Battered Woman Syndrome

Self-defense is undergoing an epochal transformation. 1 Since 2005, more than forty states have passed or proposed new "Castle Doctrine" legislation intended to expand the right to use deadly force in self-defense. 2 These bills derive their informal name from the traditional common law castle doctrine, which grants a person attacked in his own home the right to use deadly force without trying to retreat to safety. 3 But the new "Castle Doctrine" statutes, conceived and advocated by the National Rifle Association, 4 extend beyond the home to self-defense more broadly. They

This Commentary is about domestic violence. More specifically, the issue I consider here is this: How should the criminal law deal with battering victims (primarily, women) who, after months or years of abuse, kill their (primarily, male) abusers? My concern, however, is not with the more common case of the woman who uses deadly force against her abuser during an attack or because of an immediately impending one; rather, my focus is on the less common-but morally perplexing-situation of the battered woman who kills her tormenter when he is not attacking, or about to attack, her. I am interested, in other words, in "nonconfrontational homicides," such as when the abuse victim kills her abuser while he sleeps, or as he is watching the Super Bowl game, or eating dinner. 1 The temptation is to say that a nonconfrontational "self-defense" homicide is morally justifiable. Many individuals, including many of my own criminal law students each year, express this opinion. And, in the past two decades, legal * Frank R. Strong Chair in Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University. In light of this journal's preference for lightly footnoted commentaries, I have tried to be "footnote-lite." For those interested in a longer, more heavily footnoted, essay providing my earlier

Gender based violence is a global issue and has been a core focus of a 'gender-based renaissance'. This has sparked social movements such as the 'Women's Marchs' occurring across many global cities, social media discussions and campaigns, such as the 'Me Too' movement. This call to end gender-based discrimination and violence is particularly prevalent in South Africa where, in 2015, the South African rate of femicide per 100 000 women was 9.6 whilst the World Health Organisation global average per 100 000 women was 2.4 1. There are many social campaigns which aim to combat gender-based violence in South Africa. This paper contends that the law can contribute to this struggle; particularly by addressing a gap in criminal law which currently does not sufficiently recognise battered woman syndrome as a defence to criminal conduct. This paper aims to demonstrate that the criminal law system has the opportunity to extend its protection of battered women. It can do so in two ways. First, the legal requirements for a claim of self-defence are met by an accused, experiencing battered woman syndrome, when the substantial impact of her abusive circumstances on her mental state are examined by taking a 'substance over form' approach. Second, by recognising that a person who fits the requirements of battered woman syndrome may lack the requisite capacity for criminal liability; thus, amounting to pathological incapacity due to the pattern of abuse experienced creating a mental illness. Battered Woman Syndrome Dr Lenore Walker describes battered woman syndrome to be "measurable psychological changes that occur after exposure to repeated abuse" 2. Trauma theories and psychological understandings of concepts such as learned helplessness, oppression, etc. have contributed to "understanding the psychological impact of physical, sexual and serious psychological abuse on a battered woman" 3. The severity of these psychological impacts due to abuse have resulted 1 Africa Check 'Femicide in South Africa: 3 numbers about the murdering of women investigated' available at https://africacheck.org/reports/femicide-sa-3-numbers-murdering-women-investigated/, accessed on 19 May 2018 researched by Gopolang Makou.

This paper is the subjective, anecdotal, and introspective account of the experience of two feminist psychologists who served as defense consultants in the 0. J. Simpson murder trial. The authors explore the personal and professional implications of involvement in a high-profile case. They detail special problems forensicpsychologists may encounter in high-profile cases and make recommendations for meeting the challenges such cases present, Self-Identity and Cognitive Dissonance: The Decision to Join the Defense Team The decision to join the defense team was, for each of us, a difficult one that challenged us, in somewhat different ways, to clarify aspects of our self-identity and face dissonance, our own and others'.

