Banking and Finance

The financial system is the backbone of the economy, where the highly developed financial system facilitates economic development, leading to increased national income and standard of living.
This study aims at reading the Indian experience of reforming the financial system as one of the emerging economies that underwent a major transformation during the 1990s.  The paper concluded that India's
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المؤلف المرسل: بوزربخيرالدين، الإيميل: [email protected]
relative success in developing the structure of the financial system, with some deficiencies to be addressed.
Key Words: Financial System, Economic Development, Banks, Narasimham Commission, Indian Economy.
Jel Classification Codes: F36، G21،  E42

This case examines the rise and fall of WeWork—a company that experienced one of the most dramatic changes of fortune in technology company history. For several years, WeWork was a Silicon Valley darling, growing at breakneck speed with visionary Adam Neumann at the helm. By some estimates, Neumann’s company was worth USD 47 billion in January of 2019. But when the company filed paperwork in preparation for going public later that year, investors balked at the details revealed in the documents: billions of dollars in losses and lots of questionable behavior on the part of Neumann (including numerous conflicts of interest involving his personal business dealings). The initial public offering was postponed and later withdrawn; Neumann was forced to step down as CEO; and by May of 2020 the company’s valuation had dropped to USD 3 billion. Exploring this recent history will provide an opportunity to ask what lessons can be drawn from the rise and fall of WeWork, and from the economic and social context that enabled its growth.

Reference: Jindal Mayank, Dr. Vijay Laxmi Sharma, (2020). Usability of Online Banking in India during Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 69-72... Abstract: Covid-19 is a virus developed in 2019 from the corona family virus. It is spreading across the world since Dec 2019 by the close contact of an infected person or fomites of Covid-19. It developed naturally in Wuhan (An State of China) or possibly develop by China research center "Wuhan Institute of Virology". It is spreading very fast across the world. World Health Organization and most countries including India it has declared a pandemic. People can protect themselves by this pandemic by maintaining social distance. But the basic need (Food and Medicine) is important for continuo their life and in it the transfer of money plays an important role. Online banking can make the transaction through an electronic basis without the exchange of any tangible commodity with maintaining social distance. Online banking is the modern concept of banking in which people can do some banking activities (like Transfer cash transfer and in the account, Check Bank Balance, Payment of Bills, Phone recharge and etc.) through using the Internet in their phone, computer. One of the most important features of online banking is that it can totally operate electronically basis without the exchange of any tangible commodity and it has made it an important tool to protect from the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of online banking to stop the pandemic of Covid-19. A survey has been done to achieve the objectives of this paper. It is found that online banking playing an important role in the Covid 19 period to protect the people. People felt completely safe from the COVID 19 virus in the online payment of bills and recharge of prepaid mobiles and dish T.V.

Basel III is a framework to protect the global banking system. This article provides a policy discussion on Basel III in Africa. The significance of Basel III is discussed, and some ideas to consider when implementing Basel III to make it work in Africa, are provided. Under Basel III, the African banking industry should expect better capital quality, higher capital levels, minimum liquidity requirement for banks, reduced systemic risk, and differences in Basel III transitional arrangements. This article also emphasizes that (i) there should be enough time for the transition to Basel III in Africa, (ii) a combination of micro and macro-prudential regulations is needed; and (iii) the need to repair the balance sheets of banks, in preparation for Basel III. The discussions in this article will benefit policymakers, academics and other stakeholders interested in financial regulation in Africa such as the World bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). JEL codes: E44, G21, G28

The development of financial systems is shaped by the high level of the global economy situation changeability indirectly influenced by interventionist economic policies as well as financial crisis and state of finances of a given country. The attempts undertaken by particular governments to activate economic growth indirectly contributed to the growth of investment and credit risk as well as to creating speculation bubbles in the capital markets stocks. The latest global financial crisis from 2008 was an effect of increasing discrepancy, mismatch between that fast growth of financial instruments including credit financial instruments and the matter of improvement of credit risk management process connected with concluding transactions based on those instruments. In this dissertation, there is a growth of the significance of the credit risk management improvement presented in the context of appearing temporarily financial crisis and thus undertaken interventionist anti-cyclic economic policy.

Various taxing power-related challenges have negatively affected the governance of state and federal governments of Nigeria since1999 to date. For instance, the poor drafting of the Nigerian constitution of 1999 and the failure on the part of the policy makers to adequately distinguish and delineate the taxing powers of the state and federal governments has given rise to sharp divisions and jurisdictional conflict-related litigation. Accordingly, the article examines these and other related flaws in the Nigerian and Ethiopian tax laws. Moreover, the relevant constitutional provisions in these countries are comparatively discussed to, inter alia, recommend possible measures that could be employed to remedy such flaws in Nigeria and Ethiopia. In this regard, it is submitted that the Nigerian tax laws and the Nigerian constitution of 1999 should be amended to provide a clear position on the taxing powers for both state and federal governments. Lastly, the authors submit that the Nigerian policy makers should consider adopting the Ethiopian model for the allocation of taxing powers.

