Bilingual Mental Lexicon

U ovome se radu, na primjeru dvojezicnih osoba koje koriste hrvatski kao prvi i njemacki kao drugi jezik, istražuje na koji su nacin leksicke jedinice dvojezicne osobe pohranjene u njezinoj memoriji, odnosno u njezinu mentalnom leksikonu. Pokusalo se otkriti posjeduje li svaki jezik vlastitu memorijsku pohranu ili oba jezika dijele isti reprezentacijski sustav. U radu se uspoređuju rezultati ispitanika s visokom razinom kompetencije u njemackom jeziku s rezultatima ispitanika s niskom razinom kompetencije u njemackom jeziku. Eksperiment opisan u ovom radu proveden je prema smjernicama iz istraživanja Kroll i Dufoura (1995), kojime se pokusala dokazati tvrdnja da dvojezicni govornici s niskom razinom kompetencije u drugom jeziku imaju ogranicen pristup konceptu te da se njihovo ponasanje razlikuje od ponasanja dvojezicnih govornika s visokom razinom kompetencije u drugom jeziku. Ista tvrdnja ce se pokusati dokazati i u ovom istraživanju, ali na primjeru drugih dvaju jezika (umjesto e...

Sözcük çağrışım testleri, zihinsel sözlük yapılanmasını keşfetmek amacıyla yaygın olarak uygulanan yöntemlerden biridir. Dilbilim alanında yürütülen sözcük çağrışım çalışmalarında eğilim, sözcük çağrışımlarını sınıflandırmaya ve çağrışımlar arasındaki sözcüksel bağlantıları açıklayan teoriler geliştirmeye yönelik olmuştur. Var olan çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular, uyaran sözcüklerin katılımcılar tarafından iyi bilindiği durumlarda iki dilli zihinsel sözlüğün yapılanmasında dizisel (İng. paradigmatic) bağlantıların baskın olduğu yönündedir. Bu çalışmalardan yola çıkılarak mevcut çalışmada, Almanya'da yaşayan 10-14 yaş aralığındaki Türkçe-Almanca iki dilli bireylerin Türkçe ve Almaca sözcük çağrışım davranışları karşılaştırılmakta ve iki dilli zihinsel sözlükte sözcüksel yapılanmanın ne şekilde olduğu ortaya konmaktadır. Bu amaçla farklı zamanlarda Türkçede ve Almancada uygulanan sözcük çağrışım testlerinde elde edilen yanıtlar, geleneksel sınıflandırma modeline göre çağrışım türlerine ayrılarak oransal olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Mevcut çalışma, daha önce yapılmış çalışmalardan farklı bulgular ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, Türkçe-Almanca iki dilli bireylerin her iki dilde de kullanım sıklığı yüksek olan uyaran sözcüklere dizimsel (İng. syntagmatic) yanıtlar verdiğini, yani Türkçe ve Almancanın yer aldığı ikidillilikte zihinsel sözlük yapılanmasının dizimsel olduğunu göstermiştir.

The article is focused on analysing linguistic deformations in translating modern Ukrainian war fiction into English. The research material is the novel "Інтернат"/ The Orphanage by Serhiy Zhadan and its translation into English. Translation deformations, or "deforming tendencies" (Berman, 2000), are viewed as systemic psycholinguistic distortions, arbitrary and non-arbitrary, of formal and content source text characteristics. Three main groups of translation deformations have been identified in the text under analysislexical, stylistic, and grammatical. Lexical deformations include calque translation, concretisation and modulation. Due to their low frequency, they are not viewed as typical. Stylistic deformations fall into synonymous substitution, logisation, explication, expressivation, modernisation, antonymous translation, and compensation. Synonymous substitution and logisation are the most frequent types; therefore, they may be considered prototypical. They are mainly concerned with reproducing characters' names and descriptions, names or descriptions of military and civil vehicles and tools, colloquial expressions and 'surzhyk'. Grammatical deformations constitute the most significant group. They comprise substitutions and permutations of different types, deletion of words/phrases/sentences, addition of words/phrases, and changes in punctuation. The style of Serhiy Zhadan is characterised by specific syntactical-stylistic features, such as the tendency to use extremely long sentences, high frequency of repetitions of different types, and specific punctuation. Therefore, deleting repetitions, intensifiers, discourse markers, and even sentences is the most recurrent type of grammatical deformation, followed by substitution-division of sentences, which may be treated as prototypical grammatical deformations in the analysed text. The results of the psycholinguistic analysis show the availability of normalisation, implicitation, emotional amplification, levelling-out, and simplification in the target version of the novel.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo cujos objetivos foram verificar possíveis relações entre a frequência de palavras e os processos de inferência lexical de aprendizes de inglês como língua estrangeira (L2), também entre a frequência das palavras e os graus de inferências apropriadas de tais palavras. Foram analisados protocolos verbais de 15 sujeitos de nível intermediário de inglês durante a realização de uma atividade de leitura na qual lhes era solicitado inferir o significado de 21 palavras, divididas entre baixa, média e alta frequências. Constatou-se que as estratégias com maior número de ocorrências permaneceram invariáveis ao longo das três categorias de frequências das palavras e que, na direção contrária da hipótese inicial, maior percentual de inferências apropriadas foi obtido nas palavras de baixa frequência, em comparação com as de alta frequência. Os resultados são interpretados com base na literatura vigente.

