Banking and Insurance

This study examines the effect of corporate governance mechanism and corporate social responsibility on financial performance of Nepalese insurance companies. Return on assets and return on equity are selected as the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are board size, board meeting, independent director, women director, audit committee, corporate social responsibility, firm size and leverage. The study is based on secondary data of 20 Nepalese insurance companies with 120 observations for the period from 2014/15 to 2019/20. The data are collected from the publications and websites of Rastriya Beema Sansthan, Ministry of Finance (MoF), and annual reports of the selected insurance companies. The regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of effect of corporate governance mechanism and corporate social responsibility on financial performance of Nepalese insurance companies.
The study showed that board size, board meeting, independent director, women director, corporate social responsibility and firm size have positive impact on return on assets. It indicates that increase in board size, board meeting, independent director, women director, corporate social responsibility and firm size leads to increase in return on assets. However, audit committee size and leverage have negative impact on return on assets which indicates that increase in audit committee size and leverage leads to decrease in return on assets. Similarly, board meeting, independent director, women director, corporate social responsibility, audit committee size and firm size have positive impact on return on equity. It indicates that increase in board meeting, independent director, women director, corporate social responsibility, audit committee size and firm size leads to increase in return on equity. However, board size and leverage have negative impact on return on equity which indicates that increase in board size and leverage leads to decrease in return on equity.
Keywords: Return on assets, return on equity, board size, board meeting, women director, independent director, corporate social responsibility, firm size and leverage.

Cite as/ Atıf: Çapar, O. (2020). Osmanlı Devleti ve Fransa'da sigortacılığın gelişimi hakkında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Turkish Studies-History, 15(2), 443-458. https://dx. Abstract: Insurance started in a late period compared to western countries in the Islamic society, which is governed by religious and traditional values. Especially as a result of conservative approaches to insurance in the religion of Islam, the fact that insurance is seen as an opposition to the faith of fate rather than preventing risks has been an important obstacle in the development of insurance and insurance. At the same time, international trade is carried out mostly by non-Muslim subjects and foreign traders have made this sector conscious to protect its goods and risks, but this has limited the development of insurance in the traditional Ottoman commercial life. Insurance activities, which emerged as a necessity in the Ottoman Empire with the influence of trade with western countries in the coastal regions, became widespread in the following period with the effect of European lifestyle. Insurance activities, which emerged as a necessity under the influence of trade with western countries in the coastal regions, became widespread under the influence of the European lifestyle developed in the middle of the 19th century. Towards the end of the century, many insurance companies opened branches in the empire and started selling insurance policies in different fields. In addition, as a result of the growing commercial capacity and the expansion of insurance companies' activities, religious views about insurance have been softened with different interpretations over time. Thus, the Ottomans became an important market in the field of insurance for insurance companies. Insurance activities, which started to the Ottoman Empire at a late date, became widespread under the leadership of banks for the development of trade following the establishment of large banks in France. However, as in the case of the Ottoman State, insurance has always been the focus of religious discussions, so it has developed late compared to other European countries. The activities that started with fire and maritime insurance in France have expanded with the sale of policies in life, agriculture and theft insurance. After the Revolution of 1789, the restrictions imposed on insurance due to religious approach in the monarchy period led to the spread of insurance activities with the effect of liberalization in the following period. The activities that started in France primarily in the field of fire and sea insurance have expanded with the sale of policies in agriculture and life insurance. The commercial activities of the two countries led to the expansion of the insurance sector. In addition, the fact that the French were in the leading position in foreign investments in the Ottoman State made an important contribution to the development of the Ottoman insurance sector. The purpose of this article is to examine the development processes of insurance in two countries and to make a comparative analysis.

Insurance is one of the cornerstones of modern day financial service sector that aid in  reducing uncertainty and volatility, smoothen the economic cycle and reduce the impact of crisis situations on the micro and macro level. It is against this background that this study examined the impact of the insurance industry on the economic growth of Nigeria.  The study adopted the ex-post facto research design, and annualized time series data for the 11-year period 2005 to 2015 were collated from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, and National Insurance Commission. Two hypotheses were proposed and tested using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model and Granger causality test. The results indicates that non life insurance business had a uni-directional causal relationship with economic growth in Nigeria while insurance investment had a positive and  non significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends among others, that for the insurance industry in Nigeria to have more positive impact on the Nigerian economy, the government should work to see that some of the premiums collected and other income generated by the industry are being invested to ensure diversification of insurance industry to boost the economy. This will assist at enhancing savings therefore providing funds for investment into the Nigerian real sector.

