Bioprocess Technology

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers have long been pursued to meet clinical needs by using native hemoglobin (Hb) from human or animal blood, or recombinantly produced Hb, but the development has been impeded by safety and toxicity issues. Herewith we report the successful production of human fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in Nicotiana benthamiana through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression. HbF is a heterotetrameric protein composed of two identical αand two identical γ-subunits, held together by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and salt bridges. In our study, the αand γ-subunits of HbF were fused in order to stabilize the α-subunits and facilitate balanced expression of αand γ-subunits in N. benthamiana. Efficient extraction and purification methods enabled production of the recombinantly fused endotoxin-free HbF (rfHbF) in high quantity and quality. The transiently expressed rfHbF protein was identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. The purified rfHbF possessed structural and functional properties similar to native HbF, which were confirmed by biophysical, biochemical, and in vivo animal studies. The results demonstrate a high potential of plant expression systems in producing Hb products for use as blood substitutes.

Studi tentang pemurnian etanol secara mikrofiltrasi menggunakan membran selulosa ester telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah metode mikrofiltrasi dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemurnian etanol, dan mengetahui pengaruh waktu filtrasi terhadap tingkat kemurnian etanol. Membran yang digunakan adalah mix-selulosa ester yang telah dikompaksi dengan sampel yang digunakan etanol 96%. Karakter membran yang digunakan dievaluasi berdasarkan hasil SEM dan spektrofotometri FT-IR. Mikrofiltrasi dilakukan hingga 120 menit pada tekanan 1 atm. Analisis hasil filtrasi didasarkan pada massa jenis dan indeks bias. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu filtrasi berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan membran menahan etanol, meskipun membran selulosa ester kurang sesuai untuk meningkatkan kemurnian etanol secara mikrofiltrasi.

Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang memiliki cadangan batubara yang besar, sehingga bahan bakar tersebut dipakai oleh beberapa industri seperti semen dan baja. Batubara di Indonesia adalah batubara dengan kualitas rendah yang memiliki moisture content cukup tinggi dan nilai kalor yang rendah. Dibutuhkan proses pengeringan untuk meningkatkan kualitas batubara. Metode Fluidized Bed Drying (Pengeringan Unggun Fluidisasi) dipilih karena memiliki effisiensi yang baik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk memperoleh kurva pengeringan batubara dan mengetahui pengaruh suhu udara pengering dan ukuran partikel batubara terhadap pengeringan batubara menggunakan unggun fluidisasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap yaitu preparasi bahan baku batubara (Size Reduction), analisa moisture content awal, proses pengeringan, dan terakhir analisa akhir moisture content. Alat yang digunakan adalah Fluidized Bed Dryer (Pengering Unggun Terfluidisasi), Humidty & temperature meter, stopwatch, d...

Biorefineries are examples of industries striving towards a circular and bio-based economy through valorising natural raw materials to a spectrum of products. This is a resource-efficient process which also decreases overall environmental impact, as the products from a biorefinery can replace fossil-based products such as plastics or fuels. To become even more resource efficient, an optimisation of the by-product use can increase the performance. This study will evaluate different scenarios for the valorisation of stillage coming from a wheat-based biorefinery. The alternatives range from the direct use of the stillage for fodder, fertiliser or incineration to three different biogas production-based scenarios. The biogas scenarios are divided into the production of fuel at a local or distant plant and the alternative of creating heat and power at the local plant. The results show how locally produced biogas for vehicle fuel and fodder usage are the better alternatives regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the finances of the biorefinery, energy balance and nutrient recycling. The results also indicate that biorefineries with several high-value products may receive lower quality by-product flows, and to these, the biogas solutions become more relevant for valorising stillage while improving value and performance for the biorefinery.

Real-time monitoring of product titers during process development and production of biotherapeutics facilitate implementation of quality-by-design principles and enable rapid bioprocess decision and optimization of the production process. Conventional analytical methods are generally performed offline/at-line and, therefore, are not capable of generating real-time data. In this study, a novel fiber optical nanoplasmonic sensor technology was explored for rapid IgG titer measurements. The sensor combines localized surface plasmon resonance transduction and robust single use Protein A-modified sensor chips, housed in a flexible flow cell, for specific IgG detection. The sensor requires small sample volumes (1–150 µL) and shows a reproducibility and sensitivity comparable to Protein G high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). The dynamic range of the sensor system can be tuned by varying the sample volume, which enables quantification of IgG samples ranging from 0.0...