Both Standard Chinese (SC) high- and low-rising tones sound like the rising tone in Jinan Mandarin (JM) Chinese. Acoustically (Experiment 1), the JM rising tone overlaps with both SC rising tones, but more with the high-rising tone than with the low-rising tone. Perceptually (Experiment 2), the JM rising tone was more likely identified as the SC high-rising tone by SC monolinguals. Experiment 3 examined the role of this two-to-one interlingual tonal mapping in bilingual lexical access. Final high-rising SC pseudo-words were more frequently and more quickly accepted as JM real words than final low-rising SC pseudo-words were. However, both high- and low-rising SC pseudo-words triggered equivalent facilitatory semantic priming on JM real-word targets. The results suggest that different tones are represented in the bilinguals’ mental lexicon in terms of fine-grained and sometimes overlapping acoustic specifications. Lexical activation and semantic activation are partially independent.

Sveučilište u Padovi, Odsjek za razvojnu psihologiju i socijalizaciju Dominantnost jezika dvojezičnih govornika talijanskog i hrvatskog jezika Language dominance in bilingual speakers of Italian and Croatian language Izvorni znanstveni rad 81'246.2=163.42=131.1 SAŽETAK Zbog visoke varijabilnosti unutar dvojezične populacije, poznavanje jezične dominantnosti ključno je i u istraživanjima i za prikladnu jezičnu procjenu. U istraživanjima je takvo poznavanje ključno radi usporedbe ispitanika koji formiraju ujednačenu skupinu, ili radi njihova promatranja s obzirom na jezičnu dominantnost. Za valjanu jezičnu procjenu važno je moći ispitati jezične vještine dvojezične djece te odrediti dominantni jezik. Djeca koja su od najranije dobi izložena dvama jezicima, mogu pokazivati kašnjenja u jezicima koje paralelno usvajaju. Neka djeca ne pokazuju gotovo nikakve razlike u razinama jezičnog znanja, a neka pokazuju značajnije teškoće. Bez spoznaje o jezičnim znanjima u drugom jeziku nemoguće je odrediti jesu li ti rezultati posljedica lošijeg znanja jednog jezika ili općenitih teškoća u jezičnom razvoju. To dovodi do teškoća i u dvojezičnim područjima u Hrvatskoj, kao što su dvojezična područja u Rijeci i Istri, gdje se govore hrvatski i talijanski jezik. Brojni su načini na koje se pokušavalo odrediti jezičnu dominantnost dvojezičnih govornika, ali ne i jedinstvena općeprihvaćena procedura. U ovom istraživanju temeljni kriterij je razlika u standardnim rezultatima hrvatske i talijanske inačice testa TROG. Ispitano je 56 sudionika koji pohađaju vrtićke skupine s programom na talijanskom jeziku, a prepoznati su kao kandidati za ujednačenu dvojezičnost (procjena odgojitelja). Primjenom odabranog kriterija, oko 70 % djece svrstano je u skupinu ujednačenih dvojezičnih govornika, a nisu se pokazale razlike između sudionika iz Rijeke i Poreča i okolice.

