Cable Structures

Os cabos submarinos de fibra óptica e os satélites de comunicações – representação e desconstruções. Curiosamente, e apesar da sua enorme e crescente importância para comunicações contemporâneas de inúmeros tipos, os cabos de fibras ópticas, e sobretudo os cabos submarinos de entre os quais são de sublinhar os que ligam entre si as costas litorais das bacias oceânicas e marítimas – e a partir daí os interiores das massas continentais – não têm nem por sombras recebido a atenção pública e/ou académica que merecem. Como tantas vezes é o caso ao abordarmos questões tecnológicas, as representações espontâneas da importância que lhes atribuímos são enganadoras: talvez em resposta à publicitação das corridas ao espaço encetadas pelo Sputniks soviéticos, no quadro de uma corrida espacial que se prolongou pela Guerra Fria adentro, culiminando com a vitória norte-americana com o seu pico na alunagem do módulo Eagle da Apollo 11, a 20 de Julho de 19692. Uma vitória acompanhada e depois seguida por um número cada vez maior de objectos colocados em órbita para garantir melhores comunicações bem como missões espaciais de todo o tipo que vemos crescer vertiginosamente, levadas a cabo pela Rússia, pelo Japão, pela União Europeia, pela Índia, pela China, entre vários outros, supostamente criando redes físicas de suporte tecnológico que servem de garante para as nossas comunicações. No entanto, esse suporte tecnológico não está no espaço, acima, mas antes nos fundos marítimos e oceânicos. Vários actos relevantes há que falam por si na desconstrução deste mito. Segundo dados, relativos a 2016, fornecidos pela US Federal Communications Commission, apenas 0,37% da capacidade norte-americana para estabelecer comunicações com o exterior depende de satélites. Ou seja, virtualmente toda essa capacidade corre nos cabos submarinos3. No resto do mundo a situação não é muito diferente, com excepção, claro está, para os Estados ditos " encravados " , a saber, sem costa (que também usam cabos de fibra óptica, mas terrestre). Tem sido através deles que passam as comunicações áudio e vídeo de telecoms variados, todo o tipo de operadores móveis, Estados e empresas transnacionais, motores de busca, fornecedores de dados, bancos e banca, i.e. informação e instruções relacionadas com investimentos públicos e privados. Neste artigo abordo a importância da centralidade crescente de Portugal na rede global de cabos, nas suas diversas fases e com as suas dificuldades e vantagens próprias.

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of the failure of the underground cable in the base station using one kilometer of Arduino board. Underground cable system is a common practice in many urban areas. Even if a failure occurs for some reason, at that time the repair process related to this particular cable is difficult because of not knowing the exact location of cable failure. The project uses the classic concept of the Ohms law, when a low voltage at the end of the power supply device is applied across a series resistor the current varies depending on the location of the Fault the cable. In the case of a short circuit (grounded line), the voltage across the series resistors changes accordingly, then input to the ADC constructs the Arduino board to develop accurate digital data for the in kilometer. The project is mounted with a resistance representing the length of the cable in KM and creating defects is executed by a set of switches in each known KM to check the accuracy of it. Failure occurs at a given distance and the respective phase is displayed on an LCD screen connected to the Arduino board.

Flat cable-net facades are form-active structures which provide maximum transparency by means of point fixing components, tensioned cables, and structural glass units. In contemporary structural design methods, computational non-linear analysis is usually in use. Nevertheless, integrating full-scale experimental procedures into computational structural design process might be essential due to non-predictable structural behavior of form-active cable-nets especially under dynamic loads such as wind forces. In this respect, this paper focuses on determining a specific method to designate full-scale experimental steps for flat cable-net facades under wind loads. Design steps for such full-scale testing are performed mainly in four phases; full-scale test scenario, architectural, and structural design, construction steps of test stand are prepared in accordance with the related standards (BS-EN12179, BS-EN12153, BS-EN12155). Architectural design process contains conceptual drawings, application, and manufacturing detailing processes. The proposed cable-net facade is designed as 5,136 m x 8,812 m consisting of 20 insulated glass units (IGUs), Ф14 mm diameter steel cables, anchors, point fixings, sealants, and a closed steel frame which is a secondary structure that enables to integrate cable-net structure to the existing concrete test stand of the testing facility located near Istanbul. After a detailed architectural design phase, structural design is performed for all structural components in 3D. The cable-net structure is designed following the Allowable Stress Design (ASD), ASCE19-16, ASCE/AISC360-10, and ASCE7-10 procedures. Consequently, design steps prior to a full-scale experimental testing of a flat cable-net facade are determined and relationships between architectural and structural designs are clarified to guide future experimental studies. This study reveals that both architectural and structural designs of cable net facades should be well integrated throughout the design phases of experimental setup to carry out well-organized construction and test process respectively. A road-map containing all steps is proposed to achieve this goal. K E Y W O R D S Flat cable-net, tensile facades, finite element analysis (FEA), design processes, codes-standards, full-scale testing, construction management I N T R O D U C T IO N Flat cable-net facades are form-active and the most dematerialized structures including insulated structural glass units (IGUs), pre-stressed steel wire ropes, anchors, and sealants. With dematerialization, maximum transparency and lightweightness ratios of flat cable-net facades are substantially increased. However, form-activeness of the cable-nets causes unpredictable structural behaviors under effective wind loads. Therefore, understanding the true structural behavior of flat cable-net facades is essential for adequate design and construction processes. To achieve this, ''large deflection'' based nonlinear structural analyses and

