Building Integrated Photovoltaics

The efficiency of photovoltaic modules depends mainly on the cell operating temperatures. Performance enhancement of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels by passive cooling has been investigated both experimentally and with computational modeling. It has been shown that mounting the BIPV with a narrow channel can reduce the operating temperature of the photovoltaic panel. This enhancement in the heat transfer from the PV panel results in decreasing the average temperature of the PV panel from 5 to 10 C. Results show that having a 30 cm channel beneath the panel can increase the electrical output by 3e4%. This increase in PV output can translate into a significant amount over the life cycle of a given PV module. Various channel aspect ratios have been tested in order to correlate the enhancement in performance to the cooling channel geometry. There is significant consistency between the experimentally measured PV panel surface temperatures and those obtained from the computational model.

The efficiency of photovoltaic modules depends mainly on the cell operating temperatures. Performance enhancement of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels by passive cooling has been investigated both experimentally and with computational modeling. It has been shown that mounting the BIPV with a narrow channel can reduce the operating temperature of the photovoltaic panel. This enhancement in the heat transfer from the PV panel results in decreasing the average temperature of the PV panel from 5 to 10 C. Results show that having a 30 cm channel beneath the panel can increase the electrical output by 3e4%. This increase in PV output can translate into a significant amount over the life cycle of a given PV module. Various channel aspect ratios have been tested in order to correlate the enhancement in performance to the cooling channel geometry. There is significant consistency between the experimentally measured PV panel surface temperatures and those obtained from the computational model.

On the road towards Low or Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB), both a reduction of energy demand and on-site electricity generation from renewable energy systems becomes necessary. Recently, Photovoltaics (PVs) have been widely used in modern buildings as part of the façade, mounted on the envelope or integrated as construction elements. This work investigates the effect of the PV facade configuration on the energy demand and visual comfort of an office building under the semi-continental climate conditions of Prague. Different BIPV systems are compared, focusing on the competing functions associated with the PV system in terms of electrical, thermal and daylighting performance.

Renewable energy policies emphasize both the utilization of renewable energy sources and the improvement of energy efficiency. Over the past decade, built-in photovoltaic (BIPV) technologies have mostly focused on using photovoltaic ideas and have been shown to aid buildings that partially meet their load as sustainable solar energy generating technologies. It is challenging to install conventional photovoltaic systems on curved facades. In this research, elastic solar panels assisted by flexible photovoltaic systems (FPVs) were developed, fabricated, and analyzed on a 1 m2 scale. A flexible structure on a flat, hemispherical, and cylindrical substrate was studied in real terms. Using the LabVIEW application, warm and dry climate data has been recognized and transmitted online. The results showed that when installed on the silo and biogas interfaces, the fill factor was 88% and 84%, respectively. Annual energy production on the flat surface was 810 kWh, on the cylindrical surface wa...

In this paper, the methodology used to assess the probability of no impact of space debris and meteoroids on a spacecraft structure was applied to the space station solar array assembly. Starting with the space debris and meteoroids flux models, the projected surface area of the solar cell string circuit of the solar array panel and the mast longeron, and the design lifetime, the probability of no Impact on the solar array mast and solar, cell string circuits was determined as a function of particle size. The probability of no impact on the cell string circuits was used to derive the probability of no open circuit panel. The probability of meeting a certain power requirement at the end of the design lifetime was then calculated as a function of impacting particle size. Coupled with a penetration and damage models/correlations which relate the particle size to the penetration depth and damage, the results of this analysis can be used to determine the probability of meeting the power requirement given a degree of redundancy, and the probability of no impact on the solar array mast.

This Research is focusing to design technical and financial viability of Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) from a study case of existing building in Jakarta, first by reduce Building’s energy consumption and employing renewable energy sources. The results showed that energy savings from implementing green building concept could reduce electricity usage by 18%and Return on Investment (ROI) 3.86 years, the utilization of the working scheme of the condenser pump to be used as a micro hydro power plant will generate Electric Power of 733.83 kW and have the potential to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN by 26% and ROI 3.5 years, the installation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) has Potential to generated electricity 802,344 MWh/Year or 3% to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN and ROI 137 Years. In general, the NZEB potential is 47% to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN.

This study evaluates thermal comfort and energy efficiency in residential buildings in Oran and Béchar, Algeriaregions with contrasting climates. Using TRNSYS dynamic simulation, it examines how three types of building envelopes affect temperature stability and energy demands for heating and cooling. Findings highlight that building envelope design and material choice significantly impacts energy efficiency. Advanced 3D panel technology demonstrated notable energy savings, reducing consumption by up to 29% compared to traditional materials, while also maintaining thermal comfort in both climates. The study further investigates the energy performance of 3D panels, double-brick walls, and insulated double walls, showing that 3D panel systems consistently lower energy consumption by reducing heating and cooling needs. These results underscore the value of climate-responsive designs and passive cooling strategies, positioning 3D panel technology as a promising solution for enhancing thermal comfort and reducing energy use in Algeria's residential sector.

