Biologia

In-transit metastases (ITM) are cutaneous and/or subcutaneous lesions between the primary site and the draining regional lymph node, distant at least 2 cm from the primary site. They occur at 5 to 10% of melanoma patients. The melanoma staging from AJCC 2017 include them in stages IIIB, IIIC and IIID. Throughout the years, this committee have been emphasizing their prognostic importance. This work is based on a selection and review of scientific and revision articles published or referenced in Pubmed (Medline). The majority of them are dated from 2011 onwards. Results: There are many treatments available for patients with in-transit metastases. Excision to clear margins is the first line treatment. From this point on, the therapy course is not clear because guidelines are not entirely enlightening. Nowadays, the therapeutic decision is up for discussion involving the doctor, a multidisciplinary medical team and the patients and their family. The choice between local, regional and systemic treatment should take into account the lesions anatomical location, their number, their size, the potential toxicity of the therapy itself and the patient comorbidities. The emerging systemic immunotherapies and targeted agents have shown a clear benefit in the stage IV melanoma, completely changing the therapy paradigm. However, its use in ITM is not yet well characterized and validated. Presently the therapeutic decision requires a wide knowledge of the several options available. In the future, comparative studies are needed specially between the new systemic therapies and the regional ones. Association studies between the different therapies are also in order as this path seems to be the most promising one.

In-transit metastases (ITM) are cutaneous and/or subcutaneous lesions between the primary site and the draining regional lymph node, distant at least 2 cm from the primary site. They occur at 5 to 10% of melanoma patients. The melanoma staging from AJCC 2017 include them in stages IIIB, IIIC and IIID. Throughout the years, this committee have been emphasizing their prognostic importance. This work is based on a selection and review of scientific and revision articles published or referenced in Pubmed (Medline). The majority of them are dated from 2011 onwards. Results: There are many treatments available for patients with in-transit metastases. Excision to clear margins is the first line treatment. From this point on, the therapy course is not clear because guidelines are not entirely enlightening. Nowadays, the therapeutic decision is up for discussion involving the doctor, a multidisciplinary medical team and the patients and their family. The choice between local, regional and systemic treatment should take into account the lesions anatomical location, their number, their size, the potential toxicity of the therapy itself and the patient comorbidities. The emerging systemic immunotherapies and targeted agents have shown a clear benefit in the stage IV melanoma, completely changing the therapy paradigm. However, its use in ITM is not yet well characterized and validated. Presently the therapeutic decision requires a wide knowledge of the several options available. In the future, comparative studies are needed specially between the new systemic therapies and the regional ones. Association studies between the different therapies are also in order as this path seems to be the most promising one.

Introducción General
Desde los inicios de la ciencia, la humanidad ha intentado unificar las leyes
fundamentales del universo en un solo marco teórico. La Teoría RUAGAK
surge como una respuesta a esta búsqueda, proponiendo una visión
revolucionaria de la realidad basada en 131 dimensiones rotacionales
cuántico-relativistas.
RUAGAK redefine el espacio, el tiempo, la materia, la energía y la conciencia,
planteando que:
 El universo no es un sistema fijo, sino una estructura dinámica de
transiciones rotacionales.
 El tiempo fluye del futuro al pasado a través de estados cuánticorotacionales.
 Las fuerzas fundamentales son manifestaciones de estados de
torsión cuántica.
 La inteligencia y la conciencia son estados cuánticos organizados
en configuraciones 𝑹𝒏.

A Deus, pela minha vida, maior dom que alguém pode ter. Ao meu marido Rodolfo Andrade, pelo amor, incentivo e paciência hoje e sempre. Aos meus pais, Celso e Eliane Mendes, pelo amor e esforço de formarem seus filhos e insistirem na educação. A minha irmã, pelo amor e pela descontração nos momentos certos. À professora Márcia Helena Mendonça que, com paciência e atenção, dedicou seu tempo para me orientar em cada passo deste trabalho. À professora Ruth Janice Guse Schadeck, pela oportunidade e incentivo para trabalhar com mídias virtuais. Ao Gustavo Ziliotto, pelo apoio na confecção do folder.

INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL
RUAGAK: La Revolución del Pensamiento
El universo no avanza desde el pasado hacia el futuro. Es el futuro el que nos
llama, nos estructura y nos une. En el corazón de RUAGAK yace una verdad
que desafía nuestra intuición: "venimos del futuro". Si el destino del cosmos
es la coherencia máxima, entonces el tiempo no es un flujo inercial, sino una
resonancia de estados en transición.
Las antiguas concepciones del tiempo nos han condicionado a creer que el
pasado determina lo que somos. Sin embargo, RUAGAK postula que somos
atraídos hacia nuestra máxima expresión de coherencia, no empujados
desde un caos primigenio. Como el Gran Atractor moldea el destino de
galaxias enteras, la existencia es un ensamblaje de alineaciones

This study use landmark based geometric morphometrics (GM) of the head and the thorax on eight species of thrips of the species-rich genus Thrips. Among the selected species, four were classified as common and not significant, while four were identified as quarantine-significant and agriculturally important in the USA. The results indicate the potential for using both sets of landmarks, which, in some cases, were complementary. When one set did not reveal significant differences in shape, the other provided valuable insights. The geometric morphometric analysis of the selected landmarks revealed statistically significant differences in head morphology and the configuration of setal insertion points on the mesothorax and metathorax. Principal component analysis (PCA) served as the primary method to examine the ordinal distribution of the eight species within the morphospace. The analysis highlighted T. australis and T. angusticeps as the most morphologically distinct species in terms of head shape, while T. nigropilosus, T. obscuratus, and T. hawaiiensis exhibited the greatest divergence in thoracic morphology. The results further demonstrate the potential of geometric morphometric (GM) methods for identifying taxa that are challenging to distinguish using traditional taxonomy based on external morphology. This is particularly relevant for morphologically conservative taxa, such as thrips with minimal or no wing venation (a feature often used in GM studies of winged insects), species complexes (e.g., T. hawaiiensis and related species examined in this study), and taxa exhibiting morphological similarity due to convergent evolution associated with shared ecological niches.

Evidenciação das biomacromoléculas -citoquímica CAPÍTULO 5 61 BIOMEMBRANAS Constituição química Junções celulares Especializações de membrana CAPÍTULO 6 71 TRANSPORTE VIA BIOMEMBRANAS Transporte em pequena quantidade Transporte em grande quantidade Osmose CAPÍTULO 7 83 CITOPLASMA Inclusões e vesículas Citoesqueleto Microfilamentos de actina Filamentos Intermediários Microtúbulos CAPÍTULO 8 95 SISTEMA DE ENDOMEMBRANAS Retículo endoplasmático Complexo de Golgi Lisossomos Características gerais do processo de tradução CAPÍTULO 9 105 ASPECTOS GERAIS DO NÚCLEO Número, forma e localização do núcleo Constituição Envoltório Nuclear Nucléolo Material genético da célula Cromossomos metafásicos Cromossomos gigantes CAPÍTULO 10 CICLO CELULAR MITÓTICO E MEIOSE Intérfase Mitose Meiose CAPÍTULO 11 ORGANELAS E O METABOLISMO ENERGÉTICO DA CÉLULA Mitocôndria Cloroplastos Peroxissomo Produção de energia na mitocôndria Respiração Aeróbica Ciclo de Krebs (ciclo do ácido cítrico ou ciclo dos ácidos tricarboxílicos) Fosforilação oxidativa Produção de energia no cloroplasto Fase clara ou fotoquímica -reações fotodependentes Reações fotoindependentes (química ou fase escura ou ciclo de Calvin-Benson) Resumo da fotossíntese REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ÍNDICE REMISSIVO CRÉDITOS DAS FIGURAS Quero agradecer a todos os professores que se fizeram presentes na minha vida, desde a professora Vera, do Jardim da Infância em Guarapari, até minha orientadora de doutorado, Silvia Pompolo. Também agradeço a todos os alunos que me ajudaram nessa feliz caminhada da docência e me inspiraram para a realização desse livro.

Evidenciação das biomacromoléculas -citoquímica CAPÍTULO 5 61 BIOMEMBRANAS Constituição química Junções celulares Especializações de membrana CAPÍTULO 6 71 TRANSPORTE VIA BIOMEMBRANAS Transporte em pequena quantidade Transporte em grande quantidade Osmose CAPÍTULO 7 83 CITOPLASMA Inclusões e vesículas Citoesqueleto Microfilamentos de actina Filamentos Intermediários Microtúbulos CAPÍTULO 8 95 SISTEMA DE ENDOMEMBRANAS Retículo endoplasmático Complexo de Golgi Lisossomos Características gerais do processo de tradução CAPÍTULO 9 105 ASPECTOS GERAIS DO NÚCLEO Número, forma e localização do núcleo Constituição Envoltório Nuclear Nucléolo Material genético da célula Cromossomos metafásicos Cromossomos gigantes CAPÍTULO 10 CICLO CELULAR MITÓTICO E MEIOSE Intérfase Mitose Meiose CAPÍTULO 11 ORGANELAS E O METABOLISMO ENERGÉTICO DA CÉLULA Mitocôndria Cloroplastos Peroxissomo Produção de energia na mitocôndria Respiração Aeróbica Ciclo de Krebs (ciclo do ácido cítrico ou ciclo dos ácidos tricarboxílicos) Fosforilação oxidativa Produção de energia no cloroplasto Fase clara ou fotoquímica -reações fotodependentes Reações fotoindependentes (química ou fase escura ou ciclo de Calvin-Benson) Resumo da fotossíntese REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ÍNDICE REMISSIVO CRÉDITOS DAS FIGURAS Quero agradecer a todos os professores que se fizeram presentes na minha vida, desde a professora Vera, do Jardim da Infância em Guarapari, até minha orientadora de doutorado, Silvia Pompolo. Também agradeço a todos os alunos que me ajudaram nessa feliz caminhada da docência e me inspiraram para a realização desse livro.

