Cellphones

Teenagers often rely to their parents when it especially comes to social media use. It is notable that every young people as the older ones, like to maintain their privacy. This case has been increasing over and over on these last days since parents are unable to find time in order to educate and supervise their children's personal life.

This essay will analyze the manner in which cellular phones brings the social changes among the Bhutanese communities. The pros and cons of cellular phone usage; the pedagogical change which encompassed the mobile phones; social impetus over owning one and hazard it befit to the Bhutanese society in general. Additionally it will also discuss how mobile phones helped built the media culture among Bhutanese youths with kind of information, education and entertainment they befit from it.
Further, the essay also focuses on importance of media and public information which concurrently is the proportionate determinant with reference to the access of cellular phone to the public. Coherently, it also highlights the affect of cellular phone in pursuing the unique developmental paradigm; Gross National Happiness that Bhutan embarks on.

During a series of high school English and Drama class trips to the theatre, so many students were online, the entire back row often glowed blue. Although much of the literature suggests that information and communication technologies (ICTs) are benign and neutral, this back row collision of digital and live culture signals to teachers that technology is freighted with issues of power: questions of identity formation, consumerism, autonomy and freedom. This qualitative study of high school students at the conclusion of their four-play series suggests that cellphones shape the youth audience experience, that etiquette regarding the use of these powerful devices remains sharply contested, and that students apply a range of strategies to dealing with issues of power and agency around their use.

Use of cell phones has increased many folds since the past couple of years. The low SMS and call rates introduced by the Telecom sector in Pakistan have played a major role in the increase of cell phones in our society. In this study the researcher studied the effects of cell phones on interpersonal communication of teenagers. A sample of 150 school going teenagers was taken from five different schools in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A questionnaire was given to them asking about their cell phone use age behavior. After the results were evaluated hypothesis 1 Cell phone is effecting interpersonal communication of teenagers, hypothesis 2 cell phones are used by teenagers for their personal gratification and hypothesis 3 cell phone are used by teenagers to avoid direct face to face communication were accepted.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at WHO evaluation of the carcinogenic effect of RF-EMF on humans took place during a 24-31 May 2011 meeting at Lyon in France. The Working Group consisted of 30 scientists and categorised the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phones, and from other devices that emit similar non-ionising electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), as Group 2B, i.e., a 'possible', human carcinogen. The decision on mobile phones was based mainly on the Hardell group of studies from Sweden and the IARC Interphone study. We give an overview of current epidemiological evidence for an increased risk for brain tumours including a meta-analysis of the Hardell group and Interphone results for mobile phone use. Results for cordless phones are lacking in Interphone. The meta-analysis gave for glioma in the most exposed part of the brain, the temporal lobe, odds ratio (OR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-2.81 in the ≥10 years (>10 years in the Hardell group) latency group. Ipsilateral mobile phone use ≥1640 h in total gave OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.56-3.37. The results for meningioma were OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.31-4.98 and OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.81-2.23, respectively. Regarding acoustic neuroma ipsilateral mobile phone use in the latency group ≥10 years gave OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 0.73-4.45. For ipsilateral cumulative use ≥1640 h OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.50-4.40 was obtained. Also use of cordless phones increased the risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma in the Hardell group studies. Survival of patients with glioma was analysed in the Hardell group studies yielding in the >10 years latency period hazard ratio (HR) = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.002-1.5 for use of wireless phones. This increased HR was based on results for astrocytoma WHO grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme). Decreased HR was found for low-grade astrocytoma, WHO grades I-II, which might be caused by RF-EMF exposure leading to tumour-associated symptoms and earlier detection and surgery with better prognosis. Some studies show increasing incidence of brain tumours whereas other studies do not. It is concluded that one should be careful using incidence data to dismiss results in analytical epidemiology. The IARC carcinogenic classification does not seem to have had any significant impact on governments' perceptions of their responsibilities to protect public health from this widespread source of radiation.

Since the past ten years, the integration of instructional technologies into the secondary school curriculum has become a major priority of the Jamaican government, the ministry of education. Looking back at the country’s exodus from a colonial based system of education to a more country- tailored prospectus, there has been a series of significant reformation of the teaching-learning process and now more than ever, the education ministry has seen the need to increase the use of instructional technologies in the delivery of content area to pupils. This study sought to ascertain if teachers are using instructional technologies as stipulated by the ministry of education, through investigating the perception of a sample of secondary school Information Technology teachers concerning its use. Teachers from 4 high schools in Jamaica participated in this study of which 4 from each school took part in completing a questionnaire; making it a total of 16 teachers. A quantitative approach was taken to unearth findings which revealed that teachers do perceive instructional technologies to be useful and captivating however, its use is moderately frequent.