Numerous increases in CO2 emissions are recognizable nowadays. Consequently, building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) glows up as a trendy future solution. BIPVs are introduced by substituting one of the building components with a green energy harvesting source seeking for sustainability. Herein, we propose a BIPV techno-economic feasibility by utilizing in-Lab fabricated semi-transparent solar cells as a glass interface. Three alternatives have been taken into consideration with proposing on-roof Photovoltaic (PV) system (alternative #1) and semi-transparent solar cells working as glass interfaces (alternative #2) while keeping the governmental grid as a reference alternative (alternative #3). Daylight simulations and electric lighting loads optimization are investigated showing an overall energy budget per alternative. An optimum alternative with an overall excess energy of around 88 MWh as annual energy production was reached, while satisfying 100% of the targeted electrical load...

One of the biggest challenges is towards ensuring large-scale integration of photovoltaic systems into buildings. This work is aimed at presenting a building integrated photovoltaic system power prediction concerning the building’s various orientations based on the machine learning data science tools. The proposed prediction methodology comprises a data quality stage, machine learning algorithm, weather clustering assessment, and an accuracy assessment. The results showed that the application of linear regression coefficients to the forecast outputs of the developed photovoltaic power generation neural network improved the PV power generation’s forecast output. The final model resulted from accurate forecasts, exhibiting a root mean square error of 4.42% in NN, 16.86% in QSVM, and 8.76% in TREE. The results are presented with the building facade and roof application such as flat roof, south façade, east façade, and west façade.

A significant part of the world global energy consumption is used to heat and/or and cool buildings. While insulation regulations are gradually strengthened in several counties, decentralized energy generation (such as the building-integrated photovoltaic, BIPV) is more and more considered as a strong lever to improve the energy self-consumption of the building and mitigate the impact of the large urban areas on climate change. Our researches aim to promote new photovoltaic systems on the concretebased envelop (more especially by the way of an aesthetical cladding system) in order to increase the value of residential and office buildings. A durable multi-layer's system based on ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), specific structural adhesives and solar cells (or films) has been developed to be directly cladded on the façades of buildings. After demonstrating the durability of the multilayers using different aging tests in laboratory, the production of a fully integrated cladding system, based on concrete, has been demonstrated in pre-cast plant in 2017. The next step, under progress, is the building of an outdoor demonstrator, which will be helpful to give proofs of durability under weathering and monitor the efficiency the PV façade panels for different sun exposures over several years.

A significant part of the world global energy consumption is used to heat and/or and cool buildings. While insulation regulations are gradually strengthened in several counties, decentralized energy generation (such as the building-integrated photovoltaic, BIPV) is more and more considered as a strong lever to improve the energy self-consumption of the building and mitigate the impact of the large urban areas on climate change. Our researches aim to promote new photovoltaic systems on the concretebased envelop (more especially by the way of an aesthetical cladding system) in order to increase the value of residential and office buildings. A durable multi-layer’s system based on ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), specific structural adhesives and solar cells (or films) has been developed to be directly cladded on the façades of buildings. After demonstrating the durability of the multilayers using different aging tests in laboratory, the production of a fully ...

Photovoltaic semi-transparent materials (STPV) integrated into glazing systems can offer good potential for energy saving to buildings, influencing heating loads, cooling loads, and lighting, as well as electricity production. Moreover, with the new stringent regulations issued by various European countries, following the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2010/31/EC), the building envelope, including the glazing elements, needs to have high thermal performance to guarantee Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) behavior. This work presents an assessment of energy saving potential of 4 different types of STPV with respect to conventional double pane glass. Dye sensitized solar modules (DSM) and thin film modules were considered in the study. Simulations based on an IEA reference office building (STD) and on reference buildings prescribed by the new Italian building energy performance regulation (NZEB) were carried out. All the glazing peculiarities could be simulated using only one simulation tool, namely IDA ICE 4.7.1. Dye sensitized solar modules resulted as the best performing devices for all orientations and climate zones. The work also evidenced how the requirements of NZEB seem to be too stringent for insulation properties, especially for the climate zone of Rome.

The paper outlines the basic information on photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation on solar cells made of different materials (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon, etc.), as well as on building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV). Moreover, examples of the use of solar cells in contemporary architecture worldwide, Serbia and the Republic of Srpska are given. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the solar cells are increasingly used as façade elements and a source of electrical energy in the building sector. In future cities solar cells and BIPV systems will play evermore an increasingly significant role in façade forming and electrical energy generation in the residential and other types of objects.

The paper outlines the basic information on photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation on solar cells made of different materials (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon, etc.), as well as on building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV). Moreover, examples of the use of solar cells in contemporary architecture worldwide, Serbia and the Republic of Srpska are given. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the solar cells are increasingly used as façade elements and a source of electrical energy in the building sector. In future cities solar cells and BIPV systems will play evermore an increasingly significant role in façade forming and electrical energy generation in the residential and other types of objects.