This article is probing into the possibilities for mandatory mediation mechanism to the disputes in Motor Accidents in India. In Indian judiciary, especially the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal (MACT) is branded with an image of breeding a 'mountain of pending cases'. The use of Mediation is being explored, but not practiced with robustness; and the possibilities of Alternative Dispute resolutions (ADR) are enormous in the arena of Insurance dispute resolutions. Mediation in ADR is simple, less technical, quick, cheaper, and more responsible to the actual realities of the situation in an accident claim case. Auxiliary, this paper deals with the best practices for Mediation in motor accidental cases in the backdrop of pendency of large number of cases and the requirement for amending the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, is studied.

The concept of auto insurance has emerged with the aim of minimizing the risk of the damages that may occur in the vehicles the customers use according to their emerging demands and needs, and ensuring that the vehicles they bought according to their needs are used with the measures taken against possible risks. Corporate Image is formed as a result of stakeholders' beliefs, thoughts, feelings, impressions and interactions about the organization and exists in the minds of individuals. When the data obtained are analyzed, the Corporate image can affect the purchasing behavior, the importance of the auto insurance and the performance of the company. In the research method, 354 questionnaires were collected and their data were analyzed. The analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 25 Statistical Package Program. As the Likert scale was used in the application of the questionnaire, factor analysis was performed in the first stage and reliability analysis was performed in the second stage in the analysis of the questions representing the variables. Correlation analysis was performed to see the degree of relationship between variables. The regression analysis was performed to test the established hypotheses and the Sobel test was performed to test the mediation variable analysis.

: Write a note on the Transfer of Negotiable instruments under NI Act 1881 and their implications on Indian Economy.


Answer :
The Negotiable Instruments Act was enacted, in India, in 1881. Prior to its enactment, the provision of the English Negotiable Instrument Act were applicable in India, and the present Act is also based on the English Act with certain modifications. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Act operates subject to the provisions of Sections 31 and 32 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Section 31 of the Reserve Bank of India Act provides that no person in India other than the Bank or as expressly authorised by this Act, the Central Government shall draw, accept, make or issue any bill of exchange, hundi, promissory note or engagement for the payment of 3 money payable to bearer on demand. This Section further provides that no one except the RBI or the Central Government can make or issue a promissory note expressed to be payable or demand or after a certain time. Section 32 of the Reserve Bank of India Act makes issue of such bills or notes punishable with fine which may extend to the amount of the instrument. The effect or the consequences of these provisions are: 1. A promissory note cannot be made payable to the bearer, no matter whether it is payable on demand or after a certain time. 2. A bill of exchange cannot be made payable to the bearer on demand though it can be made payable to the bearer after a certain time. 3. But a cheque {though a bill of exchange} payable to bearer or demand can be drawn on a person’s account with a banker.
THE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881
Section-13 :  “Negotiable instrument”.—3 [(1) A “negotiable instrument” means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer. Explanation (i)—A promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque is payable to order which is expressed to be so payable or which is expressed to be payable to a particular person, and does not contain words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention that it shall not be transferable. Explanation (ii)—A promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque is payble to bearer which is expressed to be so payable or on which the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank. Explanation (iii)—Where a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque, either originally or by indorsement, is expressed to be payable to the order of a specified person, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to him or his order at his option.]

