Biologia

Estre corto documento recoge algunas ideas muy interesantes de varios estudiosos como Antonio Cruz, John Lennox, William Lane Craig y otros.
Para explicar el concepto de la palabra evolución , su significado en el contexto y como la evolución presenta conflictos con algunas leyes universales.

Invasions of Typha (cattail) and/or Phragmites (common reed) in wetland ecosystems result in changes in species richness, diversity and composition of vascular plants. These invasions are particularly harmful in lakes where threatened species and/or communities are found. The spread of two species of Typha (T. angustifolia and T. latifolia) and of Phragmites australis in the Stagnone Lake, on Capraia Island

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

Ecotourism is an important tool for biodiversity conservation in protected areas. However, high visitation rates and intensive public use can affect the wildlife. The present study aimed to evaluate vertebrate foraging in areas under different levels of human influence in the Tijuca National Park, a protected area within the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We used baits to attract vertebrates in areas with and without visitor facilities, at distances of 5, 35, and 100 meters from the road. We have analyzed the removal of bait by vertebrates in such treatments and identify higher consumption associated to greater human presence. The presence of visitors and visitor facilities (e.g., parking lots, barbecue pits, picnic tables, and playgrounds) significantly increases bait consumption. Park managers should consider the negative impacts of tourism on wildlife searching for ways to minimize them. RESUMO O ecoturismo é uma importante ferramenta para a conservação da biodivers...

A joint evaluation of all animals, uses all additive genetic relationships uses all data on all animal jointly It works as a linear model (correcting different effects for each other), jointly estimates animal effects and fixed effects (herds) but has Selection Index properties (Regression with " heritability ")  1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871) was recently confirmed as a distinct species based on morphological, ecological and molecular evidence. The main purpose of this study is to publish the first reliable data on the occurrence of P. pratensis in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The second goal is to analyse conchometry of P. pratensis, P. muscorum (L., 1758), and P. alpicola (Charpentier, 1837) to find out whether it is possible to reliably distinguish these species solely based on shell measurements. For multidimensional analysis of shell measurement variation we used principal components analysis (PCA). We documented six populations of P. pratensis in the Czech Republic and one in SW Slovakia. The revision of voucher material showed that all previously reported records of P. alpicola from the Czech Republic belonged in fact to P. pratensis. This requires the exclusion of P. alpicola from the list of Czech molluscs. Based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements it was possible to distinguish P. pratensis from P. muscorum with no overlapping specimens. Pupilla alpicola was almost completely different from P. muscorum with only few overlapping specimens, contrary to P. pratensis which was mostly impossible to distinguish from P. alpicola based on analysed shell measurements. Shell width was the best single shell measurement for distinguishing P. pratensis and P. muscorum. Shell measurements of two Swedish populations of P. pratensis did not differ from shell variation of Czech and Slovak populations. However, Scandinavian populations displayed some differences from central European populations in apertural barriers which are discussed in detail. Czech and Slovak populations of P. pratensis occurred in calcium-rich fen meadows which perfectly matches with site characteristics reported from Scandinavia. We assume that the observed morphometric differences between P. pratensis and P. muscorum can be useful for distinguishing the species also outside the Czech territory and for palaeoecological studies where only empty shells are available. Since these species occupy ecologically different habitats their reliable identification in fossil material can improve the reconstructions of past environments.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) may alter lung homeostasis inducing changes in fluid balance and host defense. Bioavailability of soluble PM compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and transition metals has been shown to play a key role in lung injury. We have previously characterized the size, shape, and chemical components of urban air particles from Buenos Aires (UAP-BA) and their biological impact on lungs. Herein, we evaluate the possible toxic effect of UAP-BA-soluble fraction (UAP-BAsf) on pulmonary cells obtained from young (1-2 months old) and aged (9-12 months old) Wistar rats using phagocytosis, oxidant-antioxidant generation, and apoptosis as endpoints. UAP-BA were collected in downtown BA and residual oil fly ash (ROFA), employed as a positive control, was collected from Boston Edison Co., Mystic Power Plant, Mystic, CT, USA. Both particle-soluble fractions (sf) were employed at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 m...