Using primers to amplify the gene AMP2 in Amaranthus caudatus, we found the gene to be present in seven other species of the Amaranthus genus (A. albus, A. cruentus, A. blitum, A. hybridus, A. hypochondriacus, A. retroflexus and A. tricolor), in which it had not been described previously. The PCR products were sequenced and it was established that all the sequences were identical, except for two polymorphisms. These single nucleotide polymorphisms occurred at nucleotide positions 45 and 246. This exchange of one nucleotide for another was manifested in an amino acid change in both cases. Due to the fact that both polymorphisms lay outside the region encoding the chitin-binding peptide domain, which is crucial for antimicrobial peptide function, they will not likely affect the proper functioning of the peptide. With the exception of the above-mentioned polymorphisms, all sequences were identical to the sequence of the AMP2 gene that codes for the A. caudatus Ac-AMP2 (antimicrobial pe...

This book proposes a way to radically renew medicine by extending to medicine the concepts of evolutionary biology. The book considers diseases not as unpredictable harmful events but as logical consequences of evolutionary mechanisms. In particular, a large part of the most widespread diseases that afflict modern populations are interpreted as the consequence of discordances (mismatches) between new living conditions and the adaptation of our species.
It discusses the basic concepts, as well as diseases deriving from alterations of the genotype and general concepts about diseases deriving from alterations of the ecological niche. It also describes diseases deriving from relations with other living beings especially when the ecological niche is altered, diseases deriving from conditions beyond the adaptation range, and physiological phenomena that cause troubles and suffering or even death. A particular study is dedicated to the interpretation of aging and its consequences in normal or altered conditions of the ecological niche. The final part of the book describes the implementation of evolutionary medicine.

37 Fusarium isolates (F. culmorum 20, F. graminearum 4, F. avenaceum 3, F. solani 4, and F. equiseti 6 from wheat, rye and triticale) were examined for pathogenicity and tested for zearalenone (F‐2) and trichothecenes production in vitro. Strong pathogens (F. culmorum and F. graminearum) produced deoxynivalenol and 3‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in considerable quantities.

The karyotype of fifteen Leucocoryne taxa was studied, assessing characteristics such as chromosome morphology and size, secondary constriction location, and asymmetry level. Two groups of Leucocoryne taxa were described based on chromosome number (2n = 10 and 2n = 18) and karyotype asymmetry. The haploid karyotype formula for the group 2n = 10 was 3m + 2st (or 2t), whereas for the group 2n = 18 was 7m + 2st (or 2t). Such results corroborate the karyotype descriptions previously carried out for some taxa of the genus. Leucocoryne taxa showed a high resemblance in chromosome morphology, but inter-specific differences were found in mean chromosome size. These data and previous studies based on gross chromosome morphology support Crosa’s hypothesis, which suggests that the cytotype 2n = 10 is diploid and perhaps ancestral, whereas that the cytotype 2n = 18 is tetraploid but with an additional chromosome fusion being probably a derived status.

Five biometric parameters (shell height, shell length, nacreous height, nacreous width and hinge length) were measured for two populations of Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) within shallow coastal waters of the Maltese Islands, in the central Mediterranean Sea, as part of a demographic study of the species. In terms of shell height, both populations consisted mainly of small to moderate individuals. Regression analyses between these parameters were carried out, resulting in moderate to high correlations between all parameters except for hinge length. The study represents the first attempt at morphometric characterization of populations of a non-indigenous bivalve in Maltese coastal waters.

Resumen: Los límites del paradigma conductista privilegiaron el crecimiento de la moderna ciencia cognitiva. Su desarrollo se logró con base en una estructura interdisciplinar en donde originalmente se vieron involucradas disciplinas tales como la psicología cognitiva, la neurociencia, la informática o la lingüística entre otras. En la actualidad la ciencia cognitiva se integra por una multiplicidad de ciencias, que en torno al eje del conocimiento humano, han generado una serie de propuestas tanto teóricas como prácticas cuyo impacto ha sido sumamente amplio en la sociedad. Los sistemas informáticos y computacionales se han desarrollado considerando los esquemas organizacionales cerebrales humanos. Las redes neurales que integran al sistema nervioso del hombre son la base conceptual sobre la cual se basan los sistemas computacionales y la red informática mundial. Esta es la base sobre la que opera la sociedad del conocimiento o sociedad de la información. Sociedad sumamente cambiante y basada en la incertidumbre que necesita de una nueva forma de educación que permita generar a un nuevo trabajador: el trabajador del conocimiento. Este nuevo ciudadano deberá de poseer capacidades de aprender durante toda la vida, en la vida y para la vida en un ambiente de incertidumbre. Tanto la sociedad del conocimiento como la emergencia de un nuevo ciudadano implican una nueva escuela que retome las propuestas surgidas de la ciencia cognitiva y que permita que todos sus procesos de enseñanza se centren en el aprendizaje y en el desarrollo de las capacidades tanto cognitivas como afectivas de quien aprende.