The paper focuses on the analysis and assessment of the possibilities of building integrated PV (BIPV) systems of 1 kW electricity generation in Banja Luka in the Republic of Srpska. Special attention was paid to average monthly sum of global solar irradiation per square meter received by horizontally, optimally and vertically inclined and south-oriented solar modules of 1kW BIPV system and total for year electricity production from 1 kW BIPV system with horizontally, optimally and vertically inclined and southoriented solar modules of different materials for Banja Luka, obtained by PVGIS. In addition, comparison was made of total for year electricity production of 1kW BIPV system with horizontal, optimal and vertical inclination and south-oriented solar modules of monocrystalline silicon, CdTe and CIS in Banja Luka. The research estimated the proportion of BIPV systems power generation according to different types of PV modules and installation methods. The data could serve as a useful reference for the application of BIPV systems in buildings.

This work presents various models developed and implemented within the SOPHIA European project in order to thermally characterize PV modules in a rooftop BIPV configuration. Different approaches have been considered, including a linear model, lumped elements models and models that make use of commercial software solvers. The validation of the models performed by comparing the results of simulations with experimental data recorded on a test bench over an entire year is presented and discussed on a seasonal basis. The results have shown that all the models implemented allow achieving a good prediction of the PV modules back surface temperature, with the minimum value of the coefficient of determination R 2 around 95% on a yearly basis. Moreover, the influence of season weather conditions and of the incident solar irradiance magnitude on the accuracy of the considered thermal models is highlighted. The major result of the present study is represented by the fact that it has been possible to perform a better thermal characterization of the BIPV module by tuning some of the heat transfer coefficients, such as those relative to the effects of the wind velocity, and to the evaluation of sky temperature.

Currently, the use of renewable energy sources in electrical networks has increased more than ever before, owing to its clean, low-cost, and long-term characteristics. In small-scale networks, such as hybrid networks, energy management provides a number of advantages, including a decrease in power losses and the simplicity of the control process. The installation of solar PV systems, on the other hand, presents a number of difficulties for households that choose to do so. Solar production is low in cloudy weather, which usually occurs after rain, yet there is a pressing need to make use of energy. The need to provide a load that consumes more current than the solar PV system can supply on a normal day. With this project, we are addressing these problems by providing a way for households that wish to maintain access to energy even when there is insufficient sunshine for their solar PV system to operate effectively. In this work, the energy consumption of a proposed 100KVA hybrid PV system is the primary focus. The proposed system is expected to meet the annual load demand of the typical office complex of 131830.7 kWh using a PV system, which supplies electricity to the typical office complex between the hours of 8am and 4pm, Monday through Friday. A total of 4.44 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation is received by the Typical Office Complex, which maintains an average temperature of 28.010C on a daily basis. According to the system's estimations, the DC energy generated by the system is 2043710 kWh/year on average; on the other hand, the accessible energy exported to the batteries is 105065 kWh/year on average, according to the system. An investigation and documentation of the effect of weather conditions on the overall performance were carried out. The proposed hybrid PV plant is economically viable; it is expected to meet the complex's energy requirements efficiently and reliably in the future.

The availability of energy is a key factor affecting sustainable development. Consumers losing electricity supply due to constraints on electrical power utilities is very common in developing countries. In this paper the technical and economic feasibility of using solar photovoltaics (PV) as a grid independent backup power source which can match the existing consumer load profiles is investigated. A system design methodology that takes into account the seasonal variation in load profiles is developed based on load analysis, PVGIS pre-sizing and PVsyst system performance simulations. The technical and economic performance of the backup system is compared to that for a gridconnected system and a standalone system with scheduled load, all designed for the residential load and weather conditions of a case study location. Impact of shading, a common uncertainty which affects the technical performance of PV systems, on the backup system is also investigated. Results demonstrate the trade-offs in providing solar PV backup power for load matching.

The availability of energy is a key factor affecting sustainable development. Consumers losing electricity supply due to constraints on electrical power utilities is very common in developing countries. In this paper the technical and economic feasibility of using solar photovoltaics (PV) as a grid independent backup power source which can match the existing consumer load profiles is investigated. A system design methodology that takes into account the seasonal variation in load profiles is developed based on load analysis, PVGIS pre-sizing and PVsyst system performance simulations. The technical and economic performance of the backup system is compared to that for a gridconnected system and a standalone system with scheduled load, all designed for the residential load and weather conditions of a case study location. Impact of shading, a common uncertainty which affects the technical performance of PV systems, on the backup system is also investigated. Results demonstrate the trade-offs in providing solar PV backup power for load matching.

