Brick and tile (Archaeology)

This report presents results of historical and archaeological investigations of the Vitrified Products Corporation manufacturing plant, an architectural ceramics factory that operated in San Diego from 1923 to 1942. The factory site is located at the corner of Rosecrans Street and Pacific Highway near Old Town San Diego (Figures 1 and 2). The investigation combined historic research and archaeological excavations of the factory site. Archival research was conducted at the San Diego Historical Society Research Archives, City of San Diego Central Library, San Diego County Museum of Natural History Library, University of California at San Diego Central Library, and the Library of San Diego State University. The purpose of the project was to locate and identify archaeological remains of the factory and, through a combined interpretation of archival and archaeological data, determine how the kilns and related facilities operated. Remains of four downdraft kilns exemplifying two distinct designs and segments of a complex transfer flue system were identified. The site has been recorded at SDSU and the Museum of Man (Attachment 1). The kiln remains were initially discovered during grading for the County Mental Health Facility. Grading was halted, and the program described in this report was implemented to mitigate adverse impacts to the historic site. Production of this report completes the mitigation requirements identified by County staff. The preparation of this report was completed with information provided by Karl Gurcke, expert on brick and tile production. Mr. Gurcke provided valuable references and insight into the remains. His participation was necessary to the successful completion of the mitigation program

Im Ermland haben sich gut 40 mittelalterliche Landkirchen ganz oder teilweise erhalten. Sie entstanden in ihrer großen Mehrheit nach der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts, manche erst im 15. Jahrhundert. Gegen 1350/60 entwickelte sich der Typus der ermländischen dörflichen Pfarrkirche, der ganz charakteristische Merkmale besaß. Es handelte sich zumeist um einen ungewölbten und chorlosen Saalbau mit mächtigen Schmuckgiebeln an den Schmalseiten, einer Sakristei im Nordosten und einer Vorhalle am Eingang der Südseite. Ein zweites Portal befand sich im Westen, wo auch noch ein massiver oder hölzerner Glockenturm stehen konnte.

Ceramic material is certainly a key element in the cultural heritage, particularly in historical buildings. This material involves specific problems when addressing preservation, as well as conservation and restoration interventions.
This course is coordinated by International Association YOUTH IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-YOCOCU Spain, co-organized by Geosciences Institute IGEO (CSIC, UCM), Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass (SECV) and the Ceramic and Glass Institute (ICV-CSIC) and sponsored by ECerS, the JECS Trust and SECV.
The main goal of the course is to offer a training program of short duration focused on the ceramic material used in architectural heritage, including structural and decorative elements. Raw materials and technologies used for manufacturing, alteration and decay processes, characterization techniques for study and analysis, as well as new trends in conservation treatments will be addressed.