Sveučilište u Padovi, Odsjek za razvojnu psihologiju i socijalizaciju Dominantnost jezika dvojezičnih govornika talijanskog i hrvatskog jezika Language dominance in bilingual speakers of Italian and Croatian language Izvorni znanstveni rad 81'246.2=163.42=131.1 SAŽETAK Zbog visoke varijabilnosti unutar dvojezične populacije, poznavanje jezične dominantnosti ključno je i u istraživanjima i za prikladnu jezičnu procjenu. U istraživanjima je takvo poznavanje ključno radi usporedbe ispitanika koji formiraju ujednačenu skupinu, ili radi njihova promatranja s obzirom na jezičnu dominantnost. Za valjanu jezičnu procjenu važno je moći ispitati jezične vještine dvojezične djece te odrediti dominantni jezik. Djeca koja su od najranije dobi izložena dvama jezicima, mogu pokazivati kašnjenja u jezicima koje paralelno usvajaju. Neka djeca ne pokazuju gotovo nikakve razlike u razinama jezičnog znanja, a neka pokazuju značajnije teškoće. Bez spoznaje o jezičnim znanjima u drugom jeziku nemoguće je odrediti jesu li ti rezultati posljedica lošijeg znanja jednog jezika ili općenitih teškoća u jezičnom razvoju. To dovodi do teškoća i u dvojezičnim područjima u Hrvatskoj, kao što su dvojezična područja u Rijeci i Istri, gdje se govore hrvatski i talijanski jezik. Brojni su načini na koje se pokušavalo odrediti jezičnu dominantnost dvojezičnih govornika, ali ne i jedinstvena općeprihvaćena procedura. U ovom istraživanju temeljni kriterij je razlika u standardnim rezultatima hrvatske i talijanske inačice testa TROG. Ispitano je 56 sudionika koji pohađaju vrtićke skupine s programom na talijanskom jeziku, a prepoznati su kao kandidati za ujednačenu dvojezičnost (procjena odgojitelja). Primjenom odabranog kriterija, oko 70 % djece svrstano je u skupinu ujednačenih dvojezičnih govornika, a nisu se pokazale razlike između sudionika iz Rijeke i Poreča i okolice.

Esta tesis estudia cómo se organiza la información sobre las palabras en el bilingüe en cuanto a las conexiones que se establecen entre el nivel léxico y el semánti-co/conceptual de sus dos lenguas. En concreto, se ponen a prueba las propuestas de organización del ...

This research examines the cross-linguistic influence caused by English as the first foreign language, to the acquisition of French as a second foreign language, using the semantic similarity of word pairs in the two languages. Some words in French look like their English equivalents, but they are dissimilar in form and meaning. A lot of French learners and English learners tend to misconstrue the translation equivalents between the two languages. These deceptive cognates often cause confusion in writing, embarrassment in pronunciation and discouragement in executing a language task. This article lays emphasis on the negative effects of cross-linguistic influence from English (acquired language) on French (the target language) through false cognates. It sheds some light on how to curb the cross-linguistic influence of English on the French language acquisition.

Resumo Este artigo traça e compara o perfil de leitores com dificuldades de compreensão leitora (LDC) e bons leitores (BL). Avaliando a leitura de palavras isoladas e a compreensão de texto escrito, foram identificados 49 BL e 37 LDC dentre 336 estudantes de 8ª série de escolas públicas na região sul do Brasil, excluindo da análise o grupo de desempenho intermediário. A investigação do perfil dos grupos utilizou um questionário escrito a que os participantes responderam. Os resultados mostram diferença na experiência dos grupos com a leitura e correlação positiva entre o desempenho em compreensão leitora e o número de livros lidos pelos estudantes ao longo de um ano. O estudo constata que a pesquisa sobre os hábitos de leitura dos grupos pode auxiliar na compreensão das diferenças no perfil de BL e LDC, necessitando ser expandida futuramente para orientar tanto estudos teóricos quanto práticos de intervenção clínica e pedagógica.

Pashto is one of the dominant languages in the north of Pakistan. Its speakers prefer to communicate in L1with their peers in non-pashto speaking regions like Lahore, which is the capital city of Punjab, Pakistan. Along with Pashto, they communicate in Urdu (the national language) and English (the most prestigious academic language) for higher education, employment and business. With this background in mind, the current study investigates: (a) what are the common syntactic properties (sentence structure, aspect, preposition, article and mood) in Pashto, Urdu and English languages?, (b) What are the advantages and/ or disadvantages to Pashto speakers in English language learning? and (c) What is the potential role of Urdu in English language learning? Linguistic Proximity Model was used as a theoretical framework to analyze the data. The data was gathered from 19 Bachelor of Science Pashto students of different programs from three universities located in Lahore. The participants were...

