Canterbury Tales

O livro Os Contos da Cantuária, escrito por Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400), poeta inglês e também um viajante ativo, conta a história de um grupo de pessoas em peregrinação ao túmulo de São Tomás Becket. Durante essa peregrinação, cada personagem vai contando histórias. Produzida no final do século XIV, a obra é uma importante fonte histórica onde se pode extrair várias questões sobre os homens e mulheres da Idade Média, por causa da diversidade de personagens apresentados e as posições que ocupavam (monges, cavaleiros, comerciantes, freiras entre outros). Nas histórias contadas para passar o tempo, manifestam-se diversos conhecimentos do período medieval, como: teologia, ciência médica, comércio e-o principal, para este trabalho-de magia. Este artigo busca elucidar, a partir das representações contidas em algumas histórias na obra de Chaucer, qual era a posição que as práticas mágicas (como a alquimia e astrologia) ocupavam no imaginário, bem como no cotidiano dos medievais.

Introduction and Critical Preface to the essay by A.LUBRANO "On the usage of dreams in literary works: a comparison", which represents a fundamental milestone in the research and cultural promotion of the Youth Section of the Dante Alighieri Society Committee of Arpino. The essay delves with acumen and sensitivity into the analysis of the use of dreams as a narrative device in English, Latin and Italian literary works, exploring their symbolic function and their philosophical and theological impact over the centuries. Among the texts examined in depth, masterpieces such as "The Nun's Priest's Tale" by Geoffrey Chaucer and the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf stand out, compared with works from the Latin and Italian tradition, revealing a rich and layered cultural dialogue.

This essay offers a critical comparison between various works and authors across different ages and viewpoints, exploring the ever-changing implications of dreams in literature, analyzed by Alessandro Leone in philosophically oriented introduction.

The Global Earthquake Model’s (GEM) Earthquake Consequences Database (GEMECD) aims to develop, for the first time, a standardised framework for collecting and collating geocoded consequence data induced by primary and secondary seismic hazards to different types of buildings, critical facilities, infrastructure and population, and relate this data to estimated ground motion intensity via the USGS ShakeMap Atlas. New Zealand is a partner of the GEMECD consortium and to-date has contributed with 7 events to the database, of which 4 are localised in the South Pacific area (Newcastle 1989; Luzon 1990; South of Java 2006 and Samoa Islands 2009) and 3 are NZ-specific events (Edgecumbe 1987; Darfield 2010 and Christchurch 2011). This contribution to GEMECD represented a unique opportunity for collating, comparing and reviewing existing damage datasets and harmonising them into a common, openly accessible and standardised database, from where the seismic performance of New Zealand buildings...

The Host of The Canterbury Tales, Harry Bailly, occupies a unique role throughout Chaucer’s tale-telling pilgrimage. After all, as Thomas C. Richardson has noted, he is the only traveller who is not expected to tell a tale, nor does he undertake the journey under the pretense of a pilgrimage. As critics have sought to unravel his place among the pilgrims, as well as within the overall narrative itself, he has been described colorfully as a horseback editor, a literary lion, and even as an artist responding to the needs of society. Yet, while his role is certainly intertwined within literary functions, the Host also stands out for his desire to maintain merriment through storytelling and friendly competition. As a governor and a judge elected by
the pilgrims, the Host makes it his personal quest to extend his hospitality to the pilgrimage. In doing so, he not only offers them a pastime, but also presents himself as a mediator and peacekeeper. While his behavior may not always be perfect, he shows himself to be deeply invested in the tales told by the pilgrims, along with their wellbeing. By examining the historical context for innkeepers in medieval Southwark, as well as the Host’s behavior in light of such context, this paper demonstrates that Chaucer’s audience may have understood the pilgrimage as a traveling inn, where the Host acts as a social governor, framed within the legal and social norms familiar to Chaucer’s audience, who primarily serves to mediate peace between the pilgrims through the art of storytelling.