The aim of this article is to examine the current state of the battered woman syndrome (BWS) defence in Canada and propose an update to the list of factors considered by experts evaluating the applicability of the defence to individual cases. The history and current legal definition of the defence are presented, and theories relating to BWS are summarized. Factors required of expert testimony in BWS cases are presented; cases relevant to the development of the defence that highlights these assessment factors are discussed. In a subsequent section, limitations of the defence and the role of the expert are explored. The PTSD Checklist (used in clinician diagnosis) is summarized before an updated, BWS-specific expert checklist is proposed. The updated checklist proposes six elements to be considered by an expert assessing a BWS case: 1. environmental factors, 2. attempts to leave or alter the situation, 3. risk factors of the abuser, 4. risk factors of the victim, 5. triggers for violence, and 6. contrary evidence. It is hoped that using this checklist will help experts to cover all the essential elements they must consider in order to conclude that a woman satisfies the criteria for BWS. In particular, this updated checklist will help experts to prepare comprehensive testimony that addresses the five issues defined by Justice Wilson as the expert's duty to assess. In addition, this checklist will help experts present a firm foundation for a defence regarding the critical question of why the night of the offence was different from all other nights.

For centuries, people have been hearing fairy tales from their childhood. Almost every fairy-tale contains a physically 'strong' man and a 'weak' woman who always needs the help of a man and this is embedded into the minds of people about its fascination for harmful masculinity and helpless feminine gender. Years have been changing yet the manifestation of such toxicity has not been changed. One such example is Meyer's novel Twilight which portrays a weak human "woman" and a strong 'manly' predator who is a Vampire. Stephenie Meyer is an American novelist who gains fame all over the world after her debut novel Twilight. This novel makes a strong impact and manipulates the readers' minds that the handsome look and super-hero behaviour will be the thing one needs and not a talented mind and capability. The paper attempts to throw light on the glorifying portrayal of Elaine Showalter's First phase in feminism that is "femininity" and the gender stereotypes through the writing of Meyer's "Twilight".

Women who are battered in the family or by intimate
partner may experience syndrome as a result of the abuse
they are exposed to. This syndrome has been expressed as
the battered woman syndrome. While the battered
woman syndrome negatively affects the daily lives of
women; it can also have negative consequences in
business life for working women. Situations such as a
female employee's inability to focus on her job, decrease
in performance, inability to reveal her full potential, and
often absence can emerge as a result of battered woman
syndrome. From this point of view, it is understood that
violence against women is a problem that also affects
business life. This situation can be presented as evidence
for the argument that women will be unsuccessful in
working life, especially in societies with gender-based
role distribution. However, if it is revealed that the
performance of the female employee in the workplace is
caused by the violence she is exposed to, it will be
possible to prevent such misjudgments.
In this study, battered woman syndrome, which is based
on sociological and legal foundations, is discussed in
terms of business life. Herein the aim is to draw a
conceptual framework regarding the battered woman
syndrome and to give information about its reflections in
business life. In addition, some suggestions were made
in the study for managers to take precautions for battered
woman syndrome.

Од самото однесување на жртвата во дадена кривичноправна ситуација често
зависи и исходот на самиот настан. Иако, нејзината активна или пасивна улога знае да
биде и иницијатива за вршење на кривичното дело. За жената, многу често се вели дека е
попретежно жртва на кривичните дела, одошто сторител. Затоа и посебен акцент
треба да биде ставен врз жената во виктимизирана положба. Целокупната нејзина
сензибилност условува и потреба од посебно разгледување на влијанието што врз неа го
остава виктимизацијата, а и првично, положбата во која се наоѓа, самата по себе.
Психичката состојба кај виктимизираната жена е во зона на висок ризик од нарушување
што може да заврши кобно на еден или на друг начин, и жената од жртва да прерасне во
сторител на кривични дела. Затоа и трудот е во насока на освестување за потребата од
проширување на етиологијата на криминалитетот на жената во оваа насока и
посветување посебно теоретско внимание на овој, не толку редок општествено-правен
проблем.