Perkembangan teknologi saat ini memberikan berbagai kemudahan dalam berbagai aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh setiap individu. Implementasi perkembangan teknologi ini dibuktikan dengan hadirnya konsep FinTech (Financial Technology). Keberadaan Fintech (Financial Technology) dapat dirasakan dalam berbagai kegiatan baik dalam pembayaran hingga dalam peminjaman dana. Kemudahan-kemudahan yang dimiliki dalam konsep Fintech (Financial Technology) mulai di lirik dalam berbagai sektor. Salah satunya adalah dalam industri Asuransi. Asuransi atau pertanggungan sebagai bentuk pengalihan resiko, kian hari kian mulai dibicarakan. Tidak hanya manfaat asuransi itu sendiri, tertapi juga inovasi-inovasi di luar dari produk yang ditawarkan juga menjadikan perbincangan di kalangan-kalangan masyarakat. Industri asuransi saat ini telah memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi dengan memberikan digitalisasi pelayanan. Namun pemanfaatan teknologi dengan konsep InsurTech (Insurance Technology) dalam Industri asuransi kovensional belum dapat kita temukan di Indonesia. Konsep InsurTech (Insurance Technology) menjadikan angin segar bagi industri asuransi konvensional di Indonesia. Insurance Technology atau InsurTech adalah sebuah konsep dengan pemanfaatan layanan internet yang memiliki berbagai keuntungan-keuntungan diantaranya yang  dapat di rasakan diantaranya adalah kemudahan yang diberikan dimana segala informasi dan prosesnya cukup dilakukan dengan penggunaan internet pada telepon seluler. Keuntungan lainnya yang dapat dirasakan adalah dengan berkurangnya aktivitas penggunaan kertas atau Paperless yang akan membantu mengurangi polusi di Bumi. Dengan adanya perencanaan implementasi dari Konsep Insurance Technology atau InsurTech ini, Perusahaan asuransi konvensional di Indonesia dapat memiliki alternatif baru baik dalam proses menjalankan bisnis asuransi atau pun dalam meminimalisir pengeluaran untuk berbagai kebutuhan dalam penunjang kegiatan operasional perusahaan.

Indian Insurance industry today is the 6th largest industry in the world as per the data published by Swiss Re during 2010-11.However, during the same period, the global life insurance premium expanded by 3.2 percent. The share of Indian life insurance sector in global market was 2.69 percent during 2010 as against 2.45 percent in 2009 .The total business of LIC is in an increasing trend. Indian insurance penetration had gone up from 2.15 percent in 2001 to 4.40 in 2010. The Indian insurance industry density was in the growth trend as it increased from 11.5 % in 2001 to 64.4 % in 2010 and also its penetration was increased from 2.71 % in 2001 to 5.10 % in 2010. Indian life insurance industry had been experienced many ups and downs since its inception in order to obtain the present status. However, the income earning capacity, eagerness and awareness of the general public are the key determinants of the any insurance industry. In India, the insurance was not penetrated much among the general public before 1999 .Indian life Insurance industry was an outstanding improvement in the Indian Insurance industry due to healthy competition after introduction of LPG. In this research paper attempt has been made to study the current status, growth, volume of competition and SWOT analysis of the Life Insurance Industry, to analyze the overall performance of Life Insurance Industry of India between pre and post reform era and to measure the effectiveness of investment strategy of LIC of India during the period 1998 to 2010-11.The collected data were analyzed by using Coefficient of Variation, student t test and Anova. The study reveals that there is tremendous growth in the performance of Life Insurance Industry and LIC due to the policy of LPG. More over Insurance Industry improved a lot due to the emergence of private sector and allowing foreign players. There is huge change in the investment strategy of LIC .Private sector performance in terms of total premium earned , number of polices issued and market share is in increasing trend where as LIC market share is in declining trend except in total premium earned and total polices issued.LIC 's investment towards stock mark instruments is in increasing trend. The investment of LIC increased from 77.5 % in 1998 to 95.81 % in2010-11 due to effective regulation of SEBI and increasing transparency and performance of Indian corporate securities.

With companies becoming increasingly complex and their operations involving multiple types of documents, it is imperative that organizations use new technologies to control and authenticate their documents. With this, the use of a secure and distributed database such as the blockchain can have a significant impact on business. The type of research is characterized as a descriptive research, where a qualitative case study was carried, since the analysis is based on the data made available by companies that use blockchain as an online document authentication tool, and in the available theoretical framework about the subject. About the theoretical framework, articles, books, technology sites, and several works on the subject were consulted, and it sought to address the basic concepts of blockchain technology and how it can contribute to business facilitating the process of document validation and authentication online. The main results showed that insurance companies can experience savings in data storage and document authentication through the use of digital solutions based on blockchain and smart contracts, but this technology is still in the experimental phase and has limitations. It can be concluded that blockchain-based document authentication services can bring benefits to insurance companies and to many other types of business in terms of information security, data control, information management, and transparency.

