Chernobyl

Nuclear power stations are like stars that shine all day long. We shall sow them all over the land. They are perfectly safe!" That was the declaration made by M.A. Styrikovich, a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Presidium, in a 1980 magazine article. Such reckless assertions were ubiquitous in the Soviet Union prior to Chernobyl; nuclear safety was subservient to ideology and pride, and to the cult of progress.

Az 1986. április 26-án történt csernobili atomkatasztrófa máig számos egészségügyi, politikai, energetikai, társadalmi kérdést vet fel, és élénken foglalkoztatja a közvéleményt. A baleset utáni első napokban, amikor már a sérült reaktortól több ezer kilométerrel távolabb is észlelték a szakemberek a radioaktív sugárzás jelentős megemelkedését, és már azt is tudták, hogy súlyos erőműsérülésről van szó, amely vélhetően Kelet-Ukrajna területén történt, a Szovjetunió nem reagált a hivatalos diplomáciai megkeresésekre. Később letagadta, hogy tudomása lenne atomerőmű-balesetről, végül két nappal később, április 28-án este egy kormányközleményben elismerték a történteket. Az első információhiányos napok hatással volt a magyar tájékoztatásra is – a hírközlés minősége máig vitatott kérdés.
Az atomkatasztrófa hazai médiareprezentációjáról akkor lehet komplex képet kapni, ha azt a korabeli politikai-tájékoztatáspolitikai kontextusban vizsgáljuk, és közben felfejtjük azt is, hogy a Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt vezetésének milyen információi voltak a történtekről. Dolgozatomban előbb ismertetem a korabeli magyar médiarendszer sajátosságait, majd a levéltári források alapján annak járok utána, hogy mikor és miről értesült a pártvezetés a csernobili atomkatasztrófa után napokban, és milyen hazai intézkedések léptek érvénybe. Végül röviden bemutatom, hogy a magyar lakosság mikor és milyen tájékoztatást kapott a hivatalos közleményekből.

“The Soviet Comrades Do Not  Inform Us”  /
Measures after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the  media representation of the accident in Hungary
From The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was a complex case with several aspects: it was a health threat, it showed the technical backwardness of the Soviet Union, and it was also a political issue which still arouses the interest of the public. Due to the accident, the nuclear cloud polluted an area of over 30,000 square kilometers and reached Western European territories as well. The Soviet officials first held back all information, and then denied knowing anything about the accident. Two days later, after many official Western diplomatic inquiries, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu) issued a short announcement on 28 April, in which they admitted the fact of the disaster. The first insufficient information had a significant impact on the Hungarian information policy, and the communication of the disaster is still a controversial topic in Hungary.
Media representation of the Chernobyl nuclear accident should be analyzed in a complex way considering the local and global political context, the local characteristics of the Soviet communist media system and also regarding the information which was available to the Hungarian political leaders. In this paper I attempt to show how this crisis communication case was managed in Hungary. First, I describe the local characteristics of the media system. Secondly, using official archival sources, I try to reveal what was told by the Soviet officials in the first days and what measures were introduced in Hungary. And finally, I will show when and what was communicated through the stateowned Hungarian media about the disaster.

The past two decades have witnessed dramatic changes in public health governance and international cooperation on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, especially after the end of the Cold War. The World Health Organization (WHO) has committed itself deeply to the public health issues around Chernobyl and has participated in various health projects such as health monitoring and cancer screening. WHO has also been engaged in research activities such as the Chernobyl Tissue Bank, in close collaboration with the Ministries of Health in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. In addition to the official report of the Chernobyl Forum "Health Expert Groups" in 2005, the task of WHO is to not only analyze and clarify the global burden of Chernobyl-related illness, but also to promote the well-being of the local residents who suffered chronic low-level radiation exposure from radiation fallout. Health Phys. 93(5):538 -541; 2007

This chapter investigates how Japanese citizens collectively engaged with monitorial practices after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986. In particular, it examines the Radiation Disaster Alert Network (R-DAN) and shows how the grassroots network evolved and developed over more than 30 years with a particular focus on the monitorial ethic of R-DAN. The findings of this research indicate that R-DAN’s choice of a specific dosimeter imposes not merely a condition in which R-DAN engaged with data production practice, but also necessarily contributes to re-shaping its collective view of health and safety for generating its monitorial ethic.