Este trabalho busca analisar a composição das receitas dos bancos digitais e dos bancos tradicionais, com base nas suas demonstrações contábeis, tendo como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa entre bancos para identificar as principais diferenças. Foram estudados os anos de 2015, 2016, 2017 e 2018 e os bancos Inter e Original, como bancos digitais, e Bradesco, Santander, Banco do Brasil, Itaú e Caixa Econômica Federal, como bancos tradicionais. As principais diferenças encontradas apontam para um maior direcionamento dos bancos tradicionais para a obtenção de receitas não ligadas à intermediação financeira, como receitas de prestação de serviços e rendas de tarifas bancárias, e para um maior direcionamento dos bancos digitais para as receitas ligadas à intermediação financeira, sobretudo as relacionadas às operações de crédito. Palavras-chave: Bancos. Bancos digitais. Receitas bancárias. *** This paper aims to analyze the composition of revenues of both digital and traditional banks, based on their financial statements, with the objective of conducting a comparative analysis among banks to identify the main differences. The years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 of the digital banks Inter and Original were studied, as well as Bradesco, Santander, Banco do Brasil, Itaú and Caixa Econômica Federal, as traditional banks. The main differences found point to a greater targeting of traditional banks in order to obtain non-interest income, such as service revenues and bank fee income, and to a greater targeting of digital banks to revenues related to financial intermediation, especially interest income. Keywords: Banks. Digital banks. Banks' revenue.

With the advent of New Year there will be a lot of recruitment notifications in upcoming days. Especially for banking aspirants one of the most expected notification is SBI PO recruitment 2019. But yet now there are some arguments regarding this notification

Voordeel vir skuldeisers in verpligte sekwestrasieverrigtinge

Die konsep van voordeel aan krediteure is uiters belangrik in die Suid-Afrikaanse insolven-siereg. Byvoorbeeld, enige voorlopige of finale sekwestrasiebevel word slegs deur die howe toegestaan indien die sekwestrasie van die skuldenaar of die insolvent se boedel voordelig by die algemene liggaam van krediteure sal wees (sien aa 10 (c) en 12 (1) (c) lees Met artikel 3 (1) en 6 (1) van die Insolvensiewet 24 van 1936 (Insolvensiewet). Die konsep van voordeel aan krediteure word egter nie uitdruklik in die Insolvensiewet gedefinieer nie. Die artikel bespreek dus die onlangse besluit in die liggaam. Korporatiewe van Empire Gardens v Sithole 2017 4 SA 161 (SCA) ("Sithole") wat verskeie interpretasie- en verwante uitdag-ings blootstel wat steeds deur die howe en geaffekteerde partye voorkom wanneer hulle met die konsep van voordeel aan krediteure in die Suid-Afrikaanse insolvensiereg handel.

Gelişen teknoloji ile finans sektörünün neticesinde ekonomi dünyası küreselleşmiş ve küreselleşen dünya hem yatırımcılar hem de bankalar için riskin daha önemli hale gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Bilhassa küreselleşmenin meydana getirdiği döviz kuru ve faiz riskinin kontrol altına alınması gayesi ile de birtakım finansal araçlar yaşamımıza girmiş ve kullanımları her geçen gün artmaya başlamıştır. Bunların içerisinde türev piyasası araçlarından olan future, forward, swap, opsiyon, ve diğer türev piyasa araçları meydana gelebilecek risklerden korunmak, spekülasyon ve bazen de yeteri kadar gelişim sağlamamış piyasalar içinde arbitraj amaçlı kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kurumların, bankaların ve yatırımcıların bu araçları kullanmak suretiyle geleceğe dair belirsizliklerini azaltarak risklerini aşağı seviyelere çekmesi sonucunda türev piyasa araçlarına hem dünya çapında hem de ülkemizde ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır.
Bu çalışmadaki amaç; 2015-2019 yıllarında Türkiye’de finans sektörünün en büyük kurumları olan bankaların, her geçen gün artan türev piyasa araçlarının kullanımlarını analiz etmektir. Çalışmada aktif büyüklüğü en yüksek olan 10 tane banka araştırılmış ve veri analizi ile türev araç kullanımları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye’deki bankaların genellikle türev ürün kullanımında alım-satım amaçlı oldukları, her yıl türev kullanım hacimlerini arttırdıkları ve alım-satım amaçlı işlemlerde en büyük payın swapta olduğu görülmüştür.

In India, banking jobs are one of the most stressful occupations. While working in stressful conditions, and bearing responsibility and accountability, bank officers lead a full life during their years on the job. However, on attaining the age of superannuation, their life changes drastically. The present study analyses how the life of bank officers changes after retirement, and how they use their knowledge and experience of the financial world in making worthwhile contributions to the banking sector and the Indian economy. The study is conducted on retired public sector bank officers in India. The retired bank officers, from junior officer cadre to senior grades, from different public sector banks across the country were invited to respond to a structured questionnaire. Convenience sampling was used for selection of the respondents and the response of around 150 retired bank officers was received. On analysis of the data, it has been observed that though there are ample job opportunities after retirement, bank officers do not wish to be employed gainfully. It has been suggested that retired bank officers should contribute towards making the public financially literate.