Com as empresas se tornando cada vez complexas e suas operações envolvendo diversos tipos de documentos, é imprescindível que as organizações utilizem novas tecnologias para controle e autenticação de seus documentos. Com isso, a utilização de um banco de dados seguro e distribuído como o ​ blockchain pode ter um impacto significante nos negócios. O tipo de pesquisa é caracterizado como uma pesquisa descritiva, onde foi realizado um estudo de caso de gênero qualitativo, visto que a análise está embasada nos dados disponibilizados por empresas que utilizam o ​ blockchain como ferramenta de autenticação de documentos on-line, e no referencial teórico disponível sobre o assunto. Sobre o referencial teórico, artigos, livros, sites de tecnologia, e diversas obras sobre o assunto foram consultadas, e buscou-se abordar os conceitos básicos da tecnologia ​ blockchain e como ela pode contribuir para os negócios facilitando o processo de validação e autenticação de documentos on-line. Os principais resultados encontrados evidenciaram que empresas seguradoras podem experimentar economia no armazenamento de dados e na autenticação de documentos por meio da utilização de soluções digitais baseados em ​ blockchain e contratos inteligentes, porém está tecnologia ainda está em fase experimental e possui limitações. Conclui-se que certamente os serviços de autenticação de documentos baseados em ​ blockchain podem trazer benefícios para as empresas seguradoras e para diversos outros tipos de negócios em relação a segurança da informação, controle dos dados, gestão das informações, e transparência.

ISSN: 2594-8504

The insurance industry is characterized by a complex relationship between company and customer, and the customer’s switching behavior is not fully uncovered. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the insurance customers’ retention behavior when they are subject to a premium price increase in a company they have already opted. This is done by comparing customer lifetimes of customers who are either subject to a price change or not, both through simple survival analysis and through a Poisson regression model. It is concluded, that the customer’s switching behavior both depend on direct costs and transaction costs, and that the costs differ on which product is targeted.

Some muslim scholars tend to suggest that waqf model is the best model to be applied in the operation of a modern takaful institution. This assignment will explained clearly what is the modus operandi of this model and what are the arguments forwarded by the scholars to support and reject this model. At the end of this paper, we will also revealed some countries that have been applied this takaful waqf model.

Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 was enacted on 6th march , 1934 to constitute the RBI. This Law commended from 1st April, 1935. It provides framework for the supervision of  banks and other related matters.
The Reserve Bank of India was established in the year 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Reserve Bank of India is the central Bank of India entrusted with the multidimensional role. It performs important monetary functions from issue of currency note to maintenance of monetary stability in the country.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the apex financial institution of the country’s financial system entrusted with the task of control, supervision, promotion, development and planning. RBI is the queen bee of the Indian financial system which influences the commercial banks’ management in more than one way. The RBI influences the management of commercial banks through its various policies, directions and regulations. Its role in bank management is quite unique. In fact, the RBI performs the four basic functions of management, viz., planning, organizing, directing and controlling in laying a strong foundation for the functioning of commercial banks.

This book discusses the major principles of Ethiopian Business Law with practical examples. It is an educational reference module primarily written for the students of the School of Business taking the course business law in Ethiopian Universities. Law instructors and law-proper students can also use the book as an introductory reference on Ethiopian business law.

In this paper, we examine the Long-run performance of initial public offerings (IPOs). The data has been taken for 31 IPOs from the year 2000 to 2003. We have used Logistic Regression Model through SPSS Version 16 to test for the relationship between long run performance of IPOs and short run performance variables of the company. The analysis shows that the long run variables have no relationship with short-run variables or else have negative relationship. With some of the variables it has positive relationship. It shows anomaly. The companies having listing gain have negative current ratio, debt equity ratio and return on net worth and the companies having short-run gain has negative current ratio and debt equity ratio. The theory supports the view that for IPO markets to be efficient there should be low listing gain, moderate short-run gain and high long-run gain. Only then there will be long term development of IPO market. But the actual situation is opposite. The companies have listing gain, short-run gain but they are not able to give long run gain.

Giant companies are being profiled as cold-hearted greedy capitalists who are willingly exploiting its workers and consumers. News of poor and abusive working conditions of international companies like Coca-Cola, Ford, Nestle, Wal-Mart, and Nike inside their warehouses in developing countries has garnered criticisms and raised the attention of the International Labor Rights Forum, and the cries of the customers experiencing inadequate support from customer service representatives or disputed transactions from sales officers are updated in social media networks.  These have showed that the numbers itself has revealed flaws in the system. When companies heavily rely on reputation itself to keep the business afloat and sustained, it must fix its management and eradicate misdemeanors to customers and mishandling of workers. Now, company policies and code of conduct are sermonized by the management to its employees, new hires are religiously briefed and trained to secure conformity with the principles regarding its customer service and quality.