Henin and Versteirt 2004). The rapid spread of X. germanus in Central Europe has been facilitated by environmental changes, particularly global warming, and an increase in the timber trade (Galko et al. 2019). The black timber bark beetle occurs in the temperate zone, in both natural and artificially planted forests of coniferous and deciduous trees, as well as in orchards of ornamental and fruit trees, vineyards, and forest nurseries (Olenici et al. 2015). It is able to withstand adverse winter conditions, and low winter temperatures do not reduce its spread in the forests of Central Europe (Dzurenko et al. 2022). Xylosandrus germanus is a polyphagous species attacking over 200 shrub and tree species (Weber and McPherson 1983). It attacks weakened or freshly dead host plants. Infested trees show symptoms of wilting, dieback, tree decline, and death (Gilrein 2011). Xylosandrus germanus, like other ambrosia beetles, has an established symbiotic relationship with ambrosia fungi which are transmitted by females in their mycangia (Francke-Grossman 1967). Once introduced, the fungi develop in the wood as mycelia and serve as food for adults and larvae (Baker and Norris 1968). The most common ambrosia fungi associated with X. germanus are Ambrosiella hartigii L.R. Batra (Weber and McPherson 1984) and Ambrosiella grosmanniae C. Mayers, McNew & T.C. Harr. (Mayers et al. 2015). The species Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau (synonym of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman)

: Epidemic spread of Erysiphe flexuosa (North American powdery mildew of horse-chestnut) in Europe. Schlechtendalia 8: 39-45. The European epidemic spread of Erysiphe (Uncinula) flexuosa, the North American horse-chestnut powdery mildew fungus, is discussed. New collections of this plant disease from Austria, Croatia, Czech Republik, France, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland on leaves and occasionally stems of Aesculus × carnea, A. chinensis, A. hippocastanum, A. indica, A. neglecta and A. × plantierensis from 2000 and 2001 are reported. The taxonomy of this fungus is discussed and disease symptoms and microscopic features, including some new observations, are described and illustrated.

As áreas verdes desenvolvem importantes serviços ecossistêmicos nos espaços urbanos. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse estudo é apontar a percepção ambiental dos visitantes da Praça da Juventude e do Poço Escuro, na Serra do Periperi, duas áreas do Parque Municipal Serra do Periperi, em Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil, a fim de indicar a utilização ideal da reserva para conservação, espaço de lazer ou ecoturismo a partir da visão da população. Os dados foram coletados com o uso de questionário estruturado, respondido por 108 visitantes. Os resultados demonstraram que os visitantes consideram as áreas desta Unidade de Conservação Municipal e seus subespaços atraentes, que o clima, os animais e plantas, como as espécies Melocactus conoideus e os Sapajus sp. são estímulos para visitação com vistas ao lazer. Ainda, os visitantes apontam ações de melhorias em segurança, mobilidade, mobília pública, pavimentação, número de obras de arte e tratamento do corpo hídrico presente...

Introdução: Filhos de mães diabéticas apresentam risco de malformações cardiovascular de torno de 8, 5% dos nascidos vivos, o que ocorre geralmente, entre a terceira e a sexta semana após a concepção. A hipertrofia miocárdica é uma forma de miocardiopatia encontrada em recém-nascidos de mães diabéticas. Objetivo: avaliar a celularidade do septo interatrial em fetos de ratas com diabetes melitos. Metodologia: estudo experimental utilizando fetos de ratas Wistar, com diabetes induzido por streptozotocina, com idade gestacional de 18 e 19 dias. Foram obtidos cortes transversais dos átrios e corados com hematoxilina e eosina. O septo interatrial foi identificado e a análise histológica foi realizada por microscopia óptica. A medida da área nuclear e a contagem de núcleos em uma área de 11mm 2 foram obtidas através de análise computadorizada. Os resultados foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão e valores mínimo e máximo. A comparação entre as médias foi feita pelo teste t de Student. Resultados: As medidas encontradas foram área nuclear de 34, 507 ± 7, 84mm 2 . A contagem de núcleos revelou 095 média de 49, 14 ± 10, 8 em 11mm 2 . Conclusão: O estudo revelou aumento da área nuclear dos miócitos do septum primum quando comparados com dados dos estudos anteriores.