Lignocellulosic biomass fractionation is typically performed using methods that are somehow harsh to the environment, such as in the case of kraft pulping. In recent years, the development of new sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives has grown significantly. Among the developed systems, bio-based solvents emerge as promising alternatives for biomass processing. Therefore, in the present work, the bio-based and renewable chemicals, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA), were combined to fractionate lignocellulosic waste (i.e., maritime pine sawdust) and isolate lignin. Different parameters, such as LA:FA ratio, temperature, and extraction time, were optimized to boost the yield and purity of extracted lignin. The LA:FA ratio was found to be crucial regarding the superior lignin extraction from the waste biomass. Moreover, the increase in temperature and extraction time enhances the amount of extracted residue but compromises the lignin purity and reduces its molecu...

Gasifikasi batubara allothermal menjadi tren pengembangan saat ini karena dapat menghasilkan gas sintesis tanpa menggunakan pereaksi O2 murni, rasio H2/CO dalam produk yang besar dan cocok untuk batubara lignit. Makalah ini membahas pengaruh ...

Biosorption batch experiments were conducted to determine the cesium binding ability of native biomass and chemically modified biosorbents derived from marine algae, namely ferrocyanide algal sorbents type 1 and type 2 (FASs1 and FASs2). The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for representation of the experimental data was investigated. The cesium sorption performances of the various types of sorbents were compared using the maximum capacities (q max values) obtained from fitting the Langmuir isotherm to the values calculated from the sorption experiments, which FASs type 1 and type 2 showed better sorption performances for cesium. FASs1 and FASs2 derived from formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde crosslinked Padina australis exhibited lower sorption capacities than those prepared from the non-crosslinked one. Most of the cesium ions were bound to FASs1, derived from Sargassum glaucescens and P. australis, in <2 min and equilibrium reached within the first 30 min of contact. Biosorption of cesium by FASs1 derived from P. australis and Cystoseria indica was constantly occurred at a wide range of pH, between 1 and 10, and the highest removal took place at pH 4. The presence of sodium and potassium at 0.5 and 1 mM did not inhibit cesium biosorption by algae biomass. The maximum cesium uptake was acquired using the large particles of FAS2 originated from S. glaucescens (2-4 mm). Desorption of cesium from the metal-laden FASs1 (from P. australis, S. glaucescens and Dictyota indica) was completely achieved applying 0.5 and 1 M NaOH and KOH, although the cesium sorption capacity of the biosorbents (from C. indica and S. glaucescens) decreased by 46-51% after 9 sorption-desorption cycles.

Biosorption batch experiments were conducted to determine the cesium binding ability of native biomass and chemically modified biosorbents derived from marine algae, namely ferrocyanide algal sorbents type 1 and type 2 (FASs1 and FASs2). The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for representation of the experimental data was investigated. The cesium sorption performances of the various types of sorbents were compared using the maximum capacities (q max values) obtained from fitting the Langmuir isotherm to the values calculated from the sorption experiments, which FASs type 1 and type 2 showed better sorption performances for cesium. FASs1 and FASs2 derived from formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde crosslinked Padina australis exhibited lower sorption capacities than those prepared from the non-crosslinked one. Most of the cesium ions were bound to FASs1, derived from Sargassum glaucescens and P. australis, in <2 min and equilibrium reached within the first 30 min of contact. Biosorption of cesium by FASs1 derived from P. australis and Cystoseria indica was constantly occurred at a wide range of pH, between 1 and 10, and the highest removal took place at pH 4. The presence of sodium and potassium at 0.5 and 1 mM did not inhibit cesium biosorption by algae biomass. The maximum cesium uptake was acquired using the large particles of FAS2 originated from S. glaucescens (2-4 mm). Desorption of cesium from the metal-laden FASs1 (from P. australis, S. glaucescens and Dictyota indica) was completely achieved applying 0.5 and 1 M NaOH and KOH, although the cesium sorption capacity of the biosorbents (from C. indica and S. glaucescens) decreased by 46-51% after 9 sorption-desorption cycles.

Considering the much higher enzymatic activity reached when the initial fibre material was further disintegrated it is assumed that the possibilities for enzymes to attack desired structures of the intact fibre wall may have been too few even in the case of Impressafiner treated material. Contents Summary Contents .

Fermentation is a process which involves slow decomposition of organic substances, induced by enzymes or microorganisms that basically convert carbohydrates into organic acids. Fermented foods and beverages have a diversity of traditions and cultural preferences based on the geographical areas from which they have originated.

Phosphorus (P) is a critical element for life on Earth. However, readily extractable ores are being exhausted rapidly and a combination of increasing usage, rising costs and numerous geopolitical problems are expected to impact food security and industry sectors within the next few decades. This hence represents another great anthropogenic challenge and near-future issue. P is needed in the production of microalgal biomass; indeed the value of P in microalgae is similar or exceeds that of the potential biofuels, demanding a 100% recovery and recycling of P. However, unlike nitrogen (N) sources (that can be synthesised) for which the relationship of cell-contents and growth is linear, the need for P is less clearly understood. We have empirically explored the interaction between P supply and microalgal production and biochemical composition. P usage could be at least halved relative to the use of N, while maintaining adequate growth of Nannochloropsis. Indeed, by deploying certain st...