a nadie a tras" "El agua es el elemento y principio de todas las cosas" (Tales de Mileto) El agua es un elemento esencial del desarrollo sostenible. Los recursos hídricos propician el bienestar de la población y del medio ambiente. ¡LA HUMANIDAD NECESITA AGUA! Nuestro cuerpo necesita AGUA "NO DEJAR A NADIE ATRÁS …" Es el tema del Día Mundial del Agua 2019. Se trata de una adaptación de la promesa central de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible (D.S) TODO EL MUNDO DEBE BENEFICIARS E DEL PROGRESO DEL D.S ¿CUÁL ES EL PROBLEMA? Hoy en día millones de personas viven todavía sin agua potable en el hogar, la escuela, etc. Luchan por sobrevivir y prosperar. A menudo se ignora a los grupos marginados mujeres, niños, refugiados, pueblos indígenas, a quienes se los discrimina cuando intentan conseguir y gestionar el agua potable. Es el "servicio de abastecimiento de agua potable gestionado de manera segura", es decir, agua no contaminada a la que puede accederse en las viviendas. AGUA POTABLE ¿POR QUÉ SE DEJA A GENTE ATRÁS SIN AGUA POTABLE? Por múltiples razones en las que algunas personas resultan especialmente desfavorecidas por su condición: sexo, género; la raza, la etnia, la religión, el idioma, la nacionalidad; la situación económica y social. IMPORTANCIA DEL AGUA El agua es un derecho humano de toda persona, sea quien sea y esté donde esté. El agua es un punto decisivo para el fomento de salud pública y logro del desarrollo sostenible % DE AGUA POTABLE EN EL PERU

La diversidad alfa y beta de la avifauna diurna estudiada en la Zona de Amortiguamiento del Área Natural Protegida Colima, Cuscatlán; en donde las principales actividades que se llevan a cabo son en su mayoría agrícolas y ganaderas realzan la importancia del estado de la biodiversidad con respecto al paisaje. Es así como se llevó a cabo en 12 muestreos durante septiembre a diciembre 2013, el método de conteo por puntos extensivos, delimitados en tres sectores de la zona, con el objeto de tomar en cuenta los diversos ecosistemas presentes Dentro de los resultados más relevantes cabe destacar que se obtuvo un 13% de la avifauna registrada a nivel nacional. Además, se evidenció que entre los sectores A-B se alcanzó un 84% de las especies registradas que comparten la Zona de Amortiguamiento, asimismo, se demostró que el gremio trófico insectívoro fue el hábito predominante para la zona en estudio y que el 35% de las especies típicas de bosque identificadas en la Zona de Amortiguamiento del Área Natural Protegida Colima representaron la conectividad de los sectores y la importancia de un adecuado manejo y planificación agroforestal para la conservación de la biodiversidad en territorios privados, ya que estos albergan un porcentaje significativo para este tipo de especies.

Summary
The alpha and beta diversity of diurnal birds studied in the buffer zone of the Natural Protected Area Colima, Cuscatlan; where the main activities carried out are mostly agricultural and livestock, highlighting the importance of biodiversity status with respect to the landscape. This study was conducted in 12 samplings during September to December 2013, the method of counting by extensive points, delimited in three sectors of the area, in order to take into account, the different ecosystems presented. Along the most relevant results: 13% of the national registered avifauna was obtained. The study also showed that among the sectors AB, 84% of the recorded species share the buffer zone. The trophic guild insectivorous was the predominant habit for the study area, and 35% of the typical forest species identified in the buffer zone represent the connectivity in the sectors and the importance of proper management and planning agroforestry for biodiversity conservation on private lands, as these harbor a significant percentage for this type of species.

Pinus mugo (dwarf mountain pine) is an important component of European mountain ecosystems. However, little is known about the present genetic structure and population differentiation of this species at the DNA level, possibly due to a lack of nuclear microsatellite markers (SSR) developed for Pinus mugo. Therefore in this study we transferred microsatellite markers originally developed for Pinus sylvestris and Pinus taeda to Pinus mugo. This cross-species amplification approach is much faster and less expensive than isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers. The transfer rates from the source species to Pinus mugo were moderately low (26%). There were no differences in microsatellite repeat motifs between the source species and Pinus mugo. Nuclear microsatellite markers successfully transferred to Pinus mugo can be applied to various genetic studies on this species, due to the high level of their polymorphism and high value of polymorphic information content.