A statement of principles for the transcription of the manuscripts of The Wife of Bath’s Prologue. This is a discussion document, partly that we may explain to ourselves and to others what we are doing, and partly that the act of explanation may lead to debate about and refinement of our transcription of the manuscripts.
No transcription of these manuscripts into computer-readable form can ever be considered “final” or “definitive.” Transcription for the computer is a fundamentally interpretative activity, composed of a series of acts of translation from one system of signs (that of the manuscript) to another (that of the computer). Accordingly, our transcripts are best judged on how useful they will be for others, rather than as an attempt to achieve a definitive transcription of these manuscripts. Will the distinctions we make in these transcripts and the information we record provide a base for work by other scholars? How might our transcripts be improved, to meet the needs of schlars now and to come? At the same time, we ask scholars to consider that decisions which may seem somewhat arbitrary might have a long history of argument and counter-argument behind them.
These guidelines are based on our experience of transcription of the fifty-eight surviving manuscripts and pre-1500 printed editions of The Wife of Bath’s Prologue. The first transcription of these was done partly by us, partly by other transcribers. There were many inconsistencies from manuscript to manuscript, and indeed within manuscripts, in these first transcripts. We realized that consistency would only be possible if we established guidelines, to be applied to all new manuscripts transcribed thereafter and in the three checks to be made of each transcript. In the course of a first check of these transcripts, carried out entirely by the authors, we set ourselves the task of developing guidelines which could be so applied. This document is the first statement of these guidelines. We expect that the revised guidelines which will issue from consideration of this document will serve as a base for completion of the transcription of all the witnesses of The Wife of Bath’s Prologue, and for the greater task of transcription of all the text in all the manuscripts and pre-1500 printed editions of the Canterbury Tales.
These guidelines are not proposed as any sort of standard system for transcription of medieval English manuscripts. Our task is the transcription of manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales and these guidelines have been devised for that end. Thus, we pay particular attention to transcription of characters at the ends of words,because of the bearing this may have on final -e and hence on Chaucer’s metre. Transcription of texts in non-syllabic metre or prose texts, where this is not of such importance, may be based on different principles. Thus, these guidelines may need modification when we come to transcribe the prose portions of the Canterbury Tales. For the sake of consistency within this Project, this modification should be slight and confined only to definition of new characters to cope with a possibly different range of abbreviation signs to those found in the manuscripts so far transcribed.

Contemporary readers struggle with the terms of colour in medieval literary texts due to the differenc e in our colour systems. The current dominant colour model is hue-based. The approach of this model is to perceive colour as part of the electromagnetic radiation, which is measurable in wavelengt h. Therefore, elementary colour terms in contemporary language predominantly correspond with prismatic colours. As a result, interpreting medieval colour terms with a contemporary hue-dominated perspective creates numerous misunderstandings. In the Middle Ages, the fundamental guidelines for colour perception were luminescence, surface reflectivity, and colour intensity. In medieval literary texts, colour terms frequently described the materiality of the colour, the tactile qualities of the colour, and the general appearance (e.g. glittering or matt). In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, as discussed in this paper, there are four terms used to describe the colour blue, of which only one can be identified as a hue term. Accordingly, this paper will analyse the terms that portrayed blue in The Canterbury Tales from the perspective of medieval colour measures and explain how they are different from the colour blue, as we know it today.

Engaged with insights from trauma theory, this essay offers a reading of Geoffrey Chaucer's Knight's Tale as a profound meditation on catastrophe and survival. This account refocuses the Knight's Tale's famous oscillation between consolation and devastation, philosophy and fate, to consider the unexpected forms that poetic representations of catastrophe take in a premodern poem.

The history of English spelling is an eventful one, from Old English with an almost one-to-one sound-to-spelling relationship, to Modern English, notorious for its sound-to-spelling unpredictability. In between lies a vast period characterised by immense spelling variability, reflecting the cumulative effect of dialectal variation and lack of uniformity, additionally compounded by the mode of text transmission in the manuscript culture, whose characteristics were adopted in a wholesale fashion into the culture of early print. In effect, early printed books present a rich kaleidoscope of spelling variants, which-not infrequently-co-occur on the same page or even in the same line of a printed text. This paper addresses the issue of this variability with a view to measuring in mathematical terms the degree of internal spelling variation within a text and showing that much of the spelling variation is associated with compositors as agents in the printing process. The analysis of internal spelling variation is based on George Joye's 1534 English translation of the Psalms printed in Antwerp and aims at identifying parts of the text which are similar or different in terms of spellings by applying cosine similarity measurements performed on individual quires of the publication.