Microalgal biotechnology has yielded a range of products for different consumer markets, but large scale production for bulk commodities is limited by the cost and environmental impact of production. Nutrient requirements for large-scale production contribute significantly to the cost and environmental impact of microalgal biomass production and should subsequently be addressed by more careful sourcing of nutrients. This study assessed the use of nitrogen and phosphorus contained in effluents from anaerobic digestion of food waste to cultivate the marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp.. With suitable dilution, effluent could replace 100% of nitrogen demands and 16% of required phosphorus, without significant impacts on growth or biomass productivity. Additional phosphorus requirements could be decreased by increasing the N:P molar ratio of the media from 16:1 to 32:1. Nannochloropsis sp. accumulated lipid up to 50% of dry weight under N-stress, with significant increases in the content of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Using empirical data generated in this study, the cost and environmental impact of nitrogen and phosphorus supply was assessed versus the use of fertilizers for biomass and biodiesel production. Nutrient requirements predicted by the Redfield Ratio overestimating impacts by as much as 140% compared to empirical data. By utilising residual nutrients and optimising nutrient supply, the cost and environmental impact of nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased by 90% versus the use of artificial fertilizers.

Vermicomposting results in the production of two bio-fertilizers, vermicompost and vermiwash. The bio-fertilizers were applied to 4kg of loam-clay soil over a period of 40 days. The effect of the vermicompost, vermiwash, application time and their combined effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content were analyzed. Increasing the vermicompost quantity decreased the soil pH, electrical conductivity and nitrogen content, however, this resulted in a slight increase in the phosphorous content but the potassium content remained unaltered. Increasing the vermiwash quantity increased the soil pH, electrical conductivity and potassium content but resulted in reduced nitrogen and phosphorous content. In addition, increasing the application period of either the vermicompost or the vermiwash resulted in increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, phosphorous and potassium content but resulted in reduced phosphorous content. The reduction of the soi...

Saccharomyces boulardii is non-pathogenic probiotic yeast with many health benefits. In the present work, studies were carried out to improve cell growth kinetics to produce cell mass of this biotherapeutic yeast in semi-industrial scale. At first, five different media were screened to select the most appropriate formula for biomass production. The medium which yielded highest cell mass of 2.57 g L-1 and lowest ethanol was selected and further optimized by changing the concentrations of each component. The optimized medium composed of (g L-1): Glucose, 20; Corn steep liquor, 15; NaNO 3 , 1.0; KH 2 PO 4 , 6.0; MgSO 4 .7H 2 0, 3.0; CuSO 4 .5H 2 0, 0.002; FeSO 4 .7H 2 0, 0.001; ZnSO 4 .7H 2 0, 0.01 was then used for yeast biomass production in a pilot scale 16-L bioreactor in batch culture under controlled and uncontrolled pH. The highest biomass of 8.2 g L-1 was achieved in pH controlled culture. This was almost double of the biomass obtained in shake flask. In conclusion, production process has been developed for high cell mass production of the biotherapeutic yeast S. boulardii in semi-industrial scale.

Combustion of biomass produces thermal energy that can be utilized of other energy utilities by conversion through fluidized combustion systems. Fluidized reactor with a system (fluidized bed) is an option to the existing conversion thermal energy in biomass. Fuel feed system on combustion chamber (combustor) and fluidized combustion reaction chamber (burner) at fluidization reactor unit integrated with utility boilers producing steam into the reactor performance targets, this is achieved by the provision of fuel to the prescribed amount and timeliness of feeder working system for supplying fuel to the combustion chamber (combustor). Maximum combustion temperature results obtained in between 20 to 30 seconds burning time for 2 (two) kg biomass. Combustion temperature is strongly influenced by the characteristics of biomass. Solid biomass character (wood chips and branches of dry wood planers) has a higher burning temperature of biomass fibers character (areca nut husk). The increase...

Vermicomposting results in the production of two bio-fertilizers, vermicompost and vermiwash. The bio-fertilizers were applied to 4kg of loam-clay soil over a period of 40 days. The effect of the vermicompost, vermiwash, application time and their combined effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content were analyzed. Increasing the vermicompost quantity decreased the soil pH, electrical conductivity and nitrogen content, however, this resulted in a slight increase in the phosphorous content but the potassium content remained unaltered. Increasing the vermiwash quantity increased the soil pH, electrical conductivity and potassium content but resulted in reduced nitrogen and phosphorous content. In addition, increasing the application period of either the vermicompost or the vermiwash resulted in increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, phosphorous and potassium content but resulted in reduced phosphorous content. The reduction of the soi...