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare la fattispecie di reato
di esercizio abusivo dell’attività !nanziaria di cui all’articolo 132 T.U.B., così
come reinterpretata dalla pronuncia in commento (Cassazione pen. Sez. V,
22-03-2019 (ud. 16-03-2018), n. 12777).
Attraverso un excursus storico che parte dallo studio dell’origine dell’istituto,
passando attraverso l’evoluzione e la coniugazione dello stesso nelle singole
condotte, si è tentato di determinare l’impatto che ha avuto la norma nell’ordinamento
giuridico italiano ovverosia di veri!care se e come la sentenza in
commento possa in"uire sull’operato degli istituti di credito stranieri attivi
nello scenario dei !nanziamenti erogati nel mercato italiano.

Si la protection sociale semble reculer, l’ tat n’a pas pour
autant renonc    prot ger ses citoyens. De la r glementation
du compte en banque jusqu’  l’ ducation budg taire
en passant par l’inclusion bancaire ou la proc dure de surendettement,
cet ouvrage met en lumi re la part bancaire des
politiques sociales. Il analyse un p rim tre d’action publique
qui prend une importance croissante : les politiques publiques
de l’argent des m nages, destin es   prot ger l’argent des
citoyens et leurs capacit s de consommation, en m me temps
qu’  lutter contre la pauvret .
Mais parce que ces politiques publiques de protection ne
sont pas collectives et s’appuient sur des dispositifs et des
institutions marchandes, elles illustrent la transformation profonde
des modes de protection et de solidarit  des soci t s
contemporaines : il ne s’agit pas tant de diminuer les risques
que de pr parer les individus   les affronter. L’auteure montre
ainsi magistralement comment les pouvoirs publics tentent
de r duire la pauvret , non par la redistribution, mais en transformant
les usages de l’argent des citoyens.

This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and the market price of share of Nepalese commercial banks. The market price of the share is selected as the dependent variables whereas board size, board meeting, independent director, CEO duality, female director, and executive pay are the independent variables. Likewise, earning per share (EPS), non-performing loan (NPL), and leverage were chosen as control variables. This study is based on the secondary sources of data that are collected from 20 Nepalese commercial banks through 2010/11 to 2015/16 leading to a total of 120 observations. The data were collected from the Banking and Financial Statistics of NRB and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The regression models are estimated to test the significance and impact of corporate governance on investment decisions. The study reveals that market price of share is negatively related to the board size. Thus it indicates that a lower the board size leads to a higher in market price of share. Similarly, the board meeting, independent director, female director, non-performing loan are negatively related to market price of share. It shows that lower the board meeting, independent member in the board, female member in the board, and non-performing loan amounts leads to a higher in market price of share in Nepalese commercial banks. However, earning per share is positively related to market price of share. This indicates that a higher the earning per share leads to the higher in market price of share. Similarly, the study also found that CEO duality is also positively related to the market price of share of the Nepalese commercial banks indicating higher the level of CEO duality leads to the higher in market price of share. Likewise, the study also found that executive pay is also positively related to the market price of share of the Nepalese commercial banks indicating increase in executive pay leads to the higher in market price per share. Finally, leverage is positively related to market price of share. This indicates that a higher the proportion of leverage leads to the higher in market price per share. The regression results show that CEO duality, executive pay, leverage, and earning per share has positive beta coefficient. However, the beta coefficient of board size, board meeting, independent director, female director, and non-performing loan are negative. Keywords: market price per share, board size, board meeting, CEO duality, independent director, female director, and executive pay.

The modernity imbibed in every subject matter trace back to an antique dust of origin and development. This paper analyses the antique Indian market and the implementation of openness in the post independence era. It traces the concept of corporate restructuring, its adoption to open market and torque on modern economic system. It further deals with the need of corporate restructuring in the Indian corporate sector.

The Indian banking today has become more advanced and innovative which could not be thought two decades before. The
use of technology in delivering the services is becoming predominant as it lead to cost reduction from service providers view
and save time from customers view. The main aim of paper is to evaluate the e-service quality of the banks using the
SEVQUAL instrument. Five dimensions of service quality such as Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Empathy and
Responsiveness are considered as a base of this study. Data has been collected by using non-probability convenience sample
through 300 valid questionnaires. To find the variability of five dimensions descriptive statistic technique is used and to
identify the importance of each service quality, a multivariate technique of Multiple Regression analysis is used. The result of
correlation showed a positive relation with dependent and independent variables. The result of regression showed the two
dimensions empathy and reliability are crucial for e-service quality followed by Responsiveness, Reliability and tangibility
respectively.
Keywords: Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Empathy, Responsiveness, Service Quality, Correlation and Multiple
Regression Analysis.