This Master's studies Paper analyzes what drove the actors of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster to take the decisions they took, by utilizing the theories of the most influential author of decision making, James March, with the focus on the Logic of Appropriateness. By using the relevant information from the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG-7) report from 1992, and other relevant sources, the actors of the event are separated in two groups and their decisions are analyzed using the aforementioned theoretical framework.

These voices of utopia, inseparable from the experience of dislocation, are a unique contribution to the literature of testimony. With her cycle Svetlana Alexievich has established herself as the first major postcolonial author of post-Communism: the daughter of a Ukrainian and Belarusian who uses the Russian language – the only language in which she is completely fluent – to collect and present, from her own subaltern perspective, subaltern accounts of the traumas inflicted by empire.

Nuclear energy is one of the most important components of the world electricity supply in today's world. It provides approximately 21% of electricity in OECD countries. However, there has been a growing social and academic debate over the use of nuclear energy because the fact that there have been serious incidents and accidents at nuclear power stations indicates that the security risk associated with NPPs is not low. Particularly major nuclear accidents, Fukushima and Chernobyl, can cause the release of radiation into the environment. However, environmental contamination is not shared equally among people who trigger environmental injustice issues. There has been no comprehensive research that investigates nuclear accidents from the perspective of environmental justice theory so far. The main purpose of this study is to argue whether or not nuclear accidents cause environmental injustice. The results show that the major nuclear accident, the Chernobyl, has caused distributive and intergenerational environmental injustice.

In this chaotic world, disaster is inevitable. Even without human interference, the world has many calamities. Earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes and Tsunamis; all of which take their toll on human life. The aspirations of people in their pursuit for power and civilization make their own disasters. Fires, wars, train derailments, toxic industrial calamities; these disasters cause death and destruction to people and the environment. Government and non-government organizations alike are set up to deal with disasters, and are each governed by their own ethical principles. The ethical dilemmas that organizations are faced with both natural and artificial disasters are common. However, some ethical dilemmas are unique to each situation. It is important to realize the similarities as well as the differences in ethical predicaments of the two types of disasters, because in the discipline of international psychology professionals in the field will be called into disasters to help with assessment and treatment of victims. In examination of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association and the International Union of Psychological Sciences international psychologists, specific codes pertaining to ethical quandaries related to disasters that are followed by professionals in the field. Additionally, economic and political factors closely relate to natural and man-made disasters, and regarding the later are many times the causes. An examination of these factors is necessary to fully understand the situations of which ethical issues inexorably arise.

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SUMMARY:
From March to the end of May 2020, third-grade students at the Franjo Petrić High School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, inspired by the Chernobyl series, researched radioactivity related to electricity generation, medicine, materials and agriculture. As classes were conducted remotely, through the Teams platform, the teacher acted as a moderator, and students, divided into groups, asked questions and hypotheses, set a research plan, found data sources, collected, and analysed materials, wrote a report [1], reviewed works of other groups and finally made a self-assessment of research work and their contribution to group work [2].
The source of data was mostly websites, but also encyclopaedia’s, medical manuals, conversations with the citizens of Pripyat in Ukraine, and their parents and the generation of their parents who experienced the Chernobyl disaster. One of the activities in the research was a survey research [3] of the experience of people who experienced the consequences of the Chernobyl accident in Croatia for students to get acquainted with the past firsthand and with the survey as a scientific research method. All students participated in creating a database of questions for the survey, after which two students selected relevant questions and compiled a survey questionnaire. Two students, co-authors of this article, analysed the results and wrote a report. The survey was conducted during April 2020.
During the research, the question of comparing the Chernobyl disaster with the COVID-19 pandemic was also raised. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the impact of the Chernobyl disaster on people can be compared to similar disasters of global or continental scale. Therefore, in the conclusion of the paper, more research is proposed: more extensive research on the impact of the Chernobyl disaster on people with selected issues, improved sample of respondents and nursing research on the same topic in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic that has been present since 2020, highlighting differences in the availability of information and protection measures for citizens in relation to the situation threatening public health and causing fear and panic among citizens.
The benefits of online research teaching conducted in groups are numerous. The most important is student’s independence in work, learning and writing. Independence in distance teaching is much more pronounced than in live teaching because teacher-student contacts are reduced to a minimum [4]. Independence in work increases the responsibility for learning outcomes, and thus stress in students. The stressful effects of increased responsibility were reduced by group work due to the division of labour, but also the mutual cooperation of students in the analysis of materials and the preparation of the final report of the work. Nevertheless, each student was able to develop the ability to spot relevant, critical thinking, identify research questions that can be tested, as opposed to information questions, conduct research, measure, and collect data, use appropriate methods to describe, summarize and analyse data, consider alternative explanations, and communicate methods, results and predictions. The advantage of group work in distance learning for the teacher is the saving of time when exchanging information and evaluating students.
There are also disadvantages to conducting online research and group classes. In distance learning, as is already known, there is a lack of a living word and discussion. The students lacked the exchange of information live, face to face - between themselves within the group. They communicated using various communication services, video conferencing platforms or Teams platforms. Digital communication, reduced only to verbal expression and the ability to get involved whenever they can or want to, has slowed down, and blurred mutual agreement and research work. Also, the lack of live conversations between students and teachers slowed down the research process and reduced the quality of instructions or explanations. Students point out as a problem literature that was most often too professional or was written in English, which they did not always know how to translate well. More pronounced than in live teaching, there was also the usual problem of teaching in groups of students - the inability to accurately assess the individual contribution of students to research and group collaboration.