ÖZET Genel bir tanımla spor yapıları, spor oyunlarının ve müsabakalarının düzenlenmesi için gerekli mekânsal işlevleri sunan yarı açık veya kapalı yapılardır. İşlevlerinin doğası gereği bu yapılar genellikle geniş açıklıklar geçen üst örtülerle tasarlanırlar. Çekmeye çalışan taşıyıcı sistemler, hafifliklerine bağlı strüktürel etkinlikleri nedeniyle diğer taşıyıcı sistemlerle aşılması nispeten zor açıklıkları etkin biçimde geçebilirler. Taşıyıcı sistemin esasını oluşturan çatının hafifliği, çatıyı taşıyan duvar, kolon ve diğer tüm alt taşıyıcıların daha hafif olmasını, dolayısıyla temellerin de küçülmesini beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle çekmeye çalışan çatı strüktürleri, spor yapılarında izleyicili spor faaliyetleri için ihtiyaç duyulan büyük ve geniş açıklıkları örtmek için etkin strüktürlerdir. Bu çalışmada spor yapılarında çekmeye çalışan çatı strüktürlerinde zincir eğrisi kullanılmış örnekler 1950'li yıllardan başlayarak on yıl aralıklarla kronolojik olarak incelenecek, çekmeye çalışan çatı strüktürlerinde strüktür etkinliğinin tarihsel gelişimi değerlendirilecektir.

Suspension bridges are longest span structures, however, the major problem of those structures are its low lateral stiffness. The suspension cable is the major element of such bridges; moreover, it is the key of the analysis. The challenge in suspension cable analysis is the material and geometrical

Nos projetos de sistemas de abastecimento de água, em especial aqueles em regiões acometidas por fatores limitantes como acesso e informação, comumente se faz necessário obter soluções práticas e econômicas. Um dos fatores limitantes é o surgimento de impedições físicas, como vales e rios, exigindo que se faça a transposição de aquedutos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar para o leitor um sistema de travessia que vise solucionar o caso em específico do projeto de abastecimento de água da comunidade de Faz das Flores, distrito de Felixlândia no estado de Minas Gerais, especificando um modelo estrutural apropriado. Para tal, elaborou-se um modelo baseado na concepção de pontes suspensas na qual o aqueduto é suportado por cabos de aço ancorados em elementos estruturais de concreto armado. Na análise, utilizou-se o software SCIA Engineer para a modelagem numérica em elementos finitos e o software MathCAD 15.0 para cálculos complementares, sendo os elementos estruturais dimensionados e verificados conforme diretrizes normativas aplicáveis. Pelos resultados, foi possível analisar a envoltória crítica de esforços e a influência dessas no comportamento da estrutura, principalmente em relação aos esforços horizontais que possuem expressivo impacto nas solicitações internas como, por exemplo, nos momentos fletores nos pilares. Por fim, conclui-se que o sistema adotado para o estudo de caso atendeu aos objetivos de forma satisfatória, sendo ainda possível implementar melhorias através de futuros trabalhos.