COMPLAINT FILED AGAINST WILMINGTON, BANK OF AMERICA FORECLOSURE FRAUD

In this case of obvious and patent FORECLOSURE FRAUD a Homeowner in Florida lays out exactly how the securitization Ponzi scheme takes place leaving the mortgage unsecured against the property.

Even so Bank of America ( BOA ) sold the note to Freddie Mac which placed it in a Trust and entitlement to foreclose was extinguished. BOA lost the right to claim any defect in the Mortgage when it breached its obligations under the Note.

Wilmington became aware of the facts supporting a wrongful foreclosure as well as the facts upon which its claim of foreclosure should fail and elected, despite such knowledge, to continue prosecuting its false claim to foreclose.

This paper examines the moratorium on loan repayments, which was intended to relieve debtors in a difficult situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, various aspects of such moratoria are critically discussed and compared from an international perspective. Some debtors were significantly hit hard by the pandemic, whereas others were no. But should the moratoria apply to all of them? The free-rider problem, or even harm to some clients, are among the unintended results of the moratorium. Moreover, the loan repayment moratorium has different effects on the traditional banking sector and on P2P lending platforms. Such differences were not discussed sufficiently before adopting the moratoria. The different effects might have a negative impact on some debtors, on some creditors, or on the market and society in general. Along with using some traditional legal research methods, this paper takes a comparative perspective on loan repayment moratoria in different EU countries among. The conclusions of the paper may help regulators and lawmakers prepare more balanced regulations of loan repayments in the next crisis. Future regulations should reflect the perspectives of both debtors and creditors.

Risks of payment system of banking institutions of Ukraine are considered in this study. Risk events clearly correlate to the effectiveness of network interaction of banking institutions to adapt information technology of payment systems in the payment portfolio of banks when changing operating environment, so mechanism for minimizing their probability has been developed. Economic elements of the mechanism of minimizing the risks of payment systems are identified, which allow forming the planned level of profitability, risk and liquidity of institutions (organizations) within the relevant principles, methods, levers, cash flows in order to respond and adapt to changes in the environment. A methodical approach to assessing the effectiveness of risk management of payment systems of banking institutions, which is from the standpoint of multivariate structuring and a list of their indicators of the microeconomic level, forms an optimal set of tools to minimize the set of risks. Indicators of payment systems of Ukraine are determined, according to the net level of credit risk, liquidity risk, business risk, investment risk, legal risk, operational risk, systemic risk, technological and information security risk. The impulse index of functioning of payment systems of Ukraine is calculated. A neuro-fuzzy model for assessing the individual credit risk of participants – legal entities (users-borrowers) of card payment scoring of a banking institution is developed. The basic criteria for assessing the individual credit risk of a participant-legal entity (user-borrower) by card payment scoring are determined.

To determine impact of NPA on working of public sector banks' (PSBs), a research project was undertaken during FY 2016-17 and thereafter it was concluded that all public sector banks' had witnessed unprecedented growth in substandard, doubtful and loss assets. Gross advances were reduced and such downsized the credit-deposit ratio of the PSBs. Repayments of advances were poor and this had bad impact on net interest income and net interest margin (%) of PSBs. Moreover, the gross and net NPAs (in volume and percentage) of PSBs were increased and to combat this problem, banks' had to make more provisions for NPA which increased total expenses of PSBs. Accordingly, Yield average on advances (%) and average return on assets (%) had declined those resulted in very poor per employee profit as ₹-0.51 lacs. Ultimately, in comparison to net loss worth ₹-16133 crores during last year 2015-16, PSBs earned a net profit worth ₹ 3435 crores this year 2016-17. However, keeping in view the huge total business had by these 21 PSBs during 2016-17 worth ₹ 1,29,59,113 crores, such a low net profit is never acceptable. Therefore, certainly this reflects the impact of NPA on working and profitability of PSBs.

This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the 'separation and control' issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.

Dans une économie d'endettement, le système bancaire est peu développé et se caractérise par une forte volatilité. Le risque d'illiquidité des banques. L'enjeu crucial du système bancaire est la création monétaire tout en tenant compte des mesures nécessaires pour faire face au risque d'illiquidité. Ainsi, prévoir le risque de défaillance des emprunteurs nécessite des méthodes de simplification du processus décisionnel dans les accords de crédit. Pour évaluer le risque lié au portefeuille d'engagement, cet article présente deux méthodes statistiques une analyse discriminatoire et une régression logistique.

A következő oldalakon áttekintjük az elmúlt ötven évben kialakult pénzügyi rendszer alapvető működési elveit, és az ezekkel szorosan összefüggő társadalmi meghatározottságokat és pénzügyi feszültségeket. Ezt követően átfogó és specifikus kritikáját adjuk a hitelpénzrendszer és kapitalizmus kapcsolatának. Írásunk harmadik részében bemutatunk néhányat a fennálló pénzrendszer reformlehetőségei és alternatívái közül, amelyek segíthetik egy közösségi alapon működő, szolidáris gazdaság kereteinek megteremtését is.