This article explores how Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales seems to embody the carnivalesque in a quite interesting way, where the poet introduces a medieval culture and a medieval popular life that may not be so familiar to modern readers. It is the carnival world of medieval popular life as explored by Mikhail Bakhtin and which reached us in certain survivals of celebrations and images of carnivals, circuses, caricature, and comic spectacles. Carnival imagery is placed before us in The Canterbury Tales through the General Prologue and in many of the tales where many characters are put in public squares as wild men and women, mocked, overblown, and turned upside down from holy figures into clowns. Chaucer portrays in many of his stories such images of comedy and mockery that are associated with the pilgrims themselves, whose behaviour on the pilgrimage is the embodiment of the carnivalesque proper. The Canterbury Tales reveals how Chaucer seems to create his heroes from the circus, the carnival, the fair, and the game-shows, the place which is thought of as low, dirty, demonized and extraterritorial. This article reveals how Chaucer actually inverts in a carnivalesque manner most of medieval cultural values in a manner which exhibits his criticism and mockery of most dominated ideological representations of culture.

After the avant-propos, Poirel lists and examines the manuscripts in order to prepare his stemma (pp. 39-94). The eight distinct members of the stemma are distributed over three overlapping families: Germanic, French, and Cistercian. Before the text of Hugh's commentary, Poirel edits the Latin translation of Dionysius's work upon which Hugh commented (pp. 341-96). The edition of the commentary itself (pp. 397-717) is accompanied by indices of Scriptural references, sources, and parallel texts in Hugh's other works, most notably inclusion of II-I, 438-442.746-853 in the treatise on the Eucharist in De sacramentis II.VIII.6-8 (PL 176.465C-468A). There are many Scriptural references, but other sources and the parallels are not numerous. The manuscripts have two different ways of dividing up Hugh's commentary, one of ten chapters, the other of fifteen. Poirel combines them, giving first the number for the ten-chapter division, then the number from the fifteenchapter division; e.g., IX-XIV. He includes in the margins the column numbers for the edition of Hugh's commentary in PL 175. This long-awaited and magisterial edition makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of Hugh's commentary and the place of Dionysius in Hugh's thinking and that of later Latin writers. Poirel has already written many studies related to the text; they have been collected in his Des symboles et des anges: Hugues de Saint-Victor et le réveil dionysien du XII e siècle, Bibliotheca Victorina, 23 (Turnhout, 2013).

Although the awareness of disasters has increased among some parts of society, the concept of disaster preparedness and response has not been sufficiently explored in universities. The aim of this paper is to assess the perceptions of students and staff regarding disaster preparedness as well as to examine whether universities are prepared for disasters or not. In addition, this article provides a brief overview of major disasters that happened to universities in the past years in order to analyse the implications of disasters to universities. Furthermore, the stakeholders involved in disaster management are mentioned here followed by a general plan and recommendations for universities to be considered in their roles toward building a resistant university.

On 4 September 2010, a Mw7.1 earthquake occurred in Canterbury, New Zealand. Following the initial earthquake, an aftershock sequence was initiated, with the most significant aftershock being a Mw6.3 earthquake occurring on 22 February 2011. This aftershock caused severe damage to the city of Christchurch and building failures that killed 185 people. During the aftershock sequence it became evident that effective communication of aftershock information (e.g., history and forecasts) was imperative to assist with decision making during the response and recovery phases of the disaster, as well as preparedness for future aftershock events. As a consequence, a joint JCDR-USGS research project was initiated to investigate: • How aftershock information was communicated to organisations and to the public; • How people interpreted that information; • What people did in response to receiving that information; • What information people did and did not need; and • What decision-making challenges were encountered relating to aftershocks. Research was conducted by undertaking focus group meetings and interviews with a range of information providers and users, including scientists and science advisors, emergency managers and responders, engineers, communication officers, businesses, critical infrastructure operators, elected officials, and the public. The interviews and focus group meetings were recorded and transcribed, and key themes were identified. This paper focuses on the aftershock information needs for decision-making about the built environment post-earthquake, including those involved in response (e.g., for building assessment and management), recovery/reduction (e.g., the development of new building standards), and readiness (e.g. between aftershocks). The research has found that the communication of aftershock information varies with time, is contextual, and is affected by interactions among roles, by other information, and by decision objectives. A number of general and specific insights into improving the communication of aftershock information are provided.

This research was undertaken with support from the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Grant No. 93-6303, "Business Disruption and Initial Recovery in the Northridge Earthquake." The ideas and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.

