Bell Beakers (Archaeology)

The purpose of this paper is to make a catalogue of stone wrist-guards found in the Netherlands. The wrist-guards named in this study are wrist-guards that can be found in the archaeological literature and in archaeological museums and institutions. 32 wrist-guards have been studied and documented. The archaeological literature is studied for a further 12 wrist-guards. This paper will act as a database for use in the Leiden Beaker project, which studies the Bell Beaker culture as a regional expression of a European cosmology and ideology.

RESUMEN: En el presente artículo damos noticia de un conjunto de yacimientos con material campaniforme procedentes de la Ribera del Duero (provincia de Valladolid). Con la aportación de una serie de observaciones sobre la dispersión y el estudio territorial de los yacimientos, se hacen diversas valoraciones sobre el aprovechamiento del territorio y el poblamiento durante el Calcolítico Final-Bronce Antiguo en el territorio antes citado.

Palabras clave: Ribera del Duero. Valladolid. Campaniforme. Poblamiento. Paisaje Social.

ABSTRACT: In the present article we give some news about a set of archaeological sites with Bell Beaker material proceeding from the bank of the Duero River (Province of Valladolid). With the contribution of a series of observations about the dispersion and the territorial study of the archaeological sites, diverse valuations are done about the utilization of the territory and peopling during Final Calcolithic-Early Bronze age in the aforementioned territory.

Key words: Bank of the Duero River. Valladolid. Bell Beaker Culture. Peopling. Social Landscape.

The Late Neolithic Bell Beaker and Corded Ware complexes are commonly viewed as clearly bounded phenomena of burial rituals and material culture. Conversely, common traits and overlapping characteristics have also been pointed out, and have been interpreted as interrelations between two distinct groups of people. In this paper, this phenomenon is studied in two German regions – the Rhine Basin and the Thuringia Basin. Here, it can be shown that burial customs and vessel decorations display considerable overlaps, especially in spatially and temporally close contexts. Furthermore, such phenomena are most visible close to river confluences (e.g. the Rhein-Neckar and the Saale-Unstrut) – tpotential nodal points of interaction networks. This indicates that social identities were much more open to negotiation than generally believed, including phenomena of hybrid or multiple identities.

Kooperaio spart er: F eu desk eis kelis he 'i g all Otze hause e.V. D Geo ges Ka se Alte tu sfue s he a.s. .l. I situt aio al de e he hes a h ologi ues p e i es I ap Se i e gio al d a h ologie G a d-Est, Pôle Pat i oi e, site de Metz Die Tagu g urde durchgeführt it der U terstützu g o : Kultu La ds hatsI iiai e St. We dele La d e.V. KuLa I Mi iste iu fü U elt u d Ve au he s hutz des Saa la des Eu opäis he La d i ts hatsfo ds fü die E t i klu g des lä dli he 'au s ELE' : Hie i esie t Eu opa i die lä dli he Ge iete. Dieses Vo ha e " Bele u g Kelte pa k u d Naio alpa kto Otze hause " i d a h de Saa lä dis he E t i klu gspla fü de lä dli he 'au -i 'ah e de LEADE'-St ategie de LAG KuLa I St. We dele La d e.V. aus Mitel de Eu opäis he U io % u d des Saa la des gefö de t. Weite e I fo aio e u te .ele .saa la d.de Situ g eu opäis he Kultu u d Bildu g ASKO EU'OPA-StIFtUNG Saa la d Spo toto G H Ku stze t u Bose e Mühle e.V. A'C-HAB, le as l pou la Villa de Mage o Die Drucklegu g dieses Ba des urde er öglicht o : Ge ei de No eile Eu opäis he Akade ie Otze hause gG H F eu desk eis kelis he 'i g all Otze hause e.V.

This paper discusses the identity and social structure of Bell Beakers in the southern part of the Oder and Vistula basins (in Silesia and Lesser Poland), which are affiliated to the Eastern group, and are perceived as
the genuine Beakers. Bell Beaker societies in the studied region were ranked, with intragroup differentiation embracing both men and women. We can observe the strongly stressed opposition of masculine–feminine, which was manifested by depositing specific sets of objects together with the dead. Mature male individuals buried with archer’s equipment (flint arrowheads, wrist-guards and arrow-shaft smoothers) formed a distinct category of the deceased. Among them, individuals serving as chieftains/leaders can be distinguished. Depositing with them copper and electrum ornaments, diadems or other head or hair ornaments emphasised the rank of some women in the adult and
adult/mature age. The funerary rite does not stress the identity of children. The linear arrangement of graves in the cemeteries in southern Poland could be interpreted as a symbolic reflection of the continuity of a lineage, using the burial ground.