Huge quantities of apple orchard waste (AOW) generated could be regarded as a promising alternative energy source for fuel and material production. Conventional and traditional processes for disposal of these wastes are neither economical nor environment friendly. Hence, sustainable technologies are required to be developed to solve this long-term existence and continuous growing problem. In light of these issues, this review pays attention towards sustainable and renewable systems, various value-added products from an economic and environmental perspective. Refined bio-product derived from AOW contributes to resource and energy demand comprising of biomethane, bioethanol, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, biochar, and biochemicals, such as organic acid, and enzymes. However, the market implementation of biological recovery requires reliable process technology integrated with an eco-friendly and economic production chain, classified management.

Phosphorus (P) is a critical element for life on Earth. However, readily extractable ores are being exhausted rapidly and a combination of increasing usage, rising costs and numerous geopolitical problems are expected to impact food security and industry sectors within the next few decades. This hence represents another great anthropogenic challenge and near-future issue. P is needed in the production of microalgal biomass; indeed the value of P in microalgae is similar or exceeds that of the potential biofuels, demanding a 100% recovery and recycling of P. However, unlike nitrogen (N) sources (that can be synthesised) for which the relationship of cell-contents and growth is linear, the need for P is less clearly understood. We have empirically explored the interaction between P supply and microalgal production and biochemical composition. P usage could be at least halved relative to the use of N, while maintaining adequate growth of Nannochloropsis. Indeed, by deploying certain st...

Pharmaceutical residues are found in the environment due to extensive use in human and veterinary medicine. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have a potential impact in non-target organisms. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed to remove APIs. In this thesis, two related matters are addressed 1) evaluation of advanced treatment to remove APIs from municipal wastewater and 2) the prevalence and degradation of APIs in the Baltic Sea. A stationary pilot plant with nanofiltration (NF) and a mobile pilot plant with activated carbon and ozonation were designed to study the removal of APIs at four WWTPs. By NF, removal reached 90%, but the retentate needed further treatment. A predictive model of the rejection of APIs by NF was developed based on the variables: polarizability, globularity, ratio hydrophobic to polar water accessible surface and charge. The pilot plants with granular and powdered activated carbon (GAC) and (PAC) removed more than 95% of the APIs. Screening of activated carbon products was essential, because of a broad variation in adsorption capacity. Recirculation of PAC or longer contact time, increased the removal of APIs. Ozonation with 5-7 g/m 3 ozone resulted in 87-95% removal of APIs. Elevated activity and transcription of biomarkers indicated presence of xenobiotics in regular effluent. Chemical analysis of APIs, together with analysis of biomarkers, were valuable and showed that GAC-filtration and ozonation can be implemented to remove APIs in WWTPs, with decreased biomarker responses. Sampling of the Baltic Sea showed presence of APIs in 41 out of 43 locations. A developed grey box model predicted concentration and half-life of carbamazepine in the Baltic Sea to be 1.8 ng/L and 1300 d respectively. In conclusion, APIs were removed to 95% by GAC or PAC treatment. The additional treatment resulted in lower biomarker responses than today and some APIs were shown to be widespread in the aquatic environment.

Ultrasound has many uses, such as in medical imaging, monitoring of crystallization, characterization of emulsions and suspensions, and disruption of cell membranes in the food industry. It can also affect microbial cells by promoting or slowing their growth and increasing the production of some metabolites. However, the exact mechanism explaining the effect of ultrasound has not been identified yet. Most equipment employed to study the effect of ultrasound on microorganisms has been designed for other applications and then only slightly modified. This results in limited control over ultrasound frequency and input power, or pressure distribution in the reactor. The present study aimed to obtain a well-defined reactor by simulating the pressure distribution of a sonobioreactor. Specifically, we optimized a sonotrode to match the bottle frequency and compared it to measured results to verify the accuracy of the simulation. The measured pressure distribution spectrum presented the same overall trend as the simulated spectrum. However, the peaks were much less intense, likely due to non-linear events such as the collapse of cavitation bubbles. To test the application of the sonobioreactor in biological systems, two biotechnologically interesting microorganisms were assessed: an electroactive bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, and a lignocellulose-degrading fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. Sonication resulted in increased malate production by G. sulfurreducens, but no major effect on growth. In comparison, morphology and growth of F. oxysporum were more sensitive to ultrasound intensity. Despite considerable morphological changes at 4 W input power, the growth rate was not adversely affected; however, at 12 W, growth was nearly halted. The above findings indicate that the novel sonobioreactor provides an effective tool for studying the impact of ultrasound on microorganisms.