Este artigo explora as atividades da pesquisa em nanoescala, com referência à epistemologia, à mudança de orientação em questões de pesquisa, divisões de trabalho, contato com a indústria e se a nanopesquisa constitui ou não um novo paradigma científico. Os dados foram coletados de uma amostra dos laureados com o Prêmio Feynman de Nanotecnologia, iniciado em 1993 para incentivar avanços na teoria e na experimentação. Será dada particular atenção ao lugar das disciplinas e da interdisciplinaridade e à emergência de novas formas nas relações de trabalho. Embora a química constitua a disciplina de origem de muitos ganhadores, durante os últimos oito anos muitos cientistas entrevistados em nosso projeto estavam empregando materiais biológicos em seu trabalho, independentemente de seus nichos disciplinares. A epitaxia, a arquitetura e a estrutura nanos e os efeitos do nanoconfinamento dos fenômenos emergem como pontos centrais. A epistemologia da teoria e da experimentação baseadas em simulação tornase crescentemente importante. Similarmente, as imagens emergem como centrais para a epistemologia da nanoescala. A indústria mostra-se muito menos relevante para as atividades desse grupo de cientistas do que inicialmente antecipávamos. Uma pequena minoria de praticantes acredita que a pesquisa em nanoescala representa um novo paradigma, embora argumentos a favor dessa interpretação frequentemente introduzam questões cognitivas e epistemológicas importantes. Palavras-chave • Pesquisa em nanoescala. Paradigma. Interdisciplinaridade. Divisão do trabalho. Epistemologia. Simulação. Imagem. Química. Biologia. Epitaxia. O Prêmio Feynman de Nanotecnologia foi instituído em 1993 para identificar e reconhecer publicamente contribuições de projeção na pesquisa em nanoescala (PNE). Um prêmio foi atribuído em 1993 e outro em 1995, e desde 1997 tem havido dois prêmios anuais, um para realizações na teoria e outro, na experimentação. 1 Ao examinar as atividades intelectuais e profissionais dos laureados Feynman, nossa proposta é a identificação do que é frequentemente considerado, entre os praticantes da PNE, como

Post-glacial survival, potential migration routes, genetic diversity and phylogeography of the boreal moss species Rhytidium rugosum have been studied. This species is considered to be one of glacial relics of the wide but scattered Holarctic range. According to molecular data sampling from the selected European, American and Asian populations high genetic diversity of this species is present, even if this species is mostly sterile and produced sex organs extremely rarely and spread mostly asexually. Analysing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, it can be concluded that the populations of this species survived glaciations in various places in Europe and settled and re-settled present range space in various times from various refuges.

The genetic structure, diversity and phylogeography of the moss species Campylopus oerstedianus in Europe was studied, based on the ITS region of the nrDNA of nine selected European populations. Although this species is only known in sterile stage, long-distance dispersal and gene flow among populations seem to be present within Europe. High levels of genetic differentiation between the investigated Greek population and the western European populations indicate a long lasting isolation. The populations from France and Switzerland root together and supposedly have a common origin. From the French populations, the one from the Pyrenees is the most basal one and the populations in the Massif Central and the Vosges Mts can be derived from it. This indicates relatively recent dispersal of the species from the Mediterranean to the north, in spite of the lack of sporophytes and the fact that the type of the dispersed propagules and their vectors are not obvious.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, is known to induce inflammatory response and oxidative stress in rodents. We evaluated the protective role of Euglena tuba extract (ETME) against LPS induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in male Balb/c mice. Male Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 (control) were intraperitoneally administered 0.5 mL PBS. Group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with a single dose of LPS (i.p. 40 mg/kg body weight). Prior 1 h, Group 3 and 4 received orally 100 mg/kg body weight and 200 mg/kg body weight ETME respectively. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including TBARS, SOD, Catalase, Liver marker enzyme (SGPT and SGOT), Nitric Oxide, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α, were estimated in serum. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were significantly increased in the LPS treated group, whereas ETME treated group at different concentrations protected mice from pro inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that 70% methanolic extract of Euglena tuba can efficiently counteract free radical generation and increased level of inflammatory cytokine in an LPS induced mice model.

