Bioclimatic design

The environment we live in for decades shape up our tradition and culture, these are reflected in our songs and dances, decisions and actions, and even in our arts and architecture. However strong foreign influences are the imprint of culture and tradition and this has clearly made confusion and turmoil in our architecture and way of living. (Bulaong, 2002) Architecture apparently is at a process of change, trying to ape western models that somehow have a different kind of architecture than we do, thus the context in which how they should be modeled have also been altered and somehow forgotten during the planning stage. 
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the rise on the technological inventions has introduced a new lifestyle to all people that dwell upon technology. Some of these technologies are used to help compensate for the design errors in our buildings that have not been designed in accordance to our natural climate; this has caused the increasing rate of environmental degradation to our natural environment. With the increasing concern for the environmental impacts of buildings and the quality of their internal environments, this has raised the debate on the role architects to pay attention in the environmental design of buildings.
Designing Buildings by optimizing all the passive-mode design strategies and in low-energy design (lesser use on non-renewable sources) is called Bioclimatic Design. It aims at providing thermal and visual comfort through modification strategies (bioclimatic chart) of the local climate and makes use of the natural energy sources available (sun, air, wind, vegetation and water). It is vital to adopt this approach in order to reduce the negative consequences of our buildings.
Even The development of Hotel buildings has been accompanied by an increasing interest in the application of sustainability to the building sector. The study focuses on an environmentally sustainable hotel building design. It will consider a range of completed and proposed projects of Dr. Ken Yeang, the father of bioclimatic skyscrapers, who has examined throughout the years of research with this bioclimatic approach. Moreover, the proponent will examine on particular the theories and strategies related to this approach based on the passive mode approach from other architectural authors. 
Keywords: Sustainability, Environmental design, Bioclimatic design, thermal comfort, visual comfort

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 1: Planteamiento de la investigación" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 4: Análisis climático-bioclimático de Pachuca, Hidalgo" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

In the Paris world exhibition of 1867 Carl Rabitz, a German master builder, patterned the roof of his own villa to extend the functional space in the building design. The flattened roofs and the extra space given to the appartment was used for amenity. In the 1970's, people started appreciating the value of alternating the cityscape with the coverage of large parking spaces and the roof terraces were transformed into green roofs. However, it was not until the 1980's that the environmental aspects of such structures started coming into consideration as people sought environmental solutions for the increasingly congested cities. In contemporary times the bioclimatic and the economic advantages that the green roofs provide to buildings have become an integral part of their design. Roof terraces are not positioned any more on the top of a structure, they are the structure and together with other structural matters function as a living organism allowing the control of the environmental attributes inside and outside the building. The new trends emphasize the importance of vegetation in the architectural design to regulate the energy consumption and the thermical comfort of the building while, at the same time, rendering that soft texture to the appearance of the structure that only natural elements could provide. Landscape architecture as the only practice that can combine architectural design with vegetation has a primary role in the transformation of the urban space. New possibilities are emerging where landscape architects can exploit the bond between architecture and landscape elements in order to rearrange the urban texture and create a more livable cityspace.

The EKIHOUSE is an industrialized solar house prototype, designed and developed by the University of the Basque Country for the SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2012 competition held in Madrid (Spain). The building design strategies are based on the full integration of active - passive solar technologies and passive design criteria in order to achieve an energy self-sufficient proposal, providing high quality of life to its occupants. Despite its intentionally small surface area (54,6m2 ), the house can be adapted to suit a wide range of lifestyles thanks to its flexible, multifunctional open plan design that can be visually and physically expanded outdoors by removing the northern and southern glazed façades (PVC joinery and 0.9kW/hm2 ºC glass). For ease of transportation and assembly, the EKIHOUSE consists of a modular CLT structure system (two 12.60m x 3m modules) that supports the photovoltaic roof (10kWp) which functions as a canopy to protect the southern facade from direct solar radiation thereby reducing overheating problems in the building interior. In order to control the indoor temperature, PCM panels are mounted in the ceiling. When passive strategies are insufficient in extreme conditions, the house is also equipped with a ventilation and air-conditioning system that allows a 90% energy recovery. Furthermore, an outdoor evaporative cooling system helps lower the ambient temperature by up to 4 °C. A rain and grey water treatment and purification system is also installed. The operation of all this active technology is controlled by an optical domotics system.