Many sub-Saharan Africa smallholder farmers have diversified beyond purely agricultural, rural livelihoods towards ones with household members exploiting opportunities in multiple locations. This paper explores the evolution and implications of multilocational livelihoods for western Kenyan households and out-migrants, using interviews and ethnographic data collected over a 12-year period. Findings suggest that the livelihood and food security vulnerabilities of both the rural and urban areas are strongly interlinked, supported in part by contemporary cellphone communication and money transfer technologies. Multilocationality results from and reinforces intergenerational and gendered tensions and is changing the ways that agroecological knowledge is created and shared.

Tailored, one-on-one counseling delivered via cell phone was very effective in retaining mothers with HIV in care and in promoting infant HIV testing and antenatal and postnatal care attendance. The highest risk of loss to follow-up among women with HIV accessing PMTCT services was prior to delivery and then after infant HIV testing at 6 weeks. Challenges include continued limited access to cell phones, difficulty with reaching participants on the phone, and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy for a substantial percentage of the population. ABSTRACT Background: We evaluated the effectiveness of a cell phone counseling intervention to promote retention in care and HIV testing of infants among women with HIV accessing prevention of mother-to-child services in Kisumu, Kenya. Methods: Between May 2013 and September 2015, we recruited 404 pregnant women with HIV who were between 14 and 36 weeks of gestation and randomly assigned them to the intervention (n=207) or control arm (n=197). Retention was assessed at delivery and at 6 and 14 weeks postpartum. We also measured uptake of infant HIV testing. The intervention comprised a fixed protocol of counselor-delivered phone calls to provide one-to-one need-based support. The number of calls made varied depending on when participants presented for antenatal care services; the maximum number was 42. The control group received routine care. We evaluated retention at 3 time points using the complementary log-log regression model taking into account factors associated with retention and loss to follow-up time. We calculated the incidence rate for HIV transmission among infants and used binary logistic regression to identify pre-dictors of HIV infection among infants. Results: Participants attended on average 63% of the required number of counseling calls during the study period. Retention was higher in the intervention arm than the control arm at delivery (95.2% vs. 77.7%, respectively); 6 weeks postpartum (93.9% vs. 72.9%, respectively); and 14 weeks postpartum (83.3% vs. 66.5%, respectively) (P<.001). The counseling intervention (hazard ratio [HR]=0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.12, 0.69) and positive health perceptions (HR=0.99; 95% CI=0.98, 1.00) were associated with lower hazards of being lost to follow-up. HIV testing of infants was higher in the intervention than control arm (93% vs. 68%, respectively; P<.001). In total, 9 of 308 (2.9%) infants tested positive for HIV infection (incidence rate=0.39 infections/100 infant-weeks). Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) >90%, used to assess adherence to ART, was associated with lower odds of a positive HIV test among infants (adjusted odds ratio=0.20; 95% CI=0.04, 0.99). Attendance at antenatal and postnatal care visits was higher among participants in the intervention arm than the control arm. Conclusions: The one-on-one tailored counseling delivered via cell phone was effective in retaining mothers with HIV infection in care and promoting uptake of infant HIV testing and antenatal and postnatal care services. Phone counseling offers a practical approach to reach and retain pregnant women with HIV infection and postpartum mothers in care, but greater emphasis on collection of medications and adherence is required.

Este artigo pretende discutir a construção dos sentidos de um livro a partir da relação entre elementos materiais e imateriais ou corporais e não corporais, contrapondo concepções do livro impresso e do livro digital. Com a possibilidade de o livro digital ser visualizado em diferentes plataformas, esse formato é visto com frequência como "habitável" em vários corpos, ou seja, em vários aparelhos digitais diferentes-o computador, o leitor eletrônico, o tablet, o celular. Tensionamos aqui essa visão com práticas de leitura de leitores que leem livros impressos e digitais em múltiplos aparelhos, incluindo smartphones. Conclui-se que a dimensão do livro enquanto apenas texto ganha mais destaque entre esses leitores e que afetividade entre leitor e obra diminui quando a leitura é feita no celular.

""The Indian healthcare sector provides ripe ground for development as access to high-quality and timely medical diagnosis remains unrequited among its vast rural populace. With an acute shortage of doctors in rural areas, medical diagnostic software has been created as a surrogate,
propelling non-physician workers to step in. For diagnostic software to function effectively, it is paramount to identify the user. Using an intended pilot programme of RightChoice software in the central Himalayas, the present article focuses on the political and economic complexities involved in identifying users of such software.""