Assignment Topic
NATIONALIZATION OF BANK

Submitted To:
Ms. Ankita Sharma
Assistant Professor, Amity Law School
Submitted By:
Shriram Tiwary
Programme: LL.M. (Master of Laws)
Batch : 2019-20
Course Name :   Banking and Insurance Law



Bank Nationalization in India

During the colonial era numerous Indian banks were instituted either by wealthy individuals or by the Presley States. The major aim of most of the banks was to accommodate financial needs of industry and trade in that locality.

Motorcycle insurance is required for operating a motorcycle. Each state defines what type of vehicle falls under the category of a motorcycle, and what the minimum requirements are for insurance coverage. Check with your state's Department of Motor Vehicles to determine what the minimum requirements are. Each state requires proof of insurance, and that operator's keep insurance up to date. Fees are often charged if motor bike insurance lapses.

The essence of providing sophisticated services has helped the insurance sector to become increasingly competitive and market oriented. In such a competitive milieu, survival and success of Indian life insurers depends on the quality of services rendered by distribution channels. So, the present study examined satisfaction of customers towards distribution channels of insurance industry in India. For the purpose of analysis, customers' satisfaction has been regressed with various benefits received as well as problems faced by them respectively, while dealing with intermediaries, along with demographic variables. For this, sample of 617 policyholders has been taken from three cities of Punjab (India) and data have been analysed using Ordered Probit Regression. The research findings revealed some significant relationships of customers' satisfaction with respect to benefits, problems and demographic variables. But the magnitude of effect of customer relationship management is more prominent than other benefits whereas magnitude of effect of difficulty in availing services is strong predictor among other problems faced by the policyholders. This paper offers insight to distribution channels that can help them in designing insurance services for the policyholders, in which they would emphasize on enhancement of said benefits and curb addressed problems to intensify the level of satisfaction.

Urban Cooperative banks in India (UCBs) play an important role in mobilizing resources from lower and middle-income groups and in providing direct finance to small entrepreneurs and traders. Motivated by previous empirical work on depositor disciplining behaviour, this paper examines whether depositors punish weak UCBs by withdrawing deposits during and after a banking crisis. In addition, the paper investigates the impact of tightened prudential standards imposed by the Indian central bank (RBI) on the ratio of investments to loan assets and on the rate of growth of loans. Our sample of 45 UCBs is

Regulations, being a lifeblood of the human society, is inevitable especially given the fact that consumer protection is at the heart of many regulatory interventions. It is also good to mote that at the heart of human progress, creativity and inventions play a major part and the need to ensure a balance in risk taking, mitigation and transfer and foster economic development remains a core need to be satisfied.

Using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Policy Framework for Effective and Efficient Financial Regulation (the “Framework”), this research work benchmarks the performance of the current insurance industry regulatory framework in Nigeria published in the latest National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) Corporate Strategic Plan against OECD high level checklist published in the framework. On identifying gaps between the framework and the performance of the regulatory supervision of NAICOM, this research work offers insight to support the ongoing effort of NAICOM to achieve stronger and more resilient insurance industry.

The composition and character of the audit
committee play a significant role in
influencing an organization performance.
This research aimed at establishing the effect
of audit committee independence on financial
performance of banking and insurance firms
listed in Nairobi securities exchange, Kenya.
The study was guided by the agency and
stakeholder theories. This study adopted an
explanatory design. The study target
population was banking and insurance firms
listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange for
the period ranging from 2011-2016. The study used a census sampling design. The sample size comprised of
banking listed firms which have consistently traded in NSE and without missing data. A total of 20 banking and
insurance firms were included in the study. The study used secondary data collected through extraction from
financial reports. Data was coded and thereafter analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
program and presented using tables. The study employed both descriptive and inferential statistics in data
analysis. Descriptive statistics involved was the use of measures of central tendency such as mean standard
deviation and percentages. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to determine
if there is any correlation between the variables. Results further indicated a positive significant influence of audit
committee independence. The findings indicated that there was no significant relationship between gender
diversity of audit committee and the financial performance of banking and insurance companies in the NSE. There
should be clarification by the Nairobi securities exchange showing the recommended number of independent
auditors, gender and financial experts. This would ensure uniformity in all the audit committee across all firms
listed under the NSE