Cutting or self inflicted epidermal damage (derma-abuse) describes a number of bloodletting behaviours among adolescents. Unlike suicidal behaviour, it is associated with low lethality and the absence of suicidal attempts. The purpose of this study is twofold: Firstly, to present and discuss vignettes of four young adolescents and secondly, to study the dynamics and characteristics of six derma-abusers who have attended Dual Group Therapy (DGT) concurrently with their parents for a six month period. Our findings suggest that patients involved in derma-abuse are generally non-suicidal but engage in comfort cutting for the psychological release of pain, tension reduction and anger management. There is a preponderance of females (80%) with an over-representation of mixed origin and borderline cultural states. In this small group, males amounted to 20% and were more bizarre, gruesome and brutal in their self-abuse. Of the total sample, 10% were of African origin, 60% were of Indian descent and 30% were of mixed ancestry. Psychodynamic factors explored in Dual Group Therapy (DGT) are the emphasis on non-suicidal intent, association with tension reduction, reclaiming power and mastery over self and others, life and death instincts, the significance of bloodletting in a socio-cultural context, transgenerational conflicts, dysfunctional family dynamics frequently with parental separation and sexual abuse and early sexual induction.

Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a psychological situation and express a pattern of behavior that develops in victims of domestic violent behavior as a effect of victims, prolonged violent behavior, Where the victim gets depressed, defeated again and disable said that her abuser is not able to leave. To be familiar with 'battered woman's syndrome' we must know about that how the

This Commentary is about domestic violence. More specifically, the issue I consider here is this: How should the criminal law deal with battering victims (primarily, women) who, after months or years of abuse, kill their (primarily, male) abusers? My concern, however, is not with the more common case of the woman who uses deadly force against her abuser during an attack or because of an immediately impending one; rather, my focus is on the less common-but morally perplexing-situation of the battered woman who kills her tormenter when he is not attacking, or about to attack, her. I am interested, in other words, in "nonconfrontational homicides," such as when the abuse victim kills her abuser while he sleeps, or as he is watching the Super Bowl game, or eating dinner. 1 The temptation is to say that a nonconfrontational "self-defense" homicide is morally justifiable. Many individuals, including many of my own criminal law students each year, express this opinion. And, in the past two decades, legal * Frank R. Strong Chair in Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University. In light of this journal's preference for lightly footnoted commentaries, I have tried to be "footnote-lite." For those interested in a longer, more heavily footnoted, essay providing my earlier

The aim of this article is to examine the current state of the battered woman syndrome (BWS) defence in Canada and propose an update to the list of factors considered by experts evaluating the applicability of the defence to individual cases. The history and current legal definition of the defence are presented, and theories relating to BWS are summarized. Factors required of expert testimony in BWS cases are presented; cases relevant to the development of the defence that highlight these assessment factors are discussed. In a subsequent section, limitations of the defence and the role of the expert are explored. The PTSD Checklist (used in clinician diagnosis) is summarized before an updated, BWS-specific expert checklist is proposed. The updated checklist proposes six elements to be considered by an expert assessing a BWS case: 1. environmental factors, 2. attempts to leave or alter the situation, 3. risk factors of the abuser, 4. risk factors of the victim, 5. triggers for violen...

This essay argues that a central failure in domestic violence law and policy reform has been the creation of a body of law and set of policies based on outmoded notions of what domestic violence is, who women who experience violence and their partners are, and what they need and want. The influence of dominance feminism on domestic violence law and policy is largely to blame for this excessively narrow and problematic view of domestic violence. By contrast, anti-essentialist feminism requires us to delve into the complexities of the lives of individual women and consider all of who they are, rather than reducing them to their lowest common denominator - their common experience of domestic violence. To that end, this essay suggests a number of anti-essentialist principles for reinventing domestic violence law and policy. These principles should guide the reconsideration of the legal response to domestic violence and underpin concrete choices about policy, legislation, and systemic re...

Aims This study aims to find out how alcohol use disorder (AUD) correlates to personal well-being and life satisfaction. Background AUD is prevalent and leads to significant physical, physiological, and social-occupational impairment. Mental well-being involves the overall positive psychological state of a person – being well adjusted, socially engaged, and emotionally healthy. Despite the paradigm shift from purely treating mental illness to promoting positive mental health, there is limited literature describing the relationship between alcohol use disorder and mental well-being. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in a general hospital in Singapore. Patients admitted across a span of two years were screened for possible alcohol use disorder. Patients were included if they were male, aged 21 years and above, and had the mental capacity to give consent. They were excluded if they had illicit drug use, acute mental illness, inability or refusal to give consent, or if the...