Prolapso rectal tratado mediante sutura helicoidal y anoplastia Volumen 75, No. 6, noviembre-diciembre 2007 Cir Ciruj 2007;75:453-457 Experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico del prolapso rectal mediante sutura helicoidal y anoplastia: estancia hospitalaria breve

Distribution and plant mass of aquatic macrophytes, and their relation to environmental conditions was studied in the submontane-colline Slatina river in 2004. Diversity of macrophytes was low, only 8 vascular plants, 3 mosses and group Algae filamentosae were found. Myriophyllum spicatum is dominant species, Fontinalis antipyretica, Rhynchostegium riparioides and Algae filamentosae are frequent. Interactions between flow class, bed material, depth of water and the first three mentioned macrophytes, as well as Jungermannia leiantha were detected. Sparganium erectum prefers more antrophogenic conditions and Myriophyllum spicatum prefers the light. According to cluster analysis, three distinct and ecologically well separated parts of the river were identified. Based on Reference index, poor ecological status for the studied part of the Slatina river was estimated.

Background: Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, and as an extracellular matrix protein, has an important role in the fiber formation. This feature of the collagen renders establishment of the structural skeleton in tissues. Regarding specific features associated with the collagen, such as, formation of the porous structure, permeability and hydrophilicity, it can also be used as a biocompatible matrix in the enzyme engineering. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the type I collagen as a matrix for alkaline phosphatase immobilization using cross-linking method. Material and Methods: The Alkaline phosphatase was covalently immobilized on collagen matrix by using 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The source of the alkaline phosphatase was from the bovine intestinal mucous. After that, the activity of the immobilized enzyme was assayed under different experimental conditions. Results: The optimum pH was similar to that of the free enzyme, whereas the optimum temperature and thermal stability were shown some increments. The surface topography of the collagen matrix containing immobilized enzyme and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) deficient was investigated by Atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Images that have been obtained applying AFM show significant differences between uncovered and immobilized enzyme-matrix surface topography. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that type I collagen can be utilized as a matrix for alkaline phosphatase immobilization via cross-linking method.

Species associated with Fusarium head blight are depending on the production and edaphic conditions. The differences are found in the representation of various Fusarium spp. in the diseases, which sporadically occur all over the territory of Slovakia, in all agricultural production types. We identified fifteen Fusarium species during ten years of investigation. Most of the mentioned species F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc., F. graminearum Schwabe, recently F. cerealis (Cooke) Sacc. (crookwellense Burgess, Nelson & Tousson) and F. sambucinum Fuckel in diseased caryopsis are seed transmitted. The significant differences among species and intra species in cultural and pathogenicity assays in vitro and in vivo were correlated. Some of them are able to produce toxic metabolites -deoxynivalenone, which probably play a role in the aggressiveness of the pathogen and promote disease development and pathogen colonization.

Este artigo avalia a eiciência dos métodos de parcelas de área ixa (PA) e pontos quadrantes (QD) na descrição de uma comunidade lenhosa de Cerrado Típico. Utilizamos 10 PA e 140 QD, distribuídos em cinco transeções. Comparamos a densidade de indivíduos, a composição lorística, a riqueza de famílias, gêneros e espécies e a estrutura vertical e horizontal da vegetação. O método de PA foi mais eiciente para amostrar densidade de indivíduos. O método de QD foi mais eiciente na caracterização da riqueza de espécies, da estrutura vertical da vegetação e do registro de espécies com baixa abundância. A composição de famílias, gêneros e espécies, bem como as espécies com maior índice de valor de importância na comunidade foram determinadas de maneira semelhante pelos dois métodos. Os métodos comparados são complementares. Sugerimos que o uso de PA, de QD ou de ambos os métodos pode ser direcionado ao parâmetro vegetacional investigado.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different salt concentrations (50 and 200 mM NaCl) on growth, permeability properties (electrolyte leakage, cell viability) and activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in roots of maize seedlings. Both salt concentrations significantly affected growth and permeability properties of maize seedling roots and this negative effect increased with concentration of salt and duration of experiments. On the other hand salinity induced only small changes in the activities of GS and GDH, usually small increase in the activity was observed. To characterise the possible protective effect of silicon (Si) on maize roots exposed to saline stress, different concentrations of Si were simultaneously applied to both, low (50 mM) and high (200 mM) salt concentrations. Possible protective effects of Si on studied parameters were analysed in time range of 3 days treatment with the most positive effect on salt-induced root growth inhibition at high salt concentration and electrolyte leakage. The results show significant increase in GDH activity under all the tested conditions, although the mechanisms underlying this increase have not been elucidated. The results indicate that silicon may ameliorate the salt-induced root growth inhibition and increase the plant vigour at stressful conditions.