One of the stages of post-harvest handling is drying rice. The rice drying process for this is still done by direct drying under the sun. The drying process depends on the amount of solar radiation, especially the rainy winter weather. The results showed that the air flow rate and the number of heating pipes are very influential on the energy supplied air to evaporate the water in the grain. Where the highest energy 3.948.7353,979 Watt blower, wind speed 13 m / s with variations of two heating pipes, while the lowest energy 469,041.223 Watt blower, wind speed 13 m / s with variations of three heating pipes. The air flow rate and the number of heating pipes also affect the thermal energy which can be used for drying grain. Where the highest energy 85968.800 Watt at a speed of 13 m / s with variations of three pieces of pipe, while the lowest energy 31426.867 Watt at a speed of 13 m / s with variations of the pieces of pipe. The efficiency is very dependent on a hot air flow rate and ...

The successful functioning and stability of an anaerobic digester depends on the interplay of several factors, each of which is very important to the success of the system as a whole. pH is central to the whole system as it dictates the survival for the bacteria. In this study the effect of digester pressure was investigated at a fixed temperature of 36°C. The digester pressure was manipulated using back pressure regulator. Grass cuttings were used as feed material to the digester. Three pressures of 2bar, 4bar and 6bar were investigated for a period of ten days. The characteristics and methane yield achieved when digesting grass cuttings under constant digester pressure (gauge pressure) suggested that it is possible to produce biogas that has minimal amount of CO 2. The highest methane compositions at 0bar, 2bar, 4bar and 6bar were 55.77, 62.2, 65.8 and 71.2% and carbon dioxide compositions were 58.85, 35.2, 32.5 and 26.2%. The amount of CO 2 decreased significantly with increased pressure and the pH values dropped to 7.01, 6.96 and 6.78 respectively with increase in pressure.

Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kelapa dengan hasil yang melimpah. Batang kelapa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku furniture dimana hasil sampingnya berupa serbuk gergaji. Serbuk gergaji kayu kelapa merupakan salah satu biomassa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar gas atau syngas dengan metode gasifikasi. Gasifikasi dilakukan dengan perbedaan variabel berat umpan dan sistem operasi updraft dan sistem operasi downdraft . Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel bebas berupa serbuk gergaji kayu kelapa. Sedangkan variabel terikat yang akan didapatkan yaitu berupa output syngas , suhu gasifikasi, dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan syngas . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak umpan serbuk gergaji kayu kelapa, maka semakin banyak syngas yang dihasilkan dan semakin lama waktu produksi syngas. Berdasarkan analisis syngas , didapatkan hasil pada gasifikasi updraft sebesar 15,8670% CO; 6,4133% CH 4 ; 20,3237% H 2 dan gasifikasi downdraft sebesar 13,7617% CO; 0,56...

ABSTRAK. Kedelai (Glycine max) adalah salah satu komoditi yang kaya akan protein namun mengandung rafinosa dan stakiosa yang dapat menimbulkan flatulensi (gas berlebihan) dalam tubuh manusia. Rhizopus oryzae diketahui dapat mengurangi kadar stakiosa dan rafinosa pada pengolahan tepung kedelai. Lactobacillus plantarum juga dapat mengurangi kadar stakiosa pada pengolahan yoghurt dari bahan kedelai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengurangan rafinosa dan stakiosa pada fermentasi kedelai dengan isolate kombinasi R. oryzae dan L. plantarum. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menginokulasikan isolat kombinasi R oryzae dan L. plantarum pada fermentasi kedelai. Produk fermentasi kedelai kemudian diuji kadar rafinosa dan stakiosanya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan fermentasi dengan isolat tunggal R. oryzae selama 2 hari (R 2 L 0) dapat menghasilkan tepung kedelai dengan kadar rafinosa dan stakiosa yang rendah serta memilki warna dan bau yang baik.

Indonesia merupakan penghasil biomassa lignoselulosa residu pertanian yang cukup melimpah, salah satunya adalah limbah pertanian sorgum yang belum memiliki nilai ekonomis berupa batang Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Total gula dalam nira sorgum hampir setara dengan nira tebu. Berdasarkan kandungan total gula yang cukup tinggi tersebut, limbah pertanian sorgum berupa batang sorgum beserta kandungan niranya adalah salah satu potensi sumber bioetanol yang menjanjikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan konsentrasi substrat optimum dan proses fermentasi batang sorgum dengan menggunakan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). Pretreatment yang akan digunakan adalah dengan metode fisik dan kimia. Batang sorgum yang telah menjadi bubuk dibuat dalam konsentrasi 25 gram (5%) dan 50 gram (10%), kemudian dilakukan penambahan aquades hingga 500 ml. Substrat diperlakukan dengan pretreatment pencacahan, pengeringan dan penggilingan, kemudian dilakukan penambahan H2SO4 0,25% dan dipanaskan pada suhu 121 o C selama 10 menit. Metode hidrolisis pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode hidrolisis enzimatik, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan kapang T. viride dan A. niger. Sampel yang telah ditambahkan T. viride dan A. niger kemudian ditambahkan S. cerevisiae CC 3012 dan konsorsium S. cerevisiae CC 3012-P. stipitis untuk proses fermentasi. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu kadar lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa, gula reduksi, pH, C, N, P dan bioetanol. Analisis menggunakan Response Surface digunakan untuk mengambil kesimpulan dan mengetahui nilai optimum terhadap berbagai perlakuan substrat yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan batang sorgum berpotensi rendah sebagai bahan baku bioetanol karena menghasilkan kadar gula reduksi dan etanol yang tergolong rendah. Hasil etanol tertinggi dihasilkan pada substrat 50 gram (10%), yaitu sebesar 2.1% dengan penambahan konsorsium S. cerevisiae CC 3012-P. stipitis 10 % selama 24 jam fermentasi.