Europe’s prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of “steppe” ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted. Corded Ware appeared by 2900 BCE, were initially genetically diverse, did not derive all steppe ancestry from known Yamnaya, and assimilated females of diverse backgrounds. Both Corded Ware and Bell Beaker groups underwent dynamic changes, involving sharp reductions and complete replacements of Y-chromosomal diversity at ~2600 and ~2400 BCE, respectively, the latter accompanied by increased Neolithic-like ancestry. The Bronze Age saw new social organization emerge amid a ≥40% population turnover.

Denne avhandlingen er et komparativt studie med utgangspunkt i monumentalgraven Mjeltehaugen på øya Giske like nordvest for Ålesund på Sunnmøre. Gravkammeret består av dekorerte heller som til nå er det mest omfattende funnet av ristninger i gravkontekst i Norge. Dekoren gjør Mjeltehaugen til et gåtefullt gravfunn, men det har blitt påpekt tilsynelatende likhet med dekor tilhørende klokkebegerkulturen (ca. 2800-1800 f.Kr.).

Gjennom analyser av dekoren og vurderinger av stil som uttrykk for sosial identitet innenfor en aktørsentrert teoretisk plattform, bidrar avhandlingen med å bedre forstå gravminnet, samt kontekstualisere den norske nordvestkyst i de fenomener og endringer som skjer på et overordnet pan-europeisk plan i løpet av det tredje årtusen f.Kr. Dette er endringene som har forbindelse med den europeiske klokkebegerkulturen, og Mjeltehaugen blir derfor vurdert som en mulig indikasjon på kulturens spredning nordover langs kysten av dagens Norge.



This thesis is a comparative archaeological study that focuses on the monumental mound Mjeltehaugen, situated on the island of Giske on the outer coast of Sunnmøre. Inside the mound, the remains of a burial chamber with decorated slabs were found, the most extensive of its kind found in a funerary context thus far in Norway. The decoration makes Mjeltehaugen quite enigmatic, although it has been pointed out that the decoration could be understood as belonging to the Bell Beaker Culture (c. 2800-1800 BC).

Through analysis of the decor and assessments of style as an expression of social identity within the framework of sociological theory of practice, the thesis provides a better understanding of the mound, as well as contextualizing it within the changes, social processes and characteristics of the historical circumstances occurring at an overall pan-European level during the third millennium BC. These transformations have a connection with the European Bell Beaker Culture, and Mjeltehaugen will be assessed as a possible indication of Bell Beaker expansion north along the Norwegian coast.