This research was undertaken with support from the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Grant No. 93-6303, "Business Disruption and Initial Recovery in the Northridge Earthquake." The ideas, conclusions, and recommendations expressed here are those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. ABSTRAn While the long-term effwts of disaster and the factors that affect the ability to recover have received increasing attention by social science researchers, the majority of research to date has taken families and households as the units of analysis, with a smaller number of studies focusing on the recovery of entire communities. The processes and outcomes associated with the recovery of private firms, however, have almost never been addressed in the literature. Studies of the long-term economic consequences of disasters have generally focused on aggregate community effects. Findings of this research suggest that disasters produce negligible impacts at the community level. While important, this type of research neglects the impacts of disasters on individual firms and overlooks important micro-level recovery processes. For example, empirical support exists for the notion that disasters create both winners and losers, a process that aggregate analyses cannot capture. W i t h this in mind, this paper explores the distributive effffects of disaster on 11 10 Los Angeles area firms impacted by the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The model used to predict winners and losers is based on an earlier analysis of business recovery following the earthquake, studies of both household and business disaster recovery, and the literature on organizational survival in non-disaster contexts. Findings show that business size, fmancial condition, disruption of business operations, earthquake shaking intensity, and the utilization of post-disaster aid are significant predictors of being worse off 18 months after the earthquake. Only financial condition was a significant predictor of being better off. Policy, theory, and future research implications are discussed. INTRODUCI'ION Although the long-term effects of disasters and the factors that affect recovery have received increasing attention fiom social science researchers, the majority of research conducted to date has taken families and households as units of analysis (Bolin, 1994; Bolin and Bolton, 1986; Miller and Nigg, 1993). A smaller number of studies have focused on the factors that facilitate or impede community recovery (Rubin, 198 1; Rubin et al., 1985). However, very little research exists on how businesses cope with recovery, and what long-term effects, if any, disasters have on their viability.' Research on the economic consequences of disasters has generally focused on aggregate community effects. Those findings suggest that disasters produce negligible impacts at the community level (Friesema et al., 1979; Rossi et al., 1978; Rossi et al., 1983; W r i g h t et al., 1979). For example, both Rossi et al. (1978) and W r i g h t et al. (1979) found that the U.S. disasters they studied had no discernible or lasting effects on housing stocks, population, and other economic indicators at the county or census tract level. After studying four U.S. disasters, Friesema et al. concluded: 'So far as w e can determine, none of these disasters led to major long-term economic losses to these communities ..." (1979:176). While important, this more macro-level research overlooks business-level effects and micro-level recovery processes. Large-scale economic analyses do not capture the fact that some businesses may improve, while others may decline following disasters. Scanlon argues, for example, that "macro-economic research, which shows no appreciable economic effects of disasters , misses the many individual gains and individual losses, gains and losses which cancel each other out" (1988:49). In other words, disasters may create both winners and losers, a process that aggregate analyses cannot capture. Some empirical support exists for this notion. Cochrane (1975) was the first to emphasize the distributive

The Canterbury Earthquakes struck the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand between September 2010 and February 2011. The Earthquakes resulted in widespread structural damage to Christchurch, the main city of the region, and greatly impacted other aspects of society including crime. In this study we adopt an exploratory approach to investigate the impact that these earthquakes have had on the temporal and spatial patterning of four types of crime in Christchurch: assault, domestic violence, burglary and arson. Overall crime has decreased in post-quake Christchurch with the notable exception of domestic violence. We found remarkably similar temporal signatures of crime for all crime types occurring across both the pre-and post-earthquake periods. Spatially, crime has increased in the majority of neighbourhoods in Christchurch post-quake despite overall crime levels being down. Explanations for this paradoxical and other findings are outlined in the context of a rebuilding and recovering city.

The Moral Treatise on the Eye The Moral Treatise on the Eye was a medieval bestseller. Composed by Peter of Limoges at the university in Paris between 1274/75 and 1289, the work was transmitted throughout Europe and is still extant in 219 manuscripts. Paris was the crossroads of vibrant intellectual exchange in Peter's time, and he played an important role in bringing together in his Treatise advances in both homiletics and science, adapting for use in the pulpit the new science of Perspectivist optics developed by Alhacen and adopted by Roger Bacon and John Pecham. Peter's Treatise helped legitimate the cultural utility of natural science by making it part of a theological process of allegorizing the revealed world. It also supplemented the tasks of homiletics with the duty of educating the Christian senses, making the study of vision part of what can be called a "voluntarist optics, " one of the necessary steps in the formation of the will. Yet, in spite of its importance to homiletic discourse, the early development of science in the West, and the conceptualization of perspective in art, Peter's text has long been available only in Latin. This volume makes The Moral Treatise on the Eye available for the first time in English. In fifteen chapters, the text moves from what can be established about the eye and vision on scientific grounds to the moral or spiritual interpretation of optics. The first section lays the foundation for the rest of the treatise by detailing the parts of the eye, the types of physical vision, the importance of intention for the completion of sight in the common nerve, the explanation of optical illusions, and the moral interpretation of twelve natural properties of eyes. In the second part, Peter develops sets of moral instruction using cultural conceptions surrounding the eyes. The final section is devoted to spiritual sight. The volume also contains an introduction to Peter of Limoges, his intellectual interests, the sources of the Treatise, and its place in the theological and scientific developments of the late thirteenth century; a