Este documento está conformado por las "conclusiones" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

""also see www.sunwindlight.net

How to design buildings that heat with the sun, cool with the wind, light with the sky, and move into the future using on-site renewable resources

Developed for rapid use during schematic design, this book clarifies relationships between form and energy and gives designers tools for designing sustainably. It also:

* Applies the latest passive energy and lighting design research
* Organizes information by architectural elements at three scales:
* building groups, individual buildings, and building parts
* Brings design strategies to life with examples and practical design tools

Features:
* 109 analysis techniques and design strategies
* More than 750 illustrations, sizing graphs, and tables
* Both inch-pound and metric units""

The aim of this paper is to present the bioclimatic analysis tool (BAT), developed by the authors to facilitate the analysis of the climatic elements and factors involved in the bioclimatic design, from which the convenient design strategies, according to the climatic conditions of the site, may be derived.

Resumen.
El objetivo del presente artículo es dar a conocer la herramienta de análisis bioclimático (BAT), desarrollada por los autores con el fin de facilitar el análisis de los elementos y factores climáticos que intervienen en el diseño bioclimático, a partir del cual se podrán derivar las estrategias de diseño más convenientes de acuerdo a las condiciones climáticas del sitio de estudio.

Energy is important in all aspects of development to support population growth, urbanization, industrialization as well as tourism industry. Energy consumption is also increasing and several alternative green energy sources are seriously taken into consideration to fulfill Malaysia's energy demand. The Malaysian government has looked into the renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar energy to be one of the alternatives to face problems related with the increase in energy demand. However, the heavily subsidized non renewable sources in the country have made the RE sources as an uneconomical option. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the incentives and the RE Act adopted by the Malaysian government to ensure long term reliability and security of energy supply. The feed-in-tariff system, solar radiation intensity in Peninsular Malaysia and the role of renewable energy sources in the Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy energy mix are also highlighted in this paper.

Preliminary studies of twelve residential colleges located in the University of Malaya campus, Kuala Lumpur were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of their current implementation of bioclimatic design strategies, as well as their performance in terms of electricity usage. It was found that residential college buildings designed with an internal courtyard and balconies for each room achieve the most efficient electricity use, within a range of between 24 to 33 kWh/m2/year, while other residential college buildings recorded annual electricity use of between 40 to 125 kWh/m2/year.
One of them, 5th residential college (5th RC) was selected for the case study due to its best implementation of bioclimatic design strategies that encourage efficient energy use. Furthermore, its uniform building layout minimises uncontrolled variables in further field investigation and evaluations.
The satisfaction and perception surveys show that a majority of respondents at 5th RC are at a comfortable level. This is based on findings from all performance indicators of functional elements, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, as well as, visual comfort and landscape elements. The 5th RC is capable to provide a comfortable living space with indoor temperatures ranging from 28°C to 30°C with 70% to 78% relative humidity. Different locations have different effects on room conditions and higher temperatures were recorded at rooms on the top level of the building compared to rooms at the lower levels. There were no significant differences detected owing to different orientation of rooms which are largely due to the effects of the green landscape. Higher values of daylight intensity were recorded in the corridor compared to the daylight intensity in the rooms which even varies in amount at different areas within the same room. Further analysis show that night ventilation provides better thermal comfort for residents compared to other ventilation options like full-day and daytime ventilation or no ventilation at all.
The living behaviour assessment reveals that residents of 5th RC have adapted well to maintain the comfort level in their rooms. Only light activities were conducted in the rooms which reduces the metabolic heat production. Ceiling fans were fully utilized at the maximum speed of five for maintaining air circulation in the rooms where the operable windows are closed most of the time due to the safety issues. Light clothing was worn at most times, especially on sunny days. In fulfilling the need for privacy, curtains have been overused and leading to the use of artificial lighting.
The study concludes, residential college buildings that implement the appropriate bioclimatic design strategies, particularly to address natural ventilation and daylighting issues tend to achieve a desired comfort level and efficient electricity usage. With a well-planned design improvement, better results can be achieved without sacrificing the needs and comfort level of the residents.