The evaluation of the impact of a transparent BIPV glass on an office building energy demands is presented for two climatic areas in Spain. The BIPV glass evaluated is a currently in development innovative technology consisting of a tandem structure of a photovoltaic active ultra-violet filter and organic infra-red photovoltaic cell. The evaluation is carried out with dynamic building simulation, using the experimental optical and electrical properties of the BIPV glass with new transparent BIPV model features. Conventional, acting as reference, and BIPV windows configurations are defined to fulfil the Spanish building code requirements. Then, the heating, cooling, and lighting energy demand, as well as the PV output are calculated, estimating the overall energy balance of the building. In terms of individual end uses, the consumption increases for heating and lighting, while decreasing for cooling. As a result, the total final energy increases in the heating dominated case and decreases in the cooling dominated. However, once accounting the PV generation the results show that the transparent BIPV glass presents an improvement of the overall energy balance by 47.2% and 17.2%, for warm and cold climatic regions in Spain, respectively.

Kumdere is a village located in İpsala, Edirne Turkey. This village's drinking water needs is provided with drawn water from the well. Water in the well is sent to the tank by a pump. The water, located in tank, meet the drinking water needs of the village. Pump system used, takes energy from the grid. In this study, a feasibility study was conducted in order to use solar panels, renewable energy, instead of this energy. In this way, it aims to ensure energy saving with the renewable energy. In preliminary studies is found out on information, such as installation costs, depreciation year, the price of water. In addition, monthly consumed water, solar power information is examined

Technological advancement in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) has converted the building façade into a renewable energy-based generator. The BIPV façade is designed to provide energy generation along with conventional design objectives such as aesthetics and environmental control. The challenge however, is that architectural design objectives sometimes conflict with energy performance, such as the provision of view and daylight versus maximum power output. In innovative cases, the characteristics of conventional BIPV façades have been modified by researchers to address such conflicts through customization as an emerging trend in BIPV façade design. Although extensive reviews exist on BIPV product types, design integration, adoption barriers and performance issues, research on BIPV customization has not been reviewed as a solution to BIPV adoption. This paper seeks to review the potential of BIPV façade customization as a means of enhancing BIPV adoption. The current paper identifies customization parameters ranging from the customization category, level, and strategies, and related architectural potential along with an assessment of their impact. The findings reflect that elemental and compositional level customization using combined customization strategies provide enhanced BIPV products. These products are well integrated for both energy generation and aesthetic applications with a power output increase of up to 80% in some cases. The paper concludes that a wide range of BIPV adoption barriers such as aesthetics, architectural integration, and performance can be overcome by appropriate BIPV customization.

In this thesis, three BIPV-installations has been simulated, the simulated results of each system have been compared to actual production for the real system. The parameters which are assessed in this thesis are production, performance ratio and different system losses. The BIPV-installations which are simulated, are Skarpnes, Solsmaragden and Brynseng located in Arendal, Drammen and Oslo respectively. The simulations are done by obtaining weather data, such as global horizontal irradiance and temperature. The weather data was retrieved in different ways. PVsyst was used to generate synthetic data, real measured data on site was used and weather stations located in close proximity was also used. A hypothesis has been carried out in this thesis, regarding facade installations are more beneficial for northern latitudes, compared to southern latitudes. This thesis simulated the same photovoltaic system mounted on the rooftop and on the facade. Installation located in northern latitudes had more similar production for facade compared to rooftop installations than installations for southern latitudes. South oriented facade installations are more productive compared to other orientations. The results of this thesis are in compliance with the literature for this professional area.

In this paper, analytical expressions have been derived for room air temperature of building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal (BISPVT) and building integrated opaque photovoltaic thermal (BIOPVT) systems each integrated to the roof of a room with and without air duct. Comparative studies have also been carried out between BISPVT and BIOPVT system each integrated to the faç ade and roof of a room with and without air duct for the cold climatic conditions of Srinagar, India. However, the present thermal model is also valid for different climatic conditions. It is observed that there are maximum (18.0 • C) and minimum (2.3 • C) rise in room air temperature for semitransparent photovoltaic thermal (SPVT) roof without air duct and opaque photovoltaic thermal (OPVT) faç ade with air duct respectively. Further, on the basis of sensitive analysis, it is also observed that increase of air mass flow rate (0.85-10 kg/s) through duct increases the room air temperature from 9.4 to 15.2 • C for SPVT roof for a given climatic and design parameters.

Numerous increases in CO2 emissions are recognizable nowadays. Consequently, building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) glows up as a trendy future solution. BIPVs are introduced by substituting one of the building components with a green energy harvesting source seeking for sustainability. Herein, we propose a BIPV techno-economic feasibility by utilizing in-Lab fabricated semi-transparent solar cells as a glass interface. Three alternatives have been taken into consideration with proposing on-roof Photovoltaic (PV) system (alternative #1) and semi-transparent solar cells working as glass interfaces (alternative #2) while keeping the governmental grid as a reference alternative (alternative #3). Daylight simulations and electric lighting loads optimization are investigated showing an overall energy budget per alternative. An optimum alternative with an overall excess energy of around 88 MWh as annual energy production was reached, while satisfying 100% of the targeted electrical load...