KEY WORDS: distance learning, research teaching, group work, Chernobyl, survey, chemistry, radioactivity

LITERATURA:
[1] Sikirica, M. (2003.): Metodika nastave kemije, priručnik za nastavnike kemije,
Školska knjiga, Zagreb.
[2] Bennett, N. (2001.): Učenje kroz grupni rad, Uspješno učenje i poučavanje,
psihologijski pristupi, ur. Desforges C., Educa, Zagreb.
[3] Halmi, A. (2005.): Strategije kvalitativnih istraživanja u primijenjenim društvenim
znanostima, Naklada Slap, Jastrebarsko
[4] Bates, A.W. (2019): Teaching in a Digital Age, Guidelines for designing teaching and
learning, https://teachonline.ca/teaching-in-a-digital-age/teaching-in-a-digitalage-second-edition

A closer look at recently declassified Soviet and American government documents from the period reveals that it was the Chernobyl disaster that intensified four volatile reforms: increased concern for citizen welfare, glasnost, perestroika, and demilitarization. Chernobyl caused these democratic changes to work simultaneously, an explosive combination that severely undermined the Communist system and accelerated the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The archaeology and significance of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
ROBERT MAXWELL
(University of Sydney)

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is an area of some 30-square kilometres surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. This area includes the city of Pripyat, founded in 1970 and built specifically to house the workforce of the Chernobyl Plant and their families. Outside of the city, over 150 villages existed, some since the Middle Ages, with a local population which had lived in the area for generations.

On 26 April 1986 all of this changed. The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident was the largest release of radioactive material in peacetime during the 20th century, and is till regarded as one of the worst disasters in world history. Its legacy is one which we feel today – in the media, in language and in our gut responses to the worlds ‘nuclear’ and ‘radioactive’. Like Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl became a diagnostic site. It is a place where history happened.

This paper consists of photographs and accounts from two seasons of field work within the zone, as part of my current PhD project on urban abandonment. My presentation is an archaeological introduction to Chernobyl. Why is the site considered to be archaeology? What does it tell us about the 20th century, and how can we use that information to learn? I hope to answer these questions and give people a new perspective on archaeology.

Catastrophism has a long scientific tradition in geology and early modern "natural history". The controversies between "uniformitarianism" and "catastrophism" were sometimes fierce in the 19th century, however, the basic idea that a true picture of the geological past of the earth would provide a likely picture of the future, were somewhat shared by both theories. With these traditions in the background, this paper discuses the question of how close futurist scenarios of the consequences of climate change and science fiction representations of that very future come to each other. I am focusing on abrupt climate change scenarios, most intensely discussed in the years following the millennial turn. Roland Emmerich's movie "The Day after Tomorrow" was based on the same scenario, but often criticized for its unrealistic representations of climate change (which is only partly justified). What emerges from the comparison between "science fiction" and "science fact" is the idea of a history of the future of climate change, which might provide a framework for future investigations of how we imagine our climate future.

Since the end of the Cold War atomic tourism has seen a renaissance that continues today. Yet, motivations to travel to atomic tourist sites have changed dramatically of late. The ongoing nuclear arms race as well as near or real disasters with nuclear reactors have revealed a shift in interest from Cold War nostalgia to a concern with imagining the real. At the same time, atomic tourist sites have been criticized for failing in presenting the real. In this paper I will argue that whereas representations of the real tend to fail due to their political rhetoric, art can open up a space that no other language is able to fill. Atomic tourist sites therefore could engage their visitors more effectively through art. Art has the power to take the viewer to a higher level of consciousness and show what has become “unrepresentable” about our world.