Background and Objective: Lactobacillus plantarum is one of the probiotics species used in functional food products. These bacteria or their purified bacteriocins are used as biological preservatives in the food industry. The first step in production of an array of probiotic products is optimizing production in fermentors. This study aimed to examine factors affecting the in vitro growth optimization of Lactobacillus plantarum T5JQ301796.1 in a lab scale fermentor. Materials and Methods: Following 24 hours of anaerobic culture of the lactobacillus at 37°C, the pre-culture was ready and was inoculated to a 5 liter fermentor at 37°C and stirred at 40 rpm. Then factors affecting lactobacillus growth including carbon and nitrogen sources and pH were studied. The results were interpreted using response surface methodology (RSM), and optimal conditions for the equipment were determined. Results and Conclusion: For optimal growth of Lactobacillus plantarum T5JQ301796.1 in lab scale ferment...

Pemanfaatan sumber energi biomasa sebagai salah satu sumber energi alternatif di Indonesia sangatlah potensial karena ketersediaanya yang sangat berlimpah. Akan tetapi, bahan bakar biomasa seperti ampas tebu misalnya, mempunyai nilai kalor yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar batubara sehingga untuk memperbaikinya dapat diilakukan dengan metode Co-firing. Co-firing juga diklaim dapat menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran batubara konvesional. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada unit fluidized bed combustion (FBC) skala laboratorium dengan ukuran diameter combustor 50 mm dengan tinggi 100 mm. Pada penelitian ini temperatur fluidisasi divariasikan pada 500 o C dan 600 o C. Udara fluidisasi dihembuskan dari bawah plat distributor dengan kecepatan superficial (U 0) yang divariasikan yaitu 5 cm/s, 9 cm/s dan 13 cm/s. Bahan bakar campuran ampas tebu dan batubara dimasukkan dari bagian atas combustor, kemudian dilakukan pencatatan terhadap perubahan temperatur yang terjadi dan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan saat proses pembakaran. Dari hasil penelitian berdasarkan variasi yang telah dilakukan, co-firing bahan bakar ampas tebu dan batubara yang paling komplit terjadi pada kecepatan 5 cm/s pada temperatur 600 o C Kata kunci: pembakaran fluidized bed, ampas tebu, emisi gas buang, zat volatil

New activated sludge processes that utilize sorption as a major mechanism for organics removal are being developed to maximize energy recovery from wastewater organics, or as enhanced primary treatment technologies. To model and optimize sorption-based activated sludge processes, further knowledge about sorption of organics onto sludge is needed. This study compared primary-, anaerobic-, and aerobic activated sludge as sorbents, determined sorption capacity and kinetics, and investigated some characteristics of the organics being sorbed. Batch sorption assays were carried out without aeration at a mixing velocity of 200 rpm. Only aerobic activated sludge showed net sorption of organics. Sorption of dissolved organics occurred by a near-instantaneous sorption event followed by a slower process that obeyed 1st order kinetics. Sorption of particulates also followed 1st order kinetics but there was no instantaneous sorption event; instead there was a release of particles upon mixing. Th...

There are 3 choices in accommodating power station facility which have beeninstalled to fulfill standard regulation of environmental quality which progressivelytighten. Firstly, facility modification of pulverized–coal fired power plant byapplying a flue–gas desulfurisation technology throw away to cost moneyinstallation of tired which can 20% of total cost development of it. Secondly,modification system of coal fired power generation become natural gas combinedcycle (NGCC) can reach low emission, but fuel cost relatively high, so willinfluence the electricity generating cost. Third, modification system of electricgeneration which have been installed by utilizing a mechanism of coalgasification is most efficient and best alternative to yield an environmentalfriendly of electric generation combined cycle. In this paper, writer try to make abasic design of circulating fluidized–bed coal gasifier using clay catalist relatedon third choice which expected applicable in the next future to...