Under modern conditions of globalization nowadays, economic activity is undergoing changes. Innovative technologies, new forms of business, dynamic changes taking place in the world today result in the emergence of the necessity to minimize risks in order to maximize benefits. The cooperation between experts from different fields with the aim to ensure sustainable growth – policymakers, scientists, universities representatives and business elites is essential nowadays. With the purpose to bring them together and discuss the main issues of todays’ global world this conference took place in Ternopil, Ukraine. As Ukraine is now passing through a dynamic period of changes, recommendations coming up from such discussions can be very beneficial for building stronger society and meet the risks globalization brings up. This monograph provides a useful review of economic, financial and policy issues in the context of globalization processes and has proven extremely popular with practitioners...

This study aims to examine the penetration of mobile banking applications usage among PAAET College of business studies students. A panel data, obtained using questioner, is used to examine the relationship between the number of times students use their mobile banking applications in conducting bank transactions per week against number of factors. Results obtained from this research indicates that, out of the ten factors examined, students age had a statistically significant direct relation with the number of times students use their m-banking applications and that students living in capital province use their m-banking application more often than other provinces in Kuwait.

Practicing sound risk management is crucial for banking sector. Necessary instructions have been issued from time to time through different circulars, guidelines and letters by Bangladesh Bank with a view to ensuring proper application of sound risk management in banks; i.e., for building the necessary infrastructure and taking various steps for identification, measurement, monitoring, and control or mitigation of various existing and potential risks; and maintaining adequate capital and provision to support risk-taking. To bring greater expertise and harmonization to risk management activities of all banks and exercise international best practices Comprehensive Risk Management for assessing risks is needed. In this case, a separate risk management division and a structure of risk management committee at management level should be prepared to be followed at a minimum in addition to the activities that banks have been followed over the years by the instructions of central bank. For stronger and timely/updated risk management activities, banks should follow the instructions given by Bangladesh Bank.

When it comes to planning your family's financial future, it makes good sense to take every possible step to protect their standard of living. So if you've gone to all of the effort of putting the right policies in place, it would be a real shame if a sizable proportion ended up in the tax man's pockets. But this is unfortunately what often happens, with more than half a billion pounds every year being paid in inheritance tax (IHT) from life insurance policies. One solution you could consider to make sure this doesn't happen, is putting your policy into a trust. Taking out life insurance within a trust makes the policy exempt from IHT if you die as it places it outside of your estate.

Indian Insurance industry today is the 6th largest industry in the world as per the data published by Swiss Re during 2010–11.However, during the same period, the global life insurance premium expanded by 3.2 percent. The share of Indian life insurance sector in global market was 2.69 percent during 2010 as against 2.45 percent in 2009.The total business of LIC is in an increasing trend. Indian insurance penetration had gone up from 2.15 percent in 2001 to 4.40 in 2010. The Indian insurance industry density was in the growth trend as it increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 64.4% in 2010 and also its penetration was increased from 2.71% in 2001 to 5.10% in 2010. Indian life insurance industry had been experienced many ups and downs since its inception in order to obtain the present status. However, the income earning capacity, eagerness and awareness of the general public are the key determinants of the any insurance industry. In India, the insurance was not penetrated much among the general public before 1999.Indian life Insurance industry was an outstanding improvement in the Indian Insurance industry due to healthy competition after introduction of LPG.

Women’s employment patterns have improved remarkably in the scheduled banks from 12.85% to 13.57% compared to 2017 and 2020. This is due to the fact that with the increased access to higher education, social and economic independence, the phenomenal growth in the banking industry has expanded in women's participation as almost half of the total population of Bangladesh is women. Though compared to 2017 and 2020, the women’s participation rate in financial institutions has declined from 14.65% to 14.04%. In this paper, an attempt has been conducted through mixed research to identify the mix of existing social and economic challenges faced by the women in the scheduled banking industry and financial institutions which are regarded as the driving force of Bangladesh's economy. Beginning by exploring the concept of economic and social, the paper proceeds to frame such concepts as to how the growth of the Gender Equality Performances of the banks and financial institutions affect the job empowerment of Bangladeshi women. The paper also argues to increase work opportunities, flexibilities as many women are not seen, promoted at the senior or managerial positions, and also with the increasing of the age, the percentage of women participation has collapsed markedly.
Keywords: Women employment, Scheduled banks, Financial institutions, gender equality performance.