Nükleer santral kazaları tüm gezegeni tehdit ediyor. Gelişmiş geçinen Rusya’sından, Japonyası’na, ABD’sinden Fransa’sına kadar,  herhangi bir kaza sonrası santralde çalıştırılan işçiden, bölge halkına ve hem o ülkenin hem yakın coğrafyadaki ülkelerin vatandaşlarının hem de kontamine olmuş ürünleri satın olmak zorunda bırakılan çok uzak ülkelerin tüketicilerine kadar herkes büyük yalanlar, bilgi saklamaları ve en temel sağlık haklarından dahi mahrum bırakılmaktadır.
Bütün bunları değerlendirmek için, üzerinden geçen makul sürelerle verilerin daha belirginleştiği Çernobil ve Fukişima kazalarında nasıl uygulandığını bu kitapta okuyacaksınız. Öylesine ki Japonya gibi bir ülkede, nükleer kazadan sonra yapılacak ilk iş olan iyot tabletlerin dağıtımı bile yapılmamıştır ve sonuçları daha şimdiden çok ağır olmuştur.

Peki Çernobil’de yaşananlar, Fukişima’da başarıya alışmış ve teknolojiye belki de dünyada en çok inanan Japonlara ders oldu mu? Kitap bu karşılaştırmanın da izini sürerek, bir yanıyla da güç sahiplerinin eğilimlerinin, sivil toplumun etkililiğinin, tıp camiasının örgütlüğünün, bilim insanlarının bağımsızlığının ve gazetecilerin cesaretinin önemini sorguluyor. Biz özellikle Türkiye’de artık çok iyi biliyoruz ki vatan hainliği ile sevgisi arasındaki çizgi, iktidarın tercihine kalmıştır. Bir şekilde her iki kazadan da en çok zararı görme ihtimali olan insanların, örtbas etmelere değil, sonuçlarıyla oynanmış raporlara değil, nükleer lobisinin finanse ettiği araştırmalara ve boş umutlara değil, güvenilir bilgilere ve desteğe ihtiyacı vardır. Kaldı ki bütün kazanın 300 yıla kadar sürecek etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için, yine bu en çok zarar gören yurttaşların vergileri kullanılıyor.

Nükleer serpintinin cinsi, yarılanma ömrü ve bunların bitkiler, hayvanlar genel olarak doğal ekosistem üzerindeki etkileri ise insan merkezli düşünenlerin dahi ihmal edemeyeceği düzeydedir çünkü bunların çoğu dönüp dolaşıp besin ya da su olarak insanlar tarafından tüketilmektedir. Ancak dünyaya başka bir gözlükle bakmayı becerebilenler için, ömürleri çok kısa olan mavi kelebeklerin nasıl etkilendiği de önem taşır. Ömürlerinin kısalması, kanat uzunlukların azalmasının yanı sıra yeni nesillerdeki mutasyonlar, gelecek için çok kaygı vericidir.

İronik bir gelişme ise, nükleerden elde edeceğimiz enerji olmazsa yaşam durur sloganları atan lobicilerin söylediklerin tam tersine, kazadan sonra 17 adet nükleer güç santralini (toplam reaktör sayısı 48) kapatan, hem de bu kadar teknoloji ve elektrik bağımlısı bir ülke olan Japonya o zamandan beri nükleer enerjiye muhtaç olmadan yaşamıştır ve bugün de tekrar çalıştırılan 2 reaktör dışında nükleersiz yaşamaktadır.                     

Bütün bu kazaların bize öğrettiği bir önemli unsur ise, tıpkı küresel iklim değişikliği gibi, nükleer santraller de bulundukları devletlerin sorumluluğundan fazlasını, yani bütün gezegende yaşayanları ilgilendiriyor. Bu nedenle hangi ülkede yapılırsa yapılsın, yarın onun olumsuz etkilerine maruz kalacak tüm insanların bunlara direnmeye hakkı vardır.

This essay considers the TV miniseries Chernobyl (HBO, 2019) to engage in a wider debate on the social and institutional production of techno-science. It explores whether the series resonates with the existing narratives and interpretations of Soviet technoscience in scholarly historiography. The author argues that although the series downplays important aspects of Soviet history, such as international knowledge transfer, it successfully demonstrates the hybrid character of nuclear power and the complexity of the relationship between scientific expertise and policy decision-making.