Se determinó la concentración de plaguicidas organoclorados en 167 muestras de sangre entera de habitantes de dos barrios (Sitio Nº 1 y Sitio Nº 2) de la provincia de Córdoba ubicados en los alrededores de depósitos de plaguicidas obsoletos. La presencia de plaguicidas se determinó por cromatografía gaseosa con detector de captura electrónica utilizando columnas capilares de distinta polaridad. Los plaguicidas más frecuentemente encontrados fueron p,p'-DDE, b-HCH y HCB. La máxima concentración detectada fue 7,31 µg/l y correspondió a p,p'-DDE. El b-HCH mostró valores más altos que los otros isómeros en la familia de los hexaclorociclohexanos (HCH). Se observó buena correlación entre la concentración de p,p'-DDE y la edad tal como se esperaba para un contaminante persistente y bioacumulable. El trabajo aporta información sobre los niveles de plaguicidas organoclorados en sangre en una población con exposición ambiental estudiada frente a denuncias periodísticas y de los mismos habitantes del lugar.

The paper reports the occurrence of seven lichen species new to the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains: Bacidia sulphurella, Candelariella effl orescens, Lecanora leptyrodes, Melanelixia subaurifera, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Pertusaria leioplaca and Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa. Most of them are widespread in Poland but they have been recorded at only a few collecting sites in the whole Sudety Mountains. Some of the reported species are frequent in the study area, but most of them are very rare and have only a few localities.

The dead standing trees i.e. snags are known as habitat for epiphytic and epixylic species including first of all lichens and bryophytes. The vascular plants are much rarer on this type of coarse woody debris (CWD). The eighty snags (CWD elements higher than 1.5 m) of Norway spruce Picea abies and beech Fagus sylvatica in the Karkonosze Mts. were examined for the presence of lichens, liverworts, mosses and vascular plants. The height of snags, their decomposition stage, cover of bark, diameter at breast height (DBH) as well as site conditions (elevation, slope and aspect, presence in forest community) were measured and noted. The percent cover of plants and lichens were estimated on each snag. Totally 99 taxa were recorded. There lichen species were dominant (44), followed by mosses (34), liverworts (13) and there were only 8 vascular plants. The total species richness varied from 1 to 22 taxa. The species composition growing on snags was subjected to canonical correspondence analysis and statistical analyses. They revealed that the species identity of snag is one of the most important factors influencing species composition. The number of species is positively correlated with DBH whereas decomposition stage, presence of bark, snag height are not significant factors. The species richness increases also with altitude what is connected with higher abundance of spruce snags. The occurrence of snags in this area is mainly associated with forest management practices in the past. Despite of some observed patterns in colonization of snags they are important habitat especially for lichens. Biodiversity . Epixylic bryophytes . Forest condition . Standing deadwood * D. Chmura

The dead standing trees i.e. snags are known as habitat for epiphytic and epixylic species including first of all lichens and bryophytes. The vascular plants are much rarer on this type of coarse woody debris (CWD). The eighty snags (CWD elements higher than 1.5 m) of Norway spruce Picea abies and beech Fagus sylvatica in the Karkonosze Mts. were examined for the presence of lichens, liverworts, mosses and vascular plants. The height of snags, their decomposition stage, cover of bark, diameter at breast height (DBH) as well as site conditions (elevation, slope and aspect, presence in forest community) were measured and noted. The percent cover of plants and lichens were estimated on each snag. Totally 99 taxa were recorded. There lichen species were dominant (44), followed by mosses (34), liverworts (13) and there were only 8 vascular plants. The total species richness varied from 1 to 22 taxa. The species composition growing on snags was subjected to canonical correspondence analys...

The paper reports the occurrence of seven lichen species new to the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains: Bacidia sulphurella, Candelariella effl orescens, Lecanora leptyrodes, Melanelixia subaurifera, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Pertusaria leioplaca and Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa. Most of them are widespread in Poland but they have been recorded at only a few collecting sites in the whole Sudety Mountains. Some of the reported species are frequent in the study area, but most of them are very rare and have only a few localities.

The biosorption of mercury [Hg (II)] ions by using dead biomass of green alga, Oedogonium urceolatum was studied. Effects of various physico-chemical parameters were also determined, such as algal dose, contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration in a batch system. Optimum biosorption was recorded at 300mg/L of initial metal ion concentration and 0.3g/L of biomass concentration. Contact time required to achieve optimum biosorption was 90 minutes and optimum pH was recorded as 4. Optimum value for the removal of Hg +2 was found to be 375 mg/g. Various adsorption isotherms were employed to analyze the experimental data of which Langmuir isotherm was found most suitable, showing monolayer adsorption. Pseudo-second order model was found suitable for the kinetic interpretation of the data. Analysis of Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated the role of electronegative functional groups on algal surface responsible for binding of Hg (II) ions.