En el presente trabajo me voy a referir específicamente al Arte Contemporáneo y dentro de este el Bioarte. En primer lugar trataré de acercarnos a la idea de qué es el Bioarte, también llamado Arte transgénico o genético, ya que trata de una práctica del Arte del S.XX y XXI que surge con esas denominaciones a fines del siglo pasado. Muchas experiencias anteriores dan cuenta de la relación y el interés de los artistas por el trabajo con la ciencia sin denominarla Arte genético o transgénico, sino con otros nombres propios del momento: Arte de Sistemas, Conceptualismo entre otros. El bioarte actual es heredero de esas prácticas artísticas y dado el acentuado interés de esta relación entre el arte y la ciencia, se trata actualmente de identificarla, historizarla, y definirla.
Por ese motivo, las preguntas: ¿Hay una relación conjunta posible entre la biología y el bioarte en la actualidad? ¿Puede el arte llamado “Bioarte” hacer una contribución a las investigaciones de las Ciencias Biológicas Contemporáneas?
Para contestarlas, me acercaré en primer lugar a una definición del bioarte que justificará una relación histórica y social de ambas disciplinas, para centrarme luego en la influencia de la tecnología que ellas comparten, en la que se formulan preguntas específicas a cada campo. Esto me permitirá suponer que si se superan ciertos problemas epistemológicos en relación a lo transdisciplinar, Arte y Biología podrían establecer una relación colaborativa.
Bs.As. junio de 2017

Nuestra gran curiosidad es el motor que nos impulsa a dar respuesta a grandes preguntas, una de las más difíciles de responder por mucho tiempo fue el origen de la vida y del ser humano.
Esto se debe a dos fenómenos transcendentales en la historia de la tierra: la abiogénesis para el origen de la vida y la evolución para origen a las especies. En este texto busco explicar de la forma más sencilla las dos teorías científicas que explican cómo se dieron estos dos fenómenos.

Revista sobre entomología y aracnología ibérica, de descarga libre y gratuita a través de nuestra web www.mundoartropodo.com. Esta publicación es la primera revista de divulgación sobre esta temática en español, dirigida a aficionados, entusiastas y, en general, a todo aquel interesado por esta rama de la zoología.

A variety of chemicals including foaming agents are used to aid in the protection of forest resources from the wild land fires. The fire-fighting foams (FFFs) are formulations composed principally of surfactants. As a part of Japanese national project, environmentally inert FFFs have been developed. There is an emerging need for testing the impacts of these FFFs on the living organisms composing the typical landscapes or ecosystems in Japan. In the present report, we aimed to describe our latest attempt for assessing both the short-tem and long-term impacts of FFFs in aquatic (fresh water) and semi-aquatic (wetland) ecosystems , by employing the laboratory-sized model assays (preliminary studies) and the biotope-based observation, respectively. In the biotope assays which was based on the observation in compact biotopes mimicking the fresh water environments and wetland, both the acute and long-term eco-toxic impacts of two FFFs (soap-based and synthetic detergent-based) were assessed. Spraying of synthetic detergent-based foam formula was shown to be more toxic compared to soap-based formula and mock water treatment.