Climate change has become a fundamental concern for scientific researchers, architects and engineers, and requires improving the
performance of the sectors responsible for city and building infrastructure. Burning fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat are the
biggest cause of climate change and emissions and represent one third of total greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, buildings become
responsible for improving the external environment, either by construction phases, rehabilitating process or by maintaining process. In
Romania the building sector is the main contributor to gas emission and most of the residential multi-storeys constructions are buildings
from the communist period built using standardized projects. In Romania one the main goals are the thermal rehabilitation of buildings
and construction of apartments especially in the inner circle of the capital. However, the renovation measures are very basic and do not
target actual/future EU legislation that imposes the Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) standard for the buildings. To overcome and
to provide an alternative to both correct refurbishment and creation of new apartments the OVER 4 prototype was developed. These
prototypes are modules of apartments where multiple bioclimatic strategies were implemented to minimize the energy consumption.
Using the Passive House Project Planning (PHPP) the module was 3D created and simulated to reach the optimal architecture for both
well-being of residents and the energy balance.

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 2: Antecedentes (marco teórico y estado del arte)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por "el resumen, el abstract, el índice general y la introducción" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Una de las muchas herramientas para la definición de requerimientos bioclimáticos, es el concepto de Grados-Día, el cual relación a la temperatura exterior con respecto a una temperatura base, generalmente los límites de confort o de climatización. Los Grados-Día han sido poco utilizados en el campo de la arquitectura bioclimática en México, por ello el objetivo de este trabajo es presentarlos de manera accesible para apreciar sus ventajas y promover su uso.

Climatology, or rather Climate Responsive Design is a key subject to be taught to students of architecture. Usually taught in the 3 rd semester, it is arguably more effective when taught in the 5 th semester, after the students have acquired the basic qualities of thinking in three dimensions, understanding and drafting complex sections etc., as well as a fair amount of ability in design manipulation. The best way to lay out the curriculum and classroom instruction, as well as "hands on" sessions to understand certain aspects better, is outlined in this paper. The topics to be covered under this subject can be broadly grouped under three modules-Basics of Weather and Climate; Human Thermal (and Visual) Comfort; and Climate Responsive Design. Under Basics of Weather and Climate, a grounding of what parameters constitute climate, and how these can be measured, analyzed to classify climatic zones should be provided. This is to understand broadly what kind of climate to expect in a given geographic region, and what deviations are to be expected at the microclimatic or site-climatic scales. Human beings have evolved to function efficiently under a limited range of climatic conditions, irrespective of which part of the globe they occupy, though this envelope of comfortable conditions can be stretched by factors such as acclimatization etc. The second module should impart an understanding of what constitutes human thermal, as well as visual, comfort. Unified indices as a measure of thermal comfort should be explored. Visual comfort, and the lighting ranges under which it can be achieved, needs to be explored. Finally, in the module Climate Responsive Design, how the conditions at a given location can be moderated by considered manipulation of the building envelope, choice of material etc. should be outlined. The use of physical modeling devices like wind tunnels, solarscopes etc. as well as the use of computer-modeling software can be initiated under this, with the support of relevant laboratories at an ideal institution. Despite the availability of a slew of modern textbooks in the field, this paper is aimed at communicating the subject using the classic by Otto Koenigsberger et al, which is easily available, affordable and extremely relevant even in this era of modelling software and visualizations.