The paper describes the isolation and characterization of a novel pelagic bacterial strain capable of hepatotoxic microcystin (MC) degradation. From a total of 24 bacterial strains isolated from water samples collected during the cyanobacteria blooming period in Jeziorsko reservoir, Poland, only the strain JEZ-8L was found to completely degrade microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The strain JEZ-8L was found to include the full mlrABCD gene cluster associated with the biological degradation of MC. To our knowledge, the strain JEZ-8L may represent the first report of an isolated bacterium to contain the full mlrABCD gene cluster in an aquatic ecosystem from central Europe. The nucleotide sequence analysis of each mlr gene and their translated amino acid sequences revealed a close similarity to other MC-degrading bacteria belonging to the Sphingomonadaceae family. Phylogenetic analysis using the bacterial gene marker 16S rRNA revealed 99% sequence similarity with nine strains from the Sphingosinicella genus. The nucleotide sequence similarity between the strain JEZ-8L and Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans Y2 was probably the most representative, since the strain Y2 is known to be a MC-degrading bacterium with confirmed detection from the full mlrABCD gene cluster. It is important to mention that our findings represent a preliminary study on the microbiota involved in MC degradation in water bodies from central Poland. The MC-degrading activity of the strain JEZ-8L could be promising for further research towards the elaboration of biotechnological solutions to reduce the harmful effects of MCs in water.

Human infections with Trichostrongylus species have been reported in most parts of Iran. The aim of this study was the identification, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human Trichostrongylus species based on ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA from Guilan Province, northern Iran. Stool samples were collected from rural inhabitants and examined by formalin-ether concentration and agar plate culture techniques. After anthelmintic treatment, male adult worms were collected from five infected cases. Genomic DNA was extracted from one male worm of each species in every treated individual and one filariform larva isolated from each case. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed and the products were sequenced. Among 1508 individuals, 46 (3.05%) were found infected with Trichostrongylus species using parasitological methods. Male worms of T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and T. longispicularis were expelled from five patients after treatment. Out of 41 filariform larvae, 40 were T. colubriformis, and the other one was T. axei. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each species was placed together with reference sequences submitted to GenBank database. Intra-species similarity for all species obtained in the current study was 100%. T. colubriformis was found to be probably the most common species in this region of Iran. For the first time, the authors of the present study report the occurrence of natural human infection by T. longispicularis in the world. Therefore, the number of Trichostrongylus species infecting human in Iran now increased to ten.

RESUMO -Macrófitas são importantes produtoras primárias do ecossistema aquático, e o desequilíbrio do ambiente pode ocasionar seu crescimento acelerado. Portanto, levantamentos de dados relacionados a macrófitas submersas são importantes para contribuir na gestão de corpos de água. Contudo, a amostragem dessa vegetação requer um enorme esforço físico. Nesse sentido, a técnica hidroacústica é apropriada para o estudo de macrófitas submersas. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os tipos de dados gerados pelo ecobatímetro e analisar como esses dados caracterizam a vegetação. Utilizou-se o ecobatímetro BioSonics DT-X acoplado a um GPS. A área de estudo é um trecho do Rio Uberaba, MG. A amostragem foi feita por meio de transectos, navegando de uma margem à outra. Depois de processar os dados, obteve-se informação a respeito de ocorrência de macrófitas submersas, profundidade, altura média das plantas, porcentagem da cobertura vegetal e posição. A partir desse conjunto de dados, foi possível extrair outras duas métricas: biovolume e altura efetiva do dossel. Os dados foram importados de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica e geraram-se mapas ilustrativos das variáveis estudadas. Além disso, quatro perfis foram selecionados para analisar a diferença entre as grandezas de representação de macrófitas. O ecobatímetro mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz no mapeamento de macrófitas submersas. Cada uma das medidas -altura do dossel, ECH ou biovolume -caracteriza de forma diferente a vegetação submersa. Dessa forma, a escolha do tipo de representação depende da aplicação desejada. Palavras-chave: Egeria densa, Egeria najas, ecobatímetro, geoprocessamento, altura efetiva do dossel, biovolume. ABSTRACT -Macrophytes are important aquatic ecosystem primary producers. Environmental imbalance may cause their rapid growth. Thus, collecting data related to submerged macrophytes can favor water body management. Since a great physical effort is required to sample this vegetation, a hydro-acoustic technique has been appropriate to study submerged macrophytes. Evaluating data types generated by the echo-sounder and analyzing how it characterizes vegetation were established as objectives. A BioSonics DT-X echo-sounder linked to a GPS was used. The selected study area is a section of the Uberaba River, MG. The sampling consisted of transects, navigating from one side to another. Data processing provided information on the occurrence, depth, plant mean height, vegetation cover percentage, and position of the submerged macrophytes. Two other metrics -biovolume and effective canopy height -were also extracted from this data set. Imported to a Geographic Information System, collected data generated illustrative maps of the studied variables. In addition, four profiles were selected to analyze the differences in macrophyte representation methods. The echo-sounder proved to be an effective tool to develop submerged macrophyte mapping. Since the submerged vegetation is differently characterized by each measurement -canopy height, ECH or bio-volume -the choice of representation depends on the application desired.