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This catalogue comprises over 1000 types of stamps on bricks produced in Saint Petersburg province in the mid-19th – early 20th century. Their types were recorded by the present authors in 1996–2016. These stamps are represented here at the scale of 1:100. The authors have attributed the stamps to the owners of brickworks. Of the latter, over 600 names have been revealed by studies of archive sources and reference books. The catalogue is supplemented by several appendices: lists of brick stamps found in buildings of Saint Petersburg, bricks imported from other provinces of the Russian Empire and from European countries.
The catalogue is preceded by an essay on the history of the Saint Petersburg brick-production industry of the 18th–19th century. The 18th century was characteristic of providing the construction works in the new capital through production of a few large government brick factories. In the early 19th century, the government factories were replaced by dozens works belonging to merchants or well-to-do peasants. These factories were constructed beyond the limits of the city’s territory on the banks of the rivers Neva, Slavyanka, Izhora and Tosna where deposits of clay were found. The large-scale extraction of this clay induced an essential change of the landscapes of these localities. In 1847, special regulations were issued according to directions of the emperor Nickolas I for the improvement of the quality of bricks delivered to Saint Petersburg and these directions were approved as the law. These were titled ‘Regulations on the measures for uniform and firm manufacturing of brick’ (Pravila o merakh dlya edinoobraznoy i prochnoy vydelki kirpicha) and they regulated strictly the technology of the production. In addition, a careful control was introduced over private factory owners within the surroundings of Saint Petersburg. On the evidence of documentary sources, the metropolitan brick-producing industry was raised to a qualitatively new level during ten years. Notwithstanding this fact, manufacture of bricks remained predominantly a manual procedure while the machine-made production of bricks was still unprofitable despite tens of experiments carried out to this purpose. Brick production traditionally was of a seasonable character continuing for three summer months. During that time, the major personnel of the workers was attracted from peasants of neighbouring provinces. The number of workers occupied in brickworks by the late 19th century was one of the largest among other branches of industry as compared with that in the iron foundries, mechanic, cotton-spinning and tobacco producing manufactures.
Analysis of the sources and collection of stamps suggests that stamping of bricks was started in Saint Petersburg only due to the introduction of the ‘Regulations…’ of 1847. Initially, stamping of bricks seemed unwonted and onerous procedure to the factory owners. However, in the conditions of the primary strict control, it became a norm. Further on, the recognition of the advantages of stamp as a trademark during free competition between the capitalists provided continuous use of stamps until the revolution of 1917 and even afterwards in the 1920s. Analysis of the stamps allows us to clear out the technological, stylistic and semantic peculiarities characteristic of different periods. Except for very rare cases, stamps in Saint Petersburg province were imprinted on the broad side of the bricks. During a short period from the late 1840s to the beginning of the 1850s, printed stamps struck with small metal punches without consideration of the borders of the brick were employed. In the 1850s, stamping matrices composed of large letters fixed separately on the bottom of the moulding box were employed. From the 1860s, almost all the stamps were imprinted using completely metal matrices attached to the bottom of the mould. Firstly, the contents of the stamps were limited to the two initial letters of the name of the factory owner; later three initial letters and the full family name became popular. In the 1870–1880s, the inscription of the family name in the genitive was typical, later it was marked in the nominative case. In a number of stamps, employment of standard printing types is found but, since the 1890s, letters sans serif came into use. Stamps either with an embossed text or with symbolic signs are very rare. For the inner quality control, many stamps were provided with the numbers of particular workers responsible for the moulding at the factory. Most of the stamps have been narrowly dated by the authors. It is supposed that this catalogue will significantly help the dating and repairs during restoration and archaeological investigations of historical buildings in Saint Petersburg. The comprehensiveness of this catalogue makes it a valuable source for different studies of the history of industry and advertising in pre-revolutionary Russia.

The elevation of Ravenna as a new Imperial see, at the beginning of the 5th century, determined a redefinition of the housing space
and the creation of new buildings destined for the Court and for the display of Imperial power. In this extensive urban renewal programme, materials and structures of the earlier Roman city came to be consistently reemployed. Reuse of tiles and architectural material was considerable, due to economic reasons and the necessity for immediate or rapid provision of necessary materials and structures for the Imperial bureaucracy. The re-employment of ancient materials (spolia) was so vast that most of the buildings of the previous Roman city were demolished and destroyed - even the larger public monuments. Temples, the area of the Forum, buildings for the administration and the civil basilica were all completely absorbed into the Late Antique urban fabric, without leaving any material evidence. In this contribution we will consider spolia as a material of common use involved in this process of transformation of an ancient city into a late antique one.
The main goal is to show that in this operation of spoliation of the past and the reuse of building materials during Late Antiquity there was no ideological intention - unlike the strategic use of spolia in the form of statuary and architectural works employed at Constantinople to identify this as the new symbolic capital of power.

In this study, the potentiality of Bangladesh zircon as a raw material for zirconia and zircon brick production was examined. Decomposition of zircon (ZrSiO4) into zirconia (ZrO2) was attempted by using caustic soda (NaOH) as the decomposition agent. 5-10 μm size zircon, 5-30 wt.% NaOH, and decomposition temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1500°C were investigated. X-ray diffraction method using Mo Kα radiation was used in order to find out the extent of decomposition of zircon into zirconia. Zircon bricks of 0.06 mm× 0.06 mm× 0.025 mm shaped were made under a pressure of 15 MPa. Carboxi methyal cellulose (CMC) and Fe2O 3 were used as a binder. With increasing temperature and percentage of NaOH, decomposition of zircon increases. Crushing strengths and density of these bricks could be found as high as 53.36 MPa and 3210 kg/m3, respectively. Bangladesh zircon can be used successfully for preparation of refractory bricks for high temperature use.

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In this work the author would like to describe the latest findings in the enviroment of the roman castell "Locus Felicis" near Wallsee-Sindelburg (Lower-Austria). The findings suggest that there had been at least one (maybe more) unknown brickyards. With the help of various archival primary sources and ground observations, the author tried to identify the locations of this roman brickyards to bring on nearer archaological surveys by specialists.

(In Finnish) Medieval brickmakers’ marks are a poorly studied set of signs used by brickmakers to sign their production. This article concentrates on the marks found in Aboa Vetus Museum, Turku. These bricks can be dated to late 15th century – early 16th century according to stratigraphy and comparison to similar marks at medieval stone churches. Further studies of the signs could reveal more of the ways brickmakers worked. The signs could also offer a relative dating method for masonry buildings. It’s also suggested that the marks could stand for the attributes of saints, thus hinting at the brickmaker’s given name.

In der nachfolgenden Arbeit soll die neu aufgefundene römische Baukeramik, welche um St. Pantaleon-Erla und Wallsee-Sindelburg zu Tage trat bearbeitet und der Forschung zugänglich gemacht werden.Weiters wird am Ende der Abhandlung versucht, Analogien hinsichtlich der verschiedenen auswertbaren Ziegelcharakteristika zwischen den Fundkomplexen herzustellen, um eine mögliche Zuordnung zu einer der bisher bekannten drei Ziegeleien im Umfeld der Lager Loco Felicis, Albing und Lauriacum zu postulieren.

Onderzoek naar de vormontwikkeling van de tegulae in het Romeinse militaire (grof)keramische productiecentrum op de Holdeurn bij Nijmegen. Daarbij is inzicht verkregen in de ontwikkeling van de baksels, vorm van de onderuitsnijdingen, randen en grootte (standaardmaten).  Het is mogelijk deze wijzigingen te vertalen naar een nauwkeuriger datering van de stempels.

A large number of plastic wastes have been collected from several places such as tourist and public places etc., High density polyethylene bags are collected, cleaned, and used as a replacement for cement in the manufacturing of Paver Blocks. Plastic waste is available in large quantity and hence the cost factor comes down. when we having waste plastic then we can use as reuse, recycle and reduce. Be mindful of what you do, pay attention to the items you buy, and always check yourself to see if you need it or if it comes in a package with less waste.

Arnold) 860 2. Forschungsstand 867 3. Die mittelalterliche Architektur im Ordensland 869 4. Der Burgenbau 871 4.1. Funktionsweise und bauliche Struktur der Konventsburgen 871 4.2. Die frühen Deutschordensburgen (1230 bis um 1270/80) 871 4.3. Das Aufkommen und die Etablierung des Kastellburgentypus 876 4.4. Die Marienburg als Hochmeistersitz (1309-1457) 889 4.5. Die Amtsburgen des Deutschen Ordens 898 4.6. Ragnit, Neidenburg, Bütow -Endpunkte des Burgenbaus in Preußen 903 4.7. Genese und Ausstrahlung der Deutschordensburgen 908 4.8. Die Burgen der Bischöfe und Domkapitel 909 5. Der Sakralbau 924 5.1. Zisterzienser und Bettelorden 924 5.2. Die Dome der preußischen Bistümer 925 5.3. Die Pfarrkirchen der preußischen Städte 940 5.4. Ermländische Stadtpfarrkirchen 955 5.5. Die Dorfkirchen im Preußenland 964 5.6. Die Pfarrkirchen im Samland 975 5.7. Die Sakralarchitektur in Pommerellen 978 5.7.1. Danzig -Zentrum spätgotischer Architektur 978 5.7.2. Klöster in Pommerellen 993 5.7.3. Die Pfarrkirchen der pommerellischen Städte und Dörfer 998 6. Der bürgerliche Profanbau in den Städten des Preußenlands 1008 6.DEU TSCHORDEN SL AN D PREUSSEN niedriger, schließt mit einer Baufuge an das Langhaus an, muss also jünger sein. Seine Gewölbe erhielt er erst 1645. Große Ähnlichkeit mit Putzig zeigen noch zwei weitere pommerellische Pfarrkirchen: St. Nikolai in Mewe/Gniew 160 (Abb. 1753) im südlichen Pommerellen, wo das Langhaus mit dem einge-I 1003 Abb.

This book studies six vaulting techniques employed in architecture outside of Rome and asks why they were invented where they were and how they were disseminated. Most of the techniques involve terracotta elements in various forms, such as regular flat bricks, hollow voussoirs, vaulting tubes, and armchair voussoirs. Each one is traced geographically via GIS mapping, the results of which are analyzed in relation to chronology, geography, and historical context. The most common building type in which the techniques appear is the bath, demonstrating its importance as a catalyst for technological innovation. This book also explores trade networks, the pottery industry, and military movements in relation to building construction, revealing how architectural innovation was influenced by wide-ranging cultural factors, many of which stemmed from local influences rather than imperial intervention.

Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome examines the methods and techniques that enabled builders to construct some of the most imposing monuments of ancient Rome. Focusing on structurally innovative vaulting and the factors that influenced its advancement, Lynne Lancaster also explores a range of related practices, including lightweight pumice as aggregate, amphoras in vaults, vaulting ribs, metal tie bars, and various techniques of buttressing. She provides the geological background of the local building stones and applies mineralogical analysis to determine material provenance, which in turn relates to trading patterns and land use. Lancaster also examines construction techniques in relation to the social, economic, and political contexts of Rome, in an effort to draw connections between changes in the building industry and the events that shaped Roman society from the early empire to late antiquity.

Lo scavo realizzato nell'area del Foro di Augusto delle strutture murarie e delle stratigrafi e relative alle fasi post-antiche ha consentito di documentare al loro interno sia la presenza di laterizi di età imperiale, in taluni casi contraddistinti dal bollo, di provenienza residuale o riutilizzati, sia una notevole quantità di laterizi interi fabbricati nei secoli xvi-xix.

U kasnorepublikansko i ranocarsko doba na prostoru provincije Dalmacije dolazi do naglog procesa urbanizacije koji s manjim zakašnjenjem zahvaća i njene unutrašnje oblasti. U stanju povećane građevinske aktivnosti javlja se i velika potreba za građevinskim materijalom, naročito opekom, koja u ranom periodu, usljed nedostatka
proizvodnih centara ovoga materijala na domaćem tlu, predstavlja glavni uvozni artikal iz stranih, pretežno sjevernoitalskih radionica. Nedugo zatim, stvaraju se uvjeti i za pokretanje lokalne opekarske proizvodnje koja u kratkom periodu nadomješta uvoz građevinske opeke izvana. Na teritoriji današnje Bosne i Hercegovine arheološki je ustanovljeno, odnosno istraženo ukupno deset ciglana. U ovom radu obrađuju se oni primjerci koji stepenom svoje očuvanosti i arheološke dokumentiranosti dozvoljavaju podvrgavanje tipološkoj analizi a to su, prije svega, ciglane u Višićima kod Čapljine, Ljusini kod Bosanske Krupe, Kovačićima u
Sarajevu i Skelanima, a potom i ciglane u Mogorjelu kod Čapljine, Dobrljevu (Krčevinama) kod Šipova i Studenim Vrilima (Mesihovini) kod Duvna.

The results of the typological study of the Old Kievan bricks of the premongol period are presented. Three main technological traditions  of brickmaking, based on the mould types, are revealed, which were in use consequently from the late 10th to early 13th centuries. The paper is accompanied with the table, including the references to the samples in the collections in Kiev, Novgorod, and St.Petersburg.

La production tégulaire est un élément important dans la structure économique de la province de Dacie. Les produits tégulaires ont été réalisé dans des of¿ cines civiles ou particuliers. En Dacie ont été identi¿ é 24 des fours et plus du 110 estampilles. La production tégulaire est bien connu dans la Dacie par les découverts archéologiques. On parle d'une production réalisé dans le milieu urbaine, car la majorité des estampilles proviennent d'ici. Aussi on obsèrve une production réalisé dans le milieu rurale, mais elle est inferieure.

The Grand Master's Palace is one of the most outstanding princely residences of the European late Middle Ages and deserves a detailed study, which is even more worthwhile due to its excellent state of preservation and a comprehensive tradition of written sources for some aspects. The aim of this work is to go beyond the scope of a classical monograph (description, dating, architectural history, structure of use, style, classification in the contemporary European architectural context) and to reconstruct, in as much detail as possible, the living conditions within the palace walls (events, functions, administrative activities, private life).

Der Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg diente zwischen 1331 und 1457 als Residenz für das Oberhaupt des Deutschen Ordens. Nach einem großartigen Erweiterungsbau zwischen den Jahren 1380 und 1396 zählte der Palast zu den herausragenden, modernsten und stilistisch eigenwilligsten Bauten seiner Art in Europa. Er war Ort für Repräsentation, Verwaltung und das private Wohnen eines mittelalterlichen Fürsten, ausgestattet mit dem höchsten Wohnkomfort seiner Zeit und zahlreichen technischen Innovationen. Hierzu gehörten eine zentrale Warmluftheizung, bequem zugängliche Toiletten, Wasserversorgung und versteckte Dienergänge, über die die Gäste des Hochmeisters mit ‚unsichtbarer Hand‘ Getränke und Konfekt gereicht bekamen. In zahlreichen Sälen (‚Remtern‘) fanden Verhandlungen, Ständetage, Schiedsgerichte, Ratssitzungen und Audienzen statt. Ein Hofstaat von über 100 Personen sorgte für das reibungslose Funktionieren aller öffentlichen und privaten Vorgänge in den Palastmauern. Die Quellen berichten dazu über die Tätigkeiten vom Kellerknecht über die Köche, Musikanten, Hofnarren und ‚Krüppel‘, Schreiber und Juristen, bis hin zum Kaplan und seinen Schülern. Die vorliegende Monografie basiert auf intensiven Forschungsarbeiten, die der Verfasser im Rahmen eines DFG-Projektes an der TU Berlin durchgeführt hat. Dabei werden die Baugeschichte bis ins Detail rekonstruiert, die europäischen Bezüge aufgezeigt und auch das Leben hinter den Palastmauern nachgezeichnet. Der Band ist mit zahlreichen historischen und aktuellen Fotos, Zeichnungen und Plänen großzügig ausgestattet.

Im Preußenland, dem Gebiet zwischen Weichsel und Memel, existierte vom 13. bis zum frühen 16. Jh. der Staat der Deutschordensritter. In der
Zeit der Ordensherrschaft entstand eine reiche Architekturlandschaft,
die vor allem durch ihre Burgen, eine Synthese aus Kloster und Befestigung, berühmt geworden ist. Daneben wurden fast 100 Städte gegründet, in denen rasch Kirchen, Stadtbefestigungen und Kommunalbauten aus Backstein heranwuchsen. Auch in den etwa 1000 neugegründeten Dörfern errichtete man zahlreiche Pfarrkirchen. Die Architektur im Ordensland zeigt ausgeprägte Merkmale einer eigenständigen Bautradition, die Gegenstand des Buches ist.
Der Verfasser, Professor für Kunstgeschichte an der Universität in Danzig, hat in seiner Arbeit alle mittelalterlichen Burgen, Kirchen und Rathäuser der Region erfasst und den Architekturbestand unter verschiedenen Fragestellungen ausgewertet. Im analytischen Teil wird die preußische Architekturlandschaft auf empirischer Basis untersucht. Der Katalog enthält eine vollständige Dokumentation aller Bauten (425 Objekte) mit einem umfangreichen Abbildungsteil.

Kompendium zamków krzyżackich i biskupich Wydawnictwo ARTES Niniejszy tom ma na celu wprowadzenie w fascynującą historię architektury zamków w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach, może być również przydatny jako przewodnik w podróży. Główny akcent spoczywa na czasach średniowiecza. W komentarzach i opisach przywołane zostały najistotniejsze informacje historyczne oraz dotyczące dziejów budowlanych poszcze-gólnych zamków. Autor: Studiował historię sztuki, ludoznawstwo niemieckie, slawistykę i nauki polityczne na Uniwer-sytecie Jana Gutenberga w Moguncji. W 1993 r. obronił pracę doktorską na temat późnośred-niowiecznych wież mieszkalnych w Nadrenii i nad Mozelą i pracował następnie jako wolny his-toryk sztuki i badacz architektury. W 1995 r. został powołany, jako profesor nadzwyczajny w Olsztynie. Habilitował się w 2005 r. w Greifswaldzie, na podstawie pracy o średniowiecznej ar-chitekturze w pruskich biskupstwach (chełmińskim, pomezańskim, warmińskim, sambijskim). Od 2005 r. zatrudniony, jako profesor nadzwyczajny, w Instytucie Historii Sztuki Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ostatnio kieruje projektem badawczym dotyczącym Pałacu Wielkiego Mistrza na zamku malborskim, na Politechnice (TU) w Berlinie, specjalność: historia architektury i urbanistyki. Od wielu lat autor zajmuje się naukowo architekturą średniowieczną pobrzeża Bałtyku – przede wszystkim w dawnym państwie zakonnym i w krajach bałtyckich – i należy do najlepszych znawców tego regionu.

ИЗраЗЦы в культурНом слое Нового ИерусалИма: плаНИграФИя, статИстИка, атрИБуЦИя © 2013 г. о.Н. глазунова Институт археологии РАН, Москва ([email protected]) Ключевые слова: изразцовое производство, декоративное искусство, архитектурная облицовка, культурные связи, иконография орнамента, художественная терракота.

The Indus Valley Culture (IVC), often denoted by its major city Harappa, spanned almost two millennia from 3200 to 1300 BC. Its tradition reaches back to 7000 BC: a 4000 year long expansion of
villages and towns, of trading activity, and of technological advancements culminates between 2600 and 1900 BC in the built-up of large brick-built cities, writing, and political authority; the IVC emerges as one of the first great civilizations in history. During the ensuing 600 years, however, key technologies fall out
of use, urban centers are depopulated, and people leave the former core areas of the IVC; although many different hypotheses have been put forward, a conclusive causal chain for this decline has not yet been established. We here combine literature estimates on brick typology, and on urban area for individual cities; in the context of the existing extensive data on Harappan artifact find sites and put in their chronological order, the combined narratives told by bricks, cities, and extent, can provide a new point of departure for discussing the possible reasons for the mysterious decline.

Per le concessioni e l'attività di ricerca dell'Università di Salerno si veda DE ROSSI 2009, 78. Questo studio è stato compiuto su invito di 1 Giovanni M. De Rossi (Università di Salerno) quando questi era Direttore del Museo Archeologico Comunale di Ventotene e Direttore scientifico del Parco Archeologico. A lui va la mia riconoscenza per il sostegno e la squisita disponibilità. Sono inoltre debitore nei confronti dei Proff. Ivan Di Stefano Manzella (Università della Tuscia) e Antonio Zumbo (Università della Calabria) per i preziosi consigli e gli stimolanti scambi di opinioni. Diversi temi e materiali trattati in questo lavoro sono già stati oggetto di analisi in alcune sezioni della mia dissertazione dottorale (MEDAGLIA 2 2010). KIPPIS -GODWIN 1787, p. 102. 3 COPIA AUTORE SALVATORE MEDAGLIA 34 proprietaria della figlina non Livia ma Giulia, figlia di Augusto 4 , un elenco dei bolli laterizi di Ventotene, limitato a pochi esemplari, fu messo a punto da Roberto Righi 5 . Poco dopo, Francesco M. Cifarelli e Barbara Zito realizzarono un più esteso catalogo, circoscritto però a quanto era disponibile sino al 1986 all'interno delle raccolte del nascente Museo 6 , prima cioè che iniziasse nell'isola la stagione degli interventi di scavo archeologico 7 .

About archaeological finds of lids made of red clay used for bricks. The function of the massive, well and individual made objects is almost unclear. The article shows that there is really no functional context with heatings or stoves. The most realistic function of these middle age and early modern times objects seems to be the use in kitchen, especially for covering metal vessels (grapen).

Der vorliegende Band will in die faszinierende Geschichte der Burgenarchitektur im Preußenland einführen und ist auch als Reisehandbuch bestens geeignet. Den Schwerpunkt der Darstellung bildet die Zeit des Mittelalters. Die Erläuterungen und Beschreibungen konzentrieren sich auf die wesentlichen historischen und baugeschichtlichen Informationen. Zum Autor: Prof. Dr. Christofer Herrmann studierte Kunstgeschichte, deutsche Volkskunde, Slawistik und Politikwissenschaft an der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz. Er promovierte 1993 mit einer Arbeit über spätmittelalterliche Wohntürme im Rhein-Mosel-Gebiet und arbeitete danach als freiberuflicher Kunsthistoriker und Bauforscher. 1995 erhielt er einen Ruf als außerordent-licher Professor an die Universität in Allenstein/Olsztyn (Polen). Er habilitierte sich 2005 in Greifswald mit einer Arbeit über die mittelalterliche Architektur in den preußischen Bistümern (Kulm, Pomesanien, Ermland, Samland). Seit 2005 ist er als außerordentlicher Professor am Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Universität Danzig/Gdańsk tätig. Zurzeit leitet er ein Forschungsprojekt zum Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg an der TU Berlin, Fachgebiet Bau-und Stadtbau-geschichte. Seit vielen Jahren beschäftigt sich der Autor intensiv mit der Architektur des Mittel-alters im Ostseeraum – insbesondere im Preußenland und im Baltikum – und zählt zu den besten Kennern dieser Region.

Die Auswertung der Altgrabungen im Bereich einer Ziegelei in der Flur Liebrüti östlich von Kaiseraugst (AG, Schweiz) hat ergeben, dass dort die Ziegel der Legio I Martia bereits Anfang des 4. Jahrhunderts verbaut waren und wohl auch produziert wurden. Manche Öfen brannten bis ans Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts ungestempelte Ziegel aus dem gleichen Ton; diese spätesten Produkte sind der Legion aber nicht sicher zuzuweisen. Die Verbreitungskarte zeigt, dass primär für die Provinz Sequania produziert wurde. Der leistungsfähige Vertrieb entlang der Reichsgrenze erfolgte auf dem Ober- und Hochrhein; ins Hinterland wurde teils über Land geliefert. Auch gleichzeitige zivile Produzenten (Amasonius) lieferten unüblich weit.
An analysis of old excavations in the Liebrüti brickyards east of Kaiseraugst, attributed to the Legio I Martia, shows that although the first tiles bearing its stamps were available at the beginning of the fourth century, production of unstamped tiles continued until late in the fourth century. These latest products,
however, cannot be safely attributed to the legion. The geographic distribution shows a production destined to the Sequania province, the efficient distribution along the border relying mainly on the Rhine waterway, while the hinterland
was supplied overland. Contemporary civilian brickmakers (Amasonius) also delivered over unusually long distances.

SOMMARIO E. Papi, Introduzione Προκόπιος Παυλόπουλος, Σημεία ομιλίας του Προέδρου της Δημοκρατίας
 κ. Προκοπίου Παυλόπουλου κατά την έναρξη του συνεδρίου «Αθήνα-Ρώμη 117-2017 μ.Χ., αφιέρωμα στον Φιλέλληνα Ρωμαίο Αυτοκράτορα και Αθηναίο Άρχοντα Αδριάνο» E. Greco, La SAIA tra 2000 e 2016: ricordo di una direzione SAGGI V.E. Dimitriou, Evidence for metallurgical activities at the south slope of the Athenian Acropolis during the Final Neolithic. A preliminary report S. Vitale, J.E. Morrison, The Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery from the site of the Asklupis in the northeast Koan regione G. Baldacci, Low-relief potters' marks and the phaistos disc: a note on the "comb" sign (N. 21) A. Sanavia, An overview of the Protopalatial Impressed Fine Ware from Phaistos and some comparisons with the Phaistos disc S. Antonello, I vasi duplici minoici S. Todaro, Forming techniques and cultural identity in Early and Middle Minoan Crete: multi-layered vessels from a pottery production area at Phaistos A. Greco, G. Flouda, The Linear B PA-I-TO Epigraphic Project M. Camera, Nuovi dati sulle fasi più antiche di Kyme eolica M.R. Luberto, Il motivo dei cavalli alla mangiatoia e l'iconografia del tripode tra Grecia e Italia: alcune considerazioni sulle attestazioni in Magna Grecia L. Mancini, ΘΕΣΠΡΟΤΙΚΑ ΙΕΡΑ. Il contributo del paesaggio sacro alla conoscenza di un ethnos epirota R. Di Cesare, Il ritratto di Temistocle, dal Cinosarge a Ostia G. Marginesu, Polis e scrittura pubblica. Per una semiotica dello spazio epigrafico nell'Atene classica A. Cavagna, Le monete di Tolemeo III nel Peloponneso: circolazione monetaria, tipologia e strutture ponderali C. De Domenico, Produzione, committenza e distribuzione dei laterizi nei cantieri pubblici di Corinto in età ellenistica e romana F.G. Cavallero, Il tempio di Marte in Circo e il suo architetto greco M.C. Monaco, Korai, imagines clipeatae, statuae ducum triumphali effigie nel foro di Augusto: nuove ipotesi N. Cecconi, Il basamento presso l'angolo nord ovest dell'Olympieion di Atene E. Culasso Gastaldi, A. Themos, Nuovi frammenti dell'Edictum Diocletiani: i testi di Lemno e di Sparta a confronto G.E. Cinque, Suggestioni egizie: rilettura di uno schizzo di Giovanni Battista Piranesi M. Barbanera, «Fidia è il barocco della Grecia». I modelli classici dell'Atena di Arturo Martini nella Città Universitaria di Roma SCAVI E RICERCHE N. Cucuzza, The Minoan villa at Kannià: preliminary report on a new project D. Palermo et alii, Priniàs. Scavi e ricerche degli anni 2006-2010 F. Longo, The fortification walls of Phaistos: some preliminary considerations G. Lepore, Scavi recenti nella città di Phoinike (Albania meridionale) Atti della Scuola: 2017 (E. Papi)

The roof tiles found at the fortified establishment of Kastraki, in Agathonisi belong to plain undecorated tiled roofs of the so- called corinthian type. From the data which have been so far revealed in the course of the excavation, the existence of flat pan tiles and double slopping cover tiles has been certified, in three variants of their usual overlapping form, pointing out a chronological succession for the pan tiles. Moreover, the raisedborder, cross-section typology of the pan tiles and its association with their chronological classification lead to the calculation of the number of roofs which are represented within the fort during its whole historic course from the 4th century Bc to the 2nd century Ad. Of particular interest is the finding of flat pan tiles which
have their corners perforated; this fact indicates, as the
preliminary comparative study has shown, that the perforations
served the better attachment of the first, or
evenmore, set of tiles οn the frame of a wooden roof, by
iron nails. In addition, the implementation of mortars
or clay bedding during the placement of the tiles reveals
an existing intricate roofing technique at the Milesian
fort.