Auf einer unvollständigen, aber sicherlich als repräsentativ zu erachtenden Grundlage von rund 180 publizierten Gräbern wird die mitteldeutsche Glockenbecherkultur zu gliedern versucht.
Die Materialbasis umfasst rund 320 Gefässe, 100 Silexgeräte, 27 Armschutzplatten, 6 Kupferdolche und einige weitere Artefakte aus Felsgestein, Knochen, Geweih und Bernstein.
Die Schwierigkeiten einer Gliederung liegen in der vorherrschenden Sitte einer einzigen Gefässbeigabe und der oft nur beschränkten statistischen Aussagekraft der damit vergesellschafteten nichtkeramischen Beigaben. Hinzu kommt, dass die bescheidene Grösse der eh schon seltenen Gräberfelder kaum je zur Bildung von Horizontalstratigraphien oder zu Grabüberschneidungen geführt hat.
Die mit 200 Exemplaren wichtigste Beigabengattung der Becher steht im Zentrum der Untersuchungen. Es stehen sich 45% verzierte und 55% unverzierten Bechern gegenüber. Gemäss der herrschenden Beigabensitte schliessen sich diese Ausprägungen in den Grabinventaren gegenseitig aus. Abgesehen von der Präsenz/Absenz der Verzierung vermögen sich die beiden Bechergruppen auch anhand ihrer Gefässproportionen von einander zu unterscheiden: bei den verzierten Bechern befindet sich der grösste Durchmessser überwiegend auf Mündungshöhe(65%), selten auf Bauchhöhe (12%), bei den unverzierten Bechern liegt er hingegen vornehmlich im Bauchbereich (60%) und seltener auf Mündungshöhe (23%).
Die Proportionsveränderungen der Schnurbecher im Laufe der der Glockenbecherkultur vorangehenden Saale-Schnurkeramik, wie auch jene der Tassen in der nachfolgenden Aunjetitz-Kultur bescheinigen diesen Proportionsunterschieden  eine chronologische Ursache. Der grösste Gefässdurchmesser verlagert sich offensichtlich im Lauf der Glockenbecherzeit von der Mündung hinunter auf Bauchhöhe.
Bei den verzierten Glockenbechern zeichnet sich tendenziell eine Korrelation zwischen Gefässproportion, Verzierungsorganisation, Verzierungsmuster und Ziertechnik ab. Parallel zur allmählichen Verschiebung des grössten Gefässdurchmessers, reduziert sich die Verzierung von mehreren Bildstreifen über drei und zwei auf einen einzigen  und geht schliesslich ganz verloren. Der Kammstempel wird von Ritz- und Schnittlinien abgelöst, Metopenmuster treten an die Stelle von Laufmustern.
Die Becherproportionen erweisen sich als relevanteres chronologisches Merkmal als das Vorhandensein bzw.das Fehlen von Verzierung.
Unter den eh schon wenigen für die Kombinationsstatistik heranziehbaren mehrteiligen Grabinventaren finden sich zwar nur wenige, die diese Hypothese bestätigen, aber auch keine, die sie zu widerlegen vermögen.
Bedeutend hierfür erweisen sich vor allem Pfeilspitzen mit rechteckig oder trapezförmig ausgeschnittener Basis und gekappten Widerhaken sowie die Beigabe von Fleischstücken (Erhaltung als unmodifizierte Tierknochen). Erstere sind nur mit weitmündigen Bechern kombiniert, letztere praktisch nur mit engmündigen.
Das Mittelelbe-Saalegebiet verfügt gesamthaft gesehen über eine junge Fazies der europäischen Glockenbecherkultur. Die mitteldeutsche Ausprägung trägt sowohl Züge der westlichen wie der östlichen Gruppe. Die in den angrenzenden Becherprovinzen Niederrhein, Mittelrhein und Böhmen auftretende älteste Glockenbechergruppe der maritimen Becher und die unmittelbar daraus entstandenen Bechertypen fehlen weitgehend oder sind sehr selten. Die Becher mit einem, zwei oder drei Bildstreifen (86% aller verzierten Becher), finden in der niederrheinischen Typologie Entsprechung in den Bechern mit Zonenkontraktion und sind mit den jüngsten mittelrheinischen Bechergruppen (6a, 6b und ev. noch 5c und 5b, nach Gebers 1984) direkt vergleichbar. Metopenmuster, das Auftreten unverzierter Keramikgattungen sowie die Typologie der Armschutzplatten und Kupferdolche entsprechen Charakteristiken der jüngeren Glockenbecherphasen Böhmens.
Verteilungskarten zeigen deutlich mehr weitmündige Becher im Südharz-Unstrut-Gebiet als im Saalebecken, wo engmündige Becher vorherrschen. Zusammen mit der Übereinstimmung in der Verzierungsentwicklung der rheinischen Glockenbecher sowie dem Vorkommen von Linienbechern und eines maritimen Bechers im Einzugsgebiet der Unstrut deutet dies auf eine südwestliche Herkunft der Glockenbecherkultur hin. Im Saalebecken entwickelt sie sich dann zusehends hin zum unverzierten Keramikstil der östlichen Glockenbecherkultur und leitet schliesslich über zur frühbronzezeitlichen Aunjetitzkultur.