Demonetisation has affected the Indian economy at large, with a significant impact on the Indian financial sector in general and the banking sector in particular. The instantaneous announcement of the demonetisation not only opened doors of enormous opportunities for the banking sector but also posed a challenge to strategies and improve asset quality. The high level of unanticipated deposits and improved NPAs level left Indian banks with high liquidity to invest in profitable avenues. The study aims to explore the performance of the Indian banking sector in the pre and post-demonetisation and investigates the impact of demonetisation on deposit inflows and the disbursement of funds to assess the overall fund management strategy of the banks in India. The sample data comprises 10 banks, which includes the top five public and private sector banks of India, and covers a period of 14 quarters from April 2015 to Sept 2018.

Corporate law, financial markets law and related policies as well as financial markets regulators play an important role in combating financial systemic risks and promoting viable financial markets globally. In this regard, Zimbabwe is not an exception. Over the years, Zimbabwe has been implementing a number of corporate and/or financial markets laws as well as related economic policies aimed at promoting economic growth and stable financial markets. However, it seems that corporate laws and financial markets-related laws and policies that have been flawed and inconsistently enforced by the relevant authorities in Zimbabwe to date. Owing to this, Zimbabwe has been confronted with a high rate of failed real output, high rates of unemployment, diminution of real wages, plummeting poverty levels, non-profitability of businesses, rampant bankruptcies and an ailing economy. To this end, financial laws and related policies implemented by the relevant authorities for the regulation of financial markets including the Ministry of Finance, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) and Securities and Exchange Commission of Zimbabwe (SECZ) will be discussed. Against this background, this article recommends, inter alia, the adoption of a two-tier regulatory model of financial markets in Zimbabwe under the RBZ and other robust measures. Furthermore, it is hoped that the adoption of robust corporate and financial markets laws, good corporate governance standards and other good international best practices for the regulation of financial markets will enhance public investor confidence in the Zimbabwean financial markets and promote economic growth. 
Keywords: Public investor confidence, financial markets, economic growth, financial markets laws.

La vigente normativa bancaria prevede che il Loan-to-value (LTV) sia stimato in base al corrente valore di mercato e che le esposizioni pienamente e totalmente garantite da ipoteche sugli immobili possano beneficiare di una preferenziale ponderazione del rischio che richiede una minore allocazione del capitale. In quest'ottica il valore di credito ipotecario (Mortgage Lending Value) è finalizzato alla prudente valutazione della futura commerciabilità dell'immobile ma è crescente l'interesse scientifico-metodologico per il Long-Term Sustainable Value (LTS-V).

The present case study is based on the nation's biggest-ever banking failure of India's fastest-growing private bank, YES Bank. The YES Bank fiasco showcases the prevalent flaws of uprising NPAs and mounting bad debts in the financial sector. Post Asset Quality Review (AQR) conducted by RBI elucidate that the NPA of YES Bank is seven times higher than the actual reported amount in their audit book. The sudden trauma reflected the events unfolding in the bank as the share market plummets drastically and the losses enlarged exponentially. To stymie further deterioration, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) stepped in and took over YES Bank management. The economy is already set to decelerate to an 11-year low following demonetization and the outbreak threatens to delay a revival in an emerging economy like India. The subject that this case will fit in is Capital Structure, Corporate Governance and Ethics and Auditing.

L’extraterritorialité du droit nord-américain dans le domaine bancaire
et financier inquiète. Plusieurs banques non américaines ont déjà été placées dans la situation délicate d’être l’objet d’une injonction émise par un juge américain en vue de les contraindre à produire une preuve dans le cadre d’une procédure judiciaire initiée aux États-Unis, qu’elles soient parties ou non au procès.
Dans quelle mesure un établissement bancaire situé en France peut-il se soustraire à l’injonction qui lui est faite (par un jugement américain) de produire un document dans le cadre d’un litige de nature civile porté devant une juridiction américaine, quand cet établissement est lui-même partie au procès ou un simple tiers ? La nouvelle portée du secret bancaire depuis l’arrêt du 29 novembre 2017 de la Cour de cassation change-t-elle la donne ?

The following case study overviews the steps followed to develop the first Digital Bank in Africa. Following a case study method, the crucial decisions made over a 2-year period is analyzed. The challenges of each different phase are described, as well as the outcomes and the impact they had in the bank's digital transformation journey. The case study is accompanied by illustrative strategy tools used during development to make the reader more familiar with the decision made. The case study concludes by highlighting success and failures in digital transformation and lessons for other banks.

