: The Present article is performed using by descriptive-analytical method. Findings: The result of postmodernist reading of crime in the light of the components of power, mentality, discourse and denial of narratives, despite the strangeness and difficulty, in terms of critique of the basic concepts of criminal law is very important for crime discourse, especially Islamic penal code, because all orientations in criminal law are in the form of a definition of crime. Conclusion: From a postmodern point of view, the definition of crime from harm, death, financial and dignity has changed to the violation of welfare, security, appropriate medical facilities and dignified life and crimes against welfare and basic human rights. In addition, the ruling power always restricts these inherent rights with racist ideas and gender and religious discrimination, or restrictions arising from different political and religious views.

Background and Aim: The process of theoretical approaches in explaining crime throughout the history is indicative of various interpretations of crime. In 1980s, in the light of French and German schools of thought, the post-modern movement arouse just because they have a new interpretation of the concept of crime within the domains of criminal justice. It was mainly believed that crime was the outcome of dominating political and cultural systems and hence criticized the inefficiency of modern criminal justice and norm producing systems; so that the post-modern promoters resorted to a different approach in evaluating the concept of crime by discarding assumptions and deliberate concepts in criminal justice, rejecting the etiology and criticizing the legal, spiritual and material principals of cirme. The aim of the present study is to investigate the theoretical paradigms of crime, its nature and objectives in postmodern criminal law and to evaluate the differences and commonalities ...

Problem-solving and posing are skills at the center of mathematics education and mathematical thinking. However, little is still known about the affective aspects of problem-posing. This study aimed to determine the level of prospective elementary mathematics teachers’ problem-posing self-efficacy beliefs and to compare their beliefs according to the variables of gender, grade, and academic achievement levels. This study was carried out by survey method. Descriptive and causal-comparative survey research design was used in this study. The study group consisted of 130 prospective teachers studying at the Elementary Mathematics Education department in a state university, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Problem-Posing Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale was used as a data collection tool. In data analysis, descriptive statistics, the independent samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used. Findings of the study indicated that levels of the prospective teachers’...

This article, constructed as an update and extension of the doctoral dissertation of José Enrique Garriga Picó, explores the political status of Puerto Rico, employing rational-choice and spatial analysis. It revisits historical debates, including failed independence revolts and movements for annexation and autonomy. Applying a plebiscitarian interpretation of elections, and formal modelling, it assesses the complex relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States, and how the electorate's preferences on it have shifted over time. The article then applies game theoretic analysis to a proposed constituent assembly, floated at the time by the ruling pro-commonwealth party, and how different factions may align in it, given 2012's status referendum results.

This article aims to advance a theory of the semantic status of ethnic epithets able to account for the relationship between the denotation and connotation of these terms. The more common approaches to the topic are considered and some of their drawbacks are illustrated. Then, a solution based on the speech-act theory is offered. It is claimed that a speaker, when using an ethnic epithet, performs two different speechacts, one of which is always an expressive, according to Searle's terminology. The defended theory is in line with those which consider the connotative meaning of ethnic epithets as semantically expressed and can be extended to other connoted terms of a linguistic system.

This study compares the effects of governance mechanisms on relationship continuity in the aftermath of exchange interruptions in interfirm relationships. We propose that cooperative relationships can be renewed by matching governance mechanisms (formalization or socialization) to specific types of exchange interruptions (opportunism and misunderstanding). Using data collected from two types of senior managers in 304 buyer firms in China (a total of 608 senior managers), we found that the effects of formalization and socialization on relationship continuity are contingent on exchange interruption type. Socialization is more effective than formalization in renewing relationships when the level of opportunism is high, while formalization works better than socialization when the level of misunderstanding is high. Based on our findings, we encourage firms to diagnose exchange interruption types and then choose a proper governance structure.

Explaining the persistence of multiple interpretations of the same historical event has been an ongoing question in the philosophy of history. In this paper I illustrate two possible answers and argue that neither offers a satisfactory resolution. First of all, the realist view, which holds a metaphysical commitment to the past that precludes it from fully recognizing the legitimacy of variability of historical interpretations. Second, Ankersmit’s representationalism which seeks to overcome the realist view by introducing the notion of aspects. Nevertheless, I contend that this latter position ultimately proves indistinguishable from the sort of realist commitments it claims to avoid. In order to overcome these views, I argue that a new conception of historical aspects is needed. By developing a Wittgensteinian notion of aspect seeing, I provide a novel account of historical explanation. Wittgenstein’s insights allow us not only to explain the multiplicity of historical accounts but also to recognize the epistemic activity that goes into historiographical construction.