Medical applications such as medical image analysis are becoming increasingly important in everyday life. But, the success of these methodologies is still in doubt due to the human intervention in these systems. This indirectly highlights the necessity for automation techniques for these applications which can improve the performance to higher extent. The major drawback is that the level of usage of automation techniques is very low in these applications.

We postulate that in the coming decades a shift in time use patterns brought about by the massive adoption of cellphones and internet in developing countries will drive change in consumption patterns of the upcoming middle class. In particular, in India this is expected to amount to 350 million new consumers by 2025 quadrupling consumption. Today, we know little about them since they are either unborn or not participating in consumer markets. The adoption of cellphones in the developing world has been fast and massive, but the transformation of society and the economy through cellphones has only just begun. There is still an absence of reliable and valid data from developing countries, however, and research into the dynamics and impact of this phenomenon has been scant. Since the poor by definition have little money to spend, in order to find out about their future consumption patterns it may be more productive to look at their time budgets. In this exploratory study we employed a time-use analysis approach to predict the impact of cell phones on time budgets, and to identify possible shifts in time-use patterns. We administered a large survey with 67 questions, and reconstructed the previous day's time diary with 158 subjects in Ahmedabad (India) in 2010 and 107 in Lae (Papua New Guinea PNG) in 2012. Results indicate that total household spending on cellphones use is higher in proportion to the number of individuals who own a cell phone in the household. We also calculated the income elasticity of cellphones spending for households in our samples. The median daily time savings due to avoided travel or meetings produced by the use of the cell phone reported in PNG in 2012 and in India in 2010 are respectively 30 minutes and 60 minutes per day, or between 15 hours and 30 hours per month, respectively. The PNG sample was included because India is somewhat exceptional among developing countries in the sense that public transport is relatively efficient and cheap, and cell phone rates exceptionally low. Given these substantial time savings we asked subjects about their wishes to shift time-use patterns, their freedom to do so,

Chronic shortage of doctors in rural India seriously impacts the quality of healthcare available to villagers. In recent years, there has been considerable excitement in digital diagnostics as a possible answer to this situation by allowing non-doctors to diagnose and treat patients. This paper focuses on one such diagnostic tool that has gained serious traction amongst transnational health foundations and State governments alike. Here, the focus is on the customization and localization of this software through a pilot study in Central Himalayas. A baseline survey and extensive interviews are conducted for categorization and population of health data content. This entailed the analyzing of the segmentation and transfer of health information of disease history and symptoms from the patient to the software as well as situating this study in the larger understanding of the healthcare system in this community. In doing so, this paper argues that much of such health information is difficult to categorize and sufficiently vague to provide for confident diagnostics. Further, the data population of the treatment segment is deeply political and socio-cultural. Thereby, this paper problematizes the innate assumption underlying the design of such software- that being that there is one way to diagnose and treat patients based on pure information.

We postulate that in the coming decades a shift in time use patterns brought about by the massive adoption of cellphones and internet in developing countries will drive change in consumption patterns of the upcoming middle class. In particular, in India this is expected to amount to 350 million new consumers by 2025 quadrupling consumption. Today, we know little about them since they are either unborn or not participating in consumer markets. The adoption of cellphones in the developing world has been fast and massive, but the transformation of society and the economy through cellphones has only just begun. There is still an absence of reliable and valid data from developing countries, however, and research into the dynamics and impact of this phenomenon has been scant. Since the poor by definition have little money to spend, in order to find out about their future consumption patterns it may be more productive to look at their time budgets. In this exploratory study we employed a time-use analysis approach to predict the impact of cell phones on time budgets, and to identify possible shifts in time-use patterns. We administered a large survey with 67 questions, and reconstructed the previous day's time diary with 158 subjects in Ahmedabad (India) in 2010 and 107 in Lae (Papua New Guinea PNG) in 2012. Results indicate that total household spending on cellphones use is higher in proportion to the number of individuals who own a cell phone in the household. We also calculated the income elasticity of cellphones spending for households in our samples. The median daily time savings due to avoided travel or meetings produced by the use of the cell phone reported in PNG in 2012 and in India in 2010 are respectively 30 minutes and 60 minutes per day, or between 15 hours and 30 hours per month, respectively. The PNG sample was included because India is somewhat exceptional among developing countries in the sense that public transport is relatively efficient and cheap, and cell phone rates exceptionally low. Given these substantial time savings we asked subjects about their wishes to shift time-use patterns, their freedom to do so,