Este documento está conformado por la sección de "bibliografía y referencias" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Este documento está conformado por los "anexos" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Residential buildings are places where people find themselves to be for a better part of their day. For a lot of individuals, this should serve as a comfort zone but is being defeated by a number of factors that range from construction materials choices, inappropriate design concept to suite building location, lack of consideration of existing site features, micro climate of the building location and improper orientation of building. From the simple random sampling in Niger State Nigeria drawn from Dutsen Kura, Tunga and Chanchaga in Minna, it was deduced from the study by administering 25 questionnaires in Dutsen Kura, 14 in Chanchaga and 15 in Tunga that 49% of residents are uncomfortable in their homes during the day, while the rest 26% find it to be fair while 24% say it is good. The aim of this paper is to determine ways in which thermal comfort can be achieved in houses within Minna. The methodology adopted was both structured survey and observation. It was deduced that bioclimatic design through the use of readily available materials can reduce the effect of heat gain into the building, incorporation of natural landscape, and micro climate of the environment will be considered. It is recommended that individuals in their various capacities adopt such design principles in order to have a serene, energy efficient and less polluted environment.

Dayasari RC is an old low-rise multi residential building which was established in the year 1966 and is located in the University of Malaya (UM) campus in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. This building was designed with the internal courtyard that allows numerous implementations of bioclimatic design strategies, especially in regard of natural ventilation. Eight unoccupied student rooms were selected to represent ten different scenarios, where two from eight selected rooms had been chosen to represent two different scenarios. The scenarios are concerned with the level of radiation and penetration of sunlight that influence the values of temperature and relative humidity. Different natural ventilation approaches were introduced simultaneously in all selected rooms for four weeks. Initially, the effectiveness of different ventilation approaches is obviously influenced by the position/floor level rather than the orientation of the selected rooms. The night ventilation is the most effective approach due to the lower mean temperature and higher relative humidity values. The recorded mean temperature values were below than 30 °C with the relative humidity values exceeding 70%. Other ventilation approaches namely; daytime, full-day, and no ventilation, were more than 30 °C and had exceeded 32 °C at certain rooms. The ranking of the effectiveness of the ventilation approaches was in the following order; night ventilation>daytime ventilation>full-day ventilation>no ventilation.

Dayasari residential college building was designed with the internal courtyard that allows for numerous implementations of bioclimatic design strategies, especially on daylighting. The field measurement was conducted at eight unoccupied student rooms, selected as samples to represent ten scenarios and orientations that concerned with the level of radiation and penetration of sunlight. This study reveals the contribution of the internal courtyard in the residential college which allows the daylight penetration at the corridor areas and interior of the rooms through the transom over the entrance door, up to ten hours daily. Different amounts of daylight were measured in specific room scenarios to suggest on the most comfortable indoor living space. The recorded mean value for indoor varied from 37 to 286 lux, while in the corridor area 192 to 3,848 lux. However, the use of the large overhangs over the windows, wall openings in the room and trees with large canopy in the landscape setting should critically justify when the adequacy of daylight was drastically reduced in certain rooms.

Many of the principles of bioclimatic design were the cornerstone of the building during the ancient times and the Byzantine era. Also, these principles are found in many traditional settlements in Greece. It is extremely important that the principles of green building identified in the past structures are able to adapt to modern needs. In the present work there is ab initio design based on the principles of bioclimatic architecture in a modern two-storey building, which has features of traditional Macedonian architecture.