The prominence of insurance industry in India with a number of modifications in entry of foreign players and regulatory structure has created an advantageous situation. The manner in which the industry connects with its customer and progresses in its business has resulted in spurge in the insurance activity leading to an increased growth rate. Government's initiative of motivating the uninsured to take up insurance has continuously driven penetration in the nation and multiplication of insurance products. During the year 2016-17, the penetration of life Insurance and Non-life insurance was 2.72% and 0.77%, respectively. The penetration of insurance products can be increased only through effective distribution channels. As on date 70% of distribution is done through intermediaries such as agents, brokers and web aggregators. Bancassurance is one such medium to distribute insurance products through bank as an intermediary. The present paper attempts to give a picture of bancassurance in terms of various models of bancassurance, guidelines prescribed by RBI for each model and also the motivating factors for banks to enter into insurance business. Bancassurance has contributed nearly 50% of the distribution of life insurance products in the year 2016-17 and thus, it can be considered as an effective tool for distribution as it creates a win-win situation for both the sectors and can remain as a forerunner in improving the penetration of insurance industry in India with an optimistic future business outlook.

Corporate Social Responsibility is a tool in the hands of companies to enhance the reputation in the eyes of society and government by spending some proportion of profit on various activities like education, health, employment, women empowerment, sports, rural development, etc. Companies communicate CSR information through various channels of communication viz. Annual reports, media, web site etc. The study focuses on the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure on the websites of 45 insurance companies including 22 life and 23 non-life insurance companies in India and also analyze the effect of different attributes namely size, liquidity, age, and profitability on corporate social responsibility web disclosure (CSRWD). The study found that level of CSRWD of insurance companies is low. Education, health, employment, and environment are highly concerned areas for CSR expenditure. Size is showing a significant relationship with web disclosure of corporate social responsibility in case of life insurance sector whereas in case of non life insurance sector in case of non-life insurance sector, size and profitability are found to be good predictor of web disclosure of corporate responsibility.

Solvency II has been the most important innovation in the field of insurance for the
past 20 years, introducing grate expectations as well as concerns. Τhe risk based
approach in Solvency II, is the most important innovation in the insurance field over
the last twenty years, introducing high expectations and concerns.
The risk based approach is the most important innovation of the new regulatory
framework, determines important issues related to the capital requirements and
supervision, as well as their disclosure to the market. Solvency II considers of primary
importance for the insured and the insurance policy beneficiaries the protection of their
interests.
For the insurance companies themselves, offers the chance to meet new capital
requirements as o long term opportunity rather than a charge or limitation.
When the risk management framework is sufficient to the risks the insurance
company can handle as far as policies, means, methods and procedures are concerned,
it can then prove the adequacy of the capital requirement and proceed to “capital
discount”.
Concerning the rest of the market participants, the European Commission aims to
create a single market for insurance services and banking services and asset
management services. Solvency II for insurance companies is the answer to Basel II /
III which has changed the way that banks run their business, such as the risk based
approach leads to innovation in service design, pricing, policies, compensation
policies. Solvency II sets rules for the supervising authorities as to share a common goal with
the insurance enterprises: the protection of the insured΄s interests and the ensuring of
the insurance companies stockholders΄interests.
Full briefing and transparency of the insurance company΄s activities, as far as the
investors are concerned.
Solvency II aims to achieve the consolidation of a solid holistic risk management
framework in the insurance sector, in addition to the enhanced capital requirements,
aims at a comprehensive mapping of policies and procedures of the company, thus
achieving full transparency.
According to the Law 4364/2016, the Greek legislation adjusts to the European
Directive 2009/138 / EC - (Solvency II) which constitutes the new regulative operation
framework of the insurance companies along with the corresponding European
decisions that have been issued since 01/01/2016.
This thesis aims to analyze the united calculation system of the capital requirements
in all member-states of the EU, which will fully replace the current system and the
insurance legislation of member-states, incorporating risk management techniques,
corporate governance and transparency, vital for the proper operation of the market and
the protection of the consumer-insured within the modern, complicated and flowing
financial system. It will also enhance the conduct of more effective comparison
between companies within a state as well as companies from different state-members.
The field of research will focus on the effects of low/negative interest rates
environment in insurance firms’ profitability, notably in life insurance business.