Appellate rulings contribute to policy deliberations on uses of and parameters for expert testimony. As courts perform gatekeeping and evaluative roles, opinions highlight investigative independence, calculations of probability, and consistency across studies. Even so, the elements from expert testimony most commonly extended into precedent stand out for their summative concision and figurative cogency.

The construct of Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) has been conceptualized as a subcategory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is composed of the following symptoms: (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were reoccurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or hypervigilance, (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues. This article presents empirical data derived from administering the Battered Woman Syndrome Questionnaire (BWSQ) to women of four countries-United States, Spain, Greece, and Russia. The data support a theory of BWS.

When the victims of wife-beating are subjected to excessive violence, a syndrome occurs, which during a criminal procedure can be pleaded as BWS (Battered Women Syndrome). It is also referred to as Battered Spouse Syndrome. However; the condition is most common among women than that of men. Wife battering is the most common and least reported crimes in all types of society. Some never mention about it and bear the violence while some others seek help from the law. But there also exists a different group of battered women who kill their abusive partner without any remorse. Some scholars have claimed that is a normal reaction from a woman who has been subjected to acute battering and that they should be given defense by law while some others have opposed to this notion of Battered Woman Syndrome. BWS, as a very new concept to the legal and judicial system of Nepal, still has a lot of gaps to be filled. This paper will analyze the concept and practical implications of Battered Woman Sy...

It is a hornbook rule that an appeal in criminal cases opens the entire records to review. The Court may pass upon all relevant issues, including those factual in nature and those that may not have been brought before the trial court. This is true especially in cases involving the imposition of the death penalty, in which the accused must be allowed to avail themselves of all possible avenues for their defense. Even novel theories such as the "battered woman syndrome," which is alleged to be equivalent to self-defense, should be heard, given due consideration and ruled upon on the merits, not rejected merely on technical or procedural grounds. Criminal conviction must rest on proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The Case For resolution by the Court is an Urgent Omnibus Motion filed by Appellant Marivic Genosa y Isidro in connection with the automatic review of the September 25, 1998 "Judgment" 1 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Ormoc City 2 in Criminal Case No. 5016-0. The RTC found her guilty of parricide aggravated by treachery and sentenced her to death. In an Information 3 dated November 14, 1996, Provincial Prosecutor I Rosario D. Beleta charged appellant-movant with parricide allegedly committed as follows: "That on or about the 15th day of November 1995, at Barangay Bilwang, Municipality of Isabel, Province of Leyte, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, with intent to kill, with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault, hit and wound one BEN GENOSA, her legitimate husband, with the use of a hard deadly weapon, which the accused had provided herself for the purpose, [causing] the following wounds, to wit: 'Cadaveric spasm. 'Body on the 2nd stage of decomposition. 'Face, black, blown[ ]up & swollen w/ evident post-mortem lividity. Eyes protruding from its sockets and tongue slightly protrudes out of the mouth. 'Fracture, open, depressed, circular located at the occipital bone of the head, resulting [in] laceration of the brain, spontaneous rupture of the blood vessels on the posterior surface of the brain, laceration of the dura and meningeal vessels producing severe intracranial hemorrhage. 'Blisters at both extrem[i]ties, anterior chest, posterior chest, trunk w/ shedding of the epidermis. 'Abdomen distended w/ gas. Trunk bloated.' which caused his death." After arraignment and trial, the court a quo promulgated its Judgment, the dispositive portion of which reads: "WHEREFORE, after all the foregoing being duly considered, the Court finds the accused, Marivic Genosa y Isidro,

Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a psychological situation and express a pattern of behavior that develops in victims of domestic violent behavior as a effect of victims, prolonged violent behavior, Where the victim gets depressed, defeated again and disable said that her abuser is not able to leave. Our study shows that NGOs play a positive and important role in preventing abuses of women, which is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, and need changes in women's protection legislation to prevent domestic violence. Bangladesh's effective non-governmental violence prevention (BWS) strategies should be incorporated both publicly through information campaigns and advertising, as well as through a community network.