Performance, quality and reliability issues are becoming more and more important for the emerging photovoltaic markets worldwide. PV-grid connected systems allows consumer to reduce energy consumption from the electricity grid and, also, to feed excessive energy into the grid. This paper presents the results obtained from monitoring the first grid connected PV system in Albania which is composed by two sets of 12 panels of poly crystalline silicon modules connected in parallel; each with open circuit voltage 44.8V DC and nominal power is 190 Wp. The system is installed on the roof of the building of Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment. The system was monitored for one year. Electrical energy generated was fed through a low voltage grid, 220 V, 50 Hz, to the consumer. Monthly, daily and annual performance parameters of the PV system are evaluated which include: energy generated, system efficiency, inverter efficiency and array efficiency. The performance of PV system changes due to meteorological condition, technology of PV arrays, inverter technology and sizing. During monitoring period the efficiency of PV module ranged from around 17% for low insolation (around 500 W/m 2) to around 10% for highest value of insolation (around 1000 W/m 2). Also relationship between DC output power and AC output power seems to be almost linear, however for low irradiances, below 500 W/m 2 , losses in inverter increase. The equation fitting better the data seems to be Y =-0.02 ln(x) + 0.237 and correlation coefficient R 2 =0.834.

This paper is aimed to provide a holistic understanding on the issues related to partial shading: its causes, the theoretical and physical reasons behind it, its implications on the BIPV system. Furthermore  the possible mitigation techniques using the software (MPPT) and hardware solutions are discussed. Finally an example is given to illustrate the impact of partial shading and the economic benefits of employing various partial shading mitigation techniques into the BIPV system To aid the unfamiliar readers in this subject, a brief but comprehensive overview of important PV concepts are also given.

In the building sector there is a new tendency to integrate solar thermal technologies into buildings. These systems are known as Building-Integrated Solar Thermal (BIST) systems and offer several advantages in comparison with the Building-Attached (BA) installations. The present study is a critical review on modelling of BIST systems and also covers other types of BI solar configurations such as Photovoltaics (PV) and Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) in order to provide a better view of the literature. For some instances where the model and/or the system are interesting, BA systems are also cited. The studies are presented into groups, depending on the type of modelling (energetic, thermal, optical, etc) and based on the technical characteristics of each system (solar collector, skin façade, etc). The present work is the first part of an investigation about ¨BI solar thermal¨ modelling and it gives emphasis on the studies which focus on the building or on the interaction between the BI solar thermal system with the building. The study reveals that majority of the modelling treats BIPV and skin façades while there are very few studies on BIST systems. Thereby, more investigations on energetic, thermal, optical simulations for BIST installations particularly for active systems such as solar thermal collectors are necessary. On the other hand, innovative ideas such as systems with phase change materials, nanofluids, concentrating solar thermal could be also examined as a future prospect for modelling/simulation. Further development of environmental models on BIST systems is required.

The paper is focused on analyzing a first grid connected PV system recently installed in the building of Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment, composed by two sets of 12 panels of crystalline silicon modules connected in parallel with open circuit voltage 44.8 V DC and nominal power is 195 Wp. The objective of the study is finding a suitable empirical method to calculate electrical energy output of the system. Meteorological data (temperature, solar radiation, etc.) used for the calculation of electrical energy output for both methods are taken from the meteorological DAVIS station of the Experimental Laboratory of Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana. A MATLAB code was developed to compare the results of each empirical method regarding to efficiency and productivity of electrical energy output. Comparison of experimental data of electrical energy output from a grid connected PV system and calculated values using two different empirical methods, Evans method and Durisch method, showed a consistence difference. Both empirical methods give greater values of output electrical energy than experimental ones. Good linear correlation between three sets of data, demonstrate that the greater part of differences originate from loses in electrical system of PV system. Modifying Evans method and Durisch method with respective linear approximation equations defined experimentally offers a good empirical equation which can be used in analytical analysis and modeling of the PV system. Not very good correlation coefficients show that further experimental data are needed.

Developing Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NyZEB) represents a path toward sustainable communities and is required by international regulations, starting with 2018. Combined measures for reducing the energy demand and increasing the share of renewable energy systems in buildings are very much investigated for different types of buildings. One specific case is represented by the buildings where -as result of the green energy policies -renewables are already installed, but the NyZEB status is not reached yet. These buildings are main candidates in getting this status as the initial investment required is significantly lower. A novel methodology is presented for this type of buildings aiming at identifying the optimal combination of actions to be taken for reducing the energy demand and developing optimized renewable energy mixes, integrating the existing ones, up to the (Ny)ZEB status. Following this methodology, a cases study is presented -the Solar House (low energy building with geothermal system and solar energy convertors) and the steps followed for reaching the Zero Energy Building standards are presented. Considering the current energy status of the building, the renewable energy potential and the costs, a tracked PV string array is proposed to be added and the steps in design optimization are outlined.