So-called control mechanisms as a basis of social power shall be compared in four societies in Europe and Asia which were in coexistence during the middle and later 3rd millennium BC. While in some cases (southern Mesopotamia) we have good indications for social power operating largely from above, such notions cannot easily be adduced from the archaeological record in other regions (Indus Valley, Aegean), in which there were possibly many different levels on which social power was exercised on an everyday basis. Finally, in the fourth region (Bell Beaker Central Europe) it is hard to recognise not only clear signs of social power, but also any possible basis for distinctions in social power. It will be argued that the establishment of control mechanisms was fundamental to achieve institutionalized and long-term inequality in the societies discussed in this article. The adoption of such control mechanisms enabled a group of people (the elite) to regulate and hence dominate resources. Some of the best archaeological indications are writing, the practice of sealing and the invention and standardisation of metrological systems. The open question is how many members of the given society were able to participate in the regulation of power. The archaeological indications often do not imply a strongly hierarchical society, or a society where a single person (king or chief) and/or his clique could dominate. Instead the archaeological record points to flexible and fluctuating power relations. Therefore, it is argued that some early complex societies of the second half of the 3rd millennium BC (like Greece or the Indus Valley) can be better described as heterarchical than hierarchical. For prehistoric Europe it is argued that social power was highly fluid and that no long-term systematization of power relations is traceable before the Iron Age (and even then it is often debatable). Therefore, any claim for the existence of simple or complex chiefdoms in prehistoric Europe (outside the Aegean) during the Copper and Bronze Age seems to be misleading.

Presentamos en este artículo los materiales y los contextos arqueológicos que definen las dos fases de la ocupación prehistórica del Castro de Peña Amaya, resultado de nuestras excavaciones y del estudio de los objetos depositados en el lVuseo de Burgos o publicados en trabajos diversos. A partir de ellos proponemos nuestra interpretación del papel que pudo desempeñar este yacimiento dentro de su marco geográfico durante esas dos etapas, la campaniforme y el Bronce Final.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar.

LEMERCIER O. (2020) – The Bell Beaker question: from historical-cultural approaches to aDNA analyses, in T. LACHENAL, R. ROURE & O. LEMERCIER (Eds.) : Demography and Migration. Population Trajectories from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Proceedings of the XVIIIth UISPP World Congress (4-9 June 2019, Paris, France) Sessions XXXII-2 and XXXIV-8. Oxford : Archaeopress, 2020, p. 116-140.

Neil Curtis, Marischal Museum, University of
Aberdeen; Dr Ljiljana Popovic, School of Natural &
Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen; Neil Wilkin, Research Assistant, Beakers and Bodies Project, and PhD student, University of Birmingham; Margot Wright, Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen

The purpose of this undergraduate dissertation is to locate and study the Early Bronze Age metalworking tools in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The introduction offers an overview of previous work on Early Bronze Age stone metalworking tools, both within the United Kingdom and Ireland and in Continental Europe.
To form an understanding of the contexts and social aspects concerning these tools it is necessary to review the history of Beaker thought, as the 'Beaker Folk' were once accredited with the spread of metallurgy.
The tools are then analysed and compared to gain insight into the status and spread of early metalworking. After this the information gained from them is compared to Continental Europe.
The tools are then related into the idea of the 'Beaker Package'. To what extent does the spread of these tools adept of this idea?
Some information is offered up concerning a period of possible social change around the start of the Bronze Age.
Lastly conclusions are drawn about the tools themselves and also concerning the social aspects attached to them.

Il y a environ 4500 ans

Dans le village de l’Eperon, à côté de tombes déjà anciennes, un ancien, assis contre le tronc d’un chêne, conte une vieille légende aux jeunes de la tribu. Il s’agit de la légende de Naïm, le jeune guerrier du peuple de Cuivre et d’Or venu du couchant pour explorer les côtes et trouver la Montagne de cuivre. Naïm mena une vie aventureuse, affronta de nombreux dangers dans des régions inconnues et unifia les tribus, devenant le chef de toute la province.

Aujourd’hui

A Forcalquier, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, l’archéologue Charles Delapierre fait une découverte exceptionnelle en fouillant une sépulture du troisième millénaire avant notre ère. Il demande à plusieurs de ses éminents collègues de le rejoindre sur sa fouille. Mais lorsque Marc Andréas, son ancien assistant, arrive sur les lieux, Delapierre a disparu.
A Nanterre, la jeune capitaine Karine Foucher de l’OCBC enquête sur la mise en vente sur internet d’un trésor de cuivre et d’or préhistorique. La piste lui permet de remonter jusqu’à un archéologue : Charles Delapierre.
Pendant ce temps, les collègues de Delapierre au courant de la découverte sont assassinés un à un. Marc Andréas et Karine Foucher vont se lancer dans une course contre la montre à travers l’Europe pour retrouver le fameux trésor, Charles Delapierre et le tueur…

THE BRONZE AGE IN WESTERN SICILY. - Many cultures developed during bronze age in western Sicily. Sometime they were contemporary showing the presence of very interesting ethnical dynamics bringing to acculturation phenomena like in the case of Bell Beaker mainly diffused in south west regions.
During early bronze Castelluccio culture was diffused also in western Sicily, but it developed slowly towards what was called Rodì Tindari Vallelunga facies and that now we think is a process of typological as cultural change between Castelluccio and Thapsos. During this last phase we encounter the origin of some
regional differences among the same culture that will be more evident during late bronze age. We see that there are aspects more tied with a Mediterranean tradition, such as Mokarta. But we also see that there areas where it is strong a Tyrrhenian tradition and also a continental one with Ausonian affinities.