In recent years, the effective purification of PEGylated therapeutic proteins from reaction media has received particular attention. Although several techniques have been used, affinity-based strategies have been scarcely explored despite the fact that, after PEGylation, marked changes in the molecular affinity parameters of the modified molecules are observed. With this in mind, future contributions in the bioseparation of these polymer-protein conjugates are expected to exploit affinity in chromatographic and nonchromatographic techniques which will surely derive in the integration of different operations. However, this will only occur as novel ligands which are simultaneously found. As it will be mentioned, these novel ligands may be screened or designed. In both cases, computer-aided tools will support their identification or development. Additionally, ligand discovery by high-throughput screening (HTS) is believed to become a fast, economic, and informative technology that will...

Fungal infections in humans are mostly due to Candida albicans, an opportunistic commensal yeast that causes systemic and invasive candidiasis. Conventional treatment of candidiasis using antifungal compounds such as polyenes and azoles can cause various side effects. Besides, treatment becomes difficult as the organism acquires resistance. Probiotics with anti-candida activity have been projected as a safe and alternative solutions to treat candidiasis. Probiotic Bacillus isolates previously reported showed wonderful activity against pathogenic Candida species. This study reports on media optimization and partial purification of anti-candida compounds from probiotic Bacillus isolates MW3, MW9, MW19, and MW27. Maximum growth and anti-candida activity (2.9 cm inhibition zone) by the isolate culture was observed when media had been optimized with dextrose, casein and peptone. The media composition numbers 18, 4 and 19 showed the best growth for MW3, MW9, MW19 and MW27. Fractions obtai...

The successful functioning and stability of an anaerobic digester depends on the interplay of several factors, each of which is very important to the success of the system as a whole. pH is central to the whole system as it dictates the survival for the bacteria. In this study the effect of digester pressure was investigated at a fixed temperature of 36°C. The digester pressure was manipulated using back pressure regulator. Grass cuttings were used as feed material to the digester. Three pressures of 2bar, 4bar and 6bar were investigated for a period of ten days. The characteristics and methane yield achieved when digesting grass cuttings under constant digester pressure (gauge pressure) suggested that it is possible to produce biogas that has minimal amount of CO 2. The highest methane compositions at 0bar, 2bar, 4bar and 6bar were 55.77, 62.2, 65.8 and 71.2% and carbon dioxide compositions were 58.85, 35.2, 32.5 and 26.2%. The amount of CO 2 decreased significantly with increased pressure and the pH values dropped to 7.01, 6.96 and 6.78 respectively with increase in pressure.

Considering the much higher enzymatic activity reached when the initial fibre material was further disintegrated it is assumed that the possibilities for enzymes to attack desired structures of the intact fibre wall may have been too few even in the case of Impressafiner treated material. Contents Summary Contents .

In recent years, the effective purification of PEGylated therapeutic proteins from reaction media has received particular attention. Although several techniques have been used, affinity-based strategies have been scarcely explored despite the fact that, after PEGylation, marked changes in the molecular affinity parameters of the modified molecules are observed. With this in mind, future contributions in the bioseparation of these polymer-protein conjugates are expected to exploit affinity in chromatographic and nonchromatographic techniques which will surely derive in the integration of different operations. However, this will only occur as novel ligands which are simultaneously found. As it will be mentioned, these novel ligands may be screened or designed. In both cases, computer-aided tools will support their identification or development. Additionally, ligand discovery by high-throughput screening (HTS) is believed to become a fast, economic, and informative technology that will...

Considering the much higher enzymatic activity reached when the initial fibre material was further disintegrated it is assumed that the possibilities for enzymes to attack desired structures of the intact fibre wall may have been too few even in the case of Impressafiner treated material. Contents Summary Contents .

Biomass power plants are electricity generators with alternative energy that utilize organicmaterials, in this case cow dung. The cow dung is then processed to produce syngas. Syngas is used as fuelto turn turbines. In previous studies, a cow manure gasification reactor was designed and manufactured.This reactor is part of a biomass power plant system (PLTBm) which is made separately. The power outputtarget of this PLTBm is 370 kW. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of the downdraftreactor of cow dung biomass, namely discharge, temperature, and analyze the gas content released by thereactor so that the power that can be generated by the reactor can be obtained. The test results obtained acombustion chamber temperature of 580°C and a discharge of 0.285 m3/s. The composition of the outputgas is acetylene 58.16%, hexane 27.66%, butane 6.38%, and methane 7.8%. From the calculation results,the power generated by the reactor is 342 kW.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the medium where Lactobacillus fermentum microorganisms with probiotic properties grow most efficiently by using Response Surface Method (RSM). Studies have been conducted on a 500 ml erlenmeyer scale, the medium optimization of the Lactobacillus fermentum strain was carried out according to the Central Composite Design (CCD) included in RSM. The effects of glucose, yeast extract, inorganic salts, and Tween 80 were investigated on the growth rate of the L. fermentum NBC-08 strain. Samples were taken at regular intervals from the erlenmeyer flask and the number of viable cells was measured by planting them in petri agar medium. In the study, the number of viable cells log10 (cfu/ml) was chosen as the response variable. As a result of the study, it was concluded that glucose and yeast extract are absolutely essential components in the medium. The optimum medium composition was found as 96.06 g/L glucose, 40.76 g L-1 yeast extract, 19.43 g L-1 inorganic salts, and 11.01 ml/L Tween 80. The production of the maximum L. fermentum strain was determined as 10.75 log10 (cfu ml-1). It is predicted that this study will make positive contributions to the fermentation conditions and medium optimization studies for production of lactic acid bacteria.