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Das Corona-Virus hatte nicht nur auf die Gesundheit, die Politik, die Wirtschaft, die Bildung, die Berufswelt und das gesellschaftliche Leben Einfluss, sondern prägte auch die Sprachen der ganzen Welt, denn die Pandemie führte zur Entstehung neuer Wörter und Begriffe. Im Fokus des Beitrags stehen die im Corona-Diskurs oft gebrauchten und neu geschaffenen Personenbezeichnungen. Es wird analysiert, welche Begriffe im Hinblick auf Menschen neu kreiert wurden, welche Bedeutung sie haben, wie sie konnotiert sind und welche personalen Benennungen eine semantische Verengung bzw. Erweiterung erfahren haben. Es wird dabei gezeigt, dass sich diese Neubildungen nicht nur auf die vom Coronavirus Betroffenen und medizinische Fachkräfte beziehen, die gegen die Auswirkungen des Coronavirus kämpften, sondern auch den Menschen im Alltag erfassen und ihn benennen. Dem Beitrag kann entnommen werden, welche Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der Bürger in coronabedingten Personenbezeichnungen widergesp...

Aufgrund der emotionalen Struktur des Menschen als soziales Wesen ist anzunehmen, dass sprachliche Phänomene wie Kosenamen (und auch Schimpfwörter) von allen Sprachgemeinschaften unsrer Erde verwendet werden und somit als kulturell universal gelten können. Mutmaßlich gibt es in jeder menschlichen Gesellschaft Bezeichnungen für eine geliebte Person wie der Partnerin, dem Partner oder den eignen Kindern um auf eine zärtliche und teilweise auch scherzhafte Weise emotionale Zugehörigkeit und Zuneigung auszudrücken.

We analyze behavior of an experiment on the centipede game played in the reduced normal form. In this game two players decide simultaneously when to split a pie which increases over time. The subjects repeat this game 100 times against randomly chosen opponents. We compare several static models and quantitative learning models, among them a quantal response, model reinforcement models and fictitious play. Furthermore, we structure behavior from period to period according to a simple cognitive process, called learning direction theory. We show that there is a significant difference in behavior from period to period whether a player has decided to split the pie before or after the opponent.

The development of syntheses, models and guidelines will be an iterative process. The starting point will be an assessment of the appropriateness and an identification of gaps and limits in current CSO governance theory as explored and elaborated in WP1, in the context of which the Analytical Grid can be seen as a diagnostic tool. In this regard, the characterisation of the case studies in line with the parameters of the Analytical Grid constitutes the basis for an appropriate diagnostic tool as well as a ground for model building. The model will involve critical variables identified in WP1 and use these to analyse the empirical results from WP2 (as indicated: insofar as they are available), with the aim of identifying matches and mismatches between theory and (CSO) participatory practice. Standard Governance Model Revised Standard Governance Model Democratic-Inclusive Governance Model Coconstructive Governance Model Case Study 1 E.g. reduction of participation to consultation Case Study 2

The emergence and proliferation of network forms of organization has sparked interest and debate in organization studies. We have learned much about the effects of networks but our understanding of how they are formed, how they change, and how networks can themselves possess agential properties that make them complex social actants is limited. In selecting papers for this special issue, we were persuaded by arguments that our understanding of networks and their transformative power can benefit from greater attention to culture and discourse, which provide meaning and direction to network participants and are indispensable agentic resources. The special issue contains two sets of papers. The first set debates the articulation between the organized and emergent dynamics of networks and its impact on knowledge exchanges and innovation. The second set seeks to inform our understanding of the manifestations of power in network dynamics. For each section, we provide a tentative research a...

Affects are intuitively accepted as having a role in the key stages that determine success in problem-solving (PS) and problem-posing (PP). Two disjoint groups of prospective mathematics teachers with similar background and competences have been exposed to PS and PP activities, respectively, and they had to describe their affective states during these activities. The students' reports have been analyzed from the perspective of epistemic affects, motivation, and self-efficacy. While in the PS context, several students expressed reluctance to report emotional feelings or frustrations over failing to find a solution for the given problems, in the PP context, a phenomenon of adaptation to one's own cognitive possibilities appeared and the posed problems created a state of comfort/ enjoyment in students. PP conveyed a sense of autonomy and control to a greater extent than PS. It seems that intrinsic motivation is influenced by factors that are different in PP vs PS tasks, with an effect on perceived self-efficacy. The PP activity instilled a robust sense of coping efficacy, which made the students perceive their work as successful, to a large extent. In PS, the initially perceived self-efficacy triggered motivation to persevere with the solving, while in PP, the initial motivation generated by a novel task evolved into students' perceptions of self-efficacy and confidence in one's own capabilities. The conclusions of this study can help prospective teachers to use emotions in teaching for understanding, anticipating, and dealing with students' ideas about mathematics and mathematical thinking and, finally, for improving students' self-esteem and self-confidence, with an effect in more successful results.