The evaluation through a set of questionnaire and field measurement with the use of climatic devices was conducted in an old residential college building with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies, particularly on the implementation of daylighting and natural ventilation. Initially, the implementation of these strategies has a significantly positive impact on the satisfaction level of the residents. Temperature and relative humidity range that is accepted as thermally comfortable by university students are 29-30°C and 72-77%, respectively. The comfort level was successfully maintained with a good adaptation of living behaviour including the activity in the room, garment dressed, usage of room opening and electronic devices. Unfortunately, further improvements on natural daylighting are still required based on the negative feedbacks given by the majority of respondents. Abstrak Penilaian menggunakan satu set soal selidik dan pengukuran di lapangan menggunakan peranti berkaitan iklim telah dijalankan di sebuah bangunan kolej kediaman lama dengan amalan terbaik strategi reka bentuk bioiklim, terutamanya pada perlaksanaan pencahayaan siang dan pengudaraan semulajadi. Pada asasnya, pelaksanaan strategi ini mempunyai kesan positif yang ketara kepada tahap kepuasan penduduk. Julat suhu dan kelembapan relatif yang diterima sebagai selesa oleh mahasiswa adalah 29-30 °C dan 72-77%. Tahap keselesaan telah berjaya dikekalkan dengan pengadaptasian terbaik tingkah laku kehidupan termasuklah aktiviti di dalam bilik, pemakaian, penggunaan pembukaan bilik dan peranti elektronik. Walaubagaimanapun, penambahbaikan pencahayaan siang masih diperlukan berdasarkan kepada maklum balas negatif yang diberikan oleh majoriti responden. Kata kunci: Reka bentuk bioiklim, skala likert, tingkah laku kehidupan, post occupancy evaluation (POE), bangunan kolej kediaman

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 3: Diseño de la investigación (caso de estudio, metodología, etc.)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Residential buildings are places where people find themselves to be for a better part of their day. For a lot of individuals, this should serve as a comfort zone but is being defeated by a number of factors that range from construction materials choices, inappropriate design concept to suite building location, lack of consideration of existing site features, micro climate of the building location and improper orientation of building. From the simple random sampling in Niger State Nigeria drawn from Dutsen Kura, Tunga and Chanchaga in Minna, it was deduced from the study by administering 25 questionnaires in Dutsen Kura, 14 in Chanchaga and 15 in Tunga that 49% of residents are uncomfortable in their homes during the day, while the rest 26% find it to be fair while 24% say it is good. The aim of this paper is to determine ways in which thermal comfort can be achieved in houses within Minna. The methodology adopted was both structured survey and observation. It was deduced that biocli...

Η εργασία αναφέρεται στη διαδικασία σχεδιασμού, με βιοκλιματικά κριτήρια, του κελύφους του κολυμβητηρίου Αμπελοκήπων στη Θεσσαλονίκη, ώστε αυτό εκτός από την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας κατά την λειτουργία του, να προσφέρει και συνθήκες οπτικής άνεσης για τους χρήστες.
Τα κολυμβητήρια είναι ειδικά κτίρια με ιδιαιτερότητες, όσον αφορά το μέγεθος, το χρόνο λειτουργίας τους, τον τρόπο χρήσης τους, τις δραστηριότητες και τα διάφορα αθλήματα που εκτελούνται σε αυτά, και κατά συνέπεια έχουν ειδικές απαιτήσεις σκίασης και οπτικής άνεσης που πρέπει να επιτευχθεί.
Για τη διαστασιολόγηση των ανοιγμάτων και την επιλογή των στοιχείων ελέγχου τους (ηλιοπροστατευτικά συστήματα, είδος υαλοπινάκων, κλπ), πραγματοποιήθηκαν μελέτες διερεύνησης του ηλιασμού-σκιασμού, υπολογισμού των επιπέδων φυσικού φωτισμού και προσδιορισμού της θάμβωσης, με τη χρήση των κατάλληλων λογισμικών (ECOTECT 5.5 και RADIANCE). Κύριος στόχος των μελετών είναι ο επαρκής και βέλτιστος σκιασμός των υαλοστασίων της νοτιοανατολικής όψης (σε συνδυασμό και με την ενεργειακή μελέτη), η διατήρηση υψηλών επιπέδων φυσικού φωτισμού και τέλος η επίτευξη οπτικής άνεσης και η αποφυγή της θάμβωσης από τα μεγάλα υαλοστάσια, για τους χρήστες: κολυμβητές και θεατές.
Η μελέτη καταλήγει επίσης να προτείνει ετήσιο διάγραμμα βέλτιστης λειτουργίας του προτεινόμενου συστήματος σκίασης και ειδικά μέτρα για να αποφεύγεται η ενοχλητική θάμβωση κατά τη διάρκεια των προπονήσεων.