The average African girl grows into a woman knowing that she must get married. When she eventually does, she must do all that is in her powers to make her marriage work. She has to submit, obey, make sacrifices and above all, endure even the meanest form of brutality just to prove to the people that her marriage is working as well as other people's. The fact that she is going through hell notwithstanding, little is to be known to the public of the true cause of the bruises she explains off as accidents, of the heartaches she covers with mere fatigue, of the tears she blames on onions. This paper examines the dramatic exploration of the emotional, physical and psychological battle women are engaged in in their various homes. Using the text, Onions Make Us Cry, this paper will critically explore how much women struggle in silence while trying not to wash their dirty linen in public and how eventually, these bottled up grievances usually lead to psychosis and even insanity; both psychological imbalances which, although mild in most cases, could birth very serious domestic violence in exceptional ones. While exploring this, the paper advocates for a speak-out; a situation where such women confide in someone in order to ease off accumulated aggression and/or grievance.

Dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısını kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Kadınların erkeklerle paylaştıkları bu sayısal eşitlik ne yazık ki birçok alanda beklentileri karşılamamaktadır. Başka bir deyişle, eğitim, işgücü piyasasına dâhil olma, sosyalleşme, prestijli meslekleri edinme, kariyer basamaklarında ilerleme ve üst düzey yönetsel pozisyonlarda görev alma gibi alanlarda ne yazık ki kadınlar nüfusları oranında temsil edilememektedir. Beklentileri karşılamayan bu temsil oranları birçok araştırmacının ilgisini çekmiş ve nedenleri birçok çalışmaya (Akdöl, 2009; Bhasin, 2014; Cooper Jackson, 2001; Hu ve Yun, 2008; Kara, 2015; Karaca, 2007; Palmer ve Hyman, 1993) konu edilmiştir.
Araştırmalar kadınların erkeklere oranla geride kalmalarının altında yatan birçok etken olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri (Bhasin, 2014), toplumsal/kültürel yapı, stereotipler ve cinsiyet ayrımcılığı (Catalyst, 2007), aile yaşamı ve kadının ailede üstlenmek zorunda olduğu roller (Palmer ve Hyman, 1993) literatürde sık karşılaşılan etkenlerdendir. Genellikle dış etkenlere atıfta bulunan çalışmaların aksine bu etkenleri kabul etmekle beraber yine bu etkenlerin kadınlar tarafından içselleştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkan psikolojik durumu ifade etmek amacıyla da birçok psikolojik sendromdan yardım alınmıştır. Cam Tavan Sendromu, Görünmez Kadın Sendromu, Kraliçe Arı Sendromu, Süper Anne Sendromu, Sindirella/Andromeda Kompleksi bu psikolojik sendromlara örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Bu sendromların isimlendirilmesinde ve tanımlanmasında daha açıklayıcı olması amacıyla metaforik anlatımlardan yararlanılmıştır. Bu metaforlar kimi zaman cansız nesnelere, kimi zaman masal kahramanlarına, kimi zaman da mitolojik figürlere yapılan benzeşimlerle ortaya çıkmıştır. Örneğin, görülemeyen ve geçilemeyen engeller cama benzetilmiş ve cam nesnesi cam tavan sendromunun, Sindirella isimli masal kahramanı da bu araştırmaya konu edilen Sindirella kompleksinin isimlendirilmesi ve tanımlanmasında kullanılmıştır.
Sindirella diğer ismiyle Andromeda kompleksi bu araştırmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan literatür taramasında konuyla ilgili yeterli sayıda araştırma olmadığı, Sindirella kompleksi kavramının görece daha yaygın kullanıldığı ve mitolojik Andromeda masalının ihmal edildiği görülmüştür. Bu araştırma literatürdeki bu boşlukları doldurmak adına yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla aşağıda öncelikle mitoloji-psikoloji ilişkisi tartışılmış, sendrom ve psikomitolojik sendrom kavramları açıklanmış, Sindirella kompleksi ve kompleksin geliştirilme süreci ile ilgili bilgilere yer verilmiş, ardından kompleksin ilgili olduğu bazı kavramlar ve son olarak da kompleksin aile, örgüt ve yönetimdeki olası yansımaları açıklanmıştır.