Le tartessien : une langue celtique et/ou une langue celtique occidentale ? Les deux à la fois, uniquement la première proposition, uniquement la seconde ou aucune des deux Parmi les documents épigraphiques dits du Sud-ouest (inscriptions So), relevés dans le sud du Portugal et le sud-ouest de l'Espagne, les occurrences graphiques les plus fréquentes ont été déchiffrées il y a environ vingt ans. L'hypothèse que la langue ainsi représentée était probablement celtique fut rapidement appuyée par J. A. correa (1989 ; 1992). Plusieurs chercheurs comme Untermann, Villar, Jordán, Ballester et moimême ont exprimé à différents degrés d'appréciation leur accord avec cette hypothèse. cette conclusion a des répercussions sur l'archéologie en Europe. L'interprétation du tartessien comme langue celtique bénéficie d'un certain crédit grâce à de précédentes théories archéologiques également en faveur de l'émergence précoce de parlers celtiques à l'ouest (cunliffe 2009 ; Renfrew à paraître). En septembre 2008, la plus longue inscription So (elle comprend 82 signes lisibles) est découverte à Mesas do castelinho, dans le sud du Portugal. cette découverte permet non seulement de réaliser d'importantes avancées, en augmentant la masse critique du corpus, mais surtout de confirmer la coupure des mots dans la *scriptio continua en recombinant les thèmes précédemment attestés, les désinences et les préfixes. On peut désormais envisager de nouvelles conclusions à propos de l'affiliation du tartessien, de sa typologie, sa phonologie, sa morphologie, et sa syntaxe de même que son lexique et son héritage onomastique. Enfin, cette communication examinera dans quelle mesure les explications archéologiques sont compatibles ou non avec ces nouvelles attestations épigraphiques. *scriptio continua : écriture en continu sans séparation entre les mots.

This book deals with the question how communities across Europe during the later 3rd millennium BC adopt and transform the Bell Beaker phenomenon differently. By looking at these processes of change from the perspective of settlements and settlement material culture, an interpretation is given to the development of this phenomenon that is alternative to the currently prevailing migration models.

Instead, the author uses social theories on the spread of innovations, the development and functioning of communication networks and the social technologies involved in the production of material culture in his arguments. For the first time, settlements from various regions of Europe are studied at the same level and compared using modern research methods such as aoristic frequency distributions, the Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates and network analyses. Temporal and spatial variability in the regional processes that lead to the adoption (and rejection!) of Bell Beaker innovations are described in detail. The regional variability in communication between settlements, and the exchange of ideas and objects and mobility of people are combined with sociological network theories on the spread and adoption of novel ideas. Regional differences in the production of pottery are reviewed by both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Finally, a Bell Beaker network is described in which various processes of innovation adoption and subsequent re-invention, developing communication networks and different forms of mobility take part.