In reaction to its militarist past, Germany has created a strong culture of peace, including solid educational and institutional supports for maintaining popular attitudes critical of war and military operations. Germany has been recognized for these efforts by a number of international organizations, including the United Nations. At the same time, Germany has sought to maintain a policy of active membership in NATO and active cooperation and participation in NATO operations. As the United States applies increased pressure on its NATO allies in the wars of Iraq and Afghanistan, many of the inherent social and political tensions in German policy have surfaced. The German experience of continuing to build a culture of peace while simultaneously participating in unpopular military operations provides a significant case study for all who would seek to build and expand a culture of peace among nations.

Based on the negativity bias in person perception, we argue that behavioral decisions related to condom use are influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do not use condoms, but that they are not influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do use condoms. Three studies with college student samples indicated that the negative evaluations of people who do not use condoms predicts willingness to have sex without condoms. In contrast, positive evaluations of people who do use condoms showed no unique predictions. A fourth study demonstrated that a health message emphasizing the negative social consequences of having sex without condoms decreased willingness to have unsafe sex in comparison to a control, whereas a message that emphasized the positive social consequences of using condoms had no such effects on willingness.

Man?s deep-rooted tendency to maintain and reinforce a positive self-image makes man inclined to uncritically accept desirable information (the confirmation bias) as well as to criticize and reject undesirable information (the disconfirmation bias). Since disconfirmation strategy leads to a logically correct solution to the four-card Wason selection task, we predicted that ego-involvement manipulation would have a significant effect on the success rate of the task. Specifically, we hypothesized that subjects who were exposed to personally threatening information would try to reject it and thus be more successful on Wason task than those who were exposed to non-threatening information, as established in previously published study by Dawson et al. (2002a). Furthermore, we wanted to examine if manipulating valence framing of the Wason task rule would result in a higher success rate for the group exposed to the threatening and negatively framed rule (that implied their own early death) ...

With the increasing availability of smart environments and IoT devices, end-users who might lack specific technical skills are more and more often confronted with configuration tasks. In this paper, we present a prototype we have built to experiment with personalized recommendations as a way to help end-users make configuration choices. On the one hand, it allowed us to test different similarity measures for user models. On the other hand, it offers different recommendation services which can be used to suggest triggerand action-objects, as well as sample configuration rules.

Aiming at granting wide access to their contents, online information providers often choose not to have registered users, and therefore must give up personalization. In this paper, we focus on the case of non-personalized news recommender systems, and explore persuasive techniques that can, nonetheless, be used to enhance recommendation presentation, with the aim of capturing the user’s interest on suggested items leveraging the way news is perceived. We present the results of two evaluations “in the wild”, carried out in the context of a real online magazine and based on data from 16,134 and 20,933 user sessions, respectively, where we empirically assessed the effectiveness of persuasion strategies which exploit logical fallacies and other techniques. Logical fallacies are inferential schemes known since antiquity that, even if formally invalid, appear as plausible and are therefore psychologically persuasive. In particular, our evaluations allowed us to compare three persuasive sc...

Descartes is considered to be the founder of modern rationalism. This is a clear statement which, however, does not show the manner in which rationalism as such appeared in the history of science, taking into account the turmoil of the Renaissance centuries, the significance of the Reform and the birth of modern science. As a founder of a new metaphysics, Descartes, through his work, remains par excellence the case in which the scholastic and Renaissance aftermaths as well as the Reform mutations are mixed in a new synthesis that will be called modernity. This study focuses on reinterpreting Cartesianism from this perspective in the vast context of modernity's metaphysical significance – it is a hypothesis that will need to be developed not only by means of hermeneutical instruments but, especially, by means of those instruments belonging to the history of culture and anthropology.

Aiming at granting wide access to their contents, online information providers often choose not to have registered users, and therefore must give up personalization. In this paper, we focus on the case of non-personalized news recommender systems, and explore persuasive techniques that can, nonetheless, be used to enhance recommendation presentation, with the aim of capturing the user’s interest on suggested items leveraging the way news is perceived. We present the results of two evaluations “in the wild”, carried out in the context of a real online magazine and based on data from 16,134 and 20,933 user sessions, respectively, where we empirically assessed the effectiveness of persuasion strategies which exploit logical fallacies and other techniques. Logical fallacies are inferential schemes known since antiquity that, even if formally invalid, appear as plausible and are therefore psychologically persuasive. In particular, our evaluations allowed us to compare three persuasive sc...