Meşru savunma, ceza hukuku denildiğinde aklımıza ilk gelen ve kamuoyunda kendisine en çok yer bulan ceza hukuku kavramlarından birisidir. Bugünlerde ülke gündemine oturan bir olay 1 , meşru savunma kavramını yeniden gündeme getirdi ve güncel bir tartışma olmasını sağladı. Doğrusu bu güncel gelişme, meşru savunmanın yaygın kullanımına karşın, bir o kadar da yanlış bilindiğini de gösterdi. Dolayısıyla konu ile ilgili pek çok hatalı ve eksik bilgi özellikle sosyal medyada gündeme geldi. Biz de bu kısa çalışmada, meşru savunma hakkında temel ve öz bir bilgiyi okurlarımıza sunmak istedik. Çalışmada meşru savunmadan genel olarak bahsedilecektir. Devamında, hakkında daha düşük bir farkındalık bulunduğunu gördüğümüz meşru savunmada sınırın aşılması ve üçüncü kişi lehine meşru savunma kavramlarını da tanıtmaya; kısaca, günceli hukukla yorumlamaya çalışacağız. Öncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki, vaka incelendiğinde, olayın üçüncü kişi lehine meşru savunma şeklinde başladığı; ancak sonrasında saldırının üçüncü kişi lehine savunmada bulunan faile yöneldiği ve kişinin kendisini koruma amacıyla savunmada bulunduğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla "şayet böyleyse", saldırının bu aşamasından sonra yapılan savunma hareketleri, artık bireyin kendisine ait bir hakka yönelik meşru savunması kapsamında düşünülmelidir. Yine meşru savunmada sınırın aşılmasına ilişkin Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 27. maddesi tartışmaya dâhil edilebilir gözükmektedir. Böylece konuya dâhil olabilecek kavramlara ilişkin bilgilere bu çalışmada yer verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Amacımızın ne olduğunu açıkladıktan sonra, "ne olmadığını" da açıklamak bir o kadar önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma ile konuyu gündemimize taşıyan ve yazma motivasyonumuzu oluşturan cezai olay hakkında kesinlikle soruşturma ve kovuşturma makamlarına yönelik herhangi bir hukuki görüş bildirme amacımız bulunmamaktadır. Zira doğrudan delillere temas edecek ve nihai kararı açıklayacak merci soruşturma ve kovuşturma makamlarıdır.

We tried to look through this paper on the emerging concept of gender neutrality which is a debatable issue across the globe. This paper tried to present the problems faced due to gender specific role which ultimately creates gender disparities in different arenas of public life. we also used the data available on different websites to present the gender disparities in social economic and political life. The scope of this paper is not limited to mere presentation of challenges, we look into the account of solution emerging as an effect of gender neutral policies. It is not only so we also look into the transformative role of gender i.e. LGBTQ and their inclusion in the mainstream of the society. we also look into their status in the present scenario by examining their participation in different social and political arenas. The extent of study is not limited only to their social, political and economical scenarios and we also look into their legal perspective.

İki bölümden oluşan makalenin ilk bölümünde feminist hukuk teorisinin aynılık ve farklılık yaklaşımlarını Fineman ve Mackinnon'un görüşleri çerçevesinde incelemeye çalıştım. İkinci bölümde ise kendi içinde çeşitlenen farklılık yaklaşımları çerçevesinde Çilem Doğan davasının mahkeme kararını yeniden değerlendirmeye çalıştım.

This dissertation aims to analyse and evaluate the partial defence of murder known as loss of control (formerly known as provocation before it was reformed) 1 . In particular, the author of this dissertation will examine some of the changes made and will also attempt to draw conclusions of the magnitude of its success (and conversely failure) in ratifying some of the problems with the old law of provocation. In addition, this dissertation will also assess whether the new partial defence achieves justice it aims to achieve.