Climate change is a global concern that has a significant impact on urban environments. Cities contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, estimated to be 75% of global CO2 emissions. To combat this issue, it's necessary to implement sustainable solutions that promote clean energy & reduce rising temperatures in urban Environment. One such solution involves integrating photovoltaic cells into the urban environment elements to mitigate urban heat islands caused by emissions from cooling systems used for achieving thermal comfort in buildings, the research methodology involves a theoretical analysis of heat islands and explores how PV cell applications currently available in the market can address this issue supported by an analytical study of applied projects that utilize photovoltaic applications, the research findings emphasize the significance of integrating PV cells into the urban environment. This integration serves multiple purposes, including reducing heat islands, decreasing harmful carbon emissions, providing clean energy, and supporting public health.

One of the most abundant renewable energy resources is solar energy. In the construction sector, buildings are the largest human fabric intercepting solar radiation; they are a driving sector for developing solar energy uses especially those for generating electricity; Photovoltaics (PV). PV can produce on-site electricity with no harmful emissions. Generally, PV modules (PVs) are placed as a lay-on or additive solution to the building external envelope. Initially, they were secured to the roof or onto a facade using a metal structure with the sole function of generating energy. Afterwards, PVs were thought of as buildings components "part of the building external envelope", thus becoming multifunctional construction materials bringing “added value” to building materials. Hence, the idea of integrating PVs in buildings arose and the Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems (BIPVs) concept was introduced. There are various typologies of BIPVs and vast number of factors/cons...

h i g h l i g h t s • The energy analysis of a-Si semi-transparent PV module integrated on Trombe wall faç ade is evaluated. • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been applied to predict the temperature and velocity distribution in the test room model. • The experimental results show that 10% of solar radiation transmittance has been supplied by using a semi-transparent a-Si solar cell. • The experimental daily average electrical and thermal efficiency of this system can reach 4.52% and 27.2% respectively. • As the surface temperature of the PV module decreases, the electrical efficiency increases.

Most issues carried out about building integrated photovoltaic (PV) system performance show average losses of about 20%-25% in electricity production. The causes are varied, e.g., mismatching losses, partial shadows, variations in currentvoltage (I-V) characteristics of PV modules due to manufacturing processes, differences in the orientations and inclinations of solar surfaces, and temperature effects. These losses can be decreased by means of suitable electronics. This paper presents the intelligent PV module concept, a low-cost high-efficiency dc-dc converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions, control, and power line communications (PLC). In addition, this paper analyses the alternatives for the architecture of gridconnected PV systems: centralized, string, and modular topologies. The proposed system, i.e., the intelligent PV module, fits within this last group. Its principles of operation, as well as the topology of boost dc-dc converter, are analyzed. Besides, a comparison of MPPT methods is performed, which shows the best results for the incremental conductance method. Regarding communications, PLC in every PV module and its feasibility for grid-connected PV plants are considered and analyzed in this paper. After developing an intelligent PV module (with dc-dc converter) prototype, its optimal performance has been experimentally confirmed by means of the PV system test platform. This paper describes this powerful tool especially designed to evaluate all kinds of PV systems. Index Terms-Communication system fault diagnosis, dc-dc power conversion, frequency-shift keying (FSK), photovoltaic (PV) power systems, pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) power converters. I. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS IN BUILDING ENVIRONMENT R ENEWABLE energy sources (RES) are considered as a technological option for significantly contributing to the sustainable energy supply in Europe. PV energy generates electricity from solar radiation and, at present, represents one of the RES emerging technologies due to the continuous cost reduction and technological progress. The minimum element in the manufacturing of PV systems is the PV module. A typical panel is composed of 30-36 series-connected solar cells, with an open-circuit voltage (V oc) near 20 V and a short-circuit current (I sc) around 3-4 A. For most applications, e.g., integration in building environment and autonomous applications, the power of one PV module is not Manuscript

This study aims at making an environmental assessment of the integration of active solar energy systems on building envelopes in southern Europe. More specifically, it focuses on energy production of active solar systems, as well as on the investigation of shading and insolation of indoor spaces in relation to the energy requirements and the visual comfort of inhabitants. For the needs of the present research, five active solar systems and three representative space typologies were selected for in-depth investigation. Autodesk Ecotect Analysis software v.5.2, Desktop Radiance v2.0 Beta and Clean Energy Project Analysis Software Retscreen4 were used for the simulations. The simulation results are presented and discussed comparatively. The findings indicate that the integration of active solar systems contributes to the reduction of the cooling and heating loads. In terms of natural lighting, the integration of active solar systems enables high levels of natural lighting while it minimizes glare issues for the majority of systems. The research highlights the role of building integrated active solar systems, both in the indoor built environment and in energy performance, introducing a comprehensive environmental approach. Moreover, it highlights the importance of an integrated architectural design approach in the built environment.