Abstract: The nuclear accident that occurred on April 26th, 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine is the first “major nuclear accident” of history. A badly designed and conducted safety test resulted in an explosion in the 4th reactor unit. Large quantities of radioactive material were released into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe, as well as over Balkans and Turkey.  Although the contamination was scattered irregularly due to meteorological conditions, it was significant in most of the affected countries, including Turkey, and raised concerns about the possible health problems which may be caused by radioactivity. The way the catastrophe was handled in Turkey as a disaster communications problem is worth being examined, as a case that shows what may happen in the absence of a proper communications strategy (as a part of a disaster management scheme) during a complex public health crisis. For this purpose, we surveyed old issues of two influential Turkish national newspapers, namely Hürriyet and Cumhuriyet from April 27th, 1986 to April 27th, 1987. Our research shows that Chernobyl’s nuclear fallout in Turkey was compounded by and resulted in a total public policy failure.  Turkish authorities preferred to assume the minimum responsibility possible, while usually creating confusion and disinformation when arguing about the incident. The case clearly indicated that there was a need to develop public information in the country.

This chapter considers sites like Pripyat, in Chernobyl, as zones of alternative practice, especially in terms of urban exploration. At the same time, it offers a critique of such activities as a form of adventure tourism, contrasting the transformative potential of urban ruination against the commodification of the liminal.

This chapter examines the English- and Russian-language websites of five Chernobyl tour operators. We begin with the paradigm of “dark tourism”, applied by previous Chernobyl researchers. We end by proposing an alternative: “existential tourism”, attracted not primarily to death but to experiences that shake one’s sense of meaning and provoke new understanding. Our discussion of existential tourism moves beyond Erik Cohen’s (1979) classic definition by resituating the concept within the new field of “existential media studies” (Lagerkvist 2017), which draws attention to vulnerability and the ambivalence of connectivity. Chernobyl is a polysemous heritage site, generating layers of conflicting “emotion, memory and practice” (Frihammar and Silverman 2018), and we propose our new understanding of existential tourism as one resource to help make sense of this complexity.

After some meetings between the American leaders and the Indian institutions, in 1969 the work began in Bhopal to build a great factory that would have given so much work to the young Indians. The agreements, in fact, had already begun two years earlier in New Delhi. A vast area north of the city had been identified, called the Black Spianata, two and a half kilometers from the city center, one kilometer from the railway station and 800 meters from the shantytowns.
In 1973 the first methyl isocyanate (Mic) was imported from the United States

The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear meltdown created a small crisis in the Cold War history of America’s relationship with nuclear power, encompassing issues of technological dominance, cultural paranoia and economic necessity. Anxieties fostered by the US need to neutralize the specter of nuclear disaster can be read in the globally popular American children’s cartoon and film series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The dialectic involved in the creation of the Turtles was a response to the unconscious cultural injunction to mark Chernobyl as a specifically Soviet crisis, but despite this apparent refusal to co-implicate America’s nuclear industry the Turtles’ tales are deeply ambivalent, operating in a furious economy of denial and disavowal of the threat of nuclear power. This paper considers questions of risk, nationalism and the role of popular culture to posit Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as a symptom of a particular political neurosis and its consequent psychic effects on the imagination of Cold War America.

Pengertian B3 atau Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun menurut OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health of the United State Government) adalah bahan yang karena sifat kimia maupun kondisi fisiknya berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan pada kesehatan manusia, kerusakan properti dan atau lingkungan.
Sedangkan menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 74 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, B3 didefinisikan sebagai bahan yang karena sifat dan atau konsentrasinya dan atau jumlahnya, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dapat mencemarkan dan atau merusak lingkungan hidup, dan atau dapat membahayakan lingkungan hidup, kesehatan, kelangsungan hidup manusia serta makhluk hidup lainnya.
Mengingat penting dan dampaknya Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun bagi manusia, lingkungan, kesehatan, dan kelangsungan hidup manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya, pemerintah melakukan pengaturan ketat. Pengaturan pengelolaan B3 ini meliputi pembuatan, pendistribusian, penyimpanan, penggunaan, hingga pembuangan limbah B3.