Residential buildings are places where people find themselves to be for a better part of their day. For a lot of individuals, this should serve as a comfort zone but is being defeated by a number of factors that range from construction materials choices, inappropriate design concept to suite building location, lack of consideration of existing site features, micro climate of the building location and improper orientation of building. From the simple random sampling in Niger State Nigeria drawn from Dutsen Kura, Tunga and Chanchaga in Minna, it was deduced from the study by administering 25 questionnaires in Dutsen Kura, 14 in Chanchaga and 15 in Tunga that 49% of residents are uncomfortable in their homes during the day, while the rest 26% find it to be fair while 24% say it is good. The aim of this paper is to determine ways in which thermal comfort can be achieved in houses within Minna. The methodology adopted was both structured survey and observation. It was deduced that bioclimatic design through the use of readily available materials can reduce the effect of heat gain into the building, incorporation of natural landscape, and micro climate of the environment will be considered. It is recommended that individuals in their various capacities adopt such design principles in order to have a serene, energy efficient and less polluted environment.

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) by using a set of questionnaire was conducted to assess the perception and comfort level required by residents in a college building with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies, particularly natural ventilation and daylighting. The questionnaire was based on a five-point Likert scale, covering various performance criteria of building, specifically on the architectural elements, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and landscape elements. The initial outcomes showed a positive relationship between perceptions and building performance criteria.

A building's bioclimatic design refers to the design of its spaces based on the region's climate, in order to assure best interior conditions. This study deals with the ab initio design of a two-storey and of a ground floor dwelling of a settlement. The settlement is suitably modulated so that there is no shadowing to the south sides at anytime during a whole year, aiming to maximize the solar earnings. Following the design, the percentage of energy saved due to passive systems is estimated, using the Ecotect Analysis software. For this purpose, results from similar houses (as far as floor planning and functional space organization are concerned) are compared to those without passive solar systems. The settlement was designed and studied based on Athens' climate.

Bioclimatic design of a building refers to the planning of its spaces, based on the region's climate, in order to assure best interior conditions. The present study deals with the ab initio drawing of a two-storey and a ground-level dwelling of a theoretical settlement, designed and studied based on the climate conditions prevailing in the region of Thessaloniki. The settlement is suitably modulated to exclude shadowing from the south sides at any time during the year, aiming to maximize the solar earnings. According to the design, the percentage of energy saved due to passive systems is estimated using the Ecotect Analysis software [1]. For this purpose, results from similar houses (as far as floor planning and functional space organization are concerned) are compared to those without passive solar systems. With respect to the two-storey dwelling, energy consumption was reduced by 21%, whereas the relative savings for the ground-level residence reached 25%. Results show that the design following solar design principles can improve the thermal performance in order to achieve thermal comfort.

The environment we live in for decades shape up our tradition and culture, these are reflected in our songs and dances, decisions and actions, and even in our arts and architecture. However strong foreign influences are the imprint of culture and tradition and this has clearly made confusion and turmoil in our architecture and way of living. (Bulaong, 2002) Architecture apparently is at a process of change, trying to ape western models that somehow have a different kind of architecture than we do, thus the context in which how they should be modeled have also been altered and somehow forgotten during the planning stage. 
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the rise on the technological inventions has introduced a new lifestyle to all people that dwell upon technology. Some of these technologies are used to help compensate for the design errors in our buildings that have not been designed in accordance to our natural climate; this has caused the increasing rate of environmental degradation to our natural environment. With the increasing concern for the environmental impacts of buildings and the quality of their internal environments, this has raised the debate on the role architects to pay attention in the environmental design of buildings.
Designing Buildings by optimizing all the passive-mode design strategies and in low-energy design (lesser use on non-renewable sources) is called Bioclimatic Design. It aims at providing thermal and visual comfort through modification strategies (bioclimatic chart) of the local climate and makes use of the natural energy sources available (sun, air, wind, vegetation and water). It is vital to adopt this approach in order to reduce the negative consequences of our buildings.
Even The development of Hotel buildings has been accompanied by an increasing interest in the application of sustainability to the building sector. The study focuses on an environmentally sustainable hotel building design. It will consider a range of completed and proposed projects of Dr. Ken Yeang, the father of bioclimatic skyscrapers, who has examined throughout the years of research with this bioclimatic approach. Moreover, the proponent will examine on particular the theories and strategies related to this approach based on the passive mode approach from other architectural authors. 
Keywords: Sustainability, Environmental design, Bioclimatic design, thermal comfort, visual comfort