The European Supervisory Authorities (the ‘ESAs’) form part of a large network of EU agencies and are classified as regulatory agencies, their principal tasks being the development and completion of the ‘single rulebook’ for the EU financial system. The ESAs also promote supervisory convergence in order to create a level-playing field in financial supervision and supervisory practices in the EU. In the absence of an explicit legal basis in the TFEU for the allocation of competence to EU agencies, their powers are delimited, shaped and amenable to judicial review in light of relevant CJEU jurisprudence, most importantly, the Meroni doctrine, laying down the core principles governing relations between EU institutions and EU agencies. In this study, we look into the gradually emerging (and increasing) asymmetry in supervisory terms between the ESMA, on the one hand, and the EBA and the EIOPA, on the other. The former’s direct supervisory powers have been progressively expanding and technocratic influence widening, accentuated by recent relevant case-law modernising the Meroni doctrine and the recent amendment of the ESAs’ founding Regulations mirroring the ambition to move towards further centralisation of supervision of EU capital markets. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate arising from the ESAs’ developing role and position within the EU financial system.

This paper aims to carry out a theoretical and methodological analysis on the access to and use of financial
services, recognizing that it is a vital issue especially for the productive sector of a country. It begins by
reviewing the concept of banking, and then through a descriptive analysis to present the most relevant aspects
of access to financial services in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and finally Ecuador. Based on these results, reference
points are made for the evaluation of Ecuador, where there is a rapid expansion of the banking sector to
previously unknown areas.

Interest rates in Bangladesh are high compared to neighboring countries. In India, the interest rate is 9.0 per cent for industries. This rate is 8.0 to 12 per cent in Sri Lanka. It is 9.0 to 12 per cent in Pakistan. In Bangladesh, interest rate is 13 to 16 per cent and banks collect multifarious service charges which raise the cost of borrowing.

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Western Union/moneygram Transfer Rates :
$2500 Transfer = $250 Charges ( Payment only Via BTC or money gram or western union )
$3500 Transfer = $300?
$4500 Transfer = $400?
$6000 Transfer = $550
$8000 Transfer = $750

SOFTWARE WU KEY :


_ WU - BUG 2013 : 2000$
_ WU - BUG (change data location and money use ): 800$
_ WU - BUG V7.1 (NEW) : 700$
_ WU - BUG 7.2 : 600$
_ WU - BUG TRANSFER : 700$
_ WU - SOFTWARE WITH BANK LOG IN AND Activation Code : 800$


Bank Transfers :-a
This is my responsibility is to transfer the required amount into your account from an offshore server running this transfer with my license routine number from a well balance account, you have no trace backs or cashback, but it is your responsibilty to handle the bankers and get safe your side. i will use my personal method for making clear payment so no dispute no chargeback chances. (transferring all over the world)

Info needed for Bank transfers :-
1: Bank name
2: Bank address
3: Zip code
4: Account Holder
5: Account number
6: Account Type
7: Routing number
8: Swift number
9: BIC and IBAN
Bank transfer will take maximum 6hour to show money in your bank account.

Bank Transfer Rates:
(Payment Only BTC,PM and Moneygram)
$2500 Transfer = $250Charges
$3500 Transfer = $350 Charges
$4500 Transfer = $450 Charges ?
$5000 Transfer = $500 Charges
$10,000 Transfer = $800?
$15,000 Transfer = $1300?


MoneyBookers Transfer :-
Offering moneybookers/skrill transfer worldwide. It is a instant payment/transfer. im using an offshore server to transfer moneybookers so there is no chargebak and negative feedback. (transferring all over the world)

Money Bookers Transfer Rates :
(Payment Only BTC,PM and Moneygram)
$2500 Transfer = $250Charges
$3500 Transfer = $350 Charges
$4500 Transfer = $450 Charges ?
$5000 Transfer = $500 Charges
$10,000 Transfer = $800?
$15,000 Transfer = $1300?


Paypal Transfer :-
Using hacked and verified paypal accounts to transfer paypal account to account transfer if you are genious then you can easily dodge paypal and enjoy big free online money from it. this is depends upon you and this is most safest way to earn money. (transferring all over the world except banned/blacklisted countries)

Paypal Transfer Rates :
$2500 Transfer = $250Charges
$3500 Transfer = $350 Charges
$4500 Transfer = $450 Charges ?
$5000 Transfer = $500 Charges
$10,000 Transfer = $800?
$15,000 Transfer = $1300?



CreditCard TopUP Rates:-
$1800 transfer = $150 Charges
$3000 Transfer = $250 Charges
$5000 Transfer = $400 Charges
$10,000 Transfer = $800 Charges
$15,000 Transfer = $1200 Charges


************ BLANK ATM CARDS *******
BEST WAY TO HAVE GOOD AMOUNT TO START A GOOD BUSINESS OR TO START LIVING A GOOD LIFE…..
Hack and take money directly from any ATM Machine Vault with the use of ATM Programmed Card which runs in automatic mode. email (***@gmail.com) or text +1(904) 274-1526? for how to get it and its cost .