This paper presents the assessment of Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations in the African pear (Dacryodes edulis) sold in eight popular markets in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. The concentrations of these metals ranged from 0.01±0.002µg/g to 3.00±1.00µg/g with Pb having the highest concentration of 3.00±1.00µg/g.There was significant difference in the level of Pb in the fruits sold at Ikeja and other markets in March (P<0.05). The washed samples revealed that metal pollutants can exist as superficial contaminants on the surface of the fruit wall which is the edible portion. And so if the fruit is thoroughly washed, it may increase its safety for dietary consumption. The presence of these heavy metals in the fruits confirms that (i) the sources of the fruits before they get to the markets are polluted and (ii) the exposure of the fruits to all types of gaseous emissions from vehicles, industries and domestic wastes at the markets. The concentrations of the heavy metals detected in the fruits were lower than their maximum permissible concentrations except for lead with a concentration of 3.00±1.00µg/g in fruits purchased at Ikeja in March. However, precautions need to be taken by both growers and sellers to ensure that the concentrations of these heavy metals in the fruits are not increased before they get to the consumers. @ JASEM

Bahan berlignoselulosa yaitu biomassa dari tanaman yang memiliki komponen utama selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Karena memiliki kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi, maka bahan berlignoselulosa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku produksi crude selulase dengan bantuan kapang. Crude selulase dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan bioetanol. Tujuan studi literatur ini adalah untuk membandingkan produksi crude selulase dari bahan berlignoselulosa dengan kapang. Selain itu, juga bertujuan untuk membandingkan pembuatan bioetanol dari bahan berlignoselulosa menggunakan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) dengan hidrolisis enzimatis. Berdasarkan studi literatur yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa adanya pengaruh kandungan lignoselulosa bahan, waktu inkubasi, dan konsentrasi substrat terhadap aktivitas enzim yang dihasilkan. Nilai aktivitas enzim paling tinggi yaitu ditunjukkan pada produksi crude selulase dari ampas tebu menggunakan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium dengan kondisi terbaik yaitu waktu inkubasi 17 hari dan konsentrasi substrat 7% sebesar 91,304 U/mL. Studi literatur mengenai pembuatan bioetanol dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan crude selulase dan waktu inkubasi berpengaruh terhadap kadar etanol yang dihasilkan. Kadar etanol tertinggi sebesar 11,04% dari bagasse menggunakan crude selulase Phanerochaete chrysosporium pada penambahan 50% dan waktu fermentasi 144 jam.

This study aims to determine the effect of boiling time of soybean to getting the best fermented soybean characteristics. The design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with duration of boiling soybeans consisting of 5 levels; 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. This reserach was repeated three times to obtain 15 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and if the treatment had a significant effect, it was continued with the Duncan Multiple Range (DMRT) test. The results showed that 150 minutes of boiling soybean was the best treatment with the criteria of 31,02% mositure content, 1,41% ash content, 18,00% protein content, 15,08% fat content, 34,02% carbohydrate content, light brown color, has a distinctive odor of fermented soybean, has a soft texture, and overall like reception.

Electrification ratio in Special Distric of Yogyakarta in 2015 still under 100%, but 100% villages has been electrified. It shows that several houses which far from village which has not been electrified. The alternative solution is to build a small power plant by utilizing rice husks which are quite abundant in Yogyakarta. Diesel Power Plant (PLTD) by dual fuel system studied had a capacity of 50 kVA. Dual fuel system is combin ation of diesel fuel and synthetic gas from gasification of rice husks. This study is discussed about potential of rice husks, gasification equipment design, electrical distribution, and economic feasibility studies. The results showed that 0.2% of rice husks in Yogyakarta is enough to fulfill fuel requirements of PLTD by dual fuel system. Comparison of fuel requirements in PLTD by dual fuel system is 40% or about 4.72 liters/hour of diesel fuel and 60% synthetic gas from gasification of rice husk as much as 33.19 kgs/hour. Reactor is designed to fulfill gas...