Черепанов И.Е. Влияние фактора возраста на реакции испытуемых... 2009], изучаются интенциональные явления, характерные для конкретного возраста. Лингвисты исследуют ассоциативный тезаурус ребенка и лексикон школьника наших дней в динамике [Сдобнова 2013], проводят сопоставительные исследования образов языкового сознания детей, которые воспитываются в разных культурах [Федченко 2006], изучают образы различных слов в языковом сознании ребенка, исследуют связи между значением слова и эмоциями, представлениями и понятиями, в целом-место и значимость эмоций в языковом сознании [Мягкова 2000]; анализируют стереотипы и модели языковой идентификации билингвов и онтогенез языкового сознания в социальном и ценностном аспектах. В ряде работ (см., например, [Цейтлин 2009, Гвоздев 2007, Ушакова 2011]) уделяется внимание теме детского словотворчества; интерес вызывает также исследование языковой личности в связи с трудностями детской и подростковой психологии [

Трибуна молодых ученых Reactions that reflect the transaction on the Internet are located on the periphery and are represented by unit values. This suggests that the transition of trade relations to the Internet and the impact of marketing Internet texts has little impact on linguistic consciousness. To confirm this hypothesis, additional experiments are required.

The paper presents the analysis of the semantic shifts in the lexical meaning of the lexeme bespredel (mayhem). The lexeme penetrates into the literary language from the jargon of criminals in 1990; its frequency dramatically increased in media and oral public communication. The shifts in its semantics were triggered by social transformations during Russian perestroika due to deconstruction of the socialist economy and political system. Bespredel in literary Russian acquired the meaning ‘extreme degree of chaos, when a person feels helplessness and vulnerability owing to violation of laws and rules’. According to the Russian national corpus, the word belongs to the media discourse while being rarely used in literature.

What might the study of language processing look like if the canonical language user were assumed to be bilingual? In this chapter we offer some reflections on how the origins, assumptions and practices of psycholinguistics constructed a particular view of language and of the typical language user, with distinct consequences for the construction of bilingualism as an object of inquiry. We suggest that if psycholinguistics is to fully embrace its “bilingual turn” it will benefit from exploring new ways of conceptualizing and approaching the study of bilingual language processing rather than uncritically adopting questions and approaches that were initially framed to understand single language use. Specifically, we suggest that research designs that allow language phenomena to emerge, rather than be expressly manipulated or restricted by researchers’ preconceived assumptions and that build in a broader range of variables and consider an expanded range of bilingual groups, will advance...

Are idioms stored in memory in ways that preserve their surface form or language or are they represented amodally? We examined this question using an incidental cued recall paradigm in which two word idiomatic expressions were presented to adult bilinguals proficient in Russian and English. Stimuli included phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages (e.g. "empty words/пycтыe cлoвa") or in one language only (English-e.g. "empty suit/пycтoй кocтюм" or Russian-e.g. "empty sound/пycтoй звyк"), or in neither language (e.g. "empty rain/пycтoй дoждь"). If idioms are stored in a language-specific format, then phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages would have dual representation, and should therefore be more easily recalled than phrases with idiomatic meaning in only one language. This result was obtained. As such, the findings support the dual-coding theory of memory and are also compatible with models of the bilingual lexicon that include language tags or nodes.

In recent years, despite the fact that many researchers have devoted much of their attention to second language attrition, not much focus has been given to first language attrition (FLA) specifically among Iranian immigrants. The present study attempts to describe FLA in the semantic domain of idiomatic expression and effect of length of residence among Persian native speakers who live in Iran as well as those who migrate to English-speaking countries. The present study explores language attrition in three migrant populations (Persians in the United States, Australia, and Canada). The participants were selected through convenience sampling. Furthermore, to find the impact of length of residence, the immigrants were divided into two groups comprising short-and long-term residence groups. The instrument applied by the researchers for data collection included a researcher-devised idiomatic expression test to assess immigrants' level of idiom comprehension and demographic information questionnaire to have a better understanding of immigrants' background characteristics. Results revealed that the immigrants underwent FLA and the rate of attrition was higher in long-term immigrants. The results are in harmony with the Activation Threshold Hypothesis showing the language attrition among fewer L1 users. The finding of this study sheds new light on the understanding of the concept of first language attrition in migration studies.