Aiming at granting wide access to their contents, online information providers often choose not to have registered users, and therefore must give up personalization. In this paper, we focus on the case of non-personalized news recommender systems, and explore persuasive techniques that can, nonetheless, be used to enhance recommendation presentation, with the aim of capturing the user’s interest on suggested items leveraging the way news is perceived. We present the results of two evaluations “in the wild”, carried out in the context of a real online magazine and based on data from 16,134 and 20,933 user sessions, respectively, where we empirically assessed the effectiveness of persuasion strategies which exploit logical fallacies and other techniques. Logical fallacies are inferential schemes known since antiquity that, even if formally invalid, appear as plausible and are therefore psychologically persuasive. In particular, our evaluations allowed us to compare three persuasive sc...

This article examines the determinants of public support for the use of military force. It puts forward a Framing Theory of Policy Objectives (FTPO), which contends that public support for military engagements depends on the public's perception of the policy's objective. However, it is difficult for the public to judge a policy's objective because they cannot directly observe a policy's true intention and influential political actors offer competing frames to define it. This framing contestation, carried out through the media, sets the public's decision-making reference point and determines whether the policy is perceived as seeking to avoid losses or to achieve gains. The FTPO predicts that support will increase when the public perceives policies as seeking to prevent losses and decrease when the public judges policies to be seeking gains. I operationalize and test the theory using content analysis of national news coverage and opinion polls of U.S. intervention...

It is often necessary to selectively attend to important information, at the expense of less important information, especially if you know you cannot remember large amounts of information. The present study examined how younger and older adults select valuable information to study, when given unrestricted choices about how to allocate study time. Participants were shown a display of point values ranging from 1-30. Participants could choose which values to study, and the associated word was then shown. Study time, and the choice to restudy words, was under the participant's control during the 2-minute study session. Overall, both age groups selected high value words to study and studied these more than the lower value words. However, older adults allocated a disproportionately greater amount of study time to the higher-value words, and age-differences in recall were reduced or eliminated for the highest value words. In addition, older adults capitalized on recency effects in a strategic manner, by studying high-value items often but also immediately before the test. A multilevel mediation analysis indicated that participants strategically remembered items with higher point value, and older adults showed similar or even stronger strategic process that may help to compensate for poorer memory. These results demonstrate efficient (and different) metacognitive control operations in younger and older adults, which can allow for strategic regulation of study choices and allocation of study time when remembering important information. The findings are interpreted in terms of life span models of agenda-based regulation and discussed in terms of practical applications.

We combine insights from economics and psychology to understand how firms strategically plan to extend and terminate their contractual relationships. In many economic respects, provisions that allow a buyer to terminate a project early and those that allow a buyer to extend a project have much in common. Psychologically, however, including and exercising extendibility and early termination provisions have very different effects on how people view the relationship and thus can inform when each would be most effective at managing inter-firm transactions. Examining extendibility and early termination provisions in a sample of 388 contracts from the information technology services industry, we find that relationship and cognitive factors from psychology play a big role in when one type of clause would be preferred over another and when either type might suffice. These results suggest that managers can use contracts strategically to manage inter-firm relationships and not just as enforcement mechanisms to mitigate opportunism.

Recent empirical studies of philosophers by Eric Schwitzgebel and others have seriously called into question whether professional ethicists have any useful expertise with thought experiments, given that their intuitions appear to be no more reliable than those of lay subjects. Drawing on such results, sceptics like Edouard Machery argue that normative ethics as it is currently practiced is deeply problematic. In this paper, I present two main arguments in defense of the standard methodology of normative ethics. First, there is strong reason to believe that expertise with thought experiments requires considering scenarios in their proper theoretical context and in parallel with other pertinent situations, so that we should not expect philosophers to be better than lay folk at responding to decontextualized cases. Second, skeptical views underestimate the epistemic benefits of the actual practices of post-processing initial verdicts both at individual and social levels. Contrary to a mythical conception of 'the method of cases', philosophers are frequently sensitive to the quality of intuitive evidence, reject and revise their verdicts on the basis of independently supported principles or interpersonal criticism, and defer to recognized specialists. Philosophers find it hard to think about right and wrong without thinking about fanciful, even gruesome deaths-people cut up into pieces to provide organs for others, blown up to open a blocked cave, shot by a firing squad, pushed in front of a train, or ionized by death rays. (Many of these scenarios spring from the fertile, yet apparently morbid imaginations of Philippa Foot and Judith Thomson.) For some critics, the problem with this kind of approach is that it flattens the rich texture of the situations we face in real life-if we want to talk about people killed by trains, we should talk about Anna Karenina rather than obese men on footbridges. And no doubt there is much to be said for philosophical reflection on genuine ethical problems. That should be the public face of moral philosophy. Yet there is a compelling rationale for focusing on unrealistic pairs of scenarios in the specific context of brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk