Blood Donation (Anthropology)

A research about the effect of blood storage time to the number of erythrocyte cell count in blood donors has been done at Transfusion Blood laboratory Unit and of laboratoriun Health Of Job Society. This research is aimed to determine the effect of blood storage time to the number of erythrocyte cell count in blood donors which placed at 4 o C. This study used experiment laboratory method, with total samples are 5 bags of blood. The result of the research about eritrocyte cell count decresed every week, 4,72% (man) and 5,45% (woman) at the first week, 8,83% (man) and 10,9% (woman) at the second week, 14,17% (man) and 15,53% (woman) at the third week, 21,77% (man) and 25,34% (woman) at the fourth week and 30,39% (man) and 32,7% (woman) at the fifth week.

Dizziness is a common symptom following blood donation, often caused by hypotension. However, many young Egyptians demonstrate reluctance to acknowledge or report such symptoms, posing potential risks to their health and safety. This research investigates the prevalence of dizziness among young Egyptian blood donors and explores the sociocultural, psychological, and educational factors contributing to their reluctance to disclose symptoms. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with blood donors aged 18-30 across Egyptian blood donation centers. Findings indicate that limited awareness about post-donation complications, cultural stigma around showing vulnerability, and inadequate donor education are significant contributors. This study emphasizes the importance of targeted health education campaigns and improved protocols in blood donation centers to enhance donor safety and address misconceptions.

Donor darah merupakan tindakan kemanusiaan yang tidak hanya bermanfaat bagi penerima tetapi juga memiliki dampak positif bagi kesehatan pendonor. Artikel ini membahas manfaat donor darah, termasuk penurunan risiko penyakit jantung (Kiss et al., 2019), peningkatan produksi sel darah merah (Smith, 2022), deteksi dini penyakit (WHO, 2021), serta manfaat psikologis dan metabolisme tubuh (Brown, 2020). Dengan meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang manfaat donor darah, diharapkan partisipasi dalam kegiatan ini dapat meningkat. Artikel ini juga menyoroti beberapa aspek medis yang perlu diperhatikan untuk memastikan donor darah dilakukan secara aman dan sehat.

Donor darah merupakan tindakan kemanusiaan yang tidak hanya bermanfaat bagi penerima tetapi juga memiliki dampak positif bagi kesehatan pendonor. Artikel ini membahas manfaat donor darah, termasuk penurunan risiko penyakit jantung (Kiss et al., 2019), peningkatan produksi sel darah merah (Smith, 2022), deteksi dini penyakit (WHO, 2021), serta manfaat psikologis dan metabolisme tubuh (Brown, 2020). Dengan meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang manfaat donor darah, diharapkan partisipasi dalam kegiatan ini dapat meningkat. Artikel ini juga menyoroti beberapa aspek medis yang perlu diperhatikan untuk memastikan donor darah dilakukan secara aman dan sehat.

L'idée vient d'Alex Mitchell 1 rencontré à l'IPOS 2 en 2013 à Rotterdam : créer une application pour smartphones permettant de charger une vidéo d'une personne atteinte d'un cancer et de la regarder parmi de nombreuses autres disponibles (cancers du sein, de l'ovaire, du poumon, du col de l'utérus, lymphomes, myélomes, etc.). Voilà un moyen de communication original qui rompt avec les habituelles propositions visant à créer des liens entre les compagnons d'infortune du cancer. Et si les malades eux-mêmes s'en chargeaient ? Titrée « An innovative online peer support resource » (un soutien en ligne innovant grâce aux pairs), cette « ressource » disponible sur YouTube n'est pas totalement nouvelle, car il existe déjà des vidéos relevant d'initiatives personnelles sur le net et également de nombreux témoignages dans les documents institutionnels à disposition des patients. Et en effet, www.youtube.com/mycancerstory revêt toutes les caractéristiques du soin du cancéreux « moderne ».

Abstract: Introduction: Whole blood donation is generally considered a safe method, but sometimes weight differences that may occur
during or at the end of the collection process may have adverse effects. The aim of this study is to estimate the frequency and type of
adverse events that occur during blood donation and to evaluate practices that may help reduce adverse events. Materials and methods:
At Rukmani Birla Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan the hospital based blood centre retrospective study was conducted at a regional
multispeciality hospital center from January 2024 to december2024. All blood donations to the center are screened and in the study we
recorded all adverse events occurring during or after donation. Results: Overall 11 adverse events were reported in relation to 2400
donations, resulting in an overall adverse event rate of 0.45%, that is, an incidence of 1 in every 200 donations. Presyncopal symptoms -
vasovagal reactions of mild intensity, were the most commonly observed adverse reactions which accounted for approximately 70% of
all adverse reactions noted. Conclusions: Only 0.5% of blood donations were complicated by adverse events and most of these events
were presyncopal symptoms. Blood donation is a very safe procedure which could be made even more event

Hemoglobin is the important indicator of functional iron so to find out the hemoglobin level and hematocrit percentage in blood donors, a study was carried out in two different localities rural and urban areas in Pakistan, to predict the effect of diet on hemoglobin and hematocrit level in blood donors and also to carry out the result of variation in hemoglobin level with time interval. In this study primary data was collected. A sample of 100 donors was collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital of urban area and DHQ of rural area through a well-structured questionnaire. The studies also find out the descriptive statistics of personal attributes of sample donors, which are age and area groups that explore the descriptive statistics of major variables. The mean hemoglobin level of blood donors before donation in urban areas was 13.88 ± 1.85 g/dl and after donation it drops to 12.82 ± 1.80 g/dl. While in rural areas the mean was 13.00 ± 1.52 g/dl before blood donation and after blood donation it drops to 12.81 ± 1.48 g/dl. The major finding of the study shows that 1.12 ± 0.20 g/dl hemoglobin decline in 450 ml of blood after each blood donation. After each blood donation the body takes 50 to 60 minutes to regain its blood volume. The results also reveal that diet counseling has no effect on hemoglobin after a month probably due to already diet consciousness and hematocrit is almost 3 time of hemoglobin. The study also suggests that after blood donation iron rich source of diet must be consumed.

Background: The WHO theme for World Blood Donor Day 2011 was "More blood More life". This theme reinforced the urgent need for more people all over the world to become life-savers by volunteering to donate blood regularly. Blood can save millions of lives. The requirement of blood and blood products in a country depends on the population, health care structure, prevalence of conditions requiring regular transfusions, such as hemophilia and thalassemia etc. Aim: To assess and improve the knowledge attitude and practice of blood donation among undergraduate college students of GMC & TIT Engineering College Bhopal. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 6 months from July 2017 to December 2017 among 500 college students of GMC & TIT Engineering College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India using convenience sampling, where blood donation camps were to be held. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by Epi info-7 software. Results: The overall knowledge on blood donation among total respondents was increased from 28.9% to 52.6%. In our sample size of 500 after making them aware regarding blood donation and its benefits 193 respondents gave consent and showed positive attitude towards donation. Most common reason for donating blood was a sense of social responsibility and most common reason of non-donation was fear of the procedure. An 85% of the students were of the view that they would donate blood if asked. Students suggested that small incentives like certificates and arranging transport for blood donation would make it easier to donate. Conclusion: After assessment of all 500 individuals we came to the conclusion that awareness and knowledge among students and individuals was increased from 28.9% to 52.7%. And after encouraging all individuals for donation and keeping a target of 100 unit's collection, we were able to collect 193 units in the course of our project.

Este  artigo  aborda  a  inconstitucionalidade  das  restrições  à  doação  de  sangue  por pessoas  homossexuais,  examinando  criticamente  as  bases  históricas  e  científicas  que sustentam  essas  limitações.  Em  um  contexto  em  que  a  necessidade  de  doadores  é premente,  questionamos  a  legitimidade  dessas  restrições  à  luz  dos  princípios constitucionais, desafiando a associação desatualizada entre orientação sexual e riscos epidemiológicos.  Propomos  uma  reflexão  sobre  a  urgência  de  reformular  políticas discriminatórias, destacando a importância de um enfoque constitucional que promova a  igualdade  e  respeite  os  direitos  fundamentais.  Além  de  analisar  a  desatualização científica  por  trás  das  restrições  à  doação  de  sangue  por  pessoas  homossexuais,  este artigo  explora  as  implicações  legais  e  éticas  dessas  práticas  discriminatórias. Destacamos  a  evolução  das  práticas  de  triagem  e  os  avanços  na  compreensão  da transmissão  de  doenças,  questionando  a  necessidade  de  políticas  que  perpetuam estigmas  sociais.  Ao  apresentar  uma  perspectiva  crítica,  este  artigo  visa  promover  a conscientização  sobre  a  inconstitucionalidade  dessas  restrições,  advogando  por  uma revisão  urgente  e  pela  adoção  de  práticas  inclusivas  que  respeitem  a  dignidade  e  os direitos fundamentais de todos os cidadãos, independentemente da orientação sexual.

O Programa de Educacao Tutorial do curso de Biologia locado na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), MS desenvolve diversos projetos de carater social, no qual pode-se destacar a atividade “Doe Sangue, Doe Vida”, que buscou estimular a doacao voluntaria e desmistificar os assuntos referente a doacao. A atividade ocorreu em duas etapas, sendo a primeira etapa composta por uma palestra explicativa e a outra etapa pela doacao. As palestras explicativas aconteceram na Faculdade de Ciencias Biologicas e Ambientais da UFGD e as doacoes aconteceram no hemocentro de Dourados, MS. Na primeira etapa, participaram 35 estudantes enquanto que 19 estudantes participaram na segunda etapa. Foi possivel observar que as duvidas sobre a doacao foram esclarecidas e com isso despertou-se o interesse na doacao voluntaria. O objetivo principal da atividade foi atingido, porem o numero de participantes ainda foi considerado baixo, com isso, sera buscado ampliar o numero de campanhas realizadas du...

BackgroundAn individualized behavior‐based selection approach has potential to allow for a more equitable blood donor eligibility process. We collected biological and behavioral data from urban gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) to inform the use of this approach in Canada.Study design and methodsEngage is a closed prospective cohort of sexually active GBM, aged 16+ years, recruited via respondent‐driven‐sampling (RDS) in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, Canada. Participants completed a questionnaire on behaviors (past 6 months) and tested for HIV and sexually transmitted and blood‐borne infections at each visit. Rate ratios for HIV infection and predictive values for blood donation eligibility criteria were estimated by RDS‐adjusted Poisson regression.ResultsData on 2008 (study visits 2017‐02 to 2021‐08) HIV‐negative participants were used. The HIV incidence rate for the three cities was 0.4|100 person‐years [95%CI:0.3, 0.6]. HIV seroconversion was associated...

Dans le code civil napoleonien, les animaux sont assimiles a des biens meubles (article 528). La premiere loi de protection de l’animal en Europe a ete promulguee en 1822 en Angleterre (Act for the Prevention of Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle). La France suit avec la loi Grammont de 1850 punissant les mauvais traitements commis publiquement envers les animaux domestiques, l’Allemagne avec une loi equivalente en 1871. Aujourd’hui si la protection des animaux fait partie integrante des regimes juridiques europeens, elle reste perfectible et montre, en prenant l’exemple du droit suisse, que de nouvelles decisions permettent de renforcer l’arsenal juridique. Si l’animal est sujet de sa vie au meme titre que l’homme, il a droit au respect moral du a toute personne. Des lors qu’en est-il du statut de l’animal et de l’utilisation de son image ?

Cet article met en lumière l'importance de l'anthropologie médicale et de la santé pour la pratique médicale, en particulier pour les médecins généralistes. En effet, les croyances culturelles, les pratiques sociales et les contextes (historiques, politiques, économiques) exercent une influence sur la santé de la population. Elle ouvre également la réflexion sur les stratégies de soins et de prévention. Un nouveau certificat universitaire en anthropologie médicale et de la santé de l'UCLouvain est conçu pour sensibiliser les professionnels de la santé à ces enjeux et les préparer à une approche plus holistique et inclusive des soins de santé, dans le but d'améliorer la qualité des soins et leur adaptation aux besoins diversifiés des patients.

Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk maka kebutuhan cadangan darah terus meningkat, dan yang terjadi jumlah pasokan dengan permintaan darah di beberapa UTD (Unit Transfusi Darah tidak seimbang, sehingga menyebabkan kelangkaan darah. Kelangkaan darah tersebut umumnya disebabkan oleh minimnya jumlah pendonor darah sukarela yang rutin dan aktif melakukan kegiatan donor darah (Sari, 2010). Untuk itulah Senat Fakultas Psikologi UNIBI bekerjasama dengan pihak Unit Transfusi Darah Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) cabang Kota Bandung menyelanggarakan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat berupa bakti social donor darah dengan mengajak seluruh tenaga kependidikan maupun non kependidikan untuk mau peduli dengan melakukan donor darah. Adapaun kegiatan ini bertemakan PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH "Psychology Helping Everyone and Let Them Happy : Gerakan Donor Darah". Dari rangkaian kegiatan tersebut donor darah tersebut, dari target kantong darah sebanyak 100 labu, terkumpul 30 kantong darah. Tidak sesuainya pecapaian target terjadi karena kondisi fisik atau kesehatan peserta donor darah .

Amaç Kan, geçmişten günümüze insan sağlığının ve yaşamın temel simgesi durumundadır. İnsan, kanın tek kaynağıdır. Temini için şimdilik başka bir alternatifte yoktur. Eşsiz bir tedavi aracı olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda toplumun kan ve kan ürünleri gereksinimi ve kan bağışı konusunda neleri, ne kadar ve ne derece doğru bildiğinin tespit edilmesi bir gerekliliktir. Bu çalışmada, toplumun transfüzyon amaçlı kan verme önündeki engelleri ve bu konudaki tutum-davranışlarını belirlemek ve kan bağışı ile ilgili farkındalığı artırmak için hangi aşamalarda eksiklikler olduğunu saptamak amaçlanmıştır. ( Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2019, 9(2):237-244 ) Gereç ve Yöntem Kesitsel tipte tanımlayıcı araştırma olarak tasarlanan bu çalışma Nisan 2019-Mayıs 2019 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirildi. Örneklem seçimine gidilmeden 18-65 yaş arası bireylere literatürden yararlanarak hazırlanan 29 soruluk dijital anket uygulanarak toplanan veriler SPSS (ver;21) programı ile değerlendirilerek yorumlandı. Bulgular Çalışmadaki katılımcıların 231'i (%51.2) kadın, 220'si (%48.8) erkek, %80'i 18-30 yaş aralığında idi. Katılımcıların %77.7'si lisans ve üstü eğitim almıştı. %90.2'si düzenli kan bağışı yapmadıklarını, %68.5'i ise kan bağışı ile ilgili hiç bilgilendirme eğitimi almadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Katılımcıların %76'sı kan bağış aracının yaşadıkları bölgeye belirli aralıklarla gelmesini olumlu karşıladıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç Çalışmamız, katılımcıların %80'inin 18-30 yaş arasındaki gençlerden oluşması ve genç nüfusun ulaşılabilmesi kolay, gönüllü kan bağışçı kaynağı olması nedeniyle önemli bir çalışmadır. Kişilerin verdikleri cevaplar sonucunda sağlık hizmet sunucuları ve kan bağış merkezlerine düşen görev, kan bağışı konusunda farkındalığı artırmak için belirli aralıklarla bilgilendirme eğitimleri yapmak, daha fazla reklam ve kişilere hatırlatma mesajları göndermektir.

Amaç Kan, geçmişten günümüze insan sağlığının ve yaşamın temel simgesi durumundadır. İnsan, kanın tek kaynağıdır. Temini için şimdilik başka bir alternatifte yoktur. Eşsiz bir tedavi aracı olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda toplumun kan ve kan ürünleri gereksinimi ve kan bağışı konusunda neleri, ne kadar ve ne derece doğru bildiğinin tespit edilmesi bir gerekliliktir. Bu çalışmada, toplumun transfüzyon amaçlı kan verme önündeki engelleri ve bu konudaki tutum-davranışlarını belirlemek ve kan bağışı ile ilgili farkındalığı artırmak için hangi aşamalarda eksiklikler olduğunu saptamak amaçlanmıştır. (Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2019, 9(2):237-244) Gereç ve Yöntem Kesitsel tipte tanımlayıcı araştırma olarak tasarlanan bu çalışma Nisan 2019-Mayıs 2019 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirildi. Örneklem seçimine gidilmeden 18-65 yaş arası bireylere literatürden yararlanarak hazırlanan 29 soruluk dijital anket uygulanarak toplanan veriler SPSS (ver;21) programı ile değerlendirilerek yorumlandı. Bulgular Çalışmadaki katılımcıların 231'i (%51.2) kadın, 220'si (%48.8) erkek, %80'i 18-30 yaş aralığında idi. Katılımcıların %77.7'si lisans ve üstü eğitim almıştı. %90.2'si düzenli kan bağışı yapmadıklarını, %68.5'i ise kan bağışı ile ilgili hiç bilgilendirme eğitimi almadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Katılımcıların %76'sı kan bağış aracının yaşadıkları bölgeye belirli aralıklarla gelmesini olumlu karşıladıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç Çalışmamız, katılımcıların %80'inin 18-30 yaş arasındaki gençlerden oluşması ve genç nüfusun ulaşılabilmesi kolay, gönüllü kan bağışçı kaynağı olması nedeniyle önemli bir çalışmadır. Kişilerin verdikleri cevaplar sonucunda sağlık hizmet sunucuları ve kan bağış merkezlerine düşen görev, kan bağışı konusunda farkındalığı artırmak için belirli aralıklarla bilgilendirme eğitimleri yapmak, daha fazla reklam ve kişilere hatırlatma mesajları göndermektir.

Amaç Kan, geçmişten günümüze insan sağlığının ve yaşamın temel simgesi durumundadır. İnsan, kanın tek kaynağıdır. Temini için şimdilik başka bir alternatifte yoktur. Eşsiz bir tedavi aracı olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda toplumun kan ve kan ürünleri gereksinimi ve kan bağışı konusunda neleri, ne kadar ve ne derece doğru bildiğinin tespit edilmesi bir gerekliliktir. Bu çalışmada, toplumun transfüzyon amaçlı kan verme önündeki engelleri ve bu konudaki tutum-davranışlarını belirlemek ve kan bağışı ile ilgili farkındalığı artırmak için hangi aşamalarda eksiklikler olduğunu saptamak amaçlanmıştır. (Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2019, 9(2):237-244) Gereç ve Yöntem Kesitsel tipte tanımlayıcı araştırma olarak tasarlanan bu çalışma Nisan 2019-Mayıs 2019 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirildi. Örneklem seçimine gidilmeden 18-65 yaş arası bireylere literatürden yararlanarak hazırlanan 29 soruluk dijital anket uygulanarak toplanan veriler SPSS (ver;21) programı ile değerlendirilerek yorumlandı. Bulgular Çalışmadaki katılımcıların 231'i (%51.2) kadın, 220'si (%48.8) erkek, %80'i 18-30 yaş aralığında idi. Katılımcıların %77.7'si lisans ve üstü eğitim almıştı. %90.2'si düzenli kan bağışı yapmadıklarını, %68.5'i ise kan bağışı ile ilgili hiç bilgilendirme eğitimi almadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Katılımcıların %76'sı kan bağış aracının yaşadıkları bölgeye belirli aralıklarla gelmesini olumlu karşıladıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç Çalışmamız, katılımcıların %80'inin 18-30 yaş arasındaki gençlerden oluşması ve genç nüfusun ulaşılabilmesi kolay, gönüllü kan bağışçı kaynağı olması nedeniyle önemli bir çalışmadır. Kişilerin verdikleri cevaplar sonucunda sağlık hizmet sunucuları ve kan bağış merkezlerine düşen görev, kan bağışı konusunda farkındalığı artırmak için belirli aralıklarla bilgilendirme eğitimleri yapmak, daha fazla reklam ve kişilere hatırlatma mesajları göndermektir.

DST : Donneurs de sang total DPP : Donneurs de plasma et de plaquettes EQ : Enquête par questionnaires sur les motivations et l'insertion du don dans la vie quotidienne (795 DST actifs, 609 DST inactifs et 473 DPP) EE : Enquête par entretiens sur les motivations et la pratique de don des donneurs de plasma et de plaquettes (50 donneurs)

Background. There is paucity of information on the effect of blood donation on iron stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The present study was, therefore, designed to assess, using a combination of haemoglobin and iron status parameters, the development of anaemia and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in this area of Nigeria. Materials and Methods. Three hundred and forty-eight unselected consecutive whole blood donors, comprising 96 regular donors, 156 relatives of patients and 96 voluntary donors, constituted the study population. Three haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean cell haemoglobin concentration) and four biochemical iron parameters (serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation) were assessed using standard colorimetric and ELISA techniques. Results. The prevalence of anaemia alone (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL) was 13.7%. The prevalence of isolated iron deficiency (serum ferritin <12 ng/mL) was 20.6% while that of irondeficiency anaemia (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL + serum ferritin <12.0 ng/mL) was 12.0%. Among the three categories of the donors, the regular donors were found to be most adversely affected as shown by the reduction in mean values of both haematological and biochemical iron parameters. Interestingly, anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia were present almost exclusively among regular blood donors, all of whom were over 35 years old. Conclusion. Anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia are highly prevalent among blood donors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It will be necessary to review the screening tests for the selection of blood donors and also include serum ferritin measurement for the routine assessment of blood donors, especially among regular blood donors.

Hasta la década de 1990, las consideraciones antropológicas sobre la sangre se centraban principalmente en su uso como un idioma de parentesco, nacionalismo y raza, y en descripciones de su uso en contextos rituales (por ejemplo, sacrificios de sangre y tabúes de la menstruación). Hasta la llegada de los años 2000, con la creciente influencia de la antropología médica, los estudios del cuerpo (frecuentemente con un énfasis foucaultiano en lo biopolítico) y los estudios de ciencia y tecnología, los antropólogos se habían interesado cada vez más en prácticas sociales centradas en la sangre fuera del cuerpo: donación y transfusión de sangre, pruebas de sangre, sangre derramada como forma de protesta política o con fines artísticos, el desarrollo de sangre artificial en laboratorio, y así sucesivamente. Sin embargo, las preocupaciones anteriores no fueron abandonadas. Más bien, se volvió a tener en cuenta las maneras en que las excorporaciones literales y los procedimientos prácticos relacionados con la sangre y como sus usos más metafóricos se influyen mutuamente. Por ejemplo, las actividades de donación de sangre y pruebas científicas de sangre en Sri Lanka son inseparables de las concepciones de la sangre como elemento de parentesco y el sustrato material que sustenta las diferencias étnicas y religiosas (Simpson 2009). Hasta el día de hoy, muchas discusiones antropológicas sobre la sangre toman como referencia el argumento de Douglas (1970, xxxiii) de que la sangre proporciona un "sistema natural de simbolización". Los símbolos naturales, sugiere Douglas, expresan asociaciones derivadas de sus raíces orgánicas. Al hacerlo, pueden naturalizar procesos sociales particulares; por ejemplo, Weston (2013) demuestra cómo un marcado discurso sobre la sangre en las discusiones de los mercados financieros (por ejemplo, el uso de frases como "flujo", "circulación", "liquidez", "la savia de la economía" e incluso "transfusión de efectivo") es un factor que impide el debate sobre cómo podrían ser las cosas. El tema de la naturalización se extiende al estudio de las continuidades entre parentesco, raza y nación basadas en la sangre. Williams (1995, 201), en particular, ha mostrado cómo "las representaciones de la historicidad de la sustancia de parentesco" frecuentemente naturalizan sistemas de dominación de manera transversal entre parentesco, raza, etnicidad y nación. Dadas sus raíces orgánicas, el simbolismo de los símbolos naturales como la sangre está, en cierta medida, delimitado: por ejemplo, es tanto sustancia como símbolo de vida en la mayoría de las regiones del mundo. A pesar de todo, su simbolismo sigue siendo excepcionalmente denso y multifacético; de ahí la sugerencia de Carsten (2013, 2) de que articula una tensión entre la naturaleza "arbitraria" del símbolo y "el poder particular de los 'símbolos naturales'".

Background. There is paucity of information on the effect of blood donation on iron stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The present study was, therefore, designed to assess, using a combination of haemoglobin and iron status parameters, the development of anaemia and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in this area of Nigeria. Materials and Methods. Three hundred and forty-eight unselected consecutive whole blood donors, comprising 96 regular donors, 156 relatives of patients and 96 voluntary donors, constituted the study population. Three haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean cell haemoglobin concentration) and four biochemical iron parameters (serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation) were assessed using standard colorimetric and ELISA techniques. Results. The prevalence of anaemia alone (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL) was 13.7%. The prevalence of isolated iron deficiency (serum ferritin <12 ng/mL) was 20.6% while that of irondeficiency anaemia (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL + serum ferritin <12.0 ng/mL) was 12.0%. Among the three categories of the donors, the regular donors were found to be most adversely affected as shown by the reduction in mean values of both haematological and biochemical iron parameters. Interestingly, anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia were present almost exclusively among regular blood donors, all of whom were over 35 years old. Conclusion. Anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia are highly prevalent among blood donors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It will be necessary to review the screening tests for the selection of blood donors and also include serum ferritin measurement for the routine assessment of blood donors, especially among regular blood donors.

Pneumatic tube system (PTS) merupakan media transport sampel yang banyak digunakan di rumah sakit. Sampel yang dikirim menggunakan PTS dapat terguncang karena kecepatan dan tekanan udara pada PTS yang berubah-ubah. Penggunaan PTS dapat mempengaruhi pemeriksaan jumlah trombosit dan kadar kalium. Pemasangan PTS di Rumah Sakit Akademik Universitas Gadjah Mada dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2020 di gedung Yudistira, Arjuna, Kresna dan Nakula. Pengiriman sampel laboratorium di RSA UGM setiap hari dapat dilakukan dari gedung dengan jarak yang berbeda. Setiap rumah sakit yang menggunakan PTS disarankan untuk melakukan validasi PTS dan menginvestigasi spesimen darah terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya hemolisis dan hasil laboratorium. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan validasi jarak PTS sebagai media transport pemeriksaan laboratorium. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yang merupakan penelitian lanjutan dengan menggunakan 30 sampel. Sampel diambil dua kali dan dikirim dengan PTS dari dua jarak yang berbeda yaitu YD 2 dan IGD. Uji statistik akan menggunakan paired sampel t-test. Data akan dianalisis dengan bantuan Software Statistical Prisma Graph 8 dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil pemeriksaan trombosit dan kalium yang dikirim dari YD 2 maupun dari IGD.

As rational adults, we are free to elect what is (or is not) done to our bodies. However, this strong freedom does not extend to the borders of life. Control over the uses of our biological material is constrained and uncertain at law. Our article examines the legal condition of embryos and organs: how law conceptualises them and regulates their uses.

Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université d'Ottawa dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en sociologie pour l'obtention du grade Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Résumé Bien que la technologie médicale ait largement contribué à améliorer la qualité de la vie ainsi à augmenter la longévité humaine, la technologie a également contribué à créer de nouvelles responsabilités difficiles. En outre, il est revient maintenant à nous de choisir si l'on désire faire appel à la technologie pour prolonger la vie ainsi que de choisir le moment lorsque celle-ci ne devrait plus être utilisée et de « laisser la nature faire les choses ». Quand est-il approprié de venir à cette conclusion ? Comment y arrive-ton ? Je propose à travers l'anthropologie du ventilateur d'explorer plus profondément ces questions. En fait, grâce à une recherche de terrain d'une durée de six mois dans les soins intensifs d'un hôpital, je décris le processus décisionnel du ventilateur qui suit le cycle d'intubation, de maintien et d'extubation. Plus particulièrement, à l'aide des récits de patients que j'ai rencontrés, chaque étape est discutée afin d'illustrer l'implication et les conséquences des différents acteurs humains et non humains qui modifient continuellement le parcours du couple ventilateur/patient. Cette thèse se veut une contribution dans le courant des études de la science et de la technologie (STS). iii Remerciement J'aimerais adresser mes premiers remerciements à ma directrice de thèse Julie Laplante. En plus d'avoir travaillé avec moi, depuis la maîtrise, pour approfondir mon apprentissage de la discipline de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie, elle a su donner du support et de l'encouragement lorsque j'en ai eu le plus besoin. Je te remercie de m'avoir encouragée, mais surtout d'avoir cru en moi, en mes capacités et en mon projet. C'est difficile à croire qu'après avoir été sous ton aile pendant les dix dernières années j'en suis rendu à la fin. Mais est-ce vraiment la fin ou le commencement de quelque chose d'autre ? Ce n'est qu'un autre rhizome. Tu vois, tes commentaires et ton enseignement viennent même s'insérer dans mes remerciements. Mise à part les blagues Julie, je n'aurais pas réussi sans avoir eu ton encadrement. Je voudrais aussi remercier Kristen Tole pour ses commentaires judicieux tout au long de ce processus (maîtrise incluse). Kristen, you have taught me so much and I am so grateful for everything you have done. J'aimerais également remercier les membres de mon Jury, Ari Gandsman, Stéphane Vibert et Isabelle Marcoux. J'aimerais remercier profondément tous mes collègues étudiants de l'école d'étude sociologique et anthropologique de l'université d'Ottawa. Tous les échanges et le support que vous m'avez donné ont contribué à obtenir ce grade. Plus particulièrement, j'aimerais remercier Joannie Jean, Geneviève Boucher Boudreau et Vincent Giroux. Votre amitié et votre support m'ont vraiment aidé à surmonter les moments de « crises » de doctorat et surtout celles de la vie. Je m'incline devant tous les gens qui ont partagé avec moi leurs expériences, souvent très difficiles, qui ont rendu possible mon projet de recherche. Je remercie l'administration du comité d'éthique et des soins intensifs de l'hôpital soins. Bien que je ne puisse pas vous nommer, je suis sincèrement reconnaissante que vous m'ayez donné accès à votre milieu pour que je puisse faire iv ma recherche. J'aimerais souligner l'aide financière qui m'a été octroyée par trois institutions. Premièrement, merci à l'université d'Ottawa pour vos bourses internes généreuses et la chance que vous m'avez donnée d'être assistante à l'enseignement et par la suite d'être professeur. Deuxièmement, merci au gouvernement ontarien pour la bourse d'étude supérieur de l'Ontario. Je n'aurais jamais été capable de commencer mon doctorat sans cette aide financière. Finalement, merci à La société ontarienne des soins respiratoires (Ontario Respiratory Care Society) d'avoir subventionné une année de ce projet. Un soutien inestimable que j'ai reçu en dehors du milieu universitaire est celui de mon mari Stéphane Dallaire. Tu as partagé avec moi la montagne russe de cette recherche. Je te remercie pour ta patience et tes encouragements. C'est certainement grâce à ceux-ci que j'ai été capable de continuer. Tu as passé de nombreuses heures à corriger et à améliorer ce texte. Merci pour tout ton aide. Je t'aime beaucoup, plus que les mots peuvent en dire. Les derniers remerciements, mais non les moindres, je les adresse à mes parents Suzanne et Giles ainsi qu'à ma deuxième paire de parents Sylvette et Michel. Merci pour votre support et votre compréhension pendant ce projet de recherche. Je vous aime énormément et je veux que vous sachiez que votre support a été d'une importance capitale. Ma réussite est aussi la vôtre. v Au passé : Je l'entends encore, comme dans un écho, me dire… « Fille, je suis fière de toi ! » Dad, tu me manques. Au présent et à notre futur : Il me dit toujours… « Tu es belle, tu es mon amour. » Je t'aime tellement Stéphane. vi Table des matières RÉSUMÉ …………………………………………………………..……………………II

Essa coleção de resumos feita de estudante para estudante está relacionada às coletas de bolsas de sangue em doadores pelo método convencional e por aférese, apresenta também algumas das reações adversas relacionadas com as coletas.

Documento feito de estudante para estudante.
Proibida utilização comercial.

Background: Blood is a vital component of the human body, which constitute 7% of the body weight. To ensure an adequate supply of blood, it is necessary to make significant improvements in methods for recruiting and retaining donors and to increase their efficiency. This study was done to understand the factors that motivate and deter donors and also to assess the physical impacts perceived after blood donation. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among voluntary donors coming to a blood bank using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire contained sections pertaining to motivating factors, potential deterrents and perceived physical impacts of blood donation. Statistical analysis was performed using R-software. Results: The total number of donors were 113 out which of female donors comprise 5.3% and male donors 94.7%. Altruism (73.1%) and pain due to phlebotomy (8.8%) was the strongest motivating and deterring factor respectively. Positive effects were perceived more than negative effects. Peer influence has a significant association with the level of education of the donors (X 2 test was performed and p=0.03). As far as the occupation was considered availing leave was not a significant motivating factor (p<0.015). Social media hasn't significantly influenced the donors in considering their occupation and place of residence (p<0.0009, p<0.0027). Conclusion: From the present study it can be inferred that the present awareness regarding blood donation through social media is inadequate. Thus, increased focus should be given on improving the awareness through social media.

Study’s aim: The objective of this study was to study the existing link between the carer/patient relationship and the renunciation of care for infants with perinatal asphyxia consequences.Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative exploratory descriptive study, carried out at the day hospital of the National Reference Center in Neonatology and Nutrition for infants who suffer from the consequences of perinatal asphyxia and who are followed by pediatricians at the center. As well as the home for cases whose parents have decided to stop monitoring their infants while they suffer from health complications following their perinatal asphyxia. Indeed, based on 255 cases of perinatal asphyxia having registered an abnormal evolution, 30 families were recruited; of which 15 families have infants monitored and 15 families have decided to resign care.Results: After saturation of the data and with a response rate of 100%, this study demonstrated that the relationship between carer and patien...

Background Despite blood transfusion has been available for the past 200 years; there is still a significant shortage of blood and blood products especially in low and middle income countries. In 2016 national blood demand of Ethiopia was estimated to be one million units per year, while only 17.4% (173,930) units of blood collected in the same year. Out of 25,400 units of blood requirement per year in West Hararghe, only 2750 units (10.8%) was collected in 2016 and 80% of these were from Civil servants. The aim of the study was to assess voluntary blood donation practice and associated factors among Chiro Town’s civil servants in 2018. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 383 civil servants selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using self-administer and pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between determinant factors and voluntary blood donation p...

Aims and objectives: Our goal is to disseminate data on the distribution pattern of Rh antigen, its phenotypes, and the likely genotypes of these genetic variants in the Pakistani population. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional research project. Patients' demographic statistics, such as age and gender, were gathered from their medical information. Blood group, disease, RhD, and other antigen frequency, phenotype, and probable genotype were considered variables. All blood samples were phenotyped for Rhesus antigens (D, C, c, E, and e), and the test was carried out using the tubing technique. Results: According to gender distribution, most of the patients were males, with 131 frequencies (57.7%), while females had 42.35%. The most common phenotype was DCCee, with its probable genotype DCe/DCe (R1 R1) (34%), followed by DCcee, with probable genotype DCe/ce (R1 r) (29.1%); the least common phenotype was ddCcee, with its probable genotype Ce/ce (r ' r) (0.4%). Conclusion: It is concluded that the DCCee phenotype was the most common with its probable genotype DCe/DCe, while the least common phenotype was ddCcee with its probable genotype Ce/ce.

Laboratory Information System (LIS) is a crucial component in modern healthcare, facilitating efficient management and organization of laboratory data, workflows, and processes. This abstract provides an overview of the essential functionalities and benefits of a Laboratory Information System. It outlines its role in streamlining laboratory operations, enhancing data accuracy, improving patient care, and supporting decision-making processes for healthcare professionals. Additionally, it discusses the integration of LIS with other healthcare systems, adherence to regulatory standards, and emerging trends in laboratory informatics. This abstract aims to underscore the significance of LIS in advancing healthcare delivery and patient outcomes through effective information management and utilization in laboratory settings.

Organ transplantation is one of the exciting achievements of modern science and biomedicine. It has offered hope of survival for numerous patients awaiting life-saving surgical interventions. A shortage in organ supply has marred this great achievement with unethical and legal problems, particularly during organ procurement. Seeking a justifiable means of organ procurement has ignited bioethical debates among scholars, professional bodies, and policymakers. The World Health Organisation Guidance on Tissue and Organ Transplantation (2010) and the World Medical Association (2017) insist on altruistic donation, while Barnett A.H. et al. (1992) propose a market system that buys and sells organs. One of the unethical methods for obtaining organs for transplantation is the trafficking of human beings for the purpose of organ removal. The 2015 Modern Slavery Act and the Palermo Protocol made human trafficking for organ removal illegal. In 2023, judges used the Modern Slavery Act 2015 to convict Ekweremadu, Beatrice, and Obeta for conspiring to bring a young man from Nigeria to the United Kingdom for kidney exploitation. In order to determine the altruistic or exploitative character of the organ procurement process, this article will conduct a bioethical analysis of the Ekweremadu case. Did the donor act with altruism, or did he face exploitation?

El legislador constitucional brasileño estableció el derecho social fundamental a la salud, promoviendo la igualdad y el acceso universal mediante un servicio público unificado en todo el país y, aunque también autorizó su prestación por el sector privado, excluyó las materias consideradas sensibles y susceptibles de atentar contra la dignidad de la persona humana si se abrieran al mercado, en particular la extracción de órganos, tejidos y sustancias humanas, así como la extracción, procesamiento y transfusión de sangre y sus derivados, prohibiendo cualquier tipo de comercialización. Sin embargo, el PEC de Plasma se encuentra actualmente en discusión en el Congreso Nacional, con el objetivo de cambiar la redacción del artículo 199, párrafo 4 de la Constitución de la República y añadir párrafos al texto para permitir la comercialización de plasma humano. Así, considerando la relevancia del tema para el sistema de salud, este estudio buscó analizar la legislación relativa a la Política Nacional de Sangre, Componentes y Hemoderivados y al PEC de Plasma, con todas sus justificaciones y modificaciones, los argumentos de sus defensores y críticos, para verificar la constitucionalidad y legitimidad de la propuesta y concluir cuál es el mejor camino para alcanzar la dignidad y garantizar el derecho fundamental a la salud para todos, en igualdad de condiciones. Para ello, utilizando una metodología cualitativa, el artículo se divide en tres secciones, la primera discute el tratamiento constitucional y legal del plasma humano en Brasil.

Donation barriers are a crucial factor to consider in the study of blood donor behavior. Since blood donors do not behave homogeneously, the aim of this work is to analyze how the donor profile (i.e. sociodemographic characteristics and donation behavior) influences the prevalence of blood donation barriers. A total of 5,353 active donors in the Canary Islands (Spain) completed an online survey. Given the general lack of agreement concerning the conceptualization and measurement of donation barriers, an integrative 25-item barrier scale, which is the result of grouping all barriers identified in the literature according to the concept of obstacle which they represent, was designed and validated. The results indicate that individuals between 18 and 35 years of age, with university education and higher income are more likely to be affected by donation barriers. At the same time, individuals who donate once or twice a year, and those with shorter experience as donors, are more prone to...

Goal: To find the incidence of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, CMV antibodies and Treponema pallidum antibodies in volunteer blood donors in the eastern part of Macedonia. Material and methods: In the period 1999-2003 for the presence of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and Treponema pallidum antibodies 13 200 blood donations were tested. In Stip routine testing of donated blood for detection of CMV antibodies is not applied. In the Transfusion department in Stip of Transfusiology in Skopje for detection and confirmation of positive results for HBsAg and anti-HCV in both examined groups ELISA tests from the third generation from the company Ognanon tehnika; for Treponema pallidum antibodies Trepanostika TM-Microelisa system; and for this purpose we used CMV IgG instant test. Results: From 13 200 blood units the presence of HBsAg at 325 (2,46%) is detected and the presence of anti-HCV at 175 (1,3%) is detected. The presence of anti-HIV and Treponema pallidum antibodies is not detected in any of ...

Camel-derived haemoglobin O2 carriers (CHBOC) are being developed as a blood substitutes for allogeneic RBCs or to improve tissue oxygenation. The tolerability of the developed product was evaluated in 10 moderately exsanguinated (40%) experimental mongrel dogs that were randomized to receive either 40 g/l CHBOC dissolved in lactated Ringer&#39;s solution at a rate of 5 ml/kg (Test group-14 trials) or 6 g/l HES 200 solution-6% hydroxyethyl starch (Fresenius Kabi-Germany) dissolved in saline at a rate of-5ml/kg-(Control group-6 trials). Overall, the clinical, haematological and biochemical responses were normal. The CHBOC was well tolerated and a promising product. However additional studies are needed to confirm the safety of the new CHBOC product in the realm of acellular blood transfusion.

Part of the Family Practice Nursing Commons, and the Pediatric Nursing Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Science of Nursing and Health Practices-Science infirmière et pratiques en santé. It has been accepted for inclusion in Science of Nursing and Health Practices-Science infirmière et pratiques en santé by an authorized editor of Science of Nursing and Health Practices-Science infirmière et pratiques en santé.

Every year patients of various diseases need blood. Among them some need regular transfusion of blood. Hence, safe blood save life but unsafe one takes life. Ensuring regular flow of safe blood is a great challenge for the community in developing countries. Various public and private organizations are working for this purpose. Although the number of blood donor is increasing, there is still a huge gap in demand and supply of blood. A study has conducted to find out problems in getting blood donor in Bangladesh. Data have been collected from 430 respondents in different urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Moreover, in depth interviews have conducted with hospital authority, blood donating organizations, public and private organizations and volunteers who work for various blood donating organizations. This study finds that patients need blood for delivery case (76%), surgery (55%), kidney diseases (33%), thalassemia (37%) and anemia (41%). About 48% blood seekers report that they req...

Pemeriksaan pra transfusi merupakan suatu rangkaian prosedur pemeriksaan mencocokkan darah resipien dan darah donor yang diperlukan sebelum darah diberikan kepada resipien dengan uji silang serasi atau crossmatch. Sampel yang baik untuk pemeriksaan crossmatch yaitu sampel darah yang baru saja diambil, namun kenyataan dilapangan berbeda, dalam keadaan tertentu sampel darah yang tersedia seringkali berada di suhu kamar dan suhu kulkas 1 sampai 3 hari. Salah satu kesalahan pada pengujian crossmatch yaitu pada proses pra analitik, dimana 60% disebabkan oleh darah hemolisis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh dari tingkat hemolisis darah K2EDTA resipien dan pengaruh lama simpan terhadap hasil crossmatch metode gel. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 3 sampel dan diambil sebanyak 12 mL. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistika Kruskal- Wallis. Hasil uji crossmatch pada darah K2EDTA dengan tingkat he...

Titer dan spesifisitas antibodi pada sel darah merah mempengaruhi keparahan suatu penyakit. Air Susu Ibu (ASI) mengandung sekretori IgA, IgM, dan IgG yang berfungsi sebagai pertahanan pertama untuk melawan infeksi mukosa. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk melihat gambaran dan pengaruh waktu penyimpanan dari jenis spesimen ASI yang berbeda terhadap titer antibodi golongan darah O. Desain penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimen yaitu dibuat dua kelompok spesimen ASI dan supernatan ASI. Kedua kelompok ASI tersebut disimpan pada suhu ruang dengan variasi waktu penyimpanan, kemudian diperiksa menggunakan hemaglutinasi metode tabung. Hasil penelitian dari kelima data pemeriksaan menunjukkan rentang titer antibodi A dan B 1/2 - 1/8. Sedangkan pada supernatan ASI menunjukkan rentang titer antibodi A dan B 1/2 - 1/32, di mana spesimen ASI dan supernatan ASI semakin disimpan lama maka mengalami penurunan titer antibodi. Hasil uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan spesimen ASI dengan nilai p (sig) sebesar 0...

UTD PMI Provinsi DKI Jakarta hingga kini terus berupaya memberikan pelayanan terbaik kepada masyarakat. Komponen darah yang sering digunakan untuk transfusi adalah trombosit konsentrat yang di mana proses penyimpanan dapat menimbulkan perubahan jumlah trombosit akibat metabolisme trombosit. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui rata-rata jumlah trombosit pada trombosit konsentrat yang disimpan pada suhu refrigerator (2° - 6°C) dan suhu ruang (20° - 25°C) selama 0 hari, 5 hari, dan 10 hari serta pengaruh waktu dan suhu penyimpanan trombosit konsentrat terhadap jumlah trombosit di UTD PMI DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini bersifat kuasi eksperimen dengan unit penelitian adalah satu kantung trombosit konsentrat yang disimpan dengan tanpa goyangan suhu refrigerator (4 - 6°C) dengan goyangan suhu ruang (20 - 25°C) selama 0 hari, 5 hari,  dan 10 hari, kemudian diperiksa jumlah trombosit setiap perlakuan dengan menggunakan Hematology Analyzer Sysmex XN-350. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata ju...

Hemoglobin atau Hb adalah protein yang berada di dalam sel darah merah. Protein inilah yang membuat darah berwarna merah. Dalam kadar yang normal, hemoglobin memiliki banyak fungsi bagi tubuh, sehingga kadar normal hemoglobin perlu selalu dijaga. Selain memberi warna, hemoglobin juga berfungsi membantu sel darah merah mendapatkan bentuk alaminya, yaitu bulat dengan bagian tengahnya lebih pipih. Dengan bentuk seperti ini, sel darah merah dapat dengan mudah bergerak dan mengalir di dalam pembuluh darah. Kadar normal hemoglobin sebelum donor darah yaitu 12,5-17,0 gr/dL%. (Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 91 tahun 2015). Kadar hemoglobin yang terlalu tinggi juga menandakan adanya masalah kesehatan pada tubuh. Syarat-syarat untuk menjadi donor perlu dilakukan untuk melindungi pasien yang akan mendapatkan transfusi darah, juga untuk melindungi donor itu sendiri. Skrining awal dilakukan untuk melihat apakah donor dalam keadaan sehat dan layak untuk melakukan donor darah. Dalam praktik donor darah sering dijumpai adanya penangguhan donor, yaitu donor yang ditolak sebelum melakukan donasi (Larasati, 2016).

Hemoglobin or Hb is a protein found in red blood cells. This protein is what makes blood red. In normal levels, hemoglobin has many functions for the body, so normal levels of hemoglobin need to be maintained. In addition to giving color, hemoglobin also functions to help red blood cells get their natural shape, which is round with a flatter center. With this shape, red blood cells can easily move and flow in the blood vessels. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 91 of 2015 the normal level of hemoglobin before blood donation is 12.5 - 17.0 gr/dL%. When a person&#39;s hemoglobin condition is higher or lower than the normal amount, this can be a sign of a health problem.