Com o objetivo de proporcionar dados básicos sobre embriologia e sua relevância clínica, Langman | Embriologia Médica conserva sua abordagem singular com texto enxuto e excelentes diagramas e imagens clínicas. Além disso, a obra enfatiza a importância clínica dos assuntos abordados e apresenta diversos exemplos clínicos decorrentes de eventos embriológicos anormais. Os seguintes aspectos pedagógicos e atualizações nesta 13ª edição auxiliam o aprendizado:- Organização do material: o conteúdo desta obra é organizado em duas partes. Na primeira, é apresentada uma visão geral do desenvolvimento inicial, desde a gametogênese até o período embrionário. A segunda parte do livro apresenta descrições dos processos fundamentais de embriogênese de cada sistema de órgãos;- Correlações clínicas: além da descrição dos eventos normais, cada capítulo contém boxes com correlações clínicas, que têm como objetivo realçar a relevância clínica da embriologia e a importância de  se conhecer eventos cruciais do desenvolvimento. Essa é a primeira etapa no processo de melhora dos desfechos fetais e na promoção de recém-nascidos mais sadios. Quadros clínicos e descrição de casos são utilizados para fornecer essas informações, que foram expandidas e atualizadas nesta edição;- Genética: tendo em vista a importância cada vez maior da genética e da biologia molecular para a embriologia e o estudo de defeitos congênitos, são apresentados e comentados princípios básicos de genética e de biologia molecular. O primeiro capítulo fornece uma introdução aos processos moleculares, define termos comumente usados na genética e na biologia molecular e descreve os caminhos principais usados no desenvolvimento embrionário. Desse modo, ao longo do texto, os genes e as vias de sinalização importantes que regulam o desenvolvimento embriológico são identificados e discutidos.

Refúgios úmidos, matas serranas, brejos interioranos, serras úmidas, são alguns dos sinônimos utilizados para designar as formações vegetacionais conhecidas como brejos de altitude. Estes constituem encraves de vegetação úmida no semiárido nordestino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, por meio do georreferenciamento, tratamento de dados vetoriais e visitas a campo, a ocorrência de brejos de altitude em Alagoas, visando acrescentar informações acerca deste tipo de ambiente e levantar questionamentos sobre a influência antrópica a que estão sujeitos. Brejos de altitude em território alagoano são representados sob a forma de pequenos fragmentos, muitas vezes inseridos no perímetro urbano das cidades onde estão situados. Localizados, predominantemente, ao norte do estado, onde recebem influência, em sua altitude média, do Planalto da Borborema, resultante da sua divisa com Pernambuco. A deterioração destes ambientes é notada, relacionando-se intimamente com atividades de subsistência da população, como a extração de madeira e a criação de animais.

Despite the growing awareness of the ecological importance of epibiont-host associations, detailed inventories for planktonic hosts are rare. Here, we provide an updated checklist of the peritrich and suctorian epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) on the cladocerans (Crustacea: Cladocera). Thirty-nine species of peritrich ciliates (of which 34 are assigned to species) and three species of suctorian ciliates are found to be epibionts on the Cladocera. Fifty-eight cladoceran taxa are known to be hosts of the ciliate epibionts, 33 of these hosts (57%) are planktonic. Seven taxa were determined to the level of genus. Complete species designations were geographically biased (38 of 51 species) towards European sites, suggesting poor taxonomic knowledge beyond Europe. Also, the recently discovered continental endemism of cladoceran hosts could indicate that associated ciliates are more diverse than previously appreciated.

The paper deals with the influence of tree species on millipede communities (Diplopoda). The research was carried out in nine sites in the Borová hora arboretum (Zvolen town, Central Slovakia). Each studied site represents a monoculture of one of nine tree species: Betula pubescens Ehrh., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix decidua Mill., Carpinus betulus L., Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Populus nigra L., Ulmus laevis Pall. Millipedes were collected by pitfall trapping during vegetation periods in 2008-2011. In total, 1064 individuals of 17 species and 7 families were obtained. The results of research confirmed (i) an influence of tree species on the composition of millipede communities, (ii) a significant influence of soil nitrogen on the species richness and biodiversity, and (iii) an impact of soil pH on the species composition of these terrestrial invertebrate communities. In terms of total dynamic activity and species richness of millipedes, the m...

no se trata de religión, filosofía, ateísmo, materialismo o espiritualismo, puede inclusive añadir científico. Es una cuestión estaba listo a ser convencido por los experimentos de que la generación espontánea existía, tanto como ahora estoy convencido de que sus defensores están con los ojos vendados ".

Queda prohibida la reproducción, distribución, puesta a disposición, comunicación pública y utilización, total o parcial, de los contenidos de esta web, en cualquier forma o modalidad, sin previa, expresa y escrita autorización, incluyendo, en particular, su mera reproducción y/o puesta a disposición como resúmenes, reseñas o revistas de prensa con fines comerciales o directa o indirectamente lucrativos, a la que se manifiesta oposición expresa, a salvo del uso de los productos que se contrate de acuerdo con las condiciones existentes.