В монографии впервые с позиций парадигмы когнитивистики предпринимается попытка анализа документов советского периода, описывающих строительство и эксплуа-тацию Чернобыльской атомной электростанции до аварии 26 апреля 1986 г. В основе работы – значительный пласт рассекреченных и опубликованных Служ-бой безопасности Украины документов КГБ УССР, архивов Производственного объеди-нения «ЧАЭС» и ЦДАГО. Методологической базой исследования стал предложенный О.М. Медушевской подход «когнитивной истории», предполагающий в качестве своего основного предмета мышление человека различных эпох и сообществ, воплощенное в письменных и вещественных памятниках. Исследование адресовано историкам, политологам, социологам, культурологам, психологам, философам и представляет безусловный интерес для специалистов техниче-ских специальностей – от строителей, до электриков и сотрудников проектных организа-ций – в целях предотвращения масштабных техногенных катастроф в будущем. Моногра-фия может быть использована студентами всех специальностей в рамках курсов «Исто-рия», «История России», «История науки и техники».

This Greenpeace report draws on a large body of scientific research in Fukushima-impacted areas over the past five years to
bring to light the current ecological situation as a result
of the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It is an attempt to document what is currently known about the radioactive contamination of the forests, rivers, floodplains and estuaries of Fukushima prefecture. Given the long half-lives of some of the radionuclides released into the environment of Fukushima prefecture and wider Japan, understanding their ecological impacts is essential.

This report also draws upon studies of the forest and aquatic ecosystems that were heavily contaminated in the Kyshtym and Chernobyl radiological disasters to provide some insight of what may be expected in the coming years and decades in Japan.

Стаття присвячена аналізу наслідків Чорнобильської катастрофи
для Радянського Союзу. Особлива увага приділена впливу Чорнобилю на політичну кризу в СРСР. Автор також розглядає чорнобильський фактор у сучасній українській політиці.
Ключові слова: Чорнобильська катастрофа, СРСР, політична
криза.

Este catálogo es un registro de la exposición «Chernobyl Herbarium», organizada por Fundación Cristina Enea, y que pudo visitarse en el Centro de Recursos Medio Ambientales de San Sebastián entre el 1 de febrero y el 1 de mayo de 2017. Basada en el libro de Michael Marder y Anaïs Toundeur "The Chernobyl Herbarium".

Las obras de Anaïs Tondeur y Michael Marder nos confrontan con el acontecimiento de Chernóbil. 31 imágenes, 31 rayogramas que van acompañados de 31 fragmentos, 31 refl exiones y recuerdos, uno por cada año transcurrido desde 1986, cuando un accidente en la central nuclear de Chernóbil conmocionó al mundo.

¿Qué permance aún hoy, en 2017, de este acontecimiento?

Demasiado, porque 31 años es una fracción insignificante de tiempo, un instante en una cronología que necesitará siglos para descontaminar el suelo y el entorno natural afectado. Demasiado porque quienes sobrevivieron y sus descendientes  continúan desarrollando problemas de salud y muriendo debido a la exposición a la radiación.

Muy poco, porque el trauma de Chernóbil no ha sido suficientemente trabajado, a falta de una conciencia apropiada para la tarea de representarlo. La producción de energía nuclear en Europa y en todo el mundo no se ha detenido e incluso hay quienes se atreven a proclamar que es más segura y ambientalmente más saludable que la que se obtiene de la quema de combustibles fósiles. Aún no ha tenido lugar un replanteamiento fundamental sobre el signifi cado de la energía y su obtención, que tenga como telón de fondo Chernóbil (ahora Fukushima) y también otras emergencias ambientales como el cambio climático.

Arguably a nuclear emergency triggered by an act of war, sabotage or a natural disaster can be the most complex crisis to handle. The crippling of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan by a combination of an earthquake and a tsunami is a case in point. A highly disciplined nation, geared towards managing earthquakes and tsunamis and maintaining a high level of nuclear safety found itself struggling to handle this epic tragedy. Pakistan has a very small nuclear industry, which so far, has escaped any significant, glitches in its operations. A clean track record is not reason enough to conclude that nuclear emergencies may not take place. Officials at the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) (SPD). It is expected that this Plan will cover all kinds of contingencies to handle nuclear disasters. One hopes that it will include guidelines not only for the rescue and relief organisations but also for the general public to follow in a nuclear emergency. This paper aims at underscoring the importance of integrating the common man in the nuclear disaster management plan.

Чорнобильське досьє КҐБ. Суспільні настрої. ЧАЕС у поставарійний період. Збірник документів про катастрофу на Чорнобильській АЕС / Ред. кол.: А. Когут, І. Лябах, М. Панова, О. Рубльов, В. Хропко; Відпов. ред.: В. Смолій; Упорядники: О. Бажан, В. Бірчак, Г. Боряк. Галузевий державний архів Служби безпеки України, Інститут історії України Національної академії наук України, Український інститут національної пам’яті. — К. К.І.С., 2019. 1200 с.