Building-Integrated Solar Thermal (BIST) systems are a new tendency in the building sector and provide multiple advantages in comparison with the Building-Added (BA) installations. The present paper is a critical review about solar system modelling with emphasis on BIST configurations. The review includes also BI solar systems which produce electricity (Photovoltaic: PV) or both electrical/thermal energy (Photovoltaic/Thermal: PVT) in order to provide a more complete view of the current literature. For some cases where the system and/or the model are of great interest, BA configurations are also cited. The references are presented separated into groups, based on the model type (thermal, energetic simulation, etc.) and system characteristics (solar thermal collector, skin façade, etc.). The present review is the 2 nd part of an investigation about BIST modelling and it focuses on modelling studies about the solar system itself. The results reveal that most of the investigations about BI configurations refer to PVT, PV or skin façades while there are few studies about BIST systems. Thus, there is a need for more investigations about BIST installations, especially for active configurations which could provide thermal (or electrical/thermal) energy for building energy requirements. On the other hand, more optical simulations as well as more life-cycle analysis studies about BIST are also necessary. Taking into account the findings of the 1 st part of the present investigation, majority of the BIST modelling studies focus on the system itself; thereby, more investigations which examine the system in conjunction with the building are needed. Moreover, concepts such as BI concentrating solar systems could also be examined provided that the system is viable from technical/economic point of view.

Building-Integrated Solar Thermal (BIST) systems are a new tendency in the building sector and provide multiple advantages in comparison with the Building-Added (BA) installations. The present paper is a critical review about solar system modelling with emphasis on BIST configurations. The review includes also BI solar systems which produce electricity (Photovoltaic: PV) or both electrical/thermal energy (Photovoltaic/Thermal: PVT) in order to provide a more complete view of the current literature. For some cases where the system and/or the model are of great interest, BA configurations are also cited. The references are presented separated into groups, based on the model type (thermal, energetic simulation, etc.) and system characteristics (solar thermal collector, skin façade, etc.). The present review is the 2 nd part of an investigation about BIST modelling and it focuses on modelling studies about the solar system itself. The results reveal that most of the investigations about BI configurations refer to PVT, PV or skin façades while there are few studies about BIST systems. Thus, there is a need for more investigations about BIST installations, especially for active configurations which could provide thermal (or electrical/thermal) energy for building energy requirements. On the other hand, more optical simulations as well as more life-cycle analysis studies about BIST are also necessary. Taking into account the findings of the 1 st part of the present investigation, majority of the BIST modelling studies focus on the system itself; thereby, more investigations which examine the system in conjunction with the building are needed. Moreover, concepts such as BI concentrating solar systems could also be examined provided that the system is viable from technical/economic point of view.

By the growth of global energy consumption and the increasing integration of renewable energies to the building, it becomes urgent to find innovative materials while increasing efficiency from energy conversions and lowering manufacturing costs. For this research, we began the study of replacement of glass used in solar panels by polymers having the function of converters of photons. Indeed, our led characterization tests have shown innovative polymers properties in the conversion of photons of UV to the visible range. This both, reduces the degradation of polymers exposed to UV and improves the power generation of PV cells. In fact, it is well known that conventional solar PV cells of terrestrial usage are more receptive to the range of visible than UV. By this method, we hope to reduce the cost of PV modules and increase conversion efficiency (up to 2-5%). Also, with these lighter materials the integration to roofs of buildings and agricultural greenhouses becomes very affordable.

Building retrofitting is seen as an efficient method for improving a building’s energy performance. On the other hand, when historical buildings are considered for this procedure, retrofitting gets more complicated. As historical buildings typically consist of low-performance building and energy systems, energy retrofits can be highly beneficial. However, not every retrofit technology can be installed in a historical building. In this paper, the study carried out for the implementation of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) solutions in the Historic Centre of Évora is provided, within the framework of the European project POCITYF (Project H2020). The study took into consideration all the observations of the Regional Directorate of Culture of Évora and the administration of the involved schools (including the Association of Parents), the needs of the Municipality of Évora, and the capabilities of technology developers ONYX and Tegola. The proposed solutions aim at fulfilling all...

In this paper, the basic information of BIPV systems and results of theoretical and experimental investigation of electrical energy generated by differently oriented PV modules as elements of BIPV systems in Banja Luka, are given. It was found that in the period from September 1, 2014 to August 31, 2015, optimally oriented polycrystalline silicon PV module of 50Wp generated 61.32 kWh, horizontal module 52.37 kWh, vertical module oriented toward the South 38.72 kWh, vertical module oriented toward the East 25.74 kWh, and vertical module oriented toward the West 24.98 kWh of electrical energy. For theoretical investigation of electrical energy generated with differently oriented PV modules, the PVGIS-CMSAF software is used. The obtained results can be applied in designing residential, commercial and other buildings with BIPV systems in the Republic of Srpska where such investigations have not been not been performed earlier. Keywords: PV electricity generation, BIPV systems, PVGIS-CMS...

Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system showed that it can combine the thermal energy system and the photovoltaic energy system to form a composite photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The system generates both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously. The suggested system is a photovoltaic plus solar thermal hybrid system which provide up to 4 times the total energy from the same surface area. We thought about using one photovoltaic module and use cheap mirrors to concentrate more sun light on the Photovoltaic module and by that we can produce more electricity with less cost. The problem about concentrating sun light on one module would lead to increase the temperature of the Photovoltaic module and by that photovoltaic module would decrease its efficiency, so we thought about cooling photovoltaic system by water and use the heated water. The tracking system for a PV/T Concentrator is an integration of several innovative proprietary technologies, such as 4 x geometrical solar concentration design, solar tracking, bifacial receiver concentration and PV panel cooling. The system has been designed, installed and tested under the climatic conditions of Cairo, Egypt. The system is provided with the necessary measuring instruments to carry out the required tests. The experimental results show that Bifacial-concentrated solar module with cooling has higher short circuit current and open circuit voltage with compared normal solar module. Thereby, the power produced by Bifacialconcentrated solar module with cooling is nearly 3 times the power produced by normal solar module. Also, the system produces a hot water with temperature average of 53°C.

Buildings consume large amounts of energy, and their transformation from energy users to producers has attracted increasing interest in the quest to help optimize the energy share, increasing energy efficiency and environmental protection. The use of energy-efficient materials is among the proposed approaches to increase the building’s energy balance, thus increasing the performance of building facades. Semitransparent building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), being one of the technologies with the potential to increase a building’s energy efficiency, is considered as a feasible method for renewable power generation to help buildings meet their own load, thus serving dual purposes. Semitransparent BIPV integration into buildings not only displaces conventional building facade materials but also simultaneously generates energy while retaining traditional functional roles. The awareness in improving building energy efficiency has increased as well as the awareness in promoting the use ...

This paper discusses applications of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) to retrofit residential buildings in Egypt to self-produce their own Energy needs, as the residential sector is the largest consumer of fossil fuels in Egypt. This requires attention to renewable Energy applications as a sustainable strategy that helps reduce the burden on the local economy, which is currently facing economic problems such as Inflation, high prices of Fossil Fuels, and a shortage of hard Currency. Also, this strategy reinforces Egypt's desire to achieve comprehensive sustainability by 2030 AD by increasing Energy production from renewable sources Such as Solar Energy, the research methodology follows an analytical theoretical approach. It begins with a theoretical study of the details of BIPV, followed by an analytical examination of residential projects that implement this concept from where the impact of these projects on Energy production and the reduction of harmful carbon emissions. Furthermore, a SWOT analysis evaluates the implementation of the integrated photovoltaic system in Egyptian buildings, aiming to provide suitable recommendations that address Weak points and threats to expanding BIPV applications. The research underscores the importance of relying on integrated photovoltaic applications in residential buildings due to their positive effects on the local economy, Individual income, and decreasing harmful Carbon Emissions. And the importance of collaborative efforts for widespread implementation across all residential buildings and others.

Optimization of Passive Solar Design and Integration of Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) System in Northern Housing and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.

Green Economy is a sustainable economic activity to be able to improve people's welfare without neglecting the impact that causes damage to the environment. This concept prioritizes economic activities with low carbon emissions. Currently, the largest carbon emissions are caused by power plants that still use non-renewable natural resources. One of the efforts made to reduce carbon emissions is to use a solar power plant, known as PV Solarcell. However, with new developments and discoveries for solar power plants, BIPV is perfected. BIPV is a solar power plant where the existing solar panels are attached to buildings or buildings. The aim of this research is to be able to create a new green economy business model for BIPV power plants by using lean canvas tools. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. This research starts from May to October 2022. The results of this study using the lean canvas concept can create an integrated and sustainable green economy business mo...

This paper show on impact of temperature decrease applied in Building Integrate Photovoltaics (BIPV) dimensioned on a photovoltaic solar tile with a superimposed photovoltaic arrangement model, in conditions of simulation of Standard Test Conditions for 1000 W/m2 irradiation, for maximum and minimum summer temperatures of Foz do Iguaçu city during 2017-2018. The simulation (Comsol Multiphysics®) uses different types for material tiles (concrete, polypropylene and PVC) and compares the system considering the influence of the materials in the civil-structural characteristics of the roof. The results showed that the efficiency behavior with temperature variations, produce a decrease of linear efficiency. While the, tile designs proposal has a 16% efficiency value in the datasheet in the same conditions. The results shows a decrease of efficiency and power with the increase temperature in the same conditions of the study, obtaining the respectively value of 0.05%/°C and 0.24%/°C.