In recent years, Ireland has been rocked by revelations of historical child sexual abuse. This has led to a variety of state responses but one question remains particularly difficult to answer: why did the sexual abuse of children go unrecognized as a societal problem for so long? This article seeks answers by scrutinizing cases in which defendants sought to have their trial prohibited because of the delayed reporting. It explores the legal test used in the period 1999–2006, which focussed on the abuser’s ‘dominion’ over the victim. The use of the notion of dominion elicited valuable information about the reasons for the delay and how children were silenced. Uncovering these stories is essential to understanding the dynamics of child sexual abuse. However, a critical reading of the delay cases that draws on feminist critiques of battered woman’s syndrome and rape trauma syndrome reveals law’s power to impose hegemonic discourses onto victims and to produce new histories. Under the dominion paradigm, the courts distorted victims’ accounts of their experiences and sidelined stories that pointed towards a culture of indifference to abuse. Thus, law is shown to occupy a paradoxical position in relation to Ireland’s history of child sexual abuse.

In recent years there has been a lot of attention focused on the specific issue of the battered women, and the battered women who eventually fight violence with violence. This is with good reason, since it is a widespread and serious problem for modern society. The authors whose works are discussed here struggle with notions of male dominance, experiment with legal tests, and manipulate the instruments of law enforcement in an attempt to figure out exactly what to do with, and for, these people in abusive relationships. However, as the authors themselves indicate, the problem is much deeper in modern culture and these issues just scratch at the surface.

The problem concerning this type of violence is a combination of societal attitudes about women and attitudes about violence. However, feminists believe the issue is completely shaped by gender-related discrimination, and so distrust the political (male-dominated) solution.

Instead, the focus should be on the vulnerability of the victims of violence, and that this vulnerability is not exclusively linked to sexism in the system: legal or social. The views and treatment of women needs to be changed. Part of that change will in fact be accomplished through the revision of legal rules, consciousness-raising, and education. But the sea of change will have to come about through deeper, tougher, and more fundamental revision of our thoughts about violence. Sexism in the family, in the social system, and in the legal system must go, but so must violence.

Bu makalede, şiddet mağduru kadınlarda görülen "öğrenilmiş çaresizlik sendromu" hukuki açıdan tartışılacak ve bu sendroma ilişkin delillerin, İngiliz haksız tahrik hukuku üzerindeki etkileri açıklanacaktır. Hâlihazırda eril (masculine) bir anlayış ile düzenlenen İngiliz haksız tahrik hukukuna ilişkin düzenlemelerin cinsiyet farklılıklarını dikkate alıp almadığı ve kasten öldürme suçunu işleyen şiddet mağduru kadınların haksız tahrikten yararlanmasına izin verip vermediği incelenecektir. İngiliz Temyiz Mahkemesinin Ahluwalia ve Thornton kararlarının ışığı altında, sistematik şiddet mağduru olup kendisinde öğrenilmiş çaresizlik sendromu gelişen kadınların kasten öldürme suçlarındaki hukuki durumunun iyileştirilip iyileştirilemeyeceği tartışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hane/ aile içi şiddet, öğrenilmiş çaresizlik, İngiliz haksız tahrik hukuku, kadına yönelik şiddet, kasten öldürme.

This Commentary is about domestic violence. More specifically, the issue I consider here is this: How should the criminal law deal with battering victims (primarily, women) who, after months or years of abuse, kill their (primarily, male) abusers? My concern, however, is not with the more common case of the woman who uses deadly force against her abuser during an attack or because of an immediately impending one; rather, my focus is on the less common--but morally perplexing--situation of the battered woman who kills her tormenter when he is not attacking, or about to attack, her. I am interested, in other words, in "nonconfrontational homicides," such as when the abuse victim kills her abuser while he sleeps, or as he is watching the Super Bowl game, or eating dinner. 1