Following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, citizens increasingly turned to third sector organisations (TSOs) for social services. Spatial patterns of traditional vulnerability metrics from the 2006 and 2013 census were interpreted, based on surveys of local TSOs. TSOs were found to have maintained business as usual, and evolved to the demands the recovering city was making on their organisations and clients. Weighted vulnerability indices demonstrated that the vulnerability factors of renting and social assistance were identified by TSOs as being amplified by the earthquake. These raised vulnerability in 54 to 65 per cent of the area units in the Christchurch City District.

The multi-layered complexity of "the Nun's Priest's Tale" seems praiseworthy, but it potentially causes readers to feel uncertain of what the tale is all about. Derek Brewer summarizes the various critical readings of the tale and concludes that the presence of such sundry critical viewpoints about the same literary piece induces one to wonder, "what is this nature; what is the status of the text, that can sustain such inconsistencies, give rise to such diverse interpretations? How should we accommodate such variety?" (1984: 91). To resolve such a problem, Brewer suggests that "we have to take Chaucer's own word for it [the tale]: 'my tale is of a cok'" (1984: 106). This viewpoint seems insightful; nevertheless, it explains neither the structural nor thematic ambiguity of the tale. Also, it pays little attention to how centralizing Chauntecleer's dream experience, which constitutes the fulcrum of "the Nun's priest's Tale", into the narrative influences the tale's clarity and confounds its thematic value. Thus, this paper discusses the main events that obscure the structural and thematic texture of "the Nun's Priest's Tale" and explains how the tale's complex structure engenders its own thematic ambiguity and vagueness. The paper analyzes the dominant ambiguity and vagueness of "the Nun's priest's Tale" by examining the role of the narrator as well as the influence of Chauntecleer's conversations with both Pertelote and the Fox in establishing the tale's mysterious scaffold.

The medieval outlaw appears in historical, religious, and legal texts of late Medieval England and is imagined in fiction as well, specifically in the romance narratives of Geoffrey Chaucer. Outlawry was a legal state that could be imposed. Chaucer found himself occasionally outside the law at different points of his life, an item to consider when examining Chaucer's representation of knights acting outside the chivalric code. He populates his romances with outlawry, illustrating the ethical, legal, and social assumptions of their own times. In Chaucer, knights can sometimes be outlaws, and when they are, they are often portrayed as running amok or going mad, leading them to a quest or to an act that must be completed before they can be reintroduced into society. Early critics Maurice Keen and Eric Hobsbawm narrowly defined what they saw as outlawry in medieval literature, but the more recent work of Timothy S. Jones renews the possibility of better examining outlawry's intersection with medieval romance. Outlawry has traditionally been associated with the narratives of Robin Hood. Yet broadening the definitions of what constitutes an outlaw narrative can lead to fresh readings of Chaucer's work. To be outlawed, in medieval fiction, carries with it an additional displacement of a character's connection to others. In this project, I examine fictional knights tarrying in outlawed space while grounding my argument in historical narratives. In doing so, I illuminate how outlawry intersects with medieval romance, unveiling chivalry's ideological blemishes.

's invention of the printing press is widely thought of as the origin. Bibles the Protestant Reformation William Caxton and print in England. Print facilitated a focus on fixed, verifiable truth, and on the human ability and ?Literary Folios and Ideas of the

Critical accounts of The Merchant’s Tale often take one of two points
of view. On the one hand, many readings of the tale focus on its
representation of sensory perception and the metaphor of
Januarie’s “blind love.” On the other, critics often focus on the
relationship between the Merchant’s profession and the tale’s interest in economics, markets, and exchange. This essay argues that
Marx’s account of private property and the estrangement of the
human senses can help to bridge these two approaches and bring
into focus how Januarie’s sensory experiences might be conditioned by his and the Merchant’s views of property, markets, and
exchange. Marx argues that the human subject’s relationship to
private property has the effect of estranging the subject from the
human senses. So thoroughly estranged from its senses is the
human subject by this relation to private property that the
“sense” of having” supplants all other senses. Thus, the subject’s
proprietary relation to the object results in its perception of the
object merely as property. The Merchant’s Tale is attuned to the
intimate relationship between sensory perception and economic
ideology, and we find in the tale a curious and instructive resonance
with Marx’s account of this so-called “sense of having” and its
effects on the senses.