Nos projetos de sistemas de abastecimento de água, em especial aqueles em regiões acometidas por fatores limitantes como acesso e informação, comumente se faz necessário obter soluções práticas e econômicas. Um dos fatores limitantes é o surgimento de impedições físicas, como vales e rios, exigindo que se faça a transposição de aquedutos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar para o leitor um sistema de travessia que vise solucionar o caso em específico do projeto de abastecimento de água da comunidade de Faz das Flores, distrito de Felixlândia no estado de Minas Gerais, especificando um modelo estrutural apropriado. Para tal, elaborou-se um modelo baseado na concepção de pontes suspensas na qual o aqueduto é suportado por cabos de aço ancorados em elementos estruturais de concreto armado. Na análise, utilizou-se o software SCIA Engineer para a modelagem numérica em elementos finitos e o software MathCAD 15.0 para cálculos complementares, sendo os elementos estruturais dimensionados e verificados conforme diretrizes normativas aplicáveis. Pelos resultados, foi possível analisar a envoltória crítica de esforços e a influência dessas no comportamento da estrutura, principalmente em relação aos esforços horizontais que possuem expressivo impacto nas solicitações internas como, por exemplo, nos momentos fletores nos pilares. Por fim, conclui-se que o sistema adotado para o estudo de caso atendeu aos objetivos de forma satisfatória, sendo ainda possível implementar melhorias através de futuros trabalhos.

This paper outlines the advantages of using carbon fibre reinforced polymer cables in larger span structures such as a suspen dome, apart from their usage in bridge works which is popular. The material is analyzed and the result is compared with the traditional steel material. Based on the result, the paper describes how carbon fibre reinforced polymer creates the possibilities for a future development in cable structures such as a suspen dome which is a roof system

HDOPLAST HNS series non-stick bedding compounds are low smoke and non-corrosive flame retardant zero halogen bedding compounds. Thanks to its unique and patented formulation it provides no adhesion to polyolefin insulation as well polyolefin sheathing during extrusion of thin and thick wall section cables without TALC POWDER. It is suggested to use in tandem and co-ex extrusion processes not suitable for two-pass extrusion.

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The London 2012 Olympic Stadium roof was constructed as a cable net covered by a flat PVC-coated polyester fabric membrane supported by an oval compression truss and an inner tension ring. As part of the geometric and mechanical control of the constructed structure, the forces installed in the most relevant cables were assessed using the vibration method. Particular characteristics of these cables, such as the flexibility of anchorages, the short length, low tension and bending effects were among the difficulties found, preventing the direct application of the vibrating chord formula to estimate force on the basis of measured natural frequencies. In order to reduce as much as possible the errors in force estimates, a methodology combining numerical finite element modeling with experimental testing was applied. This comprehended in particular the modeling of the cables with adjustable rotational springs, the corresponding constants being fitted on the basis of the measured natural frequencies. This paper describes the methodology applied in the identification of force in different conditions, showing that the combination of high-quality vibration measurements with finite element analysis of individual cables can provide a robust and powerful identification tool in many situations where the vibrating chord theory fails. Furthermore, the differences of pre-stress to theoretical values are characterised and discussed in face of the sensitivity of structural members to fabrication and erection tolerances.

In this paper, I shall attempt to provide evidence that the relatively new field of New Materialisms may hold the key to meeting the challenge of global inequality in networked information system access. New Materialisms thinking provides a new set of ontological and epistemological tools that I argue can be of great benefit to the objective of providing equal access to critical information on a global scale, and to solving the practical, economic, and cultural challenges this objective. The main objective of this paper, however, is not to present a final solution to this problem, but to put forth an argument that suggests and encourages further research into the field, seen through the prism of New Materialisms. I shall present this argument by first describing the inequality challenge at hand as seen by major thinkers in the Information Studies field, including results of concrete, ethnographic studies presented by these researchers. I will then move on to presenting the key concepts of New Materialisms as this particular viewpoint has emerged in recent years, referencing the leading thinkers currently contributing to the field. Finally, this paper will conclude with an argument utilizing the aspects of New Materialisms that I believe are convincing epistemological and ontological tools in the quest to widen access to networked information sources in areas that are currently disenfranchised in this matter, compared to other areas.

Nowadays in all hospital patient monitoring systems are usually offline, the physiology data of the patient, sending from one location to the other through computer is quit costly. So this data can be using only within a hospital. In some cases continual monitoring of patient is required. Existing system of patient monitoring consumes more power, and less accessibility. In this project we mainly discussed Heart Beat signal monitoring system. This is implemented using a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), Heart beat rate sensor to sense the heart beats of patient from remote location, RF module to transmit and receive the data and power supply unit. This consumes less power than a typical microcontroller based system. Here, FPGA chip is taken as the central processor and applies structured design on Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) to collect and transmit real-time Heart Beat signals. This system called the wireless sensor node for specific application of real time Heart Beat signal Monitoring based on FPGA.