У виданні зібрано і оприлюднено документи 1986–1991 рр., що висвітлюють постчорнобильське життя — суспільні настрої, повсякдення, заходи з ліквідації наслідків аварії. Наведено інформування радянськими органами держбезпеки відповідних
інстанцій про стан ЧАЕС, вжиті заходи з підвищення безпечної експлуатації об’єкта «Укриття», ситуацію в зоні відчуження. Окрему увагу зосереджено на відтворенні моделі ситуативної поведінки різних груп населення України після оприлюднення інформації про «ядерне лихо» та реакцію світової спільноти на Чорнобильську трагедію.

Chornobyl Dossier of the KGB. Public sentiment. ChNPP in the post-disaster period. Collection of documents on the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster

Comics have a big task in Ukraine: Therough them nation is built, historical events are
discussed and identity is constructed. In 2018 Ukraine’s ficrst superhero was introduced: UKRMAN. In the past, the Cossacks have been the heroes of Ukraine and were
also portrayed in various comics. But in a time when the national integrity of Ukraine
is tested through an armed confliict in the East, a new superhero is sorely needed. Thee
comic combines the past (Communist era with the Chernobyl nuclear accident) and
the present of Ukraine in a unique way. Thee article will show why the implementation
of a new superhero (especially his look, his behavior and the background of the plot)
is necessary for Ukrainian nation building. Thee symbols UKRMAN uses tend to unify
the country by giving it a superhero everybody can identify him- or herself with. Thee
message of the comic is that someone does not have to wear a cape to be depicted as a
hero. Thee comic as the beginning of a project with videos and merchandise is the ficrst
one of that kind in Ukraine.

Chernobyl Nuclear Exclusion Zone, Ukraine --  On the Ukrainian holiday commemorating victory over the Nazis in WWII, a return to the entombed, but still smoldering, reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant makes vivid another great war waged following the nuclear accident in 1986. The fight to contain the shattering explosion that exposed the nuclear core had all the hallmarks of war. It was brutal and costly, governments lied and blundered, and lives were devalued and sacrificed in a grisly calculus.

Heroes fought bravely, but heroes were also thus anointed as poor compensation for unnecessary, and often unknowing, sacrifice. After the war was won--or more aptly a temporary truce with nature secured--those called to duty were cast adrift to lead uncertain lives. (continued… download to read)

In uno dei momenti più bui della storia dell'Ucraina e dell'Europa ho reso qui disponibile nella sua interezza il mio libro POLVERE, che in occasione dei 30 anni dall'incidente nucleare di Chernobyl approfondisce, partendo proprio dall'area della centrale, ruoli e valori dell'Ucraina in Europa e la persistenza dell'Unione Sovietica anche dopo il crollo del Muro di Berlino.
Il libro può essere liberamente scaricato, anche se non stampato.

Simone Fagioli nel 2016 è a Chernobyl, in Ucraina, in occasione dei trenta anni dall’incidente al Reattore 4 della Centrale nucleare V. I. Lenin, reattore ora coperto dal nuovo Sarcofago.
Il viaggio indaga, anche nella città abbandonata di Pripyat, alla base radar segreta Duga 3, a Kiev, con uno sguardo antropologico - supportato da 158 immagini tra foto dell’autore e documenti del tutto inediti, pubblicati qui per la prima volta – su ciò che resta adesso dell’impero sovietico, in un’area, l’Ucraina del 2016, in un rischioso equilibrio tra Europa e Russia.
Il libro è un viaggio sulla fine del mondo, la fine di un mondo, partendo da Chernobyl per arrivare all’oggi. Tornando anche indietro nell’Ucraina presovietica, in quella degli Stati labili e provvisori del tempo della Prima guerra mondiale, dell’invasione tedesca ed italiana della Seconda guerra mondiale (con foto inedite dell’avanzata delle truppe tedesche e italiane), fino ad arrivare agli anni dell’Unione Sovietica, indagati con i simboli del potere, con foto inedite di Kruscev a Kiev.
Il volume è completato da quattro intermezzi: Luciano Pallini, presidente Associazione EST – Economia Società Territorio di Venezia (che è coeditrice del volume), Giulia Bartalozzi, giornalista e Responsabile della Comunicazione dell’Accademia dei Georgofili di Firenze, Cristiana Barandoni, archeologa e Uffizi Project Manager, Filippo Basetti, fotografo e regista.