This essay asked the following questions: • Can regional cultural identity be saved or will the future of architecture and cities follow the way of the ubiquitous white plastic stacking chair? • In solving the climate crisis by design, can we also recover a place-based built expression for the durable values of diverse cultures? • How can we understand what is local, regional and universal among the progenitors of built form? It suggests that: • Progenitors of built form influence the order of places downward in complexity. • Formal differentiation increases with span, not scope. Conclusions include: Bioclimatic design articulates a place-empathetic formal expression, to the extent that:
• intelligence embodied in its configuration is allowed to substitute
for hardware and fossil energy
• it is allied with a constructive material culture of necessarily limited
geographic scope
• a hybrid form language is employed such that durable life patterns
and values are retained in the transcendence of newer vocabulary
fit to emerging conditions.

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) by using a set of questionnaire was conducted to assess the perception and comfort level required by residents in a college building with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies. The survey was based on a five-point Likert scale, covering various performance criteria of the building (architectural elements, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and landscape features). The positions of the rooms should be highly considered in implementing the improvement measures for increasing the comfort level of the room when this aspect considerably influences the satisfaction and perception levels of respondents. 2180-4567

Habitar es un fenómeno complejo que implica diferentes escalas y
dimensiones, para intentar explicarlo deberíamos recurrir a la teoría
del hábitat diseñado por profesionales de la configuración espacial y
objetual; sin embargo, a falta de ésta hacemos uso de la teoría de la
arquitectura como una disciplina del hábitat.
La arquitectura como parte del fenómeno del habitar es un objeto,
al mismo tiempo es una interface que iguala a los otros dos componentes
del fenómeno arquitectónico, el sujeto y el contexto.
En este fenómeno, tanto el objeto, como el sujeto y el contexto,
interactúan. El hombre con sus acciones ha modificado al clima en
sus diversas escalas; a gran escala podemos decir que lo ha hecho en
forma involuntaria, pero en escalas más pequeñas, lo hace de forma
muy consciente, aunque no siempre de manera afortunada.

La arquitectura bioclimática es la que se centra en el diseño y la construcción de edificios teniendo en cuenta las condiciones climáticas de la región o el país en que se construyen, y se centran también en el uso de los recursos naturales disponibles (sol, vegetación, lluvia, viento) para reducir al mínimo el impacto ambiental generado por la construcción y el consumo de energía. El bioclimático es un sector de la arquitectura que domina los principios de la ecología y la sostenibilidad. El término "diseño bioclimático" implica un diseño que tiene como objetivo proteger el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. El objetivo de la arquitectura bioclimática es crear zonas urbanas y edificios diseñados para satisfacer plenamente sus necesidades energéticas sin inducir a un daño ambiental. Los elementos clave del diseño de edificios bioclimáticos son los sistemas pasivos, que son los componentes de un edificio. Los sistemas pasivos funcionan sin piezas mecánicas ni suministro de energía adicional y, naturalmente, calientan y refrigeran los edificios. Se dividen en tres categorías:-Sistemas pasivos de calefacción solar.-Técnicas de enfriamiento natural pasivo y

The purpose of this research is to evaluate future impacts of different emission scenarios on architecture design strategies according to a notable thermal comfort model, the methodological procedure employed in this study is intended to provide quantifiable elements to weight the impact of climate change on passive architecture effectiveness according B1, A1B and B2 IPCC scenarios in terms of design strategies applied to achieve thermal comfort, in compliance with the ASHRAE comfort model. Results showed affectations about 10-25% on comfort effectiveness, causing affectations on the way we conceive and build the future passive architecture morphology.