………. EXPLANATION OF HOW THESE CARD WORKS……….
You just slot in these card into any ATM Machine and it will automatically bring up a MENU of 1st VAULT $1,000, 2nd VAULT $5,000, RE-PROGRAMMED, EXIT, CANCEL. Just click on either of the VAULTS, and it will take you to another SUB-MENU of ALL, OTHERS, EXIT, CANCEL. Just click on others and type in the amount you wish to withdraw from the ATM and you have it cashed instantly… Done.

NOTE: DON’T EVER MAKE THE MISTAKE OF CLICKING THE “ALL” OPTION. BECAUSE IT WILL TAKE OUT ALL THE AMOUNT OF THE SELECTED VAULT. To get the card call
Some "special features" included are:
1. Your illegal ATM activity is undetectable and untraceable.
2. Card can be used anywhere in the world, on any model ATM machine.
3. $5,000 daily withdrawal possible. More, if you purchase a pricier card.
4. A secret mechanism or technique which prevents ATM and CCTV cameras from recording your face. Hrmm. Maybe a can of spray paint or roll of duct tape to cover the camera lens is included? Or maybe a free Groucho Marx mask comes in the box??

( High Balance & Security code )

ATM card 5000$ price 300$
ATM card 10000$ price 600$
ATM card 15000$ price 850$?

ATM card 5000euro price 300€?
ATM card 8000euro price 450$
ATM card 10000euro price 550$

**********Cloned CREDIT CARDS***************
These are cloned credit cards, Every card comes with a 4 digit pin & it is safe to use everywhere in the world that accepts master card & visa. I have enough supplies to make 100+ Master/Visa Credit/Debit cards per day. The card won't ever get frozen and can be used just like a regular credit card, These cards can be used to shop in stores and you can use them to cashout in ATMs worldwide.
___________EMBOSSING ANYTHING ON CARDS

If you want i can emboss your prefered bank logo and name on the card
___________WHERE CAN THE CARDS BE USED?

✔ ATM

✔ Stores

✔ Online

Once you purchase, we will email you a Full Guide on how to safely cash out.
PRICE

Price is $300 per card, Guaranteed to have at least $5000 left on CC limit, most are over $5500

___--BY PURCHASING YOU AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING

✔ If you try to lie and request a replacement to receive an extra card, you will be blacklisted from future sales.

✔ I reserve the right occasionally to select my customers.
REFUND

Our success rate is 99%, but we will refund you in full or ship another card/s in case of failure.
ABOUT ME

I was active on the old Nucleus and Evolution marketplace Untill it was taken down by the authorities. We had about 4000+ sales and we were still active as top sellers on other market

ATM SKIMMERS PRICE LIST

_WIncor with keypad 700usd
_ATM Skimmer Wincor Nixdorf : 1200$
_ATM Skimmer Wincor : 1200$
_ATM Skimmer Slimm : 1200$
_ATM Skimmer Slim : 1200$
_ATM Skimmer NCR : 1200$
_ATM Skimmer Diebold Opteva : 1000$
_ATM Skimmer Diebold : 800$
_ATM Skimmer Universal : 1500$
_ATM Skimmer Small : 1200$
_Chip POS ingenico&amigo : 700$


***Also selling RDP, SMTP SERVERS, WEBMAILS, MAILERS, BULK MAILS (US/UK based) DATING ACCOUNTS, cPanel HOSTING, Hacked Panels, CC dumps.

MSR505 / MSR2000 : $ 549
MSR505 / MSR300* : $ 499
MSR505 / TA-48 : $ 639
MSR206 / MSR3000 : $ 729
MSR206 / MSR300 : $ 549
MSR206 2x MSR400 : $ 900
MSR206 2x MSR500m (Mini123) : $ 875
MSR206 2x TA-32 : $ 990
MSR206 2x CRM42 : $ 869
MSR206 2xCRM41 : $ 929

***Terms & Conditions :
- If u want test please buy 5 and then if the cvv is good u can buy more from me
- If u buy over 30, I will sell for u good price
- Cvv will be sent to you after receiving payment. Orders will be sent via e-mail or when you want.
- I have a replacement policy for bad Cvv. All my cvv are inspected before sale
- I accept PM (Perfect money) or WU (western union) or MG (MoneyGram)

https://youtu.be/lksD0xf0ykA

..........CONTACTS..........