Glasnost und Perestrojka sind internationale Begriffe geworden, seit Michail Gorbatschow nach seiner Ernennung zum Generalsekretär der KPdSU mit radikalen Reformen die Sowjetunion erneuern wollte. Die angestrebte publizistische Offenheit (Glasnost) und der gesellschaftliche wie wirtschaftliche Umbau (Perestrojka) erschütterten das kommunistische Regime jedoch so stark, dass Gorbatschow damit das Ende der Sowjetunion bewirkt hat. Diese letzten aufregenden Jahre der Sowjetunion werden anhand zeitgenössischer Beobachtungen, Artikel und Aufsätze dargestellt.

Чорнобильське досьє КҐБ. Від будівництва до аварії. Збірник документів про катастрофу на Чорнобильській АЕС / Ред. кол.: І. Лябах, А. Моргун, В. Бірчак, М. Панова, О. Рубльов, В. Хропко; Упорядники: О. Бажан, А. Когут, Г. Боряк. Галузевий державний архів Служби безпеки України, Інститут історії України Національної академії наук України, Український інститут національної пам’яті. К. К.І.С., 2020. 688 с.

У книзі опубліковані документи з «архівів КҐБ». Вони охоплюють період від початку будівництва ЧАЕС до введення в експлуатацію об'єкту «Укриття» («Саркофаг») після Чорнобильської катастрофи — тобто з 1970-х років до листопада 1986 року. Свідчення, зібрані у виданні, відображають перебіг будівництва, розслідування причин аварії 26 квітня 1986 року та перші місяці ліквідації її наслідків через призму діяльності радянських спецслужб. Відтак численні повідомлення про недоліки будівництва, можливі диверсії, донесення від агентів та інформування про інші можливі небезпеки на ЧАЕС стали наскрізною темою книги.

Chornobyl Dossier of the KGB. From construction to the accident. Collection of documents on the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster.

This article presents a comparative analysis of HBO's mini-series Chernobyl (2019) and Svetlana Alexievich's literary testimonies Voices of Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster (1997)-both of which represent the events and the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. As a case study in intermedial ecocriticism, the comparative study investigates the ability of each media product to make perceptible the forces of radiation, focusing in particular on what it feels like to inhabit the atmospheres of contamination that the two media products invite their viewers and readers to enter. The article proposes the neologism 'spectral toxicity' as a means to describe these atmospheres in which the presence of a threatening nonhuman force feels immanent and impending while also remaining imperceptible. Methodologically, the article is situated in the intersection of ecocriticism and intermedial studies, as it seeks to elucidate the phenomenologically distinct ways in which Voices of Chernobyl, as a literary work, and Chernobyl, as an audiovisual work, employ different aesthetic strategies to represent radiation and to mobilize affective experiences. The article argues that both works employ a type of indexical aesthetics, but that the choice of index differs depending on the modality of the media product. Whereas the mini-series constructs a rich soundscape and striking images of bodily decay, Voices of Chernobyl provides a polyphony of first-person testimonies about the dehumanizing experience of radiation exposure. By comparing the two media products in terms of the experiences they create, the study illustrates the varying affordances of literary and audiovisual media for representing the phenomenon of radiation and the consequences of nuclear disaster.

This chapter investigates religious commemorative culture that has sprung up in Belarus in the wake of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. More specifically, it focuses on commemorative icons and religious artwork and how they are used in coming to grips with the consequences of radiation contamination. The author pays attention to the conflicting interpretations of the disaster and its proper commemoration by different individuals, interest groups, and religious institutions. According to her analysis, the struggles between various parties over legitimate representation pertain also to how gender comes to play in the imagery of Chernobyl icons and religious art.

This article investigates the memories and lived experiences of those who dwell in the deindustrial landscape of Chernobyl in north Ukraine. Taking a visual approach to an invisible issue, the article explores the use of photography as a research tool to examine the ‘hidden spaces of everyday life’ in the shadow of Chernobyl. The article finds that many people have suffered a ‘double exposure’: once from radiation and then again from the failures of the Ukrainian state. While these communities are exposed as “bare life” to the risk of nuclear pollution, they also contest official conceptions of radiation through local knowledge, shared memory, and informal activity. The article interrogates the complex ways people perceive, negotiate, and come to terms with the ever-present but unseen menace of radiation. Through these memories, images, and lived experiences of the marginalized, we can begin to make the invisible threat of radiation appear more tangible. Finally, the article provides a short discussion about the use of participant photography in researching the invisible.