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 6: Resultados (análisis e interpretación)" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

This article presents a methodology for the integration of building performance simulation (BPS) into the writing of architectural history. While BPS tools have been developed mainly for design purposes, their current maturity enables to reliably apply them in simulating the performance of past buildings, even when these buildings have been significantly modified or demolished. The possibility to virtually reconstruct the performance of past buildings can help us to overcome the existing knowledge gap in the understanding of the role played by building performance and building performance research through the history of architecture and can therefore promote the intelligent and successful application of environmental features in contemporary architecture. The potential of the proposed methodology is presented here using a historical case study from 1960s Israel (a university building in Tel Aviv), in which climatic considerations were an explicit part of the entire design process. The original thermal performance of the building was analysed by employing the EnergyPlus simulation engine, and the simulation results were used for evaluating the climatic impact of certain design decisions, comparing them with the proclaimed design goals and the original intentions of the architects.

Three residential colleges located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were selected for energy performance analysis in regards to its implementation of bioclimatic design strategies. Specifically, passive design strategies on daylighting and natural ventilation were examined. In Malaysia, the residential college or hostel is a multi-residential building providing accommodation to university students. The three residential colleges in this study, namely C1, C2 and C3, were built in different years with different designs and forms, particularly with regards to enclosure and facade design, solar control devices, passive daylight concepts, and natural ventilation strategies. The building designs were carefully studied and an electric consumption analysis was carried out in each residential college. This study revealed that the wide-scale implementation of bioclimatic design strategies in college C2 help reduced the annual energy consumption. The building bioclimatic design features that are accountable to reduce energy consumption are the internal courtyard and balconies on each unit of floor area, as shown in C3.Results from this study highly recommend internal courtyard and balcony building combination for multi residential building design, especially in tropical urban regions.

Vaulted or domed roofs have been frequently adopted by builders and architects throughout the Middle East and other hot dry areas. However, the thermal performance of such buildings under hot dry climatic conditions has rarely been quantitatively studied. In this paper, a detailed finite element model for the investigation of the thermal performance of non air-conditioned buildings with vaulted roofs (VR) is suggested based on two-dimensional unsteady heat transfer in such roofs and solar geometry. This model allows a comparison of the thermal performance of non air-conditioned buildings with a VR and a flat roof (FR) under different climatic conditions. Results obtained by numerical calculation show that, irrespective of building type the VRs are applied to, buildings with a VR have lower indoor temperatures as compared to those with a FR. The reason is that such roofs dissipate more heat than a FR does by convection and thermal radiation at night due to the enlarged curved surfaces. This implies that such roof forms are suitable for buildings located in hot dry regions but not for those located in hot humid areas, and reasonably explains why curved roofs have been extensively adopted by builders and architects in the hot dry areas in the past. However, with the decrease in the half rim angle of a VR, the difference of indoor thermal condition between a VR and a FR building becomes small and insignificant. Results also indicate that the indoor air temperature is slightly influenced by the half rim angle y 0 and the orientation f v of the VR. To be effective to create a favorable thermal condition inside buildings with a VR under hot dry climatic conditions, the half rim angle of a VR should be y 0 4501, instead of y 0 o50 ; which is the optimal half rim angle of a VR of air-conditioned buildings, as found by the present authors in a previous study. r

Climate change has become a fundamental concern for scientific researchers, architects and engineers, and requires improving the performance of the sectors responsible for city and building infrastructure. Burning fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat are the biggest cause of climate change and emissions and represent one third of total greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, buildings become responsible for improving the external environment, either by construction phases, rehabilitating process or by maintaining process. In Romania the building sector is the main contributor to gas emission and most of the residential multi-storeys constructions are buildings from the communist period built using standardized projects. In Romania one the main goals are the thermal rehabilitation of buildings and construction of apartments especially in the inner circle of the capital. However, the renovation measures are very basic and do not target actual/future EU legislation that imposes the Nea...