Participants (N = 172) were presented with a criminal homicide trial involving a battered woman who had killed her abuser. Within the trial stimulus, the imminence of the batterer's threat was systematically manipulated such that participants were presented with either a case in which the woman killed her abuser during a direct confrontation or while he lay sleeping. Within these two conditions, the presence of expert testimony pertaining to battered women (battered woman syndrome, social/agency, none) was systematically varied. Results indicated that the imminence of the batterer's threat influenced the participants' judgments, but the impact of this variable on judgments interacted with the presence of the expert testimony. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Örselenmiş kadın sendromu(battered woman syndrome), kocasından veya duygusal ilişki yaşadığı partnerinden devamlı fiziksel, duygusal ve cinsel şiddet gören kadınların psikolojik durumlarını niteleyen bir kavramdır. Ceza hukukunda ise, partnerinden devamlı şiddet gören bir kadının, partnerinin eylemi sona erdikten sonra onu öldürmesi halini ifade etmektedir. İçtihat Hukuku ülkelerinde ceza sorumluluğu bağlamında tartışılan örselenmiş kadın sendromu tanıtılacak ve ceza hukukundaki yeri tartışılacaktır. Çalışmanın son kısmında, örselenmiş kadın sendromunun Türk Ceza Hukukunda uygulanma imkanı değerlendirilecektir.

There is a comparison of two children groups ). The first group was low PTSD symptoms and the second group was more prevalent with PTSD. It was based on the PTSD symptoms after an industrial disaster. There is a study of the child's perception of family adapting and their experience of the explosion. It was found with low PTSD that the child perceived family cohesion and adapting. When the mother had PTSD symptoms in a family of 3 children or more the PTSD symptoms in the children were significant. The disasters affect the entire family and can lead to secondary

A. Legislative History RA 9262,2 otherwise known as the Anti-VAWC Act, was passed after almost a decade ofadvocacy by women's groups, survivors of violence, and mostly female legislators. In the House of Representatives (HOR), two bills on domestic violence were passed, which shows the diversity of women's groups. One bill provided for protection of women in intimate relations only, while the other, the Anti-Domestic Violence Bill, gave protection to both menand women who are victims of domestic violence as well as household members. In the Senate, what expedited the legislative process was the commitment of Senate President Franklin M. Drilon that it would be passed in the 13th Congress, and the active lobbying by the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women3 and women's rights groups. BWS was included in RA 9262 upon the direction of Senator Luisa Estrada, who is apsychiatrist.

ÖZET: Bir kimsenin kendisini veya başkasını hedef alan bir saldırı karşısında, savunma amacıyla ve bu saldırıyı uzaklaştıracak ölçüde kuvvet kullanmasını ifade eden ve ceza hukukunun en temel kurumlarından olan meşru savunma kurumu 5237 sayılı TCK'de yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenlemeyle birlikte 765 sayılı TCK'ye nazaran meşru savunmanın uygulama alanı genişletilmiş olup, yapılan yeni düzenlemede meşru savunmanın gerçekleştirilebilmesi için hüküm altına alınan tüm şartlar çalışmada incelenmiştir.

Traditional gender stereotypes have not changed as much as society would like to believe. Female characters in books and movies usually fulfill the role of damsel in distress, needing to be saved by a strapping, handsome, and muscular male lead. One of the more popular additions to this cultural phenomenon is Stephenie Meyer's Twilight Saga. Spanning the entertainment industries of books and movies, the series has a large following, which could be used to spread positive messages about gender roles, but it falls flat, following suit with the gender role theory. Perhaps society is more comfortable with characters that are more familiar, mimicking the cultural norms, regardless of the fact that some of the characters are vampires and werewolves.

The Republic Act No. 9262 otherwise known as Anti-violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004 provides the legal framework of the country's effort to address violence committed against women and children in keeping with the fundamental freedom guaranteed under the Constitution and the Provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This study determined the awareness on Anti-violence against Women and their Children Law among women of Village Looc, Mandaue City, Philippines in 2011. This study utilized the descriptive-correlational design. The respondents where 96 women who were selected through purposive sampling with the inclusion criteria that they must be at least 16 years old and living with a partner, has 0-3 children, high school graduates and belonged to the low monthly income bracket. Most of the respondents expressed that they have acquired awareness on intimate partner violence from watching television. Majority of the respondents were aware of the intimate partner violence in RA 9262. There was a significant relationship between Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and level of awareness of the respondents on RA 9262. This study concludes that full awareness on RA 9262 through the modes of IEC is necessary to ensure protection of women and their children.