Heu! decus eloquii languet moerore Latini, Heu! perit in tenebris veterum facundia prisca; Marcus abest, luget Maro, carmina Naso relegat; Tantaque simplicitas nostris succrevit in annis, Quod vulgi plus sermo placet, quern dictat arator Vulgari lingua, quam mellica Musa Maronis. Heu! laicus tractat victricia praelia regum, Heu! quod inerter eunt descripta; palatia, turres, Reges cum ducibus sepelit neglecta vetustas! Scribendi probitas et florida carmina vatum. [Alas! Latin eloquence lies sadly sick: Alas! the ancient's tilth of yore perishes in gloom. Cicero is gone; Virgil grieves, and Ovid is cast aside. Simplicity's the rage in recent years, And what the plowman says in vulgar tongue Has more appeal than Virgil's honeyed muse. Alas! the layman treats the victories of kings Ineptly drawn-Alas! the palaces and towers And dukes and kings are buried in neglect. Rather, let us write with the virtue and ornate stylings of the greats.] Life of Edward the Confessor (anon.) 1

The Poem: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is an extraordinarily wide-ranging poem; with the turn of a page, the reader finds herself on a medieval pilgrimage, in the aftermath of an ancient Mediterranean war, in the court of Genghis Khan, or in a barnyard squabble between a rooster and a fox. One moment a serial-monogamous seamstress is professing her theories about marriage, and the next a man of the cloth is puzzling over how to divide a fart. We will read each of Chaucer's tales in the original Middle English-with help from interlinear translations available here-and find out how all of these different stories and characters live together in one poem.

Various publishers have proved that classic texts may be given new life within the app environment. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales present a different challenge. This session will explain and introduce how we try to meet this challenge with the CantApp: a new way of presenting Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, beginning with the General Prologue

Alexa Alice Joubin’s entry expands the global scope of The Chaucer Encyclopedia (4 vols). This entry, in Volume 3, examines the work by the Chinese translator Lin Shu’s (1852-1924). Lin translated and rewrote several key stories from the Canterbury Tales. Joubin argues that Lin’s works exemplify early twentieth-century Chinese imaginaries of medieval England. Joubin conducted philological tracing to reveal that Lin based his rewritings on Charles Cowden Clarke’s 1833 Tales from Chaucer in Prose, a prose rendition of ten tales intended for young audiences. Lin categorized most of the tales as fairy tales. Lin was the most prolific and influential translator of foreign literature in early twentieth-century China, who, in addition to rewriting Chaucer and Shakespeare (see shakespeare, william), rendered more than 180 Japanese, German, French, Spanish, and English dramas and novels into classical Chinese. Joubin’s research shows that Lin’s short stories rendered Chaucer in the Ming- and Qing-dynasty narrative tradition of love, filial piety, and exotic adventures. He applied a Confucian moral framework to turn Clarke’s Victorian rewriting intended for women and children into stories for the predominantly male elites in China. Lin’s texts gave the impression that Chaucer concentrated on fairies and ghosts. Lin used this strategic rewriting to counter the rhetoric deployed by those of his contemporaries who were in favor of totalWesternization and had been influenced by the Enlightenment and rationalism. ::: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119086130

The present study offers an examination of laughter in comic texts from a range of fabliau in The Canterbury Tales, framing them within discussions of medieval views of eroticism that draw from religion, medicine, philosophy, and literature. These texts feature males and females who laugh and make jokes in sexual themes and plots which involve deception and sexual misbehaviour. First, the article explores medieval attitudes toward laughter in religious, medical treatises and literature. It then discusses a number of predominant themes in the Reeve’s Tale, the Miller’s Tale, the Merchant’s Tale and the Shipman’s Tale in the context of Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales to try to tease out how these particular themes may have worked to bring erotic pleasure to the reader of the comic texts. The comic themes discussed in this article are briefly cuckoldry, culinary humour, exposure of the genitals and farting. These subjects and how they are represented are very different from modern eroti...