This study examined the Effect of general insurance cost of claims on gross claims of insurances industry in Nigeria. The motive of the work is anchored on the gap in the empirical where average cost per claims has not been used to evaluate the effect of cost of claims of general insurance policies on the gross claims of insurance industry in Nigeria. The main objective is to appraise the effect of general insurance cost of claims on gross claims of general insurance business in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to determine the average cost of: motor, general accident, and oil/gas insurances claims (independent variables) on the gross claims paid (dependent variable) by insurance firms in Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted while secondary data were sourced from CBN and NAICOM respectively. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was employed in analysis. The investigation revealed that the impact of motor insurance claims and oil/gas insurance claims were positive and significant at (P-value of 0.00003 < 5% and a coefficient value of 4.16) and (P-value of 0.0085 > 5% and a coefficient value of 0.13) respectively. Similarly, general accident insurance claims were negative and significant at (P-value of 0.0010 < 5% and a coefficient value of -3.87). The implication of the finding is that the cost of settling motor and oil/gas claims is positive and significant while general accident insurance claims is negative and significant.  The study concluded that motor and oil/gas insurance policy claims have positive and significant impact while general accident had a negative and significant impact on the dependent variable. The study recommends among others that insurers should develop a mechanism to mitigate fraud within the claims department.  Consequently, insurers should be stringent and closely monitor losses and recovery with respect to general accident insurance given the time and its nature and equally insurers should form pools to underwrite oil/gas insurance in collaboration with loss adjusters to tap from expanded expertise skill.

Under modern conditions of globalization nowadays, economic activity is undergoing changes. Innovative technologies, new forms of business, dynamic changes taking place in the world today result in the emergence of the necessity to minimize risks in order to maximize benefits. The cooperation between experts from different fields with the aim to ensure sustainable growth – policymakers, scientists, universities representatives and business elites is essential nowadays. With the purpose to bring them together and discuss the main issues of todays’ global world this conference took place in Ternopil, Ukraine. As Ukraine is now passing through a dynamic period of changes, recommendations coming up from such discussions can be very beneficial for building stronger society and meet the risks globalization brings up. This monograph provides a useful review of economic, financial and policy issues in the context of globalization processes and has proven extremely popular with practitioners...

Core competencies are the crown jewels of a company and, therefore, should be carefully nurtured and developed. Companies can determine future business directions based on the strengths of competencies. However, because generalized terms such as resource, asset, capability, and competence are not clearly explained in connection with competence theory, there is difficulty in understanding many contemporary management concepts.

The concept of auto insurance has emerged with the aim of minimizing the risk of the damages that may occur in the vehicles the customers use according to their emerging demands and needs, and ensuring that the vehicles they bought according to their needs are used with the measures taken against possible risks. Corporate Image is formed as a result of stakeholders' beliefs, thoughts, feelings, impressions and interactions about the organization and exists in the minds of individuals. When the data obtained are analyzed, the Corporate image can affect the purchasing behavior, the importance of the auto insurance and the performance of the company. In the research method, 354 questionnaires were collected and their data were analyzed. The analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 25 Statistical Package Program. As the Likert scale was used in the application of the questionnaire, factor analysis was performed in the first stage and reliability analysis was performed in the second stage in the analysis of the questions representing the variables. Correlation analysis was performed to see the degree of relationship between variables. The regression analysis was performed to test the established hypotheses and the Sobel test was performed to test the mediation variable analysis.

This study attempts to analyze the company specific determinants of the capital efficiency, by taking return on equity as a proxy for efficient use of capital in the context of Indian Life insurance sector during the period 2008–2018. According to the final results achieved by applying specific panel data techniques, the determinants of the Capital performance are the claims ratio and solvency margin.

Traditionally, insurance companies attempt to reduce (or even eliminate) fraud via audit strategies under which claims may be investigated at some cost to the insurer, with a penalty imposed upon insureds who are found to report claims fraudulently. However, it is also clear that, in a multiperiod setting, bonus-malus contracts (increases in subsequent premiums whenever a claim is presented) also provide an incentive against fraud. In this article, we consider a model in which, conditional upon the client renewing his contract, the only mechanism used to combat fraud is bonus-malus. In this way, our model provides the opposite pole to the pure audit model. We show that in our simplified setting there exists a bonus-malus contract that will eliminate all fraud in all periods, while guaranteeing nonnegative expected profits to the insurer and participation by the insured. We also consider the dynamics of the solution, the effect of an increase in risk aversion on the solution, and the welfare implications.