The present study applied functional partition to investigate disyllabic lexical tonal-pattern categories in an under-resourced Chinese dialect, Jinan Mandarin. A Two-Stage partitioning procedure was introduced to process a multi-speaker corpus that contains irregular lexical variants in a semi-automatic way. In the first stage, a program provides suggestions for the phonetician to decide the lexical tonal variants for the recordings of each word, based on the result of a functional k-means partitioning algorithm and tonal information from an available pronunciation dictionary of a related Chinese dialect, i.e. Standard Chinese. The second stage iterates a functional version of k-means partitioning with Silhouette-based criteria to abstract an optimal number of tonal patterns from the whole corpus, which also allows the phoneticians to adjust the results of the automatic procedure in a controlled way and so redo partitioning for a subset of clusters. The procedure yielded eleven dis...

Both Standard Chinese (SC) high- and low-rising tones sound like the rising tone in Jinan Mandarin (JM) Chinese. Acoustically (Experiment 1), the JM rising tone overlaps with both SC rising tones, but more with the high-rising tone than with the low-rising tone. Perceptually (Experiment 2), the JM rising tone was more likely identified as the SC high-rising tone by SC monolinguals. Experiment 3 examined the role of this two-to-one interlingual tonal mapping in bilingual lexical access. Final high-rising SC pseudo-words were more frequently and more quickly accepted as JM real words than final low-rising SC pseudo-words were. However, both high- and low-rising SC pseudo-words triggered equivalent facilitatory semantic priming on JM real-word targets. The results suggest that different tones are represented in the bilinguals’ mental lexicon in terms of fine-grained and sometimes overlapping acoustic specifications. Lexical activation and semantic activation are partially independent.

Are idioms stored in memory in ways that preserve their surface form or language or are they represented amodally? We examined this question using an incidental cued recall paradigm in which two word idiomatic expressions were presented to adult bilinguals proficient in Russian and English. Stimuli included phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages (e.g. "empty words/пycтыe cлoвa") or in one language only (English-e.g. "empty suit/пycтoй кocтюм" or Russian-e.g. "empty sound/пycтoй звyк"), or in neither language (e.g. "empty rain/пycтoй дoждь"). If idioms are stored in a language-specific format, then phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages would have dual representation, and should therefore be more easily recalled than phrases with idiomatic meaning in only one language. This result was obtained. As such, the findings support the dual-coding theory of memory and are also compatible with models of the bilingual lexicon that include language tags or nodes.

Jezična kategorizacija pokazuje kulturološke razlike među jezicima, način na koji govornici govore o svijetu koji ih okružuje te način na koji o tome razmišljaju. Unutar kategorizacije boja uočavaju se razlike između govornika različitih jezika u načinu na koji organiziraju kategorije određenih boja i kako im dodjeljuju lingvističke etikete. Prikazane su osnovne informacije o jeziku, kulturi i misli, ključne teorije o odnosu jezika, kulture i misli te je predočen teorijski prikaz kulturalne lingvistike i kategorizacije u jeziku s naglaskom na kategorizaciju boja. Predstavljen je opis istraživanja provedenog na govornicima nizozemskog, grčkog i hrvatskog jezika. Cilj ovog rada je prikupiti podatke o kategorizaciji bojau spektru zelena -plava-ljubičasta:podatke o broju izdvojenih kategorija iz spomenutog spektra i razlici u postavljanju granica unutar spektra. Zatim, prikazati rezultate ispitanika u odabiru najboljeg primjera boje (fokalnog uzorka) te rezultate u imenovanju kategorija...

This article analyzes the resolution types of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states with foreign/second language (FL) words. lt attempts to describe some of the search passes, strategies,  and  cues  that  are used by learners to overcome temporary word retrieval  failures.  More than a hundred TOT  states were recorded in cognitive diaries by Russian and Mexican learners of English and by  English­ speaking learners of German over periods of four weeks. The subjects reported to have  resolved  the TOT states through use of references (46% of the time), directed search (22.6% of the time), environmental cues (17.0%  of  the  time),  and  spontaneous  "pop-up"  resolutions  (12.3%  of  the time). The diary reports demonstrate that learners frequently recalled and manipulated fragmentary information about the target word and word associates.  The latter were mostly  intralingual associations (of the FL) that shared sound similarity or meaning similarity with the target word. Differ...