The design and construction of tall, slender steel structures always presents a challenge. This paper presents design aspects (structural system information, analysis methods, applied loads and cost optimisation) and a case study relating to the design and construction of tall windbreak panels 10 m in height. These windbreak panels were constructed in a Greek electricity-producing industry in order to reduce wind turbulence and improve the performance of its Air Cooled Condenser (ACC). The steel columns were constructed from hot-rolled IPE 360 cross sections with a height of 10 m, supported by cables in the wind direction and bracing systems in the transverse direction. Concrete anchorages for the cables and concrete footings for the steel columns were used. System optimisation in terms of the steel weight, cable weight and overall costs is discussed and practical issues are explained in terms of technical decisions. Furthermore, construction details, construction methods and cost estimation are discussed.

The design and construction of tall and slender steel structures is always challenging. This paper discusses several design aspects (structural information , analysis methods, applied loads, cost optimisation) and a case study regarding the design and construction of 10-m-tall windbreak panels for a Greek electricity producer. The purpose of the panels is to reduce wind turbulence and improve the performance of the electricity producer's air-cooled condenser. In this case, the main wind load acts in the longitudinal direction, with friction inducing only a small amount of wind load in the transverse direction. The steel columns are constructed from 10-m-tall hot-rolled IPE 270 (S235) cross-sections, and are supported by cables in the longitudinal direction and bracing systems in the transverse direction. Concrete anchorages and concrete footings are used for the cables and steel columns, respectively. System optimisation is investigated in terms of the steel weight, cable length, and overall cost, and practical issues are explained regarding technical decisions. Furthermore, the construction details, construction methods, and cost estimation are discussed.

Cable barrier systems consisting of steel cables mounted on widely spaced weak posts are one of the most commonly used guardrail systems to protect errant vehicles from roadside hazards. When a vehicle impacts cable barriers, the cables are stretched, producing tension forces that safely redirect the impacting vehicle. The estimation of the energy absorbed during a vehicle barrier crash can aid in accident reconstructions, as it relates to estimation of the initial impact velocity, crash severity, and other accident features such as the occupant injuries during the accident. This article details an accident reconstruction technique developed for estimating the energy absorbed during a cable barrier impact. This absorbed energy comprises several components: (1) plastic deformation and rotation of posts in soil or a rigid foundation, (2) tire-ground interaction, (3) internal cable energy, and (4) frictional losses during vehicle-barrier interaction. Charts were developed to estimate the energy absorbed by deforming S3 £ 5.7 posts. Three full-scale crash tests, conducted on straight and curved, three-cable barrier systems were used to validate the proposed methods. For both systems, the vehicles' estimated initial velocities using the reconstruction technique were within 1% and 10% of the actual velocities of the vehicle, respectively.

This paper demonstrates the use of scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) in analyzing water
trees in the insulation of field-aged high voltage
cables. Images of surface topography of
water trees were acquired by detecting the
backscattered electrons. Elemental composition
and distributions profiles inside the
water trees were obtained by measuring the
characteristic X-rays generated by the primary
electron beam using energy dispersive
spectrometry (EDS). Results are discussed in
terms of the usefulness of the SEM technique
for imaging water trees in polyethylene insulation
materials and its elemental detection
capability in the water trees.

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Dynamic tension in power transmission lines generated by wind-induced vibrations is a critical issue in the design of wind-resistant power transmission towers. Wind-induced vibrations in transmission lines exhibit nonlinear geometric characteristics Using the vibration equation for a continuous cable system, the dynamic tension generated in a transmissioOn line by along-wind loading was decomposed into the two components of static nonlinear effects dependent on the mean wind speed and dynamic linear effects caused by turbulent wind, in the equilibrium plane. The two modes that contribute most to the dynamic tension in a transmission line are the first out-of-plane mode and the first symmetric in-plane mode. This allows the dynamic cable equation to be decoupled, allowing the time- and frequency-domain solutions of the along-wind dynamic tension to be obtained. The effectiveness of this proposed method is demonstrated by a real transmission line and a comparison of the results with a nonlinear finite element analysis."