In the summer of 1961 in Sion (Valais, Switzerland) the slabs
of a prehistoric tomb appeared in a pipe trench at the Avenue
du Petit-Chasseur. While uncovering them, someone exclaimed:
“prehistoric engravings!”.The first funerary stela of
the megalithic site had been discovered. The excavations, first
conducted by Olivier-Jean Bocksberger, high school teacher
at Aigle, then by Alain Gallay of the University of Geneva,
lasted about ten years. Patiently reconstructed by the scientists,
the eventful history of this necropolis made it possible
for the rites, the beliefs and the social structure of these prehistoric communities in Valais to be studied in detail. Later,
between 1987 and 2003, further investigations were carried
out in the area and added to the discoveries.
In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery
of the site, a scientific committee consisting of the
representatives of the Archéologie cantonale and the Musées
cantonaux du Valais, and of the University of Geneva and the
Association valaisanne d’archéologie organised several events
during autumn 2011.
An international conference at Sion was held from 27 October to 29 October in Sion, at the François-Xavier Bagnoud hall.
The necropolis of Sion still remains a key reference for the
understanding of the Final Neolithic period, not only in the
Alpine countries, but also throughout Europe. The scientific
meeting therefore focused on the end of the Neolithic period
in Valais and in the adjacent regions, on the Bell Beaker phenomenon
(a European culture?) and on the funerary rites of
this period whereas the doctoral course dealt with the end of
the Neolithic period in Valais and with the anthropology of
megalithic societies.
The conference was attended by nearly 200 people, students,
junior and senior scholars from many countries including
Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy,
Morocco, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic
and Switzerland. Thirty-eight papers were grouped into
five sessions each preceded by an introductory one-hour
conference: Fifty Years of Discoveries at the site of Sion/
Petit-Chasseur; The Neolithic in Valais and its Neighbouring
Regions presented by Alain Gallay; Is the Bell Beaker Culture
a European? Economy, Culture and Society by Maxence
Bailly; Funerary Rituals during the Final Neolithic and the
Bell Beaker Period by Henri Duday; and Anthropology of
the Megalithic Societies presented by Alain Testart. The present
volume reports on these scientific presentations and the
ensuing lively debates.

The aim of this paper is to present the archeological site Pigloner Kopf (South Tyrol, Italy) as an ancient worship place of the third millennium BC with various hoard finds and burnt offerings like small copper axes (Fresach type), a copper dagger and copper awls associated with Bell Beaker common ware, flint tools like arrowheads and geometric microliths and thousands of calcinated animal bones and burnt seeds wich is caracteristic for the alpine worship places.

Iñigo Olalde, Selina Brace, Morten Allentoft, Ian Armit*, Kristian Kristiansen*, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Thomas Booth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Eveline Altena, Mark Lipson, Iosif Lazaridis,
Nick Patterson, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Yoan Diekmann, Zuzana Faltyskova, Daniel Fernandes, Matthew Ferry, Eadaoin Harney, Peter de Knijff, Megan Michel, Alissa Mittnik, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson, Alistair Barclay, Kurt W. Alt, Azuzena Avilés Fernández, Eszter Banffy, Maria Bernabò-Brea, David Billoin, Concepción Blasco, Clive Bonsall, Laura Bonsall, Oliver Edward Craig, Gordon Cook, Barry Cunliffe, Anthony Denaire, Michal Ernée, Milan Kuchařík, Joan Francès Farré, Harry Fokkens, Michiel Gazenbeek, Rafael Garrido Pena, Maria Haber-Uriarte, Philippe Lefranc, Olivier Lemercier, Arnaud Lefebvre, Joaquín Lomba Maurandi, Tona Majó, Jacqueline I. McKinley, Kathleen McSweeney, Balázs Gusztáv Mende, Alessandra Modi, Gabriella Kulcsár, Viktória Kiss, András Czene, Róbert Patay, Anna Endrődi, Kitti Köhler, Tamás Hajdu, João Cardoso, Corina Liesau, Michael Parker-Pearson, Piotr Włodarczak, T. Douglas Price, Pilar Prieto,
Pierre-Jérôme Rey, Patricia Ríos, Roberto Risch, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Aurore Schmitt, Joël Serralongue, Ana Maria Silva, Václav Smrcka, Luc Vergnaud, João Zilhão, David Caramelli, Thomas Higham, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Volker Heyd, Alison Sheridan, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Mark G. Thomas, Ron Pinhasi, Johannes Krause, Wolfgang Haak*, Ian Barnes*, Carles Lalueza-Fox*, David Reich*

Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central 99 Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200–1800 BCE. The mechanism of its expansion is a topic of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and human migration. We present new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 170 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 100 Beaker-associated individuals. In contrast to the Corded Ware Complex, which has previously been identified as arriving in central Europe following migration from the east, we observe limited genetic affinity between Iberian and central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals, and thus exclude migration as a significant mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, human migration did have an important role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, which we document most clearly in Britain using data from 80 newly reported individuals dating to 3900–1200 BCE. British Neolithic farmers were genetically similar to contemporary populations in continental Europe and in particular to Neolithic Iberians, suggesting that a portion of the farmer ancestry in Britain came from the Mediterranean rather than the Danubian route of farming expansion. Beginning with the Beaker period, and continuing through the Bronze Age, all British individuals harboured high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically closely related to Beaker-associated individuals from the Lower Rhine area. We use these observations to show that the spread of the Beaker Complex to Britain was mediated by migration from the continent that replaced >90% of Britain’s Neolithic gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the process that brought Steppe ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.