The social networking website Facebook offers to its users a feature called "status updates" (or just "status"), which allows users to create Microposts directed to all their contacts, or a subset thereof. Readers can respond to Microposts, or in addition to that also click a "Like" button to show their appreciation for a certain Micropost. Adding semantic meaning in the sense of unambiguous intended ideas to such Microposts. We can make a start towards semantic web by adding semantic annotation to web resources. Ontology are used to specify meaning of annotations. Ontology provide a vocabulary for representing and communicating knowledge about some topic and a set of semantic relationships that hold among the terms in that vocabulary. For increasing the efficiency of ontology based application there is a need to develop a mechanism that reduces the manual work in developing ontology. In this paper, we proposed Microposts' ontology construction. In this paper we present a method that extracts meaningful knowledge from microposts shared in social platforms. This process involves different steps for the analysis of such microposts (extraction of keywords, named entities and their matching to ontological concepts).

Researchers and students of applied linguistics and anyone interested in bilingualism and second language learning will find this nontechnical and accessible state-of-the-art survey useful. Regardless of which neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism ends up holding sway, it is in the central nervous system that the core mental operations that underlie language use are materially computed. So, as we do our work, it is good to keep an eye on what's going on here.

Este trabalho apresenta uma concepcao alternativa de educacao formal aplicada ao ensino de pronuncia de ingles. Sua inspiracao foi o estado de descaso que a area de pronuncia enfrenta nas escolas basicas, resultando na falta de preparo dos alunos no dominio oral do idioma ao final do ensino medio. Quando ingressam nas instituicoes superiores, esses alunos apresentam defasagens significativas, as quais nao sao sanadas devido a fatores tais como a ausencia de umprograma estruturado na area. Assim, as escolas recebem profissionais com limitacoes serias nas habilidades orais do idioma, criando um ciclo de ineficiencia do seu ensino. Para se buscar alternativas para a modificacao desse quadro, foi conduzida, inicialmente, uma revisao da literatura sobre o ensino de pronuncia da lingua inglesa. Essa revisao resultou na formulacao de principios que orientaram a criacao de nossa abordagem, destacando: a) os processos de transferencia da L1 para a L2, com a consequente utilizacao da Analise ...

Pesquisadores sugerem que o aprendizado de línguas adicionais e a experiência com o uso dessas línguas tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento da competência linguística de um indivíduo (MARIAN, BLUMENFELD e KAUSHANSKAYA, 2007). O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar quais fatores relacionados a uma experiência linguística são  associados à proficiência autoavaliada pelos usuários de uma língua adicional. Para esse fim, correlacionamos variáveis da experiência linguística de 535 participantes brasileiros falantes de inglês como língua adicional com a proficiência reportada por eles no Questionário de Experiência e Proficiência Linguística (QuExPLi). Os resultados sugerem que os fatores relacionados a marcos de idade, tempo de imersão e uso atual da língua associam-se de forma significativa à proficiência autorreportada pelosparticipantes.

The goal of the present study was to identify the cognitive processes that underlie lexical ambiguity resolution in a second language (L2). We examined which cognitive factors predict the efficiency in accessing subordinate meanings of L2 homonyms in a sample of highly-proficient, Spanish–English bilinguals. The predictive ability of individual differences in (1) homonym processing in the L1, (2) working memory capacity and (3) sensitivity to cross-language form overlap were examined. In two experiments, participants were presented with cognate and noncognate homonyms as either a prime in a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) or embedded in a sentence (Experiment 2). In both experiments speed and accuracy in accessing subordinate meanings in the L1 was the strongest predictor of speed and accuracy in accessing subordinate meanings in the L2. Sensitivity to cross-language form overlap predicted performance in lexical decision while working memory capacity predicted processing in sen...

O processo de aquisição do conhecimento envolve percepção, atenção, memória e ação e nem sempre acontece de forma consciente. A aquisição de conhecimento pressupõe um processo de conversão em que tudo aquilo que é captado pelo aprendiz é decodificado de acordo com sua identidade e suas experiências. Com base nesse conceito, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo fazer um apanhado teórico sobre a relação entre o construto memória e aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira ou adicional. Esse estudo apresenta teorias relacionadas à produção em língua estrangeira, à automatização do conhecimento, ao processamento de informações e à transferência interlinguística, e conta com aporte teórico da ciência cognitiva com foco na abordagem conexionista.

The paper deals with the study of dynamics of value attitudes of modern Russian speakers in relation to money, based on the material of associative dictionaries published by leading Moscow psycholinguistic school “Russian linguistic personality” in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation of the 1977-2006. The purpose of the article is to explicate how the Russian linguistic consciousness transformed and how the values and preferences of “naive” native speakers changed in relation to money in the context of socio-economic development. The subject of the study is value connotations in language assessments of native Russian speakers in relation to money. The revealed qualitative and quantitative assessment indicates a change in the attitude to money in Russian society, the formation of a new national mentality in which money took an important place in the system of values of the modern Russian person. Explicit evaluation in relation to money was only revealed in the associations of the “naive” native speaker in the post-Soviet period, which indicates the mercantilism of thinking in the public national consciousness in the era of development of market capitalist relations. Money became the most important value for a modern native Russian speaker living nowadays in the 21st century in modern market realities. The transformation of values laid the foundation for the formation of a new national mentality, which is marked by the transition from “non-economic” thought to economic mind.

En una modalidad de este sistema, la informa-ción se almacena en forma de redes de conceptos denominadas redes semánticas, relaciones de con-ceptos que forman los esquemas de conocimien-to6 y se enmarcan en la teoría conexionista.7 Las redes semánticas ...

Are idioms stored in memory in ways that preserve their surface form or language or are they represented amodally? We examined this question using an incidental cued recall paradigm in which two word idiomatic expressions were presented to adult bilinguals proficient in Russian and English. Stimuli included phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages (e.g. "empty words/пycтыe cлoвa") or in one language only (English-e.g. "empty suit/пycтoй кocтюм" or Russian-e.g. "empty sound/пycтoй звyк"), or in neither language (e.g. "empty rain/пycтoй дoждь"). If idioms are stored in a language-specific format, then phrases with idiomatic equivalents in both languages would have dual representation, and should therefore be more easily recalled than phrases with idiomatic meaning in only one language. This result was obtained. As such, the findings support the dual-coding theory of memory and are also compatible with models of the bilingual lexicon that include language tags or nodes.

This study used a brief vocabulary training paradigm to examine two factors for cross-language transfer: how similar the first language (L1) is to the second language (L2) and L1-L2 proficiency levels. Fifty-four sequential bilingual children (aged 6-8) with similar L2 English proficiency levels were assigned to three equal groups: a Vietnamese-English group with low L1 proficiency, a Spanish-English group with low L1 proficiency, and a Spanish-English group with high L1 proficiency. Individual training consisted of two mediated learning experiences conducted in the L1 targeting eight vocabulary items using narrative-based activities. Four of eight target words were cognates between Spanish and English. Pre- and posttesting measured definition quality in the L1 and L2. All groups showed improvement in the L1 following training, but only the Spanish-English group with high L1 proficiency improved in L2 English, revealing a degree of spontaneous cross-language transfer among children ...

The present study investigates the relations between L2-English proficiency and L1-Turkish lexical property evaluations. We asked whether L2 proficiency affects lexical properties, including imageability and concreteness ratings of 600 Turkish words selected from the Word Frequency Dictionary of Written Turkish. Seventy-two participants (L1-Turkish - L2-English) provided ratings of concreteness and imageability for 600 words on a 7-point scale. In order to assess their L2 proficiency, we administered Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (PPVT-IV). We divided categories into two subcategories as high and low for the frequency, concreteness, imageability, and age of acquisition (AoA). The relationship between these subcategories and imageability-concreteness was examined by mixed effects linear regression analyses. We found that L2 proficiency and imageability ratings were positively correlated and specifically, this positive association was evident for low-frequency words and later acq...

A concretização deste projecto apenas foi possível graças a todo um conjunto de factores físicos e humanos, os quais não posso deixar de referir e agradecer. Aos meus orientadores, Professores Rosário Monteiro e Paulo Osório pela disponibilidade e dedicação com que orientaram o meu trabalho. Às suas qualidades humanas, sempre aliaram o rigor profissional, pelo que a sua orientação transformou a realização desta tese numa tarefa aliciante. Muito obrigada! À Professora Doutora Ana Maria Ramalhete que se mostrou sempre muito prestável, acessível e disponível, facultando-me informações, materiais e metodologias de trabalho, quero, deste modo, deixar aqui expressa a minha gratidão. Às Escolas e aos alunos dos Concelhos de Braga e Covilhã que colaboraram para a constituição do corpus para o estudo, o meu reconhecimento. À minha família, e muito especial à minha Mãe, por acreditar sempre que eu seria capaz e por me ter ajudado a chegar até aqui, a minha gratidão. Ao Delfino, pela companhia, ajuda, apoio e colaboração demonstrada, o meu carinho. À minha tia Olga Prata, pelo apoio e ajuda na realização dos inquéritos, muito obrigada. Uma palavra final, de especial gratidão, a todos aqueles que me acompanharam ao longo destes anos e que souberam criar um ambiente emocional propício ao desenvolvimento e conclusão deste estudo. RESUMO A CONCIÊNCIA METALINGUÍSTICA NA AQUISIÇÃO DA LEITURA EM

Academic vocabulary knowledge predicts students’ academic achievement across educational levels. English academic vocabulary knowledge is especially valuable because English is used in academia worldwide. Therefore, examining the factors that can predict English academic vocabulary knowledge can inform pedagogy, thus indirectly boosting students’ chances of academic success around the world. This study examines the extent to which cognateness, word frequency and length predict the ability of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners who have Spanish as their first language (L1) to recognise written English academic words. 38 Spanish L1 university students’ recognition knowledge of English cognates was measured via a Yes/No test containing words sampled from the most frequent 1,000 lemmas of the Academic Vocabulary List (Gardner and Davies 2014). 34 participants’ data were retained in the final analysis, a multiple regression with item facility (IF) as the outcome variable and wor...

Milena Jakić1, Aleksandar Kostić1, and Dušica Filipović-Đurđević1, 2 1Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 2Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of ... Experiments will also test the predictions of this theory. ...

The author offers an associative experiment as an effective means for identifying the psychologically relevant content of the word and its specificity in various languages. The comparative study of lexical units is usually based on explanatory dictionaries, which cannot fix the dynamics of language units connected to the oral activity of individuals. The author theoretically justifies the identification of a set of features of association, which make it possible to effectively compare the structure and content of associative fields of different words and languages. It is highlighted in the article that it is important to interpret the relation between stimulus and reaction, rather than the content of a particular associate. It allows us to offer fundamentally different parameters for creating associative fields of compared languages. The field is based now only on frequency of associates. The "stimulus-reaction" relation that is regarded as a verbal action makes it possible to actualize the motive of the verbal action in the semantics of associates. This allows us to clarify methods of identifying the personal meaning represented by the associate and to find out dominant features of the association that may become the basis for determining the semantic difference between meanings. The author sets parameters by which one can estimate how the meaning of a word of the compared languages changes. The parameters help to define: a decrease in the number of actualized semantic signs in different zones of the associative field; reduction of the diversity of reactions and the number of single reactions in the associative fields; the prevalence of the number of conceptual and operational reactions over emotionally evaluative reactions and reactionsconceptions; a decrease in the number of metaphorical and nationally specific or culturally significant reactions; changing of the positive connotation of a lexeme to neutral and negative; the number of rejections (in percentage correlation with the total set of associates).

The aim of the article is to describe the role of the journal «Beseder?» as a
paradigmatic example of the Russian-language press of the 90s in Israel. A general description of the unique phenomenon of the mass immigration of Russian Jews to Israel after the collapse of the Soviet Union is given. The purpose of the journal was to help the immigrants during the difficult process of adaptation to the new society, using humor as a tool to fight against socio-economical difficulties, cultural misunderstandings and
generational clashes.

 A tese defendida e aprovada em 2015 sobre estratégias para a compreensão leitora com estudantes do 6º ano do ensino fundamental foi desenvolvida a partir da pesquisa experimental em psicolinguística com um grupo de estudantes da Escola de Educação Básica Eliseu Guilherme, em Ibirama, na forma de uma oficina realizada em 2014 através de uma ação de extensão decorrente de projeto aprovado pelo Instituto Federal Catarinense.