This paper presents a free vibration analysis of cable structures based on the isogeometric approach. The nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) basis functions are employed to represent both the exact geometry of cable and displacement fields. In order to enrich the basis functions, the h-, pand k-refinement strategies are implemented. Therefore, these refinement schemes increase the accuracy of solution fields. For determining the static configuration of slack cables as a reference configuration, the well-known penalty method is used. Three numerical examples for slack and taut cable structures are presented in which different refinement schemes are utilized to obtain the converged results. The accuracy and reliability of the present numerical method are verified by comparing the natural frequencies with the results given by other researchers.

A description of an experimental investigation involving the study of the dynamic interaction between the cables and the deck/towers system in cable-stayed bridges is presented. The work was carried out on a physical model of a cable-stayed bridge (the Jindo Bridge, in South Korea), whose characteristics of stiffness and mass have been conveniently scaled. Standard modal analysis tests were performed using both an electrodynamic shaker and a shaking table, leading to the creation of a high quality data base, characterizing the ...

The International Guadiana Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge crossing the Guadiana River, which marks the southern border between Portugal and Spain. The bridge has a central span of 324 m and a total length of 666 m and was open to traffic in 1991. Despite the globally satisfying behaviour under the common environmental loads, which largely ensures the bridge serviceability, frequent episodes of cable vibration have been observed since completion of the construction. In this paper, the bridge modal properties and dynamic behaviour, identified from repeated campaigns of vibration data acquisitions, are compared with the response of a three-dimensional finite element model, including the description of the cable transversal motion. The model, after minor updating, furnishes a realistic reproduction of the current bridge dynamic behaviour. Then different possible justifications of the local vibrations are evaluated, briefly scanning the known sources of large amplitude cable oscillations both in the linear and the nonlinear field. In particular, the occurrence of different internal resonance conditions is deeply discussed, in order to verify whether the experimental observations could be really justified by a cable–deck dynamic interaction mechanism. Among different possibilities, a beating phenomenon between two resonant modes, amplified by the lower damping and inertial characteristics of the local mode with respect to the global one, is selected as the most critical cable excitation source. Since the cable vibrations are proved to persist for different wind conditions, the heavy traffic load on the bridge deck is investigated as one possible source of the global mode direct excitation. On this respect, the model response to random load and moving forces acting on the bridge deck is numerically evaluated evidencing how some particular features of the real bridge behaviour can be qualitatively reproduced. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The International Guadiana Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge crossing the Guadiana River, which marks the southern border between Portugal and Spain. The bridge has a central span of 324 m and a total length of 666 m and was open to traffic in 1991. Despite the globally satisfying behaviour under the common environmental loads, which largely ensures the bridge serviceability, frequent episodes of cable vibration have been observed since completion of the construction. In this paper, the bridge modal properties and dynamic behaviour, identified from repeated campaigns of vibration data acquisitions, are compared with the response of a three-dimensional finite element model, including the description of the cable transversal motion. The model, after minor updating, furnishes a realistic reproduction of the current bridge dynamic behaviour. Then different possible justifications of the local vibrations are evaluated, briefly scanning the known sources of large amplitude cable oscillations both in the linear and the nonlinear field. In particular, the occurrence of different internal resonance conditions is deeply discussed, in order to verify whether the experimental observations could be really justified by a cable-deck dynamic interaction mechanism. Among different possibilities, a beating phenomenon between two resonant modes, amplified by the lower damping and inertial characteristics of the local mode with respect to the global one, is selected as the most critical cable excitation source. Since the cable vibrations are proved to persist for different wind conditions, the heavy traffic load on the bridge deck is investigated as one possible source of the global mode direct excitation. On this respect, the model response to random load and moving forces acting on the bridge deck is numerically evaluated evidencing how some particular features of the real bridge behaviour can be qualitatively reproduced.

2004): Las redes de telecomunicaciones de cable histórico: realidad y tendencias. Nº 11. Noviembre. Año VII. Páginas: 67-89 http://www.ucm.es/info/seeci/Numeros/Numero 11/InicioN11.html RESUMEN Los operadores de cable histórico en España han actuado como dinamizadores de las comunicaciones durante décadas, garantizando la recepción de la televisión en numerosos municipios. El caso de Cataluña permite analizar el peso territorial y de negocio de las empresas de cable local. Los cambios legislativos y la consolidación y la opción de ofrecer los servicios de Internet y telefonía están provocando en esas redes locales de telecomunicaciones por cable un escenario de cambio, en el que se observan diversas opciones de adaptación. La absorción por parte de los grandes operadores, la desaparición o la continuidad en solitario son los posibles caminos de futuro para estas redes.