Email:[email protected]

YIM:transhack

Whatsapp :+1 409 777 3365 (text or call)

Phone...+1 409 777 3365 (text or call)

Telegram : +1 413 282 8037 (text or call)

The concept of CSR has been witnessing a sharply rising trend since last decade. From a subject of interest mainly for the academicians, it has now emerged as a strategic corporate practice adopted both by the banking and non-banking institutions. CSR is purely based on the philanthropy on voluntary basis on the part of the organization, aiming to contribute towards the well-being of all its stakeholders, including the environment, to attain sustainable development. India is the first country in the world to render it mandatory for the companies fulfilling specific criteria, to spend a minimal percentage of 2% of their average net profits of last three preceding financial year. Indian commercial banks play a crucial role in contributing towards the growth of Indian economy as a whole. These banks, public and private, both have been incurring expenditure on CSR. Most of the researches are showing that the companies who operate in a socially responsible manner are experiencing better financial results in terms of increased profitability. The present paper is an attempt to examine the impact of CSR on the financial performance of the commercial banks of India, based on CAMEL Model, using Return on Assets (ROA) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) as performance indicators. The sample of 16 banks where considered for seven years period from 2015-2021 and STATA 15 was employed for panel data evaluation. The results show that there exists a positive correlation between the independent variables (CSR, Capital adequacy ratio, Liquid Assets to Total Assets, Total Loan to Total Assets and Total Deposit to Total Assets) and dependent variables (ROA and NIM).

This paper investigats the opportunities of growth under restrictions of social distancing for FinTech. This has been conducted on 10 countries (United States, United Kingdom, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Japan, South Korea, Italy, India and Nigeria) during the period from March to June 2020. Results indicate that social distancing may affect digital payments. This has been supported for retail and recreation (X 1), grocery and pharmacy (X 2), transit stations (X 4) and workplaces (X 5), whithout any evidence about significant effects for parks (X 3) and residentials (X 6).

Rad proučava uređenje materije potrošačkog kreditiranja u hrvatskom pravu i analizira osnovna prava korisnika kredita sukladno Direktivi 2008/48/EZ o ugovorima o potrošačkom kreditu i Direktivi 2014/17/EU o ugovorima o potrošačkim kreditima koji se odnose na stambene nekretnine. Također se osvrće na aktualne probleme u domaćoj sudskoj praksi i daje prikaz stajališta Suda EU o tumačenjima navedenih EU Direktiva.

This paper is aimed at analyzing the impact of FinTech innovations on bank performance across mobile banking applications in Vietnam. Using the longitudinal panel data from 2010-2019 (with 220 observations) of 22 local commercial banks in Vietnam. Multivariate panel regression is chosen to experimentally test the research hypotheses. This research paper is one of the first quantitatively investigating the effects of fintech innovation (mobile banking apps) on bank performance in Vietnam. In addition, studies on financial indicators are shown quite comprehensively in the period 2010-2019. Our empirical study has shown the following results: (i) FinTech innovations' positive impact on bank performance in Vietnam; (ii) Banks' adoption of mobile banking technologies positively impacted banks' fee-based income, consumer loans and money market deposits; (iii) The effect of mobile technologies on financial performance was much stronger for small banks than large banks; (iv) As for the balance sheet liabilities aspect, the money market fund of small banks is positively affected by the mobile banking application; (v) In terms of balance sheet assets, consumer loans by small banks are positively affected by the mobile banking application while large banks are not; (vi) GDP per capita has a positive effect on the ROE of both small and large banks; (vii) Mobile phone penetration rates positively affected bank ROA and ROE and its effect was larger on small banks. From the findings, key recommendations to Vietnamese commercial banks to improve bank performance in the context of an increasingly technological development are to: (1) Increase investment in mobile banking apps and the entire mobile banking technology; (2) Increase investment in financial technology, focus more on mobile banking users and the entire mobile banking services; (3) Take advantage of the technical support and consultancy of international organizations and bilateral cooperation with other countries' authorities in management of Fintech businesses; (4) Learn from commercial banks in other countries to draw experiences, thereby develop in own context. (5) Training human resources for the finance and banking industry to not only have professional knowledge and ability to analyze data, but also have to be proficient in operating digital technology.

The circular economy concept has received considerable attention both in the business sector and in academia. In this paper, we highlight the role of banks in the circular economy. We propose that banks need to: develop a common understanding of the circular economy; issue widely accepted and recognized guidelines on circular economy finance; adapt existing finance models to fit into a circular economy model; offer credit lines to circular businesses; create a green bank; train bank staff; promote a strong culture of waste reduction and material re-use; ensure that the board risk committee is competent in circular risk management and control. Overall, banks have an important role to play both as a leader in circular economy finance and as a lender to companies in the circular economy.

Este estudo busca traçar um breve histórico da regulação dos bancos digitais no Brasil. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, as instituições bancárias e os clientes se voltaram para um novo modelo de negócio, o das contas e dos bancos digitais, cabendo aos órgãos reguladores o desafio de readequar as normas do setor financeiro, seja pela adaptação das regras vigentes, quando possível, ou pelo estabelecimento de novas regras. No Brasil, essa regulação cabe ao Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) e ao CMN (Conselho Monetário Nacional), que têm constantemente buscado conformar a regulação ao avanço da tecnologia, tendo como objetivo manter a eficiência e a segurança do sistema financeiro. Palavras-chave: Bancos; Bancos digitais; Regulação Bancária.