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) caracteriza-se por persistente e geralmente progressiva limitação do fluxo de ar associada com uma resposta inflamatória crônica nas vias aéreas e pulmões em resposta a partículas ou gases nocivos. A prescrição de medicamentos como os antimuscarínicos é um item importante para a reabilitação pulmonar em pacientes com DPOC porque melhoram os sintomas, particularmente a dispneia e a capacidade de fazer as atividades diárias. Há evidências de alguns estudos de que também reduzam a tendência a exacerbações. Não há evidências de que broncodilatadores reduzam complicações sistêmicas, comorbidades ou tenham influência sobre a mortalidade.The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent and often progressive airflow limitation associated with a chronic severe inflammatory response in the airways and lungs in response to noxious particles or gases. The prescription of drugs such a muscarinic antagonist is an important...

ReSumen introDuCCión Los protozoos ciliados ruminales presentan diferencias morfológicas entre sus órdenes, comparten entre ellos la mayoría de sus estructuras internas, variando en forma, tamaño y disposición espacial, lo que hace posible su diferenciación. Por tanto, las coloraciones estudiadas podrían ser una herramienta útil para la identificación morfológica de estos microorganismos. obJetivo Evaluar la afinidad tintorial y la calidad de las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica en la tinción de protozoos ciliados ruminales. Estudio experimental realizado a partir de diseños factoriales analizados a través de pruebas no paramétricas. Las coloraciones de Papanicolaou y tricrómica se evaluaron con 36 tratamientos, por triplicado. resultaDos Para la coloración de Papanicolaou en el orden Vestibuliferida el conservante formaldehído 10% (p= 0,040) y el tiempo de exposición del alcohol a 120 min (p=0,046) presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la afinidad; el orden Entodiniomorphida no presentó significancia estadística en ninguno de sus factores, al igual que la calidad para dicha coloración para los dos órdenes. En cuanto a la coloración tricrómica, se encontró que para ninguno de los órdenes se presentó un efecto significativo de los factores evaluados sobre la variable de respuesta afinidad; al contrario, la calidad presentó diferencias significativas para los dos órdenes, el orden Vestibuliferida presenta diferencias significativas usando el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,000) y el fijado con Schaudinn 30 min (p=0,023) y para Entodiniomorphida solo se observaron diferencias con el conservante formalina 10% (p= 0,002). La coloración que presentó los mejores resultados en ambos órdenes para las dos variables de respuesta es la coloración de Papanicolaou. palabras Claves Coloración de Papanicolaou. Coloración tricrómica. Entodiniomorphida. Protozoos ciliados ruminales. Vestibuliferida.

The present research concerns the only colony of Narcissus pseudonarcissus known to date for the southern sector of the Poirino Plateau and which, from the morphological-genetic investigation carried out, appears to be composed exclusively of individuals of the rare provincialis subspecies. Of this presence, which is confirmed to be the second for the province of Cuneo and the third for the entire Piedmont territory, the territorial limits, the pedological-environmental context, the density and distribution of the specimens, their morphology and their vegetative cycle are described, among other things.

Entre el 24 de octubre y el 1 de noviembre de 2022, y desde el 28 de noviembre al 2 de diciembre de 2023, se realizaron las VIII y IX Semana de la Arqueología y la Paleontología, y se organizaron visitas orientadas al publico general a distintos sitios de ambas disciplinas, realizándose además talleres destinados a niños, y charlas por especialistas en el Sitio arqueológico La Cisterna de Moreno 550. Se compilaron las intervenciones de los autores en estas actas de descarga gratuita donde se destaca la diversidad de trabajos. Desde los pioneros como el geólogo Juan José Nágera, pasando por un defensor de la paleontología argentina como lo fue el autor del poema nacional Martín Fierro, José Hernández, hasta trabajos recientes producto de excavaciones realizadas en una flamante plaza de la ciudad de Bs As. e investigaciones sobre la arqueología y paleontología de la regían pampeana.

Región de los Altos. El objetivo central fue documentar el conocimiento tradicional sobre el consumo del chanulte', así como algunos elementos socioculturales que se ven implicados en la antropoentomofagía de este insecto. Se aplicaron encuestas a una muestra de 152 alumnos de secundaria, preparatoria y nivel superior. Posteriormente se aplicó el método etnográfico, recurriendo a técnicas de investigación como la entrevista semi-estructurada, recorridos de campo y observación participante realizada con ocho personas recolectoras. Como principales resultados se encontró que (1) la etnoespecie que en lengua maya tseltal se conoce como chanulte', corresponde a la especie Schausiana trojesa (Schaus, 1901), (2) existe un amplio conocimiento tradicional del chanulte' con respecto a la ecología y etología de la especie, técnicas de recolección y preparación culinaria del insecto; (3) el chanulte' entra en un menú conformado por una diversidad mayor de productos alimentarios...