Atti del Convegno Le manifestazioni del sacro e l'età del Rame nella regione alpina e nella pianura padana Brescia, Palazzo Broletto, 23-24 maggio 2014 a cura di RAFFAELE CARLO DE MARINIS Studi in memoria di Angelo Rampinelli Rota edizioni EUROTEAM Le necropoli di Remedello Sotto, Volongo e Cumarola: nuovi aggiornamenti Raffaele C. de Marinis* Volongo I n letteratura vengono attribuite al territorio di Volongo le scoperte effettuate al Dos de Grom e nel fondo Panesella. Ne parlò Giovanni Folcieri all'Ateneo di Scienze e Lettere di Brescia nell'adunanza del 3 aprile 1898, mentre G.A. Colini descrisse sinteticamente il corredo di tre tombe recuperate nel campo Panesella, fornendo anche la riproduzione fotografica di alcuni degli oggetti (Colini 1898, 1899). P. Barocelli, in uno dei suoi ultimi scritti (1971b), trattò ampiamente dei ritrovamenti di Volongo, pubblicando anche i disegni del corredo di due delle tre tombe. Nel suo articolo Barocelli riprodusse una parte della carta IGM al 25000 posizionando con due quadrati i ritrovamenti di Dos de Grom e del campo Panesella, posizionamento che, come vedremo, è errato. La fonte principale per i ritrovamenti del Dos de Grom è il Folcieri (1898). Nella sua relazione Folcieri parla di "una necropoli di recente scoperta in territorio di Volongo (Dos-de-grom)" (p. 46) e poco più avanti: "Quasi contemporanea a quella di Remedello si trova altra necropoli in tenere di Volongo (Dos de Grom) escavata senza indirizzo scientifico per più anni allo scopo di livellare e piantare un infecondo sabbione. Gli oggetti volta a volta scoperti specie gli scheletri e le armi di pietra venivano dispersi profanamente o concessi come giocattoli ai ragazzi. Altri appena, per la premura del proprietario del fondo poté averne il segretario di cui offre in seguito descrizione e pochi altri, tratti di sotterra or non è molto furono acquistati dal cav. Locatelli e spediti a Roma, altri andarono per incuria insipiente e per pochi soldi venduti al terzo ed al quarto senza profitto alcuno dello studio." (p. 48). Nell'elenco degli oggetti presentati all'adunanza la maggior parte sono manufatti di età gallica, che saranno in seguito descritti da P. Rizzini nel catalogo dei musei civici di Brescia 1 , mentre un'ascia di porfido, un'ascia di giadeite e tre cuspidi di freccia in "selce bianca evidentemente non usate, di perfetta fattura" , nonché "venti anellini del diametro di 9 millimetri con foro di tre millimetri" "sembra siano di una pastiglia di porcellana bianca" (Folcieri 1898, 52), sono pertinenti con ogni probabilità a tombe eneolitiche. Nel 1892 Giacomo Locatelli aveva inviato al museo preistorico-etnografico di Roma una cuspide di freccia in selce del tipo a peduncolo e spalle proveniente dal Dos de Grom , n. 48932), e un'altra cuspide di freccia dello stesso tipo e provenienza faceva parte della collezione Castelfranco, ora nelle civiche raccolte archeologiche di Milano ( 2 . Per quanto riguarda l'ubicazione, nella carta pubblicata da Barocelli (1971b, fig. 5) il sito è erronea-* Senior Full Professor, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Rizzini 1911, 54, n. 126. Di tutti i materiali gallici citati dal Folcieri nelle collezioni dei musei civici di Brescia è stato identificato soltanto un torques: cfr. de Marinis 1986, tav. VII, 3; Tizzoni 1985, tav. XVIe. 2 Catalogo della collezione P. Castelfranco n. 2464: "Cuspide di freccia di selce bianca ritoccata sulle due facce. È a forma di triangolo isoscele con peduncolo e alette rudimentali. Lungh. mm 42; largh. mm 23; p. gr. 4". Nella colonna provenienza: "Volongo (Dosso Grumo)". 42 è un errore di scrittura per 62, tutti gli altri dati corrispondono. Probabilmente la cuspide di freccia fu donata al